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PROGRESS AND OBJECTS OF PEACE SOCIETIES Source: American Advocate of Peace (1834-1836), Vol. 1, No. 1 (JUNE, 1834), pp. 5-19 Published by: World Affairs Institute Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27886760 . Accessed: 04/10/2013 02:15
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ADVOCATE
No.
OF PEACE.
I.
JUNE,
Article PROGRESS AND OBJECTS
1834.
I. OF PEACE SOCIETIES.
BY THE EDITOR.
The apathy with which War has been looked upon, and the prospect of its indefinitecontinuance acquiesced in. by so many, in other respects enlightened and benevolent men, has resulted, no doubt, in part from the unconscious influence of
War
in a most unnatural and revolting as at It is variance with the spirit of Christianity. pect. utterly a mode As of deciding national differences, it is barbarous and and absurd, without equity in principle, and never insuring a exhibitsmankind It combines sources of crime and misery incalcu lably beyond every other scourge of the earth. Its perpetual abolition would not only dry up these sources of evil, butwould just decision.
familiarity and false associations in dimming themoral percep tions ; but principally, we believe, from a vague feeling of the hopelessness of attempting to put an end to so vast and deep rooted an evil. Yet this apathy, ifwe view it in a right light, is as surprising as it is melancholy. For it cannot be doubted that the Creator formedmen to dwell in brotherhood together.
and open the road to indefiniteprogress and perfection. Final ly, this result is precisely what Christianity contemplates,? 1
remove the greatest obstacles to human advancement ; would quicken all the springs of social welfare, physical and moral,
Progress
of Peace
Societies.
[June,
motives to exertion, but also principles of influence sufficiently available, to encourage united and hopeful activity. These truthshave not, indeed, in time past, been altogether unfelt, nor unuttered. Here and there a voice has been lifted up to proclaim them. But these voices, coming forth at dis tant intervals and remote from each other, and in comparison so few, have never met and blended, so as to arrest the atten
what, in its legitimate influence, it tends to produce, and is destined to achieve. These incontestible truths furnish, it would seem, not only
have sought to palliate the hideous custom, or even joined to swell the notes of acclamation and applause. Here and there, it is true, may be found in thewritings of moralists and states men, passages reprobatingWar as a guilty and monstrous de relictionof the true design of human nature, or deploring it as a curse and scourge of the earth ; yet with an evident hope lessness of its ever ceasing. Amidst the aspirations of poets
tion and the passions absorbed in war. Amidst the tumults of arms and battles, they have been disregarded. Meantime the greatmajority of the teachers of mankind have been silent through despair, or themselves sharing the prevailing delusions,
and philanthropists, we light here and there upon visions of a when Peace should again revisit the earth ; golden age returned, ?visions inwhich the dreamers themselves had scarcely any faith, and which most men laughed to scorn. The most that Christian Faith
language may perhaps seem overcharged. Certainly we have no wish to exaggerate. We acknowledge all the ex can be found. We render ceptions to these statements that honor to the peaceful principles of certain bodies of Christians : This
was that in the dim and Hope dared look for, obscurities of some distant age, the Gospel, in some myste riousway, was to have its full power, and its predictions their " the sword should be beaten into the accomplishment, when the into and the pruning hook, and nations spear ploughshare but with the fulfilment of which should learnwar no more or they could no more conceive their own agency required, the than revolutions the of with planets. possibly connected,
1834.]
?principles trial. We
Progress
of Peace
Societies.
the humanizing benefits of commerce, should suspend the " Will nations," wastes ofWar, and the rage of conquest." " will nations never devise writes Jefferson, any other national no means of co ? there Are than force of difference umpire our more to nature, than a waste of gratifying ercing injustice, the blood of thousands ? Wonderful has been the progress of human improvement in other lines. Let us hope, then, that we shall at length be sensible thatwar is an instrument entirely inefficient to the redress of wrongs." We might, certainly, collect numerous expressions of similar sentiments, within the last seventy years, by men in our own and other countries, dis tinguished by character and political eminence.
