Thermal-Hydraulic Design of Replacement Cooling Towers for

Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station

by
Philip L Couture
An Engineering Project Submitted to the Graduate
Faculty of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Approved:
_________________________________________
Ernesto Gutierrez-Miravete, Project Adviser

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Hartford, CT
May 2010

CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ iii
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF SYMBOLS ......................................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................................. vii
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... viii
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1
1.1

Cooling Tower Operating Principles .................................................................. 2

1.2

Types of Cooling Towers ................................................................................... 4

1.3

Vermont Yankee Cooling Towers ...................................................................... 5

2. Methodology ................................................................................................................ 9
2.1

Review of Cooling Tower Theory...................................................................... 9

2.2

Design Parameter Selection.............................................................................. 15

2.3

Methodology for Replacement Counterflow Cooling Tower Design .............. 17

2.3.1

Tower Sizing ........................................................................................ 17

2.3.2

Makeup Water Requirements ............................................................... 19

2.3.3

Tower Demand Curves and Determination of Characteristic Curve ... 20

3. Results ........................................................................................................................ 22
3.1

Counterflow Tower Size .................................................................................. 22

3.2

Tower Demand Curves ..................................................................................... 23

4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 25
5. References .................................................................................................................. 26
Appendix A - Mass-Energy Balances .............................................................................. 27
Appendix B - Design Parameter Calculations ................................................................. 31
Appendix C - Tower Demand Curve Excel Spreadsheets Design A ............................ 34
Appendix D - Tower Demand Curve Excel Spreadsheets Design B ............................ 40

ii

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 - NPDES Permit Limits (May 16 - June 15)

15

Table 2 - Cooling Tower Design Parameters

17

Table 3 - Tower Height Sizing

18

Table 4 - Counterflow Tower Size

22

Table 5 - Makeup Water Requirements

22

iii

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 - Aerial view of Vermont Yankee

Figure 2 - Counterflow Cooling Tower [6]

Figure 3 - Cross-flow Cooling Tower [6]

Figure 4 - Fill Material

Figure 5 - Water droplet interaction with air [6]

Figure 6 - Vermont Yankee Circulating Water Flow Diagram

Figure 7 - Cooling Tower Heat Balance [6]

12

Figure 8 - Example Tower Characteristic Curves [6]

13

Figure 9 - Nomograph of cooling tower characteristics [4]

14

Figure 10 - Counterflow Induced Draft Tower Sizing Chart [4]

18

Figure 11 - Fan Horsepower Sizing Chart [4]

19

Figure 12 - Tower Demand Curves: Design A

23

Figure 13 - Tower Demand Curves: Design B

24

iv

LIST OF SYMBOLS
K = tower characteristic or enthalpy transfer coefficient (lbm/hr-ft2)
a = contact area/tower volume (ft2/ft3)
V = active cooling volume/plan area (ft3/ft2)
L = water flow rate (lbm/hr-ft2)
T1, Tthw = Cooling tower hot water (inlet) temperature (F)
T2, Ttcw = Cooling tower cold water (discharge) temperature (F)
hw, h2 = enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture at bulk water temperature (Btu/lbm dry air)
ha, h1 = enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture at wet bulb temperature (Btu/lbm dry air)
G= air flow rate, (lbm dry air/hr-ft2)
Cp = specific heat capacity of water (Btu/lbm-F)
x1, x2 = absolute humidity of the inlet and outlet air
b = blowdown rate (gal/min)
e = evaporation loss (gal/min)
r = ratio of solids in blowdown to solids in makeup, cycles of concentration
d = drift loss (gal/min)
M = makeup rate (gal/min)
Tcond = Condenser temperature rise (F)
Tcwp = Circulating water pump temperature rise due to pump work (F)
Tcwbp = Circulating water booster pump temperature rise due to pump work (F)
Tt = Cooling tower range (F)
& c = Condenser mass flow rate (lbm/hr)
m
& csw = Combined condenser and service water exit mass flow rate (lbm/hr)
m
& evapdrift = Cooling tower evaporation and drift losses (lbm/hr)
m

& fe = Circulating water mass flow rate exiting facility (lbm/hr)

m

& fi = Circulating water mass flow rate entering facility (lbm/hr)

m
& re = Downstream river mass flow rate (lbm/hr)
m

& ri = Upstream river mass flow rate (lbm/hr)

m
& recirc = Recirculation mass flow rate = R/100* m
& c (lbm/hr)
m

& sw = Service water mass flow rate (lbm/hr)

m
& ti , L1= Cooling tower inlet mass flow rate (lbm/hr)
m
& te , L2= Cooling tower outlet mass flow rate (lbm/hr)
m
& = Service water heat load (Btu/hr)
Q
sw

Tce = Condenser exit temperature (F)

Tci = Condenser inlet temperature (F)
Tcsw = Service water and condenser discharge mixed temperature (F)
Tfe = Circulating water temperature exiting facility (F)
Tri = Upstream river temperature (F)
Tre = Downstream stream river temperature (F)
& = River volumetric flow rate (ft3/s)
V
ri

vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thank my family, friends, employers and professors for their support
while I worked on my Masters program.

vii

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this Engineering Project is to complete the thermal-hydraulic design of
replacement cooling towers for the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station, located in
Vernon, VT. The need for new cooling towers is driven by State of Vermont
environmental discharge permit limitations and operation of the station at a higher power
rating. The cooling towers reduce the heat input to the river but are not always capable
of handling the increased heat load generated by the plant due to the power uprate
combined with the river temperature increase restrictions imposed by the discharge
permit.

