A. Ben Rhouma J. Belhadj X.

Roboam

Regular paper Control and energy management of a pumping system fed by hybrid Photovoltaic-Wind sources with hydraulic storage: - Static and dynamic analysis - U/f and F.O.C controls methods comparisons

In this paper the authors studied and designed a pumping system fed by a re renewable energy (wind and photovoltaic: hybrid system) without battery storage replaced by hydraulic storage. Both sources are coupled to a DC link in which to optimize the energy transfer a maximum power point tracking MPPT for a variable speed wind turbine and solar photovoltaic are achieved. Because of the non classical aspect of the system we have investigated a steady state operation to set the energy management method. The developed strategy is to use an inverter to control the DC link voltage and the control of the induction machine coupled to the centrifugal pump. For the dynamic study two control methods are used, the FOC (Field Oriented Control) method and the U/f law, an external loop for the DC bus control is added. An energetic study with a variable meteorological condition shows an interest performance and the efficacy of the implanted control. A comparative study with the two laws show the approach deduced in the static study. Keywords: Hybrid system (PV-Wind energy), induction machine, centrifugal pump. F.O.C, U/f control.

1. INTRODUCTION Production of electricity by renewable energies constitutes a particular interest for countries in the process of development. In addition, the pumping and the water treatment at low cost (farming, breeding) constitute a major stake. For this, water pumping has shown as one of the most successful uses of wind and photovoltaic energy conversion in stand alone application [1-4]. Hybrid pumping system can provide an economical and reliable method of meeting hydraulic energy requirements. The wind and photovoltaic energy are inexhaustible; the conversion process is pollution free, and their availability is free. For remote systems such as radio telecommunication, satellite earth station, the hybrid system has been considered as attractive and preferred alternatives sources. For stand alone applications, storage cost still represents the major economic restraint. For this reason, we choose to eliminate the battery storage to replace it by hydraulic (water) storage what will allow the elimination of very expensive electric storage the profit of a less expensive hydraulic storage. This presents a reliable solution in terms of life cycle and a system cost reduction: it is the idea of this study in which an original energy management strategy is proposed. This strategy consists in regulating the DC bus voltage directly from the inverter feeding the induction motor pump. The DC bus being fixed, MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) strategy can be applied for both wind and photovoltaic energy sources [5]. 2. DEFINITION OF THE SYSTEM CONFIGURATION The studied system is designed as:

LSE-ENIT B.P 37 le Belvdre 1002 Tunis ESSTT, BP 56 Monfleury 1008 Jamel.Belhadj@esstt.rnu.tn

A hybrid generation system composed of a wind generator associated with a photovoltaic panel. The wind generator is based on a permanent magnate PM synchronous machine associated to a PWM rectifier, the photovoltaic panel is connected to the DC link via a boost chopper. The considered load is a pumping unit composed of an induction machine driving a centrifugal pump.
PV
DC DC

DC link
P Q DC Vbus IM Tl

Boost control AC SM DC Rectifier control

AC Inverter control

wr

Centrifugal Pump

Fig. 1. Bloc diagram of the proposed system 3. THE HYBRID SYSTEM For the pumping systems supplied with renewable energies we privilege either to oversize the source of energy or to make operate the source with maximum of power. We chose the second solution by the addition of technique of extraction of maximum power (MPPT) what results in maximizing the output of the generator in more than the first solution leads to a considerable over cost. Taking account of the stochastic characteristic of the climatic conditions and to increase the availability of energy we chose to multiply the sources. We propose in this work a new hybrid technique of pumping based on the complementarities of two sources of renewable energies, namely solar energy and the wind power for their significant potential in this zone. 3.1. The photovoltaic generator In those systems, the performance of a PV system relies on the operating conditions. Then, the maximum power extracted from the PV generator strongly depends on three factors: irradiation, load profile (load impedance) and cell temperature, assuming a fixed cell efficiency. The variation of the output IV characteristic of the PV module is a function of temperature and irradiation. The temperature changes mainly affect the PV output voltage, while the irradiation changes mainly affect the PV output current. Nevertheless, PV systems should be designed to operate at their maximum output power levels for any temperature and solar irradiation level at all times. In order to operate the output PV in maximum power, it is possible to use a (DC/DC) converter between the PV generator and the load, which can control the tracking of the MPP (Maximum Power Point), besides including the typical functions assigned to the controllers. These converters are normally named as maximum power point trackers (MPPTs).There are many methods for the tracking process such as the differentiation, perturbation and observation (P&O), the conductance incremental (C.I.), the feedback

voltage, open-voltage PV generator, open-voltage PV cell as well as the short circuit current method [6,7]. In our system we have chosen the method of the open-voltage PV cell. In deed, this method is simple and economical. The PV generators open-circuit voltage is measured from an additional use of a cell test (VOC), which is electrically independent from the rest of the PV array. The resulting values of the constant K will be applied to the main PV generator. VMPP=K.VOC (1)