that have stood the test of more than one sharp should be glad to see gathered together into one view, all that right-mindedmoralists and statesmen have said on this subject,?views such as those expressed by Franklin, " God and Washington, and Jefferson,in our own country. " thatwe may never see another war ; grant," said Franklin, for inmy opinion therenever was a good war, or a bad peace." " " For the sake it is devout of humanity," saidWashington, ly tobe wished, that themanly employment of agriculture, and
But after all, ifwe reflecthow few and how isolated these an opposite expressions have been, in comparison with those of character ; and how littlepractical effectthey have produced? how littleactual exertion they have called out, and how little are left to they have affected the policy of governments,?we as it is deplorable. acknowledge an indifferenceas astonishing Such, too, to a very great extent, is the aspect of Christen Still, however, there are dom, even at the present moment. to be seen clear indications of a much more general and quick
ened sensibility to this subject. In many respects important changes have taken place ; and many cheering omens may be causes of themore decided movement in regard to this subject, itmight be difficult to assign precisely, and in their The
discerned.
exact proportion of influence. Many things conspired. Prin are to look to the career ofNapoleon, cipally, beyond doubt, we
8 Progress
ofPeace
Societies.
[June,
themost fearful impersonation of the genius of War, conquest, military glory, ever seen in theworld. Convulsing both hem*
bounds ofEuropean civilization,?the nations of the earth were " in fear and great perplexity and fora while seemed togaze in helpless awe, at the terrible energy of his resistlessmarch. But he had roused against him the self-love, the pride, the fear, the hatred, the physical, and what was stillmore, the moral power ofEurope ; and the nations combined to crush him, as an untameable wild beast, whose existence was no longer com patible with the safety of theworld. He fell: for to stand in such a conflict was impossible.
ispheres, overturning the ancient thrones and dynasties of Europe, sweeping with a broad track of desolation beyond the
sick of Peace. Then perhaps War, the universal wish was for was not the moment for fully understanding all the lessons, which the scenes of fifteenyears combined to teach. Reflec tion and time were necessary to gather and impress them all upon the general mind. They have not yet exhausted these sources of instruction. But these stupendous convulsions had, during their progress, forced many salutary convictions, not only upon theminds of those,who, more aloof from their influ ence, watched the progress of affairs,but upon the governments immediately affected by them. Thus the eyes of governments
Exhausted by the long and obstinate struggle, the people sunk down to repose. Drained of treasure and of blood, weary and
were opened to the impolicy, the danger, of any longer tolera ting themonstrous principle of Conquest, which, in the hands of revolutionaryPropagandising and subsequently ofmilitary
which
itwas displayed, never has the spirit of conquest and manifestation, and so military glory been seen in such a terrific calculated to rouse the world into a fixed horror and aversion
ambition, could produce such tremendous effects. And in truth, ifwe consider the time, the circumstances, and the theatre on
lives, and eight thousand millions of dollars, (to say the incalculable indirect losses and evils,) sacrificed of nothing
against the spiritand the agency it employs. During the brief career ofNapoleon, theworld saw the spectacle of fivemillions of human
1834]
Progress
ofPeace
Societies.
The
a by the insatiable ambition, and boundless selfishness of sin gle individual. The impression of all this upon the minds of thoughtful observers, could not fail to be deep and solemn. self-love and fear, ifnothing else, ofKings, were likewise a effectually alarmed. They were startled into conviction how was to at it sanction a prin and least, very dangerous impolitic, and individual it the in of fortune power ciple which could put Of ambition, to overturn or shake all the thrones of Europe.
At all events, itwas the firstpublic, solemn and combined reprobation, by the great sovereigns of Europe, of what had always before been practically sanctioned. And oh, and ofwar.
this at least, the declarations of the Allied Sovereigns were the were more : we believe expression. But we believe that they therewas a deeper feeling of its wickedness, its sin and shame, than before,?a moral re-action against the spirit of conquest
measures of governments ; but will glance at the principles and and progress of more special exertions in the promotion origin
of peace.
if they had then but clearly and fully discerned, honestly pro maintained the true principles of justice claimed, and faithfully and political wisdom, what an era might then have dawned on Europe ; and how trulymight they have deserved the title of Holy Alliance ! We will not here pursue any farther the consideration of more strictly political influences on the those events, in their
not fail to be made. Sickening at the happiness ofman, could to exhibited their human of nature, view, and the. spectacle as it of the miseries would seem, and crimes boundless war, cry, : a devour shall sword heart the burst frommany forever ? These sentiments found theirutterance through the press. As a tract by a gentleman of New York early as the year 1809, a reply and a rejoinder; had been published, which called forth this awakened some attention, led to discussion, and occasioned
were passing, those scenes, towhich we have referred, were also the eyes of Christian philanthropy watching them, and a profound impression of themelancholy contradiction of such scenes to the spirit of the gospel, and to the true end and While
10
Progress
ofPeace
Societies.
