Rafael Joshua Ledesma IV-Maxwell

Types of data

Nominal - A type of data in which there are limited categories but no order. Source: Nominal Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 3rd Edition, from http://www.writinghelp-central.com/apa-citation-internet.html

Ordinal - A set of data is said to be ordinal if the values / observations belonging to it can be ranked (put in order) or have a rating scale attached. You can count and order ordinal data, but you cannot measure or quantify it. Source: ordinal data from http://ordinaldata.com/

Ratio - data on a scale of measurement (e.g. age in years) in which differences between data can be quantified and proportions can be specified Source: "ratio data." A Dictionary of Nursing. 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2013 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O62-ratiodata.html

Interval - data on a scale of measurement in which the intervals between points on the scale are equal but there is no absolute zero.

Source: A Dictionary of Nursing. 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2013 from "interval data." A Dictionary of Nursing. 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2013 from Source: Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O62-intervaldata.html

Basic Principles of Research Design

Local Control refers to the balancing, grouping, and blocking of experimental units so that the units within each block are relatively homogeneous. Some examples of basis for blocking are height, age, gender, weight, fertility gradient, and pH gradient.

Rafael Joshua Ledesma IV-Maxwell

Replication refers to the conduct of an experiment or test using three or more homogeneous experimental units subjected to the same treatment under similar conditions. In the case of a technical research where the product of design is the lone experimental unit, replication refers to the repetition of a test under controlled conditions. Replication makes the test of significance possible. Randomization refers to an unbiased method of assignment of experimental units (or subjects) to the treatment/s, or vice versa. It assures the validity of the statistical tests of significance.

Informative abstract is an expanded version of the descriptive abstract. In addition to information about the purpose, scope, and research methods used, the informative abstract summarizes the results, conclusions, and any recommendations. The informative abstract retains the tone and essential scope of the report, omitting its details. Source: Alred, Gerald J., Brusaw, Charles T., Oliu, and Walter E. (2006), Handbook of Technical Writing. Bedford/St. Martin's, Informative abstract, also known as the complete abstract, is a compendious summary of a paper's substance including its background, purpose, methodology, results, and conclusion. Source: Finkelstein Jr, pp. 212-214.

Main section in the front matter of scientific paper

-INTRODUCTION -Title, Authors' Names, and Institutional Affiliations -ABSTRACT -MATERIALS AND METHODS -RESULTS -DISCUSSION Sources: http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/resources/writing/HTWsections.html

Section from the back matter

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -It is important for students to include an acknowledgement page in their research papers. Leaving out sources leaves the student open to accusations of plagiarism, as the absence implies

Rafael Joshua Ledesma IV-Maxwell

that the paper is derived solely from their ideas. The format of the paper and the sources cited within and at the end of it are usually in one of the three major styles: MLA, APA and CMS. LITERATURE CITED -It is important for students to include an acknowledgement page in their research papers. Leaving out sources leaves the student open to accusations of plagiarism, as the absence implies that the paper is derived solely from their ideas. The format of the paper and the sources cited within and at the end of it are usually in one of the three major styles: MLA, APA and CMS. APPENDICES -An optional part of a research paper, the appendix may contain information that is not necessary for a reader's comprehension of the paper. Though they may prove interesting or helpful to the reader, the details provided in an appendix, such as maps, diagrams or extra photographs, are strictly supplementary. If you are going to incorporate an appendix into your research paper, verify that the information you plan to include is not needed in the main body of the paper.

Sources: http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/resources/writing/HTWsections.html