Ni alloys

Nickel-base alloy chart showing alloys containing varying amounts of nickel and iron.

Chromium contents are constant at approximately 18 to 20%.

Nominal compositions of nickels and nickel alloys

Wasp alloy: 19.5% Cr, 13.5% Co, 1.3% Al, 3% Ti, 0.06% Zr, 0.08% C, Ni balance

Nimonics: 20% Cr, 20% Co, 0.5% Al, 6% Mo, 0.15% C, Ni balance

Monel: Ni-Cu Inconel: Ni-(14-17%) Cr- (6-10%) Fe Nimonics: Ni-Cr-Co Hastealloys: Ni-Mo-Fe

Effect of heat treatment temp (HT:3 hour) for cold h drawn Monel 400 rod

Strengthening of Ni

1. Solid Solution Hardening (Co, Cr, Fe, Mo, W, V, Ti, Al) 2. Precipitation Hardening : Ni3(Al,Ti)

Cu-Ni Phase Diagram

Co-Ni Phase Diagram

Ni-Cr Phase Diagram

Fe-Ni Phase Diagram

Al-Ni Phase Diagram

Ti-Ni Phase Diagram

Heat treatment of Ni alloys

Annealing: A heat treatment designed to produce a recrystallized grain structure and softening in workhardened alloys. Annealing usually requires temperatures between 705 and 1205 C (1300 and 2200 F), depending on alloy composition and degree of work hardening
Solution annealing: A high-temperature anneal (1150 to 1315 C, or 2100 to 2400 F) of certain nickel alloys to put carbides in solid solution and produce a coarse grain size for enhanced stress-rupture properties

Heat treatment of Ni alloys

Stress relieving: A heat treatment used to remove or reduce stresses in work-hardened non-agehardenable alloys without producing a recrystallized grain structure. Stress-relieving temperatures for nickel and nickel alloys range from 425 to 870 C (800 to 1600 F), depending on alloy composition and degree of work hardening
Solution treating: A high-temperature heat treatment designed to put age-hardening constituents into solid solution. Normally applied to age-hardenable materials before the aging treatment Age hardening (precipitation hardening): A treatment performed at intermediate temperatures (425 to 870 C, or 800 to 1600 F) on certain alloys to develop maximum strength by precipitation of a dispersed phase throughout the matrix

Assignment
1. Shape Memory Alloys 2. Role of alloying elements on corrosion of Ni based alloys 3. Role of Co in Ni alloys.

Al alloys

Hardness and strength of Al as functions of purity

Al alloy designation system

Wrought Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Designation System

Cast Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Designation System

Basic Temper Designations

F, As-Fabricated. This is applied to products shaped by cold working, hot working, or casting processes in which no special control over thermal conditions or strain hardening is employed. For wrought products, there are no mechanical property limits. O, Annealed. O applies to wrought products that are annealed to obtain lowest-strength temper and to cast products that are annealed to improve ductility and dimensional stability. The O may be followed by a digit other than zero.

H, Strain-Hardened (Wrought Products Only). This indicates products that have been strengthened by strain hardening, with or without supplementary thermal treatment to produce some reduction in strength. The H is always followed by two or more digits.

W, Solution Heat-Treated. This is an unstable temper applicable only to alloys whose strength naturally (spontaneously) changes at room temperature over a duration of months or even years after solution heat treatment. The designation is specific only when the period of natural aging is indicated (for example,W 12 h). T, Solution Heat-Treated. This applies to alloys whose strength is stable within a few weeks of solution heat treatment. The T is always followed by one or more digits.

Percentage distribution of major aluminum products

Standardized Products Engineered Products

Wrought Al alloy compositions

1xxx Series. Aluminum of 99.00% or higher purity has many applications, especially in the electrical and chemical fields. These grades of aluminum are characterized by excellent corrosion resistance, high thermal and electrical conductivities, low mechanical properties, and excellent workability. Moderate increases in strength may be obtained by strain hardening. Iron and silicon are the major impurities. Typical uses include chemical equipment, reflectors, heat exchangers, electrical conductors and capacitors, packaging foil, architectural applications, and decorative trim.

Portion of aluminum-copper binary phase diagram

2xxx Series

2xxx Series. Copper is the principal alloying element in 2xxx series alloys, often with magnesium as a secondary addition. These alloys require solution heat treatment to obtain optimum properties; in the solution heat-treated condition, mechanical properties are similar to, and sometimes exceed, those of low-carbon steel. In some instances, precipitation heat treatment (aging) is employed to further increase mechanical properties. This treatment increases yield strength, with attendant loss in elongation; its effect on tensile strength is not as great. The alloys in the 2xxx series do not have as good corrosion resistance as most other aluminum alloys, and under certain conditions they may be subject to intergranular corrosion. Therefore, these alloys in the form of sheet usually are clad with a high-purity aluminum or with a magnesium-silicon alloy of the 6xxx series, which provides galvanic protection of the core material and thus greatly increases resistance to corrosion.