[June,
War,"
a tract by the Rev. N. Worcester, D. D. published at Boston, near the close of the year 1814. The circulation of this tractwas very great, both in this country and abroad, and had a most important influence in quickening the sensibilities of the humane, in diffusing pacific principles, and leading to subsequent exertions.
same gentleman published a treatise, entitled : " War inconsist ent with theReligion of Jesus Christ.9' In themean time, a similar spiritwas at work in other parts It was of the country, and particularly in Massachusetts. " custom of of the Review extended the Solemn by greatly
thespread ofpacific in that city. Early in 1815,the principles
pulses, and called forth in new directions. A multitude of benevolent associations for extending the Gospel, and applying its principles as the grand remedy forhuman evils, were then
At this time, the duty of extending the knowledge of Chris tianity to the pagan nations, had just begun tobe more generally felt; Christian benevolence had been quickened by new im
For it is a beautiful truth, that the developement and vivid en forcement of one latent Christian principle, spreads outward, quickening other latent principles, and calling forth the activi
just springing up and consolidating. This facilitated the at tempt to bring the spirit of the Gospel in reference to war, to act on the conscience, and awaken the exertions of Christians.
It is the quality of deeds of Love to enlarge ties they demand. the spirit and strengthen power of Love. At this time, too, the strength ofUnion and the power of Opinion were beginning to be better understood than ever before:?the unlimited
resources of moral power, in rectifying opinion, combining were becoming every day more avail and directing its force,
able.
Societies. The first were that four the formed, the New York, theMassachusetts, Ohio, and theLondon, sprang up nearly simultaneously, (in 1815, and 1816,) and probably without a knowledge of each other's existence at the time. The American 1828* Peace was formed at New York, May, Society
From these influences resulted Peace
1834.]
Progress
of Peace
Societies.
11
tive correspondence has been maintained by this Society, with the friends of Peace in all parts of the world, and more than half a million of Tracts have been published and distributed. " In France, the Society of Christian Morals," {Soci?t? de Morale chrettienne) was founded, Aug. 15, 1821, by the de la Rochefoucault-Liancourt, under the sanction of the French government. Among its early mem bers, were the late lamented Baron de Stael Holstein, the late celebrated Benjamin Constant, Casimer-Perier, late prime venerable Duke
point out the means best calculated to maintain permanent and universal peace, upon the basis of Christian principles." " The organ of this Society is the Herald of Peace." An ac
speak briefly of two or three of the most important of the Foreign Societies. " The London Society forPromoting Permanent and Uni Its object, in its versal Peace," was formed July 14, 1816. own language, is " to print and circulate Tracts, and diffuse information tending to show thatwar is inconsistentwith the spirit of Christianity, and the true interest ofmankind, and to
These associations have now become very numerous, both in our own and in foreign countries. We have room only to
minister of theKing^ besides other eminent individuals, now In the long list of its present members, we have deceased. counted more than forty of the most distinguished names
Guizot, and most of the Ministers of State, are members of Its object is expressed in the first article of its this Society. " Constitution : The object of this Society is to exhibit and recall perpetually tomen's minds, the precepts of Christianity, in all its purity ; to present to their notice the happy influence of these precepts upon the welfare of the human race, and thus to contribute to inspire, or more and more to quicken,
among the French nobles, statesmen, and men of letters. The King of the French, his son theDuke of Orleans, the Duke de Broglie, the Marquis de la Rochefoucault-Liancourt,
sentiments of charity and general good will, so requisite to se on earth." cure the reign of Peace In the Journal of this " : The for June, 183*2, they say Society Society of Christian
12
Objects
ofPeace
Societies.