Where K is the fill factor (FF) of the generator The converter used is a voltage boost chopper; his output voltage and photovoltaic voltage are related to the duty cycle by the following equation: Vbus 1 (2) = V MPP 1 The photovoltaic control strategy is to adjust the voltage Vp to have the maximum power extraction. From the state equations two cascaded controllers must be considered: an outer loop to control the PV voltage Vp, an inner loop to control the boost current IL [8]-[9]-[10]. The control loop diagram is shown on figure 2. BOOST L GPV Ip IL Is
Vp

Ic
Cpv

Ve

Vbus

DC link

1/Vbus

Voc

Vp_ref -

Vp PI Ic_ref -+

Ip

IL PI

+IL_ref

VL

-+

Ve Vp_ref

Fig. 2. Voltage-current cascaded control of the photovoltaic system 3.2 The wind generator The turbine used in this work is a Savonius wind turbine which is coupled to a PM synchronous generator. This latter operates at variable speed and variable frequency. Several configurations are possible for the coupling with the DC link: in this case we chose the structure of a PWM rectifier [9, 11, 12]. We have applied the F.O.C method control of the generator-rectifier as is shown in figure 3 To extract the maximum power from the machine for a given speed it is adequate to optimize the torque/current ratio. In this condition Isd = 0 and we have: 3 Tem_opt = .p. a. Is (3) 2

From the aero generator characteristics, it is possible to seek the maximum power coefficient (CPmax) obtained for the optimal specific speed opt. From a rotation velocity measurement one can calculate the power or the torque making it possible to join the optimal characteristic. The optimal torque allowing the (MPPT) is given by (4):

Topt = K opt . opt

Where:

(4)

K opt

R 1 = Sv v opt 2

.c p max

(5)

The control loop diagram of the generator is shown on figure 3 [9]-[11].

Rectifier Vwind SM Is1 Is2 2 Isq PI PI PWM Vs1 ref Vs2 ref 3 Vsd ref Vs3 ref Vbus

MPPT Isd_ref=0 Tem ref

3 Isd ++Isq ref

2
Vsq ref

2 1 . 3 p. a

Fig. 3. Control strategy of the wind generator 3.3. Pumping unit The induction machine fed by a voltage source inverter is coupled to a centrifugal pump. This load is described by Eq (6) and Eq (7) [13,14,15]. 2 Tl = a..Q + b.Q (6) (7) P = a. 2 + b.Q. c.Q 2 where: Tl is the load torque of the pump.

P is the pressure of the fluid. is the speed rotation of the induction machine. (a,b,c) are the parameters of the pump. The pressure losses in the pump are given by the following expression: Pj= k1 .Q where:
2

(8)

k1 is a parameter which depends on the hydraulic installation.

4. STEADY STATE ANALYSIS This type of system constitutes a non classical problem in terms of control and energy management strategy. In fact without battery storage and with a finite generated power, the generated energy will be fully transmitted to the load via the DC link, as shown on figure 4.

Hybrid sources

DC link

Inverter

IM and pump

Fig. 4. General structure of the pumping system fed by hybrid source

The electric representation of the DC link is the following one: I source I bus
Ic From hybrid source C bus To inverter

Fig. 5. The DC link scheme

We have:

I source = I bus

(9)

For the energy management and the control of the pumping system, a preliminary static study seems to be necessary. Indeed, our interest is to study the energy transfer of the hybrid source towards the motor-driven pump through the continuous bus. The nonlinear characteristic of the synchronous generator and the photovoltaic panel associated to a load shows that for given weather conditions the transfer of power is not always maximum. This justifies the choice of the association of rectifier PWM to the generator and the chopper to the photovoltaic panel associated each one with an algorithm MPPT allowing the extraction maximum of the power whose principle is detailed previously. The choice of the sources functioning in MPPT leads at every moment to a given power and imposed on the continuous bus. If one does not control the electric quantities (tension, current), the bus behaves like a source of power. To simplify the static study, the centrifugal pump is supplied by a D.C machine whos the latter is coupled with the bus through a buck chopper (figure 6). In fact the DC machine is equivalent to the induction machine with the F.O.C control. P
Isource Ie