Alloys in the 2xxx series are particularly well suited for parts and structures requiring high strength-to-weight ratios and are commonly used to make truck and aircraft wheels, truck suspension parts, and wing skins, and structural parts and those parts requiring good strength at temperatures up to 150 C (300 F). Except for alloy 2219, these alloys have limited weldability, but some alloys in this series have superior machinability.

3xxx Series. Manganese is the major alloying element of 3xxx series alloys. These alloys generally are non-heat treatable but have about 20% more strength than 1xxx series alloys.
Because only a limited percentage of manganese (up to about 1.5%) can be effectively added to aluminum, manganese is used as major element in only a few alloys. However, three of them--3003, 3X04, and 3105--are widely used as general-purpose alloys for moderate-strength applications requiring good workability. These applications include beverage cans, cooking utensils, heat exchangers, storage tanks, furniture, highway signs, roofing, siding, and other architectural applications.

4xxx Series. The major alloying element in 4xxx series alloys is silicon, which can be added in sufficient quantities (up to 12%) to cause substantial lowering of the melting range without producing brittleness. For this reason, aluminumsilicon alloys are used in welding wire and as brazing alloys for joining aluminum, where a lower melting range than that of the base metal is required.

Most alloys in this series are non-heat treatable, but when used in welding heat-treatable alloys, they will pick up some of the alloying constituents of the latter and so respond to heat treatment to a limited extent.
Alloy 4032 has a low coefficient of thermal expansion and high wear resistance, and thus is well suited to production of forged engine pistons.

Portion of aluminum-siliconbinary phase diagram

Wrought Al- Mg (<5%) alloy compositions-5XXX

The solubility of Mg in Al decreases from 14.9 to 1% with temp. However, these alloys are not heat-treatable. Characteristics: good weldability, corrosion resistance and moderate strength Typical Alloy Uses: Alloy 5005 (0.8% Mg): Architectural extrusion applications
Alloy 5050 (1.2% Mg): for tubing and automotive and gas line uses Alloy 5052 (2.5% Mg): Aircraft fuel and oil lines

Alloy 5083 (4.5% Mg): Marine and welded structural applications Alloy 5056 (5.2% Mg): Insect screens, rivets etc.

Portion of Al-Mg phase diagram

Comparison of mechanical properties of Al-Mg alloy

Al-Cu alloy

Al-4 Cu-0.5 Mg

Mechanical properties of Al-Mg-Mn alloy

Cast Al- Mg alloy compositions-5XX.X

Typical Alloy Uses:

Alloy 214 (3.8% Mg), 218 (8% Mg): dairy and food handling equipment, fittings for marine, chemical and sewage, air craft brake shoes

Alloy 220 (10% Mg) : agehardenable -exhibits highest mech. Properties than any Al casting alloys -the casting properties of these alloys are poor

Wrought Al- Si Mg alloy compositions-6XXX

Mg and Si combine to form Mg2Si compound.

Mg2Si (1.85 % at 580oC) forms eutectic system with Al Heat treatable alloys (artificial ageing-results in high strength) Characteristics: excellent corrosion resistance and good workability than other heat treatable alloys
Typical Alloy Uses: Alloy 6053, 6061, 6063 are few examples Applications: air craft landing mats, furniture, vacuum-cleaner tubing, bridge railings and architectural applications

Cast Al- Si Mg alloy compositions-3XX.X

Examples: Alloy 355, 356, 360 Properties: good castability, strength and corrosion resistance Heat treatable: properties comparable with Al-Cu alloys Uses: Aircraft applications, machine-tool parts, general purpose castings

Wrought Al- Zn alloy compositions-7XXX

Solubility of Zn in Al 32.4 at 277oC.

Wrought alloys contain Zn, Mg, Cu with small addition of Mn and Cr Alloy 7075 (5.5% Zn, 2.5 % Mg, 1.5 % Cu) Alloy 7079(4.3% Zn, 3.3 % Mg, 0.6% Cu)

Alloy 7178(6.8% Zn, 2.7 % Mg, 2.0 % Cu):Highest strength in Al alloys Applications: Aircraft structural parts (where high strength and high Corrosion resistance required) Corrosion: They are prone to stress corrosion Remedy: Cr addition, heat treatment

Portion of Al-Zn phase diagram

Mechanical properties of Al-1.5 Cu-(1&3) Mg alloy

Wrought Al- Zn alloy compositions-6XX.X

Properties: fair casting characteristics, good corrosion resistance Good machinability
Applications: Aircraft fittings, turret housings, radio equipment

Equilibrium solubility of alloying elements in Al

Natural aging curves for three solution heattreated wrought Al alloys

Al- Li alloy
ALUMINUM-LITHIUM ALLOYS have been developed primarily to reduce the weight of aircraft and aerospace structures

Properties: low density, high specific modulus, and excellent fatigue and cryogenic toughness properties Uses: cryogenic applications (for example, liquid oxygen and hydrogen fuel tanks for aerospace vehicles).

Portion of Al-Li phase diagram

Average yield stress versus aging time for Al-Li alloy 2090 (2.4% Li, 2.4% Cu, 0.18% Zr, balance aluminum) with various amounts of prior deformation