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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
Stress and strain: What are they and why are they used instead of load and deformation?
Elastic behavior: When loads are small, how much deformation occurs? What materials deform least?
Plastic behavior: At what point do dislocations cause permanent deformation? What materials are most resistant to permanent deformation?
Toughness and ductility: What are they and how do we measure them?
ELASTIC DEFORMATION
1. Initial 2. Small load
bonds stretch
3. Unload
return to initial
3. Unload
1. Initial
linear elastic
linear elastic
plastic
Ao
Pressurized tank
(photo courtesy P.M. Anderson)
>0 z>0
h<
Tension Tests
Compression Tests
It is similar to tension test only nature of force is reverse. It is conducted for brittle materials.
Tension test
Compression test
Elastic deformation
Stress- strain behavior
E on atomic scale
Effect of temperature on E
Shear Modulus
ANELASTICITY
Time dependent elastic behavior is known as
anelasticity Time dependent microscopic and atomstic processes that are attendant to the deformation For metal normally small and is often neglected however for some polymeric materials its magnitude is significant
Plastic Deformation
Yielding and yield strength
For non linear material behavior 0.002 stain off-set line is used to find yield strength
TENSILE STRENGTH, TS
DUCTILITY, %EL
%EL Lf Lo Lo x100
%AR
Ao A f x100 Ao
Resilience
Capacity
of material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then, upon unloading, to have this energy recovered.
TOUGHNESS