Im
DC

Q
R E

hybride Source

Vbus

IC

Tl

Vm
DC Buck chopper

DC machine Centrifugal pump

Fig. 6. A pumping system fed by a buck chopper

We try in this study to analyze the energy transfer in the various plans electric, mechanical, and hydraulic. For that, reasons on a hydraulic installation (geometrical height, restrictions, elbows...). That we regards the characteristic of load in the hydraulic plan (Pressure P, flow Q) as a " data ". For a traditional hydraulic system, one can base oneself on a characteristic quadratic pressure-flow of form: P =Kh.Q2 (10)

We reasons commonly on the characteristic of load in the mechanical plan (Torque Tl, Speed as being of quadratic type, too: Tl =Kp. 2 According to the equations of the D.C machine:
Tl = .I m E = . V m

(11)

(12)

According to the preceding equations, we obtain the electric characteristic like a quadratic type: V2 Im = K p. m (13) 3

In this case, while tacking into consideration the neglected losses, we can move to the electric plan of bus ( I bus , Vbus ), starting from the following equations:
V m = .Vbus I bus = .I m

(14)

Where I bus =

3 2 .K p .Vbus 3

(15)

Thus, if the DC bus voltage is kept constant, the generated power is imposed to the electric parts and the DC link behaves as a source of power. Thus the characteristic deduced with the selected structure is shown on the following figure.

Fig. 7. The DC link characteristic voltage current

For a generated power imposed to the load, the current-voltage characteristic (Ibus, Vbus) of the DC link has the hyperbole wave form for given powers corresponding to a given climatic conditions. By assuming that the voltage Vbus is kept constant the DC link is locked at a single operating point imposed by the hybrid sources to the inverter. This operating point deduced for a given power also imposes a characteristic of hyperbole on the mechanical shaft of the induction machine whose the point of operation will be given by the intersection of the hyperboles with the load characteristic imposed by the hydraulic pump (figure8). As for the torque speed plan, the hydraulic operating point is given by the intersection between the generated hyperboles (given a generated power) with the hydraulic load characteristic itself given for a particular hydraulic installation (figure9).

Tl (Nm)

3*P3 2*P2 1*P1

'3*P3 '2*P2 '1*P1

Fig. 8. Mechanical induction machine characteristic (torque, speed).

Fig. 9. The hydraulic characteristic pump (pressure, flow).

i :is the efficiency of the induction machine and the inverter for a given power Pi . i :is the efficiency of the moto-pump and inverter for a given power Pi.

This static study shows that for a given generated power and for a particular hydraulic characteristic. The pumping system operation is locked at a single operating point. So to change the operating point in the hydraulic plan either to change the input power or to

change the hydraulic load then it is not possible to regulate the pressure or the flow by using a control loops.
5. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND CONTROL STRATEGIES

Taking into-account the steady state study, there is no possibility to independently control the speed or flow of the pump, given a generated power. So, we have to take benefit of the two freedom degrees offered by the voltage source inverter feeding the motor-pump: for that purpose, we propose to control the DC link voltage and the control of the magnetic state of the machine. First we have used a classical F.O.C control to increase the performance of the U/f control. Finally we propose a comparison of the two laws from energetic transfer point of view.
5.1. F.O.C control of the pumping system

The induction motor can be represented using the (d,q) Parks reference frame. If (_dr= _r and _qr =0) it becomes possible to control the torque independently by the q-axis stator current, and the rotor flux can be controlled with the d-axis stator current with a delay. Then, by keeping the rotor flux constant, the motor torque can directly be controlled as in the case of a separately-excited DC machine. In our system we replace the control loop of the torque by the regulation of the DC voltage [16]. Finally two control loops are considered: the flux and the DC voltage (figure 12). For the regulation of the main variables (current, flux, DC link voltage) to their reference values, regulators were used of the type PI. In the general form the transfer function of a conventional PI current controller, flux controller, and DC link voltage controller has the following equation 1 +T i .P 1 =K (16) Re g ( P ) = K p 1 + p T .P T p i i

A. Field control loop

It is known that if current through the magnetizing inductance Msr is constant (on the revolving d axis) the induction machine has a quick response to torque reference step. The control loop is composed of a PI controller shown in figure 10. We used a traditional estimator deduced from the equations of the machine. The expression of the rotor flux can be given by: M sr .I sd (17) r* = 1+ r .p

+-

PI

Isd

Msr 1 + p r

Fig. 10. Rotor flux control loop

B.