The design parameters for the new towers were based on current design and operating
restrictions and developed using mass-energy balances over different portions of the
plant cooling water system, including the river. The sizing and makeup water
requirements were developed using available literature. The tower demand curves were
developed using a solution of the Merkel equation using the Chebyshev method.

The outcome of this project is that a thermal-hydraulic design was developed leading to
a new sizing requirements and demand curves of replacement counterflow cooling
towers that have sufficient heat removal capacity to operate in a closed cycle mode of
operation and therefore offset any need for permit-driven plant power reductions.

viii

1. Introduction
In 2006, Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station (VY) received approval from the US
Nuclear Regulatory Commission for an Extended Power Uprate (EPU) to operate at
120% of its originally designed core power output (1,912 MWth vs. 1,593 MWth) [1].
One of the limitations brought on by operating at this higher power output is that the
cooling towers at VY cannot adequately handle the entire heat load now generated when
operating at 100% power. As a result, a portion of the heated water from the plant
bypasses the cooling towers and is discharged to the Connecticut River. Limitations
imposed by the State of Vermont National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) permit restrict the temperature rise of the river due to the VY thermal
discharge, as measured at various monitoring stations along the river in the vicinity of
the plant. The most restrictive temperature limitations occur during the period of May 16
through June 15 [2, 3]. During this time, operational restrictions imposed by the permit
can require VY to reduce power output in order to not exceed the thermal discharge
limitations. Figure 1 shows an aerial view of Vermont Yankee. The cooling towers are in
the lower left portion of the photograph.

Figure 1 - Aerial view of Vermont Yankee

1.1 Cooling Tower Operating Principles

Cooling towers are used in industrial applications to remove heat from cooling water. A
cooling tower system consists of a network of heat exchangers and pumps in open or
closed circuits. Additional water is introduced into the system to make up for inherent
losses in the process. The thermal performance of cooling towers plays an important role
in the operation of the system(s) being cooled.

There are two main types of cooling towers, natural draft and mechanical draft. Natural
(or atmospheric) draft cooling towers use large chimney-like structures to draw air
through the cooling water whereas mechanical draft cooling towers rely on fans to force
air through the water, allowing for close control of cold water temperature. There are
two types of mechanical draft cooling towers, counterflow and cross-flow, depending on
the relative flow direction between the air and water, as shown in Figures 2 and 3,
respectively. The analytical portion of this project will focus on counterflow towers.

Figure 3 - Cross-flow Cooling Tower [6]

Figure 2 - Counterflow Cooling Tower [6]

Mechanical draft cooling towers consist of large chambers filled with plastic slats called
fill material. The water to be cooled is pumped up to a distribution header at the top of
the tower and is distributed down evenly across the length of the tower. As the water
drops down and hits the fill material, it disperses into droplets in order to maximize the
heat transfer surface area and exchanges heat with the upward moving air. The cooled
water is then collected in a basin and pumped out to begin the heat exchange process
over again or simply discharged to a body of water. Figure 4 shows a picture of fill
material used in the Vermont Yankee cooling towers.

Figure 4 - Fill Material

Cooling towers operate on the principle of evaporative cooling in which the water that is
to be cooled is exposed to air. The heat transfer process consists of mass heat transfer, in
the form of evaporation, and sensible heat transfer due to the temperature difference
between the air and water. Approximately 80 percent of the heat transfer is due to
evaporation and 20 percent is due to sensible heat transfer [4]. This process is depicted
in Figure 5 [6].

Figure 5 - Water droplet interaction with air [6]

The theoretical possible heat removal per pound of air circulated in a cooling tower
depends on the temperature and moisture content of the air. An indication of the
moisture content of the air is the wet-bulb temperature. Ideally, the wet-bulb temperature
is the lowest temperature to which the water can be cooled. In practical applications, the
cold water temperature approaches but does not equal the air wet-bulb temperature
because it is impossible to contact all the water with fresh air as the water drops through
the fill to the basin. The magnitude of approach to the wet-bulb temperature is dependent
on tower design. Important factors are air-to-water contact time, amount of fill surface
and break up of water into drops [4]. The closer the approach, i.e. the smaller the
difference between wet-bulb temperature and cold water temperature, the more
expensive the cooling tower design will be.

1.2 Types of Cooling Towers

As mentioned in the previous section, there are three types of cooling towers:
counterflow, cross-flow and natural draft. Both the counterflow and cross-flow types fall
under the mechanical draft category.

The counterflow arrangement is the most thermodynamically efficient due to the coldest
water being in contact with the coldest air. This maximizes the enthalpy potential. The
4

advantages of the counterflow type are that greater cooling ranges and more difficult
approaches are able to be utilized.

Increasing the air flow to lower the L/G ratio and therefore reducing the tower
characteristic at very low approaches is the advantage of the cross-flow tower. The
increase in air flow is accomplished by lengthening the tower to increase the air flow
cross-sectional area. The disadvantage of doing this is an increase in fan power
requirements [4].

The natural draft tower relies on a difference density between cool inlet air and the hot
outlet air to drive air flow, rather than using fans. The advantages of this type are that no
electric power is necessary, except for pump head requirements, and no mechanical
equipment is necessary, which reduces maintenance costs. The disadvantages are that
they are dependent on atmospheric conditions, which can limit the cooling capacity; they
are inefficient at low wind velocities; they have relatively high water losses when wind
velocities are high and high pump head requirements to achieve maximum air-water
contact times [6].

