Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells have nucleus and prokaryotic cells dont have

nucleus. In eukaryotic cells they are more than one chromosomes but in a eukaryotic cell there is only one chromosome, a plasmid which isnt a true chromosome. Eukaryotic cells are usually multicellular while prokaryotic cells are usually unicellular. Eukaryotic cells have true membrane bound nucleus but prokaryotic cells dont have true membrane bound nucleus. Mitochondria are present in a eukaryotic cell but mitochondria are absent in a prokaryotic cell. Prokaryotic cells dont have an endoplasmic reticulum but eukaryotic cells have an endoplasmic reticulum. Eukaryotic cells have microtubules but prokaryotic cells dont. Eukaryotic cells have a Golgi apparatus but prokaryotic cells dont. Lastly, eukaryotic cells have Lysosomes and peroxisomes but prokaryotic cells dont have it.

Differences between Animal cells and Plant cells In the plant cell there is a cell wall formed of cellulose but in an animal cell there isnt any cell wall. The shape of an animal cell is irregular while the shape of a plant cell is a rectangular fixed shape. In an animal cell there is one or more vacuole but in a plant cell there is a central vacuole that takes up 90% of the cell volume. There are centrioles present in all animal cell but the centrioles in a plant cell are only present in lower plant form. Animal cells dont have any chloroplasts but plant cells have chloroplast for photosynthesis. Animal cells dont have plastids but plant cells have plastids. Animal cells only have a plasma membrane but plant cells have a cell wall and membrane. In the animal cell lysosomes occur in the cytoplasm but in the plant cell lysosomes are not evident. Cilia is present in an animal cells but are very rare in a plant cell.

Differences between plant cells and bacterial cells One of the main differences between plant cells and bacterial cells is that plant cells are made up of eukaryotic cells while bacterial cells are made up of prokaryotic cells. Bacterial cells are smaller in size compared to a plant cell. The bacterial cells dont have membranous structures like the plant cell. Bacterial cells dont have a nucleus but plant cells have a nucleus. Bacterial cells are simpler than plant cells. Bacterial cells usually have pili and flagellum but plant cells dont have them.

The function of the organelles Centrioles- This organelle helps the cell when its time to divide. Basal body- These microtubules provide structure and facilitate movement of vesicles and organelles. Rough endoplasmic reticulum- protein synthesis; ribosomes are attached to the ER membrane in this location Intermediate filament- The function of this organelle is to help form desmosomes and to provide internal guy wires to resist pulling forces on the cell. Vesicle- carry proteins, nutrients, and water into, out of, and around the inside of the cell. Ribosomes- protein synthesis; ribosomes may be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- carbohydrate and lipid synthesis Mitochondria- location of aerobic cellular respiration; produce ATP energy, which is used by cells to do work Microtubules- They move vesicles, granules, organelles like mitochondria, and chromosomes via special attachment proteins. They also serve a cytoskeletal role. Nuclear envelope- The nuclear envelope is a double membrane layer that surrounds the cell. It is dotted with thousands of nuclear pores which allows material to move into and out of the nucleus Chromatin- the function is to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell Nucleus- stores and transfers information (DNA and RNA) needed to control cell function Nucleolus- the site of rRNA synthesis Nuclear pore- allow passage of molecules between the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm. Golgi apparatus- An organelle that serves as a collecting and packaging center for substances that the cell manufactures for export. Polyribosome- Polyribosomes read one strand of mRNA simultaneously, helping to synthesize the same protein at different spots on the mRNA Lysosome- An organelle containing hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes that are released when the lysosome ruptures; important in recycling worn -out mitochondria and other cellular debris. Plasma membrane- controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell Chloroplast- structure in which photosynthesis takes place; contains chlorophyll Plastid- the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell Cell wall- external support and protection; if present, located outside the cell membrane; composed primarily of cellulose; not found in animal cells

Central vacuole- water storage organelle in a mature plant cell Cytosol- the site where most cellular activities are done. The functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of the cell Pili- mostly used to protect the cell's surface and helps in adhesion to other surfaces Capsule- The cell capsule is a very large structure of some prokaryotic cells, such as bacterial cells. It is a layer that lies outside the cell wall of bacteria Prokaryotic flagellum- The bacterial flagellum is used to move the cell Plasmid- plasmid genes can be transferred between cells, passing traits such as antibiotic resistance from one cell to another.