DC voltage control loop

To obtain a controlled voltage source in the DC link it is necessary to include a busk capacitor (Cbus). This voltage has to be maintained as constant as possible, independently of the energy consumed by the induction machine and the energy generated by the hybrid sources. The hypothesis is to neglect the losses of the inverter compared to total installed power (18) = E .I + E .I V .I bus bus d sd q sq ( E d , E q ) are the emf compensation respectively along the d and q axis. ( I sd , I sq ) are the stator current respectively along the d and q axis. If the DC voltage is controlled for a given power, one can fix the system at a operating point. The current loop is fast (commutation with several kHz) regarding the slower dynamic of the voltage. The general diagram of the voltage - current cascaded regulation is given below.
Isource

Vbus ref

+-

PI

IC

-+
I bus _ ref

Vbus .I bus E d .I sd Eq

Vbus DC Link + IM

Vbus

I sq _ ref

Fig. 11. DC voltage control loop C. Simulations results and discussions We sought to use a powerful tool of modeling which tends to solve our problem of design which appears by a multi field system with strong coupling degree and several nonlinearities as well as dynamics. All these problems give rise to a study under the point of view Systemic approach and which relates to the energy interactions. The tool of modeling must thus represent the energy transfers within the system. One of the tools most powerful is the Bond Graph which we simulate the whole system using 20sim software. The rated hybrid power is fixed at 1.8 kW such as: the power of the photovoltaic panel is 800W; the power of the wind generator is 1 kW. The parameters of the regulators being calculated, we have fixed the reference voltage of the DC link to 550v. The response is shown on figure 14. Because of the non-classical aspect of the source, we imposed to the DC link a particular power profile (figure13), the response of the voltage regulation as well as the various output variables such as torque speed, pressure and flow are shown.

The effect of the power variation shows good performance of the regulation of tension with respect to the variations of power. In the same way the variation of the mechanical and hydraulic sizes is the similar to the hybrid power variation. To conclude this analysis and to test the robustness and stability, we propose to simulate the system under the most severe conditions. For that we propose to simulate the hybrid system such as the wind generator is attacked by a variable wind.

Isource IBUS Vbus_ref + 3

Eq
Vbus .I bus E d .I sd Eq

Hybride source

VBUS

Ic

DC
IM

Cr

P Q

AC

Pump

+ + +

PWM 2
Vsd

PI

I-

I sq _ ref

Vsq

Estimation * * of r and r

I e _ ref
r _ ref

-+ Isq +Isd

PI

Vsq1

++

Eq Ed r

r *

+r
*

PI

PI

I sd _ ref

Vsd1

++ +
Ed

Fig. 12. Diagram F.O.C control of the pumping system with DC link control

2000

570 560 550 DC voltage 540 530 520 510 500 490 480 470 0

1500
p {W}

1000

500

0 0

0.5

1.5

2
time {s}

2.5

3.5

0.5

1.5

2 2.5 time {s}

3.5

Fig. 13. Hybrid system powervariation imposed to the DC link

Fig. 14. Voltage regulation performance of the DC link

10

9 8 Load torque {N.m} 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 time {s} 3 3.5 4 Pressure {bar}

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0

0.5

1.5

2 2.5 time {s}

3.5

Fig. 15. The induction machine torque

Fig. 16. The pump Pressure

400 350 300 Flow {l/min} 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 time {s} 3 3.5 4

Fig. 17. The pump flow

The selected wind presents rapid fluctuations, that their speed is described according to time in deterministic form by a sum of several harmonics in the form:
Vwind = A 0 +

(a .sin (b .
i i i =1

v .t

))
1800 570

This wind is characterized by an average value A 0 = 8.2 m/s.