[June,
Morals has been, for eleven years past, a genuine Peace Socie It corresponds with those of London and Ge ty in France. neva ; it professes the same principles ; it aims at the same
ameliorations."*
many years been devoted to the amelioration of criminal law in regard to capital punishment. M. de Sellon has written and
Society was formed inDecember, 1830, and has been constantly animated by the zeal of its founder, the Count de Sellon, an eminent philanthropist, who has for The Geneva Peace
published many things inpromotion of the principles of peace ; he has also held public concourses for the reception of prize memoirs, maintained an active correspondence with govern ments and all the friends of humanity, and in various ways, with unwearied activity, devoted himself to this great cause. The
War and the adoption of some ultimately effect the abolition of national differences. Their labors are, of mode settling peaceful in general, directed to the diffusion of light on this subject. By developing and applying the true spirit of Christianity, and exhibiting the actual influences ofwar on thewelfare of nations, they aim tomake a combined appeal to the moral sentiments enlightened self-interest of people and governments. are Among themany special objects to which their exertions and the of Literature the be mentioned directed,may purifying Education of Christendom. Still more particularly, to cite here and the language ofMr. Ladd, one of the earliest,most enlightened " and zealous promoters of this great cause : to abolish paper the enumeration of articles called contraband blockades?lessen of war?abolish
Geneva Society publish a periodical called "Archives of thePeace Society." The ob jectof theseAssociations of which we have named a few of the principal, is, through the press and by all other re sources ofmoral power, to create such a state of opinion as shall
establish the the practice of privateering?and free thus dry up make that free goods?and ships principle sources and war increase of fruitful ;?to promote the many to discus differences amicable national of submitting practice
* Journal de la Soci?t? de Morale chr?ttienne.
1834.]
Objects
of Peace
Societies.
13
and that this shall be done by a congress of Christian nations, whose decrees shall be enforced by public opinion that rules the world,?not by public opinion as itnow is, but by public opin ion enlightened by theGospel of Peace." Noav are these objects visionary ? Are these schemes im practicable ? Is thereno encouragement to attempt any thing ? On selves, we
sion and arbitration,?and finally of settling all national con troversies by an appeal to reason, as becomes rational beings, and not by physical force, as is worthy only of brute beasts ;
this point let us reflect. Let us understand. For our are prepared heartily to adopt the position so well : Ci if it he a duty which we arc called upon stated byMr. Ware no to perform, it is matter whether there be any visible encour agement or not. Duty can be done, sooner or later. It must
be begun,?in the dark perhaps ; but we shall work our way to the light."* This is sound. This is the spirit inwhich this a subject should be approached. There is moral decision about itwhich we like. It is right-minded ; it is right-hearted. Now on thispoint thereare some thingswhich we are ready to lay down fearless of all contradiction : 1. That the adoption of a peaceful policy by which the dif ferences of nations should be decided, without recourse to arms, on the principles of moderation and equity,?would put an end to immense evils, and would in every way, incalculably
promote the physical, moral, and social welfaic of mankind, and is thereforecommended by every consideration of enlight
ened self-interest.
2. That Christianity in itswhole spirit and tendency, aims to produce, and if its legitimate influencewere now predomin ant in Christendom, infallibly would produce such a consum
mation.
3. That the spread of Christianity and the full develope ment and application of itsprinciples, as the remedy forhuman evils and themeans of human advancement and perfection ment, is, in the intentions of Providence, to be effectedby the
* Promise ofUniversal Peace. By Professor Ware, of Cambridge, p. 20.
1.4
Duty
of uniting with Peace
Societies.
[June,
agency of its friends, and is required of them by its express of course in relation to this, as well as every commands,?and other object involved in the application of itsprinciples. 4. That through this agency, such shall be the ultimate re sult, Christianity, by express predictions, renders certain. 5. To attempt, therefore, what thewelfare of theworld re
exertions of its followers it is destined to effect,?is beyond all contradiction a Duty. And here are grounds enough for a confident attempt to perform our duty. Shall itbe thought a thing impossible to achieve what the good of man requires, what theGospel tends, and through the agency of its friends, is destined to effect?
quires, what the true spirit of the Gospel tends to effect, and if prevalent would effect, and what through the commanded
thought is not to be entertained. It is not impossible ; it cannot rationally be thought so. To think so, is a pusillani mous subjection of themind to the tyranny of the Present, it is The to be incapable of instruction from the Past, and incapable of faith, even inGod, for the Future. United exertions can, united exertions infalliblywill, sooner or later, accomplish the end. United exertions are a duty, and
to unite in such exertions to the utmost of each one's ability, is, therefore, the sacred duty of every individual : a duty which cannot possibly, in any just view of Christian obligation, be declined. Here, perhaps, is the place to advert toan objection sometimes offered,an objection so frivolous, indeed, as hardly to deserve an answer : that all our special exertions are needless and
fruitless,because the predominance of the spirit of the Gospel is the only influence that can put an end to Avar ; till then, all we can do will be of no material avail, and our exertions in
exertions to put down any and every other evil in the world. All other evils, as well as war, have their origin in human cor
to regard to this object should be involved in the general effort promote Christianity. It proves somuch that it subverts This objection is absurd. itself. For the same reason would be valid against special
1834.]
