Chapter 5 Atoms & Bonding

Electron Shells

Electrons arent the same distance from the nucleus. They are arranged in shells or energy levels. The period # tells you the number of energy shells for each element in a period Each shell can hold only a certain number of electrons.

Shells

First shell = 2 electrons the sports car Second shell = 8 electrons the mini van Third shell= 8 electrons another mini van

Lets practice!

According to the periodic table how many energy shells would be in an atom of:

Sodium (Na) Oxygen (O)

How do you know?

Valence Electrons & Bonding

The electrons in the outer shell are called valence electrons The number of valence e- in an atom of an element determines how the atom can bond with other atoms The family # tells you the number of valence electrons for each element in the family (A groups only)

Lets practice!

According to the periodic table how many valence electrons do the following atoms have:
Sodium (Na) Oxygen (O)

How do you know?

Valence Electrons & Bonding

Atoms are more stable (less likely to react) when they have 8 valence electrons Atoms can gain or lose electrons in order to have 8 valence electrons Chemical Bond the force of attraction that holds two atoms together

Valence Electrons & Bonding

Electron Dot Diagram includes the symbol for the element surrounded by dotsthe dots show the valence electrons

Chapter 5 Atoms & Bonding

Section 3 - Covalent Bonds Standards 3.b Students know that compounds are formed by combining two or more different elements and that compounds have properties that are different from their constituent elements. 7.c Students know substances can be classified by their properties, including their melting temperature, density, hardness and thermal and electrical conductivity

Electron Sharing

Covalent Bond a chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

How many Bonds?

Use electron dot diagrams to set up an atom to have 8 valence electrons Electrons can be shared in order to fulfill the octet rule (8 valence electrons)

How many Bonds?

Double Bond two pairs of electrons being shared between two atoms

Triple Bond three pairs of electrons being shared between two atoms

Chapter 5 Atoms & Bonding

Section 2 Ionic Bonds Standards 3.b Students know that compounds are formed by combining two or more different elements and that compounds have properties that are different from their constituent elements. 3.c Students know that atoms and molecules form solids by building up repeating patterns, such as the crystal structure of NaCl or long-chain polymers

Ion an atom or group of atoms that has become electrically charged

When an atom loses an electron it has a positive charge When an atom gains an electron it has a negative charge

Ions

Element
Hydrogen Potassium Sodium Barium Calcium Magnesium Aluminum Boron

Ion
H+ K+ Na + Ba 2+ Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Al 3+ B 3+

Element
Flouride Chloride Bromide Iodide Bromide Oxide Sulfide Nitride

Ion
FCl Br IBr O 2S 2N 3-

10 electrons 8 valence e-

Lithium

Li +

Phosphide

P 3-

Ions

Ionic Bond the attraction between two oppositely charged ions Ionic bonds form as a result of the attraction between positive and negative ions Ionic Compound compound that consists of positive and negative ions

Chemical Formula & Names

Chemical Formula combination of symbols that shows the ratio of elements in a compound

Ex. MgCl2 or NaCl or K2S

When ionic compounds form, the ions come together in a way that balances out the charges on the ions Subscript tells you the ratio of elements in the compound

Ex. MgCl2 - 1 Magnesium ion and 2 Chlorine ions

Naming Ionic Compounds

The name of the positive ion goes first Then the name of the negative ion If the negative ion is an element, add the ending ide If the negative ion is polyatomic, leave the name the same Mg2+ + O2- MgO Magnesium Oxide Na+ + CO32- Na2CO3 Sodium Carbonate

Properties of Ionic Compounds

The characteristic properties of ionic compounds are:

Crystal Shape orderly 3-D shape High Melting Point ionic bonds are strong Electrical Conductivity when dissolved in water, ionic compounds conduct electricity

Examples:

Practice with Ionic Bonds

+
+

Na

Cl

NaCl

Na

+
+

Cl
Cl

NaCl
MgCl

Mg

Mg
Ca Ca Al Al

2+

+
+

Cl
O O

MgCl2
CaO CaO AlO Al2O3

2+

+ + +

O O
2

3+