15

1600 551.111 1400 532.222 1200 513.333 1000 494.444 800 475.556 600 456.667 400 437.778

Vbus Hybrid power

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

v_wind

10

Isource

1 0.5 0

0 0 5 10 time {s} 15 20

200 418.889 0 400 0 5 10

time {s}

15

20

Fig. 18. The wind wave form

Fig. 19. The DC link characteristics

11

8 7 Load torque {N.m} 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 5 10 time {s} 15 20

Pressure {bar}

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0

10 time {s}

15

20

Fig. 20. The induction machine torque

Fig. 21. The pump Pressure

Figure 19 shows that the current has the same wave form variation as the power. It can be seen that the DC voltage is constant that show a good performance of the regulation. We can distinguish that the hydraulic and mechanical sizes follow the variation of power of the DC link. In addition, this variation of these sizes is smoothed by the inertia of the motopump.
5.2. U/f control method of the pumping system

Different studies show that the U/f law is sufficient to control pumping systems, especially as this type of applications does not require high dynamic performance. Thus, we thought developing a simpler control algorithm based on a simple scalar control (U/f) as shown on figure 23 [17-19].
A. DC voltage control loop

This control permits the regulation of the DC link voltage and an indirect control of the field. The control loop is shown in figure 22.

Vbus_ref

+-

PI

Inverter and IM-Pump

Vbus

Fig. 22. DC voltage control loop B. Simulations results The same power profile (same conditions) was applied to the DC link to compare the performance of the two laws (F.O.C, U/f). The result is shown in figure 19, 20, 21, 22.

12

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 Load torque 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 time {s} 3 3.5 4 DC voltage

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 time {s} 3 3.5 4

Fig. 23. Voltage regulation performance of the DC link

2.5 2 Pressure {bar}

Fig. 24. The induction machine torque

400 350 300

Flow {l/min}

1.5 1 0.5 0 0

250 200 150 100 50

0.5

1.5

2 2.5 time {s}

3.5

0 0

0.5

1.5

2 2.5 time {s}

3.5

Fig. 25. The pump Pressure

Fig. 26. The pump flow

The effect of the power variation shows good performance of the regulation of tension in static mode but presenting exceeding in transitory mode. In the same way the variation of the mechanical and hydraulic sizes is the similar to the hybrid power variation. In the same way, we propose to simulate the hybrid system such as the wind generator is attacked by a variable wind like with the FOC control.
700 600 Voltage DC link {v} 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 5 10 time {s} 15 20

Fig. 27. Voltage regulation performance of the DC link

13

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 5 10 time {s} 15 20 Pressure {bar} Load torque

1.5

0.5

0 0

10 time {s}

15

20

Fig. 28. The induction machine torque

Fig. 29. The pump Pressure

Figure 27 shows the system performances for reference voltage Vbus=550v using the proposed approach. It is seen that in static mode the regulation of the tension presents a few oscillations. Figure 28 and 29 illustrate the mechanical and hydraulic response for variable wind. We can distinguish that the hydraulic and mechanical sizes follow the variation of power of the DC link. In addition, this variation of these sizes is smoothed by the inertia of the motor-driven pump.
Isource

IBUS
Ic

hybrid source

Vbus

DC
IM

Tl AC

P Q Pump

PWM Vs1, Vs2, Vs3 ws Vs

U/F

Vbus_ref

wr +R(V)

+ +

Fig. 30. U/f control diagram of the pumping system with DC link regulation

The dynamics performance of the DC link voltage regulation, as well as the mechanical (torque, speed) or hydraulic variables (pressure, flow) is slower by applying the U/f control than for a F.O.C control.
Comparative study We search in this part to prove by the dynamic analysis and for the two controls law (F.O.C and U/f control) the uniqueness of the operating point for the mechanical and hydraulic variables. It can be noticed that in static mode the responses of the mechanical and hydraulic variables are identical for the two controls laws. This shows that the system is locked at a single point of operation some is the control laws as already shown by the static study.

14

9 8 7

400

F.O.C controls
Flow {l/min}
Q {l/min}

350 300 250 200 150 100 50

F.O.C controls

Load torque

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 time {s} 3 3.5 4

U/fcontrols

U/fcontrols
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 time {s} 3 3.5 4