Encouragements
toExertion.
15
likewise, fromnumerous sources, visible and ample encourage ments to quicken the zeal of those who are engaged in this
cause.
is requisite to bring about the immense revolu tion at which Peace Societies are aiming; and besides the grounds for such activity which we lia ve mentioned, there are,
decline co-operation with special exertions against Intempe action of society rance, and even the legislative and judicial vice and with. be crime,might against dispensed united activity of the But enough for this objection.?The friends ofman
ruption ; the spirit of the Gospel is as much opposed to them, and would, ifprevalent, as effectually put an end to them, as we might as well to Avar. On the ground advanced, therefore,
are directed. Here we rooted, as that against which our efforts the indicate the trial may judicial combat, witch by ordeal, Avars of themiddle the baronial of abolition &c. craft, ;?the
are found in the history of the past;?in what advan cing civilization, and the force of opinion, have already done to many customs, once, to all appearance, as deeply put an end to They
and the influence of civilization in repressing the barbarities and mitigating the severities of Avar itself. They arc found in the aspects of the present :?in themulti plied results of awakened philanthropy and Christian benevo
ages, the overthrow of the inquisition, the abolition of the slave trade; and the numerous modifications of international law,
in themeasures and declared dispositions ofmany sovereigns. They are found in the growing industrious and commercial interests of Christian nations, and the consequent growth of the pacific spirit among the people, and of the pacific policy
among the governments.
actually made, in the attention ithas awakened, the numbers, intelligence, and zeal of those ithas engaged in its promotion. They are found particularly in the political aspects of the age,
lence, the new developements ofmoral power which the ?ge displays. They are found in the progress which this cause has
Many of these topics, towhich we have alluded, are suscep tible of full and rich illustration ; and several of them we shall
16 Encouragements
toExertion.
[June,
of his word. The fire iskindled at the forges, where the swords are to be beaten intoplough-shares, and the spears into pruning hooks. The teachers are already abroad, who shall persuade men to ' learnWar no more.' If we would hasten the day, we have only to throw ourselves into the current, and we may row with the tide. There may be here and there a counter
have occasion, hereafter, to unfold more at large. We shall for the present leave them, barely adding that the result is sure. " the po\vers are at work which are "Already," says Mr. Ware, to accomplish this desirable consummation. Already the pro cess is begun, by which God is to fulfilthe amazing predictions
so noble and sublime in itself ; so coincident with Heaven's own plans of love in its aims ; so rich in blessings for theworld ; and, by the guaranty of God's
cess.
current ; but the main stream is flowing steadily on, and the order of Providence is rolling forward the sure result." . Such is the cause towhich our labours are devoted ; so vast,
own Word,
so certain of suc
And we invite all the friends of human welfare to unite to gether in advancing this great and good cause. Especially we invite all those who are engaged in the diversified activi We
wise
them, because, while they arc thus engaged in advancing the day of universal holiness and happiness, it certainly seems un suitable that their sensibilities should slumber, in regard to the greatest curse and shame of Christendom, and themost mon strous contradiction to the ultimate destiny ofman. It certainly is an inconsistency, for them to be so intent on spreading Chris tianityabroad, and correctingminor contradictions to itat home;
various enterprizes, and absorbs the resources they might other to of ends. We their invite the accomplishment apply
ties of benevolence, by which the present day is distinguished. invite them particularly, because the existence of the cus tom of War opposes the grand obstacle to the success of their
and yet be so backward to engage in thework of putting an end to this grand contradiction to the spirit of Christianity and the revealed purposes of God. They should be aware, that though theymay go on converting Heathendom to Christianity; yet
1834.]
Encouragements
toExertion.
17
if they convert it to no other kind of Christianity than the present fighting Christianity of Christendom, their converts must be re-converted, or the grand purposes of the Gospel, and
its predictions concerning the world, will never be fulfilled. what a prodigious stumbling-block They should be aware, too, in theminds of the pagans, and what an obstacle to their recep tion of the Gospel, is found in themonstrous contrast beUveen the peaceful spirit of the Gospel as itbreathes from the sacred word, and as it is practically maniiested in the conduct of those is no fiction. It has occurred who oiler it to them. This
more
earth.