1.3 Vermont Yankee Cooling Towers

The cooling tower system at Vermont Yankee (VY) currently consists of two cooling
towers, a deep water basin, three circulating water booster pumps and associated piping,
valves and instrumentation. Each tower consists of eleven partitioned cells containing an
individual fan unit. The fans are used to draw in air from outside of the towers [7].

A simplified schematic of the flow of circulating water through the intake structure,
circulating water pumps, main condenser, service water system, circulating water
booster pumps, cooling towers and discharge structure (forebay and afterbay) is depicted
in Figure 6. The service water system provides cooling to various pumps and auxiliary
heat exchangers throughout the plant. Water is drawn in from the Connecticut River into
the intake structure by the circulating water pumps. The discharge of the pumps is

directed to the main condenser where it removes heat from the reactor steam after it has
passed through the main turbine. The heated water leaving the condenser enters the
forebay in the intake structure where flow can then be directed to the cooling towers via
the circulating water booster pumps, depending on the mode of operation of the cooling
tower system. There are three circulating water booster pumps, each with a capacity of
122,000 gpm [7]. Water enters the cooling towers through two parallel discharge headers
at the top of the towers and flows down through the fill, exchanging heat with the air that
is drawn in by a 200-hp fan located at the top of each cell. The cooled water collects in
the deep basin and is gravity discharged to the afterbay in the discharge structure for
return to the river or recirculation back to the intake structure.

There are three modes of operation for the cooling towers. In the closed cycle mode
circulating water is supplied to the discharge structure where the bypass line is closed.
All flow is then directed to the cooling towers via the circulating water booster pumps to
the cooling towers. Return water from the cooling towers is directed from the afterbay to
through the recirculation line back into the intake structure and circulating water pumps.
This is the mode in which the heat transfer cycle is considered self-contained as no water
is discharged to the river. The increase in design heat load from the main condenser from
3.605 x 109 Btu/hr to 4.4 x 109 Btu/hr, due to the power uprate to 1912 MWth, has
resulted in the inability of the power plant to operate at 100% power in the closed cycle
mode during periods of high wet bulb temperature that occur primarily during the
summer months [7]. In the Recirculation or Hybrid mode of operation, circulating water
from the condenser is pumped from the discharge structure by the circulating water
booster pumps and through the cooling towers. Part of the flow is then directed back to
the river and the rest is diverted through the recirculation line back to the intake
structure. The closed cycle mode is actually a special case of the Hybrid mode. The third
operating mode is the Helper, or discharge mode, which is the same as the recirculation
mode except that all of the cooled water leaving the cooling towers is discharged straight
to the river. An additional mode, open cycle, occurs when all of the circulating water
discharged from the condenser bypasses the cooling towers altogether and is discharged

straight to the river. The four mass-energy balances (MEB 1-4) depicted in Figure 6 are
detailed in Appendix A.
The cooling towers have a 366,000 gpm and 2.6 x 109 Btu/hr design capacity. The
discharge from the towers was originally designed to be 87F with a 101.2F inlet and
75F ambient wet-bulb temperature [7]. The design heat removal capacity is now
insufficient to meet the operational needs of VY since EPU was approved. A new set of
towers would allow closed cycle operation during the summer months when thermal
discharges to the Connecticut River are permit restricted and thus eliminate the need for
unnecessary power reductions due to these restrictions.

Construction of new cooling towers is an expensive proposition. Recently, the Oyster

Creek nuclear power plant in New Jersey has been threatening to close down if the NJ
Department of Environmental Protection requires it to build cooling towers at that site.
The new towers are estimated to cost between $700 million and $800 million [8].

Evaporative
Losses
mevapdrift

Cooling Tower

Tt
Ttcw, mte

Basin

Qsw
Tri, msw

Tthw, m ti

Service
Water

Tcond

Tce, mc

MEB-2

Tci, mc

Condenser

Tcsw, mcsw
MEB-3

Circulating
Water Pumps

Tri, mfi

Circulating
Water
Booster
Pumps
Tcwbp

Tcwp

Intake

Forebay

Afterbay
bypass

Trecirc, mrecirc

Tfe, mfe

recirculation

Tri, mre, Vri

Blowdown (not modeled)

River
MEB-1

Figure 6 - Vermont Yankee Circulating Water Flow Diagram

Tre, m re

2. Methodology
2.1 Review of Cooling Tower Theory
Cooling tower heat transfer analysis combines the sensible and mass heat transfer
mechanisms into an overall process that uses enthalpy potential as the driving force for
heat transfer. The combined sensible and mass heat transfer processes that are depicted
in Figure 6 are represented by the tower characteristic equation [6]
T

1
KaV
dT
= Cp
L
h ha
T2 w

where

K = tower characteristic or enthalpy transfer coefficient (lbm/hr-ft2)

a = contact area/tower volume (ft2/ft3)
V = active cooling volume/plan area (ft3/ft2)
L = water flow rate (lbm/hr-ft2)
Cp = specific heat capacity of water (Btu/lbm-F)
T1 and T2 = entering and leaving water temperatures (F)
hw = enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture at bulk water temperature
(Btu/lbm dry air)
ha = enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture at wet bulb temperature
(Btu/lbm dry air)

The heat balance across the cooling tower itself, where the laws of thermodynamics
require that the heat discharged by the water falling through the cooling tower equal the
heat absorbed by the air rising up through the tower, is governed by
h 2 h1
L
=
G C p (T1 T2 )
Where

L = water flow rate (lbm/hr-ft2)