0 0

Fig. 31. The induction machine torque

Fig. 32. The pump flow

6. CONCLUSION In this paper, a remote hybrid pumping system unit was designed. We have studied and applied a new controls deduced for this type of pumping system tacking into account the elimination of storage battery. To maximize the efficiency of the whole system, we chose to operate the sources of the hybrid system with maximum of power, by the use of MPPT algorithm that optimizes the energy transfer towards the DC link. After having analysed the system at steady state, we have designed an original energy management strategy of the pumping system. In fact, the system operation being locked for a given generated power and a given hydraulic installation for this the regulation of the mechanicals or hydraulics sizes will not be possible. Finally, we chose to regulate the DC link voltage and the magnetic state of the machine thanks to the degrees of freedom offered by the voltage source inverter. So that, for this kind of system the elimination of the battery is replaced by the DC link control and hydraulic tank storage. The static and dynamic performances were presented by simulations. We studied two controls methods based on F.O.C and U/f strategies: of course the FOC dynamic response is faster than for the U/f control. For the same climatic conditions were applied as for F.O.C or U/f controls shows that the steady state responses of mechanical and hydraulic variables are the same for the two control laws. This shows that the system is locked at a single point of operation and proves well the approach extracted in static study. REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] M.S.Miranda, R.C.Lyra and S.R. Silva, An alternative isolated wind electric pumping system using induction machines, IEEE transactions on energy conversion, Vol.14, No 4, December 1999. E. Muljadi, PV Water Pumping with a Peak-Power Tracker Using a Simple Six-Step SquareWave Inverter, IEEE Transactions on industry applications, Vol 33, No 3, may/June 1997. Z.M. Salameh and B.S. Borowy, Methodology for optimal sizing the combination of the battery bank and PV array in a wind/PV hybrid system, IEEE transactions on energy conversion, Vol 11, No 2, June 1996. J.T. Bialasiewicz, E. Muljadi, Power transfer and time-domain analysis of a wind-turbine water-pumping system, IEEE Transaction on industry application, 1302-1307, 2003. A.Ben Rhouma, J.Belhadj and X.Roboam, Design and control of a pumping system fed by hybrid Photovoltaic-Wind source without battery storage International conference on Electrical Engineering Design and Technologies (ICEEDT) November 5-6, 2007, Hammamet, Tunisia.

15

[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]

V. Salas, E. Olias, A. Barrado and A. Lazaro, Review of the maximum power point tracking algorithms for stand-alone photovoltaic systems, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 90,2006, 1555-1578. M. Kolhe, J.C. Joshi and D.P. Kothari, Performance Analysis of a Directly Coupled Photovoltaic Water-Pumping System, IEEE transaction, Energy Conversion, Vol 19, NO 3, September 2004. M. Dali Conception et commande dun systme hybride PV- Eolien pour un rseau ilot de type TBT et BT Mmoire de Mastre, ENIT Tunisie, Juin 2005. M. Dali, J. Belhadj, X Roboam.: Conception et commande de systmes hybrides photovoltaique-olien, Revue internationale de gnie lectrique RIGE, Vol. 9, No. 6, Dcembre 2006, pp 719-752. B. Robyns, Y. Pankow, L. Leclercq, B. Franois, Equivalent continuous dynamic model of renewable energy systems, IEEE electrimacs 2002, august 18-21. Adam Mirecki Etude comparatives de chanes de conversion dnergie ddies une olienne de petite puissance . Licentiate thesis, ENSEEIHT- INPT, Toulouse, April 2005. A. Mirecki, X. Roboam, F. Richardeau.: Architecture cost and energy efficiency of small Wind Turbines : which system tradeoffs, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol 54, N1, pp 660 670, February 2007. M. Turki, J. Belhadj, X. Roboam, "Design and Energy management of a small-scale reverse osmosis desalination unit powered by PV-Wind hybrid system without battery storage" International conference on Electrical Engineering Design and Technologies (ICEEDT) November 5-6, 2007, Hammamet, Tunisia. A. Betka and A. Moussi, Performance optimization of a photovoltaic induction motor pumping system, Renewable energy, vol 29, 21672181, 2004. J.A. Daminguez, S. Lorenzo, Advanced control for pumping PV systems, INCA Modules, 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion May 11-18, 2003 Osaka, Japan. T.Kataoka, A novel V/f control method - for an IM to improve the torque characteristics in the low speed range EPE proceedings, VOL 5, p485-488 EPE Brighton, England, 13-16 September 1993. J.T. Bialasiewicz, E. Muljadi, Power transfer and time-domain analysis of a wind-turbine water-pumping system, IEEE Transaction on industry application, 1302-1307, 2003. JC HAPIOT, Machine asynchrone aliment en tension par un convertisseur statique et autopilot Thse de doctorat, Toulouse, 1975. Jamel BELHADJ : Commande directe en couple dune machine asynchrone Thse de doctorat, ENIT, INP Toulouse, Juillet 2001.

16