than once ; and it should not be without its influence those who are engaged in extending Christianity over the upon Finally,
a hearty union in this great and noble cause is strikingly recommended to Christians at the present clay, by the happy influence it is calculated to have upon the spirit of It presents a common ground for Christian activity and zeal. It will form a common bond for union of feeling and action. all who are engaged in the diversified enterprises of Christian benevolence. Itwill do them all good to become members of
the Peace Society, and thoroughly imbued with its spirit. They can come here and breathe a common atmosphere of love, and carry away a pure influence to animate all the other exertions inwhich they are engaged. It will lead them to " in the truth love." speak The present is a day of agitation. The moral elements of theworld seem all in commotion. There are parties, and sub
The principle of communion It is the age of exaggeration. its true developeinent one of themost beautiful principles ?in of our nature, and so noble in some of its applications, runs the hazard, through exaggeration and undiscriminating allian
its throngs, rather than of God's chosen servants, under his eye working harmoniously to one common end, the building up of the great Temple of his Glory !
are conflicting principles, and parties ; there conflicting exer tions ;?and to hearken to the confused murmurs and discord ant watchwords, one might be tempted to think of Babel and
18
Encouragements
toExertion.
[June,
ces, of illustrating the celebrated saying : that there is but one power of step between the sublime and the ridiculous.?The : to utmost well if itdo not become association, too, is tested the the tyranny of congregation. We dignify it by the name of the force of Opinion. Is there not room to fear itmay well be called force, by seeming to aim not so much, by presenting truth to the reason and motives
to the ai lections, to secure a a as to and cordial choice, free compel formal concurrence by threats and denunciation ? It is not our intention to express the least doubt that all are
devoted, in honesty and good faith, towhat each one respect ively believes the cause of truthand righteousness. We pro claim, too, our conviction that it is every one's duty to become the herald and apostle of what he believes to be the truth. We know, also, that there is no standing without wit/island ing ; thatwhere there are differences of principle and opinion, they must come into opposition and conflict. We believe, too, that by this counteraction, God works good, the advancement of truth and his designs.?But surelywe may be permitted to
very activities which profess to advance the cause of God and man. We ought surely to be continually on our guard, lest, along with the pure flame of love toGod and man, theremin gle the unhallowed fire of human passion. God will not ac cept our advocacy, even of the cause of righteousness, if he sees itactuated more by a spiritof party-love, than of brotherly
love to man.
say that no infusion of evil temper is necessary to the most zealous disci large of the duty of advocating the truthand op nor will bitterness and rancour in the least con posing error ; tribute to the great result. We may, therefore,in all kindness, suggest the danger there is lest corrupt passion mingle with the
with the plans of God and with the world's true welfare : to lead nations to abstain from a custom unnatural, brutal, and unchristian, the source of boundless crimes and miseries.
Society stands aloof from all the differences by which the church is divided, from all the conflicting inter ests of the times. The object is great and good ; in harmony
Now
the Peace
1834.]
War
and theWealth
ofNations.
19
About the result at which Peace Societies are aiming, there is no ground for difference of sentiment. Here all can labor heart and hand together ; and catch a spirit too that will be in for them every thing. good Such is thisnoble cause. It is an object for the eye to dwell upon, full of beauty and repose. It catches the sight like a
Holy Temple, rising in silentmajesty, remote and far from the noise of the streets. Here, in themorning, thewearied spirit of Christian Love, can strengthen itselfwith the living breath of Heaven which floats through its aisles, before it goes down to its day-work among the lower elements of life ; here, at noon, find a refreshing coolness ;?and at night lie down to still and soft sleep in the chambers of Peace.
Article THE INFLUENCE OF WAR
II. UPON THE WEALTH OF
NATIONS.
BY WILLIAM BE. HOLLAND, PROFESSOR INWASHINGTON COLLEGE, HARTFORD.
some person, in the presence of Pouche, denounced When the execution of theDuke d' Enghcin as a most detestable act of cruelty and wickedness, the wily statesman is said to have ivas a grand political added?" Nay, sir, it was worse?it it been blunder /" Had seasonably presented toNapoleon in the latter point of view, it is probable that history would have been spared themelancholy task of recording that outrage upon have restrained his humanity. Considerations of policy would had and when plead in vain. An humanity violence, justice act of cruelty or wickedness had fewer terrorsfor the Emperor of the Prendi, than an act of impolicy ; and he, who did not hesitate to disregard the most sacred principles of moral the perpetration of a political ity,would have shrunk from
blunder.

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thespread ofpacific in that city. Early in 1815,the principles

From these influences resulted Peace

of uniting with Peace

Article THE INFLUENCE OF WAR

II. UPON THE WEALTH OF

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