T1=hot-water temperature (F)
T2=cold-water temperature (F)
G= air flow rate, (lbm dry air/hr-ft2)
Cp = specific heat capacity of water (Btu/lbm-F)

h2=enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture at exhaust wet-bulb temperature

(Btu/lbm)
h1=enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture at inlet wet-bulb temperature,
(Btu/lbm)
The term L/G is the liquid to gas ratio. The tower characteristic, KaV/L, can be solved
numerically using the Chebyshev method [5].
T

1
T T2
KaV
dT
= Cp
= Cp 1
L
h ha
4
T2 w

Where

1
1
1
1

+
+
+
h 1 h 2 h 3 h 4

h1=value of hw-ha at T2+0.1(T1-T2)

h2=value of hw-ha at T2+0.4(T1-T2)
h3=value of hw-ha at T1-0.4(T1-T2)
h4=value of hw-ha at T1-0.1(T1-T2)

These can also be written as

h1=value of hw-ha at T2+0.1Range
h2=value of hw-ha at T2+0.4Range
h3=value of hw-ha at T2+0.6Range
h4=value of hw-ha at T2+0.9Range
The enthalpy of the air exiting the cooling tower is determined by heat balance
Water HeatIn +Air HeatIn = Water HeatOut + Air HeatOut
This is equivalent to
CpL1T1 + Gh1 = CpL2T2 + Gh2
Where

Cp = specific heat capacity of water

L1 = flow rate of inlet water
L2 = flow rate of outlet water

The difference between the flow rates of the inlet and outlet water is due to evaporation
losses. Evaporation loss is expressed by
G(x2-x1) = L2-L1 => L2=L1-G(x2-x1)
where

x1, x2 = absolute humidity of the inlet and outlet air

From this we have

CpL1T1 + Gh1 = Cp[L1-G(x2-x1)]T2+Gh2
this can be written as
10

CpL1(T1-T2)=G(h2-h1)- CpT2G(x2-x1)
The evaporation rate is small compared to the water flow rates and can be considered to
be equal to zero [5]. Therefore G(x2-x1) 0 and
CpL1(T1-T2)=G(h2-h1)
The value of Cp=1 is valid for temperature ranges between 70F-140F. Solving for the
enthalpy of the exit air
h2=h1+L/G(T2-T1)
(T2-T1) is equal to the range
h2=h1+L/G x Range
Individual values of KaV/L are calculated using the method in Reference 5 as outlined
below:
1. The value of 1/( hw-ha) is determined at four points
1/( hw-ha) @ T2 + 0.1Range
1/( hw-ha) @ T2 + 0.4Range
1/( hw-ha) @ T2 + 0.6Range
1/( hw-ha) @ T2 + 0.9Range
2. The tower characteristic, KaV/L is then found by
KaV
R
1
= Cp
(h w h a )
L
4

Plotting several values of KaV/L as a function of L/G produces the tower demand
curves. The tower characteristic curve is then found for the design L/G by field testing
under variable flow and atmospheric conditions.

Figure 7 shows the water and air relationships and driving potential which exist in a
counterflow tower [6]. Line AB is the water operating line and is determined by the inlet
and outlet cooling water temperatures. The air operating line CD begins at C at appoint
with an enthalpy corresponding to the entering wet-bulb temperature. The line BC is the
initial enthalpy driving force. The liquid to gas ratio, L/G, is the slope of the air
operating line. The air exiting the tower is at point D and the cooling range is the

11

projected length of CD on the temperature scale or simply the difference between the hot
water temperature entering the tower and the cold water temperature leaving the tower.
The cooling tower approach is the difference between the cold water temperature leaving
the tower and the ambient wet-bulb. The tower characteristic, KaV/L, is the value of the
integral represented by the area ABCD and varies with the L/G ratio [4]. This value
varies with the rates of water and air flow. An increase in the entering air wet-bulb
temperature moves the origin C up and line CD shifts to the right to establish
equilibrium.

Figure 7 - Cooling Tower Heat Balance [6]

Once the wet-bulb temperature, the range, the approach and the L/G ratio are known, the
tower characteristic, KaV/L is found by referring to charts found in the Cooling Tower
12

Institute Blue Book (Figure 8) or the nomograph in Figure 9 rather than by direct
calculation [4,6]. To summarize, the three important points in cooling tower design to
consider regarding KaV/L are:
1. A change in wet-bulb temperature (due to atmospheric conditions) will not
change the tower characteristic.
2. A change in the cooling range will not change the tower characteristic.
3. Only a change in the L/G ratio will change KaV/L.

These numbers represent the approach (cold

water temperature wet bulb temperature)

Figure 8 - Example Tower Characteristic Curves [6]

Cooling towers are designed according to the highest geographic wet bulb temperatures
for the region of operation. This temperature dictates the minimum performance

13

available by the tower. As the wet bulb temperature decreases, so will the available
cooling water temperature. For example, in the cooling tower represented by Figure 8, if
the wet bulb temperature dropped to 75F, the cooling water would still be exiting 10F
above this temperature (85F) due to the tower design.

Figure 9 - Nomograph of cooling tower characteristics [4]

Mechanical draft cooling towers are normally designed for L/G ratios ranging from 0.75
to 1.50 and values of KaV/L vary from 0.50 to 2.50 [4].

Cooling towers are designed to meet a heat load specification as defined by plant
engineers. Once the cooling water flow rate is selected, the heat load specification can be

14

set. The cooling tower is specified to cool a quantity of water [gal/min] through a
definite temperature gradient (range) to a final temperature which is a certain number of
degrees above the design wet-bulb temperature (approach) [6].

2.2 Design Parameter Selection

Two different cooling tower designs are considered for this project. The first design
(Design A) utilizes the same wet-bulb temperature (75F) and condenser inlet
temperature (75) as the current design. Whereas the current towers are designed for a
12F approach, Design A has a 5F approach, which is the lowest practical value when
taking economic considerations into view as a design approach less than 5F
significantly increases the required size, and therefore cost of the towers. The heat load
removed by Design A is equal to the increased heat load from the condenser due to
power uprate and the heat load due to the service water system (Qsw in Figure 6). The
purpose of Design A is to produce cooling towers that are capable of removing the
required heat loads from the plant while operating in the Helper or Recirculation Modes
(all or a portion of the cooled water is discharged back to the river) without exceeding
the NPDES permit limitations for a river temperature increase during periods of
operation that could require the plant to reduce power under the current design.
Operating experience at the plant has shown that periods of high wet-bulb temperature
(80F) and low river flow (1200ft3/s) can cause the plant to reduce power to avoid
exceeding the NPDES permit limitations [9]. The NPDES permit river temperature
limitations for the most restrictive period of May 16 June 15 are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 - NPDES Permit Limits (May 16 - June 15)

Upstream River
Temperature
Above 63F
>59F, 63F
55F, 59F
Below 55F

Increase in Temperature
Above Upstream
2F
3F
4F
5F

To summarize, the inputs for Design A are the wet-bulb temperature, approach, tower
outlet temperature, water flow rate and heat removal capability. The calculated values
for Design A are the tower inlet temperature and cooling range.
15

The second design (Design B) to be considered is one in which the cooling towers are
capable of removing the entire heat load produced by the plant (condenser and service
water) while operating in the closed cycle mode. Operating experience has shown that
this is not achievable with the current design while operating at full power during
periods of high wet-bulb temperature (80F). Therefore, this high wet-bulb temperature
is one of the design parameters. The other design parameter based on operating
experience is that if the condenser inlet temperature exceeds approximately 90F,
condenser backpressure cannot be maintained at levels high enough to support high
power operation. Therefore, as Figure 6 shows, a maximum condenser inlet temperature
of 90F is achieved by setting the tower outlet temperature to the same value, with an
accounting for the heat added by the circulating water pump. Operating in the closed
cycle mode at 100% power eliminates concerns related to meeting the NPDES permit
limitations. The heat load for Design B is the same as that for Design A.

To summarize, the inputs for Design B are the wet-bulb temperature, tower outlet
temperature, water flow rate and heat removal capability. The calculated values for
Design B are the tower inlet temperature, approach and cooling range.

For both designs, the cooling water flow rate through the towers remains unchanged
from the current design. Table 2 summarizes the parameters for the current design,
Design A and Design B. The mass-energy balances depicted in Figure 6 are solved in
Appendix A. The calculations using these mass-energy balances to determine the
unspecified parameters are in Appendix B. Appendix B also contains the calculations
used to determine if the NPDES permit limitations are exceeded with Design A in the
Helper mode and, if so, what amount of recirculation is required with this design to meet
the permit limitations.

16

Table 2 - Cooling Tower Design Parameters

Parameter

Current Design

Design A

Design B

Ambient Wet-bulb temp

75F

75F

80F

Tower water flow rate

366,000 gpm

366,000 gpm

366,000 gpm

Cooling range

14.2F

18.7F

23.6F

Tower inlet temp

101.2F

98.7F

113.6F

Tower outlet temp

87F

80F

90F

Approach

12F

5F

10F

Heat removal capacity

2.6 x 109 Btu/hr 4.4 x 109 Btu/hr 4.4 x 109 Btu/hr

2.3 Methodology for Replacement Counterflow Cooling Tower Design

There are three fundamental components to the design of cooling towers:
1. Tower sizing
2. Makeup water requirements
3. Tower demand curves and determination of characteristic curve
2.3.1

Tower Sizing

For counterflow cooling towers, required size is determined using the following criteria:
1. Cooling range (hot water temperature minus cold water temperature)
2. Approach to wet-bulb temperature (cold water temperature minus wet-bulb
temperature)
3. Quantity of water to be cooled
4. Wet-bulb temperature
5. Tower height
6. Fan horsepower

Items 1-4 were determined in the previous section and are used to find the active tower
area. The nomograph shown in Figure 10 utilizes the cold water temperature, wet bulb
temperature, and hot water temperature to find the required water concentration in
gal/min-ft2. The tower area is then calculated by dividing the water circulated (tower
17

flow rate) by the water concentration. Reference 4 specifies the rules usually used to
determine tower height and are summarized in Table 3:
Table 3 - Tower Height Sizing

Approach to Wet-bulb (F)

Cooling Range (F)

Tower Height (ft)

15-20

25-35

15-20

10-15

25-35

25-30

5-10

25-35

35-40

Figure 10 - Counterflow Induced Draft Tower Sizing Chart [4]

Once the required tower area is found, the necessary fan horsepower for the tower is
found using the nomograph in Figure 11.

18

Figure 11 - Fan Horsepower Sizing Chart [4]

2.3.2

Makeup Water Requirements

To find the makeup water requirements due to operational losses (evaporation, drift and
blowdown) the following criteria are used [6]:

The evaporation loss is estimated as 0.1% of the circulating water flow rate for
each F of cooling range.

Drift loss is due to entrained liquid water droplets discharged in the exiting air
and is estimated as 0.008% of the water circulation rate.

Cooling tower blowdown is a portion of the circulating water that is discharged

from the system to prevent excessive buildup of solids. The maximum
concentration of solids that can be tolerated is determined by the effects on the
various components of the cooling system and is a plant specific determination.
The required blowdown rate is calculated by
b=

Where

e
d
r 1

b = blowdown rate (gal/min)

e = evaporation loss (gal/min)
r = ratio of solids in blowdown to solids in makeup, cycles of
concentration

19

d = drift loss (gal/min)

The ratio of solids in blowdown to solids in makeup is assumed to have a value of 25.
The makeup water rate is then determined as

M = b+e+d
Where

M = makeup rate (gal/min)

b = blowdown rate (gal/min)
e = evaporation loss (gal/min)
d = drift loss (gal/min)

2.3.3 Tower Demand Curves and Determination of Characteristic Curve

The tower demand curves are developed using the method described in Section 2.1. For
each design, A and B, the design approach, wet-bulb temperature (WBT), cold water
temperature (CWT) and range (R) are used as the starting point. The enthalpy of water
(hw) is obtained using Reference 10 at each of the four following temperatures:
hw0.1= CWT+0.1R
hw0.4= CWT+0.4R
hw0.6= CWT+0.6R
hw0.9= CWT+0.9R
The enthalpy of air (ha) at the wet bulb temperature (hwb) is obtained using Reference 4
and the following
ha0.1=hwb+0.1*L/G*R
ha0.4=hwb+0.4*L/G*R
ha0.6=hwb+0.6*L/G*R
ha0.9=hwb+0.9*L/G*R
At each increment (0.1, 0.4, 0.6, 0.9) the quantity 1/(hw-ha) is found. These four values
of 1/(hw-ha) are then used to find KaV/L at a discrete value of L/G by
KaV
R
1
= Cp
(h w h a )
L
4

Results are then plotted for KaV/L as a function of L/G.

20

With Design B, for approaches less than the design 10F, the cooling range and cold
water temperature are kept constant while the wet-bulb temperature is increased. For
both designs, for approaches greater than design values, the cold water temperature and
range are held constant while the wet-bulb temperature is reduced.

The tower characteristic curve (the straight line in Figure 8) can be determined by field
testing after construction of the towers which results in two characteristic points at
different L/G ratios. Each characteristic point is determined experimentally by
measuring the wet-bulb temperature, air discharge temperature and cooling water inlet
and outlet temperatures. The line through the two characteristic points is the
characteristic curve and defines the design KaV/L and L/G ratio for the tower at a
specified approach. Alternatively, the tower characteristic curve is provided by the
vendor who performs the tower construction [5].

21

3. Results
As shown in Appendix B, Design A was found to exceed the NPDES permit
requirements if operated in the Helper mode. A recirculation rate of 45% is required to
meet the permit limitations for the design wet-bulb temperature of 75F. If this
temperature is increased to 80F, then the required recirculation rate is 74%.

3.1 Counterflow Tower Size

Table 4 shows the counterflow tower size requirements, developed using the methods
described in Section 2.3, based on the new design criteria selected in Section 2.2.
Table 4 - Counterflow Tower Size

Hot
Cold WetWater
Water
Tower Tower
water water bulb
Flow
Fan
Concentration
Area
Design
Height
Temp Temp Temp
Rate
Horsepower
2
2
(gal/min-ft )
(ft )
(ft)1
(F)
(F)
(F) (gal/min)
A
98.7
80
75
366,000
2.0
7503
183,000 35-40
B

113.6

90

80

366,000

2.8

5359

130,714

25-30

Note 1 Tower height approximated from Table 2

Table 5 shows the makeup water requirements, developed from Section 2.3, for the new
tower designs. The flow rate of river water (10,000gal/min) through the service water
system heat exchangers is sufficient to meet the makeup water requirements for either
design as they are both less than the service water flow rate. The evaporation loss as a
percentage of total circulating water flow was found to be 1.8% for Design A and 2.4%
for Design B and supports the approximation G(x2-x1) 0 used in Section 2.1.
Table 5 - Makeup Water Requirements

Design

Cooling
Range (F)

Evaporation
Loss (gal/min)

Drift Loss
(gal/min)

Blowdown
Rate (gal/min)

18.7

6844.2

29

256.2

Makeup
Water Rate
(gal/min)
7129.4

23.6

8637.6

29

330.9

8997.5

22

3.2 Tower Demand Curves

The tower demand curves were developed using the methodology described in Section
2.3. Figure 12 shows the demand curves for Design A and Figure 13 shows the demand
curves for Design B. Appendix C contains a sample spreadsheet used in the
determination of the curves for Design A and Appendix D contains a sample spreadsheet
used to generate the Design B curves. As discussed in section 2.3.3, the tower
characteristic curve would be created based on test data obtained after the new towers
are constructed.

Approach

Range = 18.7F
gpm = 366,000
WBT = 75F
CWT = 80F
HWT = 98.7F
Fan hp = 7503

Figure 12 - Tower Demand Curves: Design A

23

Approach

Range = 23.6F
gpm = 366,000
WBT = 80F
CWT = 90F
HWT = 113.6F
Fan hp = 5359

Figure 13 - Tower Demand Curves: Design B

24

4. Conclusion
Two new proposed designs for replacement cooling towers at VYNPS were investigated.
They consisted of Design A, which utilizes the current design wet-bulb temperature and
lowest practical approach value to reduce the tower outlet temperature to minimize the
increase in river water temperature due to the return of plant cooling water to the river
and Design B, which utilizes the maximum observed wet-bulb temperature and closedcycle operation to eliminate the need to return cooling water to the river.

Design B is the choice for the new cooling towers based on the following:

Smaller tower footprint (29% less area than Design A)

Lower tower height

Lower fan horsepower requirements (29% less than Design A)

Unrestricted plant operations. The thermal discharge permit does not apply
to the use of closed cycle operations.

All of these bases result in lower construction and/or operating costs. The option for
unrestricted plant operations is especially valuable given that the thermal discharge
permit could be challenged in court by opposition groups, revised to strengthen
discharge restrictions or completely revoked.

25

5. References
1. Letter, USNRC to Entergy Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station Issuance
of Amendment RE: Extended Power Uprate (TAC No. MC0761), NVY 06028, dated March 2, 2006
2. Letter, State of Vermont Agency of Natural Resources to Entergy Nuclear
Vermont Yankee, LLC Final Amended Discharge Permit #3-1199, dated
March 30, 2006
3. Letter, State of Vermont Agency of Natural Resources to Entergy Nuclear
Vermont Yankee, LLC Renewal of Permit 3-1199, dated September 20, 2005
4. Perry, Robert H., Perrys Chemical Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill, 1994
5. Cooling Tower Thermal Design Manual, Daiel Aqua Co., Ltd.
6. Rosaler, Robert A., Standard Handbook of Plant Engineering, McGraw-Hill,
1995
7. Vermont Yankee Updated Final Safety Analysis Report, Revision 23
8. http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2010/02/oyster_creek_plant_hearings_fo.html
9. Vermont Yankee Calculation, Cooling Water Plant Settings for OP-2180, VYC2403, Rev 0.
10. Cengel, Yunus A. and Turner, Robert F., Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid
Sciences, McGraw-Hill, 2001

26

Appendix A - Mass-Energy Balances

River MEB-1

Tri,msw

Tri,mfi

Tre,mre

Tri,mri

Tfe,mfe

m&

& ihi +
ho m

dE & &
=QW
dt

dE &
& =0
=Q=W
dt

& sw h ri + m
& fi h ri + m
& ri h ri m
& fe h fe = 0
m

Open cycle
& fe = m
& fi + m
& sw
m
& re = m
& ri = m
&r
m

Tfe = Tcsw
& fi = m
&c
m
& fe = m
& c +m
& sw
m

so
& sw h ri + m
& c h ri + m
& r h re m
& r h ri (m
& c +m
& sw )h fe = 0
m
& r (h re h ri ) + m
& c (h fi h fe ) + m
& sw (h swi h fe ) = 0
m

substitute h=CpT, Cp=1 Btu/lb-F

& r (Tre Tri ) + m
& c (Tri Tcsw ) + m
& sw (Tri Tcsw ) = 0
m

Tre =

& c (Tcsw TTri ) + m

& sw (Tcsw Tri )
m
+ Tri
&r
m

27

(1)

Helper mode

& fi = m
&c
m
& fe = m
& te = m
& fi + m
& sw m
& evapdrift
m
& re = m
& ri m
& evapdrift
m
Tfe = Ttcw
from Eq 1
& sw h ri + m
& c h ri + (m
& ri m
& evapdrift )h re m
& ri h ri (m
& c +m
& sw m
& evapdrift )h fe = 0
m

collect terms and substitute h=CpT, Cp=1 Btu/lb-F

(m&

Tre =

& sw m
& evapdrift )Ttcw + (m
& ri m
& c m
& sw )Tri
+m
& ri m
& evapdrift
m

Hybrid cycle
& fe = m
& fi + m
& sw m
& evapdrift
m
& re = m
& ri m
& evapdrift
m
Tfe = Ttcw

from Eq 1
& sw h ri + m
& fi h ri + (m
& ri m
& evapdrift )h re m
& ri h ri (m
& fi + m
& sw m
& evapdrift )h fe = 0
m

collect terms and substitute h=CpT, Cp=1 Btu/lb-F

(m&

Tre =

fi

& sw m
& evapdrift )Ttcw + (m
& ri m
& fi m
& sw )Tri
+m
& ri m
& evapdrift
m

Condenser/Service Water MEB-2

Tswe,msw

Tce,mc

m&

Tcsw,mcsw

& ihi +
ho m

dE & &
=QW
dt

dE &
& =0
=Q=W
dt

& csw h csw m

& c h ce m
& sw h swe = 0
m

28

& csw = m
& sw + m
&c
m
& =m
& sw C p (Tswe Tri )
Q
sw
Tswe =

&
Q
sw
+ Tri
& sw C p
m

& csw h csw m

& c h ce m
& sw h swe = 0
m
(m& sw + m& c )h csw m& c h ce m& sw h swe = 0
& c (h csw h ce ) + m
& sw (h csw h swe ) = 0
m
substitute h=CpT, Cp=1 Btu/lb-F
&

Q
& c (Tcsw Tce ) + m
& sw Tcsw sw + Tri = 0
m

& sw

&
& T +m
& c Tce + Q
m
sw
Tcsw = sw ri
+ TCWP
& sw + m
&c
m
where TCWP is the temperature rise due to the work of the circulating water pumps
Tthw = Tcsw + TCWBP
where TCWBP is the temperature rise due to the work of the circulating water booster
pumps

Recirculation MEB-3

Tci,mc

Tri, mfi

m&

& ihi +
ho m

Trecirc,mrecirc

dE & &
=QW
dt

dE &
& =0
=Q=W
dt

& c h ci m
& fi h ri m
& recirc h recirc = 0
m

29

R = %Recirc
& fi = (1 R )m
&c
m
& recirc = Rm
&c
m
Trecirc = Ttcw
& c h ci m
& fi h ri m
& recirc h recirc = 0
m
& c h ci (1 R )m
& c h ri Rm
& c h recirc = 0
m
& c h ci m
& c h ri + Rm
& c h ri Rm
& c h recirc = 0
m
substitute h=CpT, Cp=1 Btu/lb-F
& c (Tci Tri ) + Rm
& c (Tri Ttcw ) = 0
m

Tci = Tri + R (Ttcw Tri )

Closed Cycle
The closed cycle mode is a special case of Hybrid operation in which the circulating
water system is operating at 100% recirculation flow. The full cooling tower discharge
flow is directed back to the circulating water intake structure (R=1).

30

Appendix B - Design Parameter Calculations

Constants and Conversion Factors
1 gallon = 0.13368 ft3

CWBPhead = 73 ft

1 Btu = 778.171 lbf-ft

Cp=1.0 Btu/lbm-F

1 lbf= 1 lbm

Tsw= 10F

75 = 0.016062 ft3/lbm

& = 10,000 gal/min

V
sw

90 = 0.016099 ft3/lbm

& = 366,000 gal/min

V
c

CWP = 0.86

9
&
Q
cond = 4.4x10 Btu/hr

CWPhead = 86 ft
CWBP = 0.89
TCWP =

CWPhead
86ft lbm F
Btu
=
= 0.1285F
C p CWP 0.86 1Btu 778.171lbf ft

TCWBP =

CWBPhead
73ft lbm F
Btu
=
= 0.1054F
C p CWBP 0.89 1Btu 778.171lbf ft

Design A
Tci = 75F
Twb = 75F
Tri = Tci - TCWP = 74.8715F

& sw
m

10000gal 60min 0.13366ft 3

lbm
&
= Vsw 75 =
= 4.993x10 6 lbm/hr
3
min
hr
gal
0.016062ft

4.993x10 6 lbm 1Btu 10F

& =m
&
Q
C
T
= 4.994x10 7 Btu/hr
=
sw
sw p
sw
hr
lbm F
3
lbm
& 75 = 366000gal 60min 0.13366ft
& cw = V
= 1.828x108 lbm/hr
m
c
min
hr
gal
0.016062ft 3

Tcond =

&
Q
4.4x10 9 Btu
hr
lbm F
cond
=
= 24.07F
8
& cw C p
m
hr
1.828x10 lbm 1Btu

Tce = Tci + Tcond = 75F + 24.07F = 99.07F

31

Tcsw =

&
& sw Tri + m
& cw Tce + Q
m
sw
+ TCWP = 98.58F [MEB - 2]
& sw + m
& cw
m

Tthw = Tcsw + TCWBP = 98.69F

Ttcw = 80F Range = Tthw - Ttcw = 18.7F, Approach = Ttcw - Twb = 5F
Check to see if NPDES limit from Table 3 is exceeded in Helper Mode (no recirculation)
with minimum river flow:
3
lbm
3600s
& = 1200ft 3 /s m
& 75 = 1200ft
&
=
= 2.69x10 8 lbm/hr
V
V
ri
ri
ri
3
s
hr
0.016062ft

& evapdrift = 6844gal/min + 29gal/min = 6871gal/min [Table 4]

m
& evapdrift =
m
Tre =

(m&

6871gal
lbm
60min 0.13368ft 3
= 57054lbm/hr
min 0.016099ft 3 hr
gal
c

& sw m
& evapdrift )Ttcw (m
& ri m
& c m
& sw )Tri
+m
= 78.45F [MEB - 1]
& ri m
& evapdrift
m

Trmax= 2F => Tre Tri = 3.58F > Trmax => No Helper Mode allowed
where Trmax is the maximum allowed river temperature increase as specified by the
NPDES permit

What % Recirculation is required to get Trmax = 2F?

Need Tre = 76.87F to get Trmax = 2F

& fi = (1 R )m
&c
m
Tre =

(m&

fi

& fi
&
m
m
= 1 R R = 1 fi [MEB-3]
&c
&c
m
m

& sw m
& evapdrift )Ttcw (m
& ri m
& fi m
& sw )Tri
+m
= 76.87F [MEB - 1,3]
& ri m
& evapdrift
m

& fi , m
& fi = 9.9915x107 lbm/hr
Solve for m
9.9915x10 7 lbm
hr
R = 1
= 0.45 = 45%
hr
1.828x10 8 lbm
What if Twb = 80F?
& fi = 4.816x10 7 lbm/hr R = 1
Ttcw = 85F m

32

4.816x10 7
= 0.74 = 74%
1.828x10 8

Design B
This design utilizes closed cycle operation of the circulating water system with all of the
plant heat rejected by the cooling towers. This is equivalent to operating with 100%
recirculation.
Input assumptions:

Tci max = 90F Loss of condenser backpressure above this temperature leads to a
required reduction in reactor power

Twb = 80F Maximum observed by operating experience at VY

Tri = 75F Consistency with Design A

3
lbm
60min
& 90 = 366000gal 0.13368ft
&c =V
m
= 1.82348x108 lbm/hr
c
3
min
gal
hr
0.016099ft

Tcond =

&
Q
4.4x10 9 Btu
hr
lbm - F
cond
=
= 24.13F
8
& cCp
m
hr
1.82348x10 lbm Btu

Tce = Tci max + Tcond = 114.13F

Tcsw =

&
& sw Tri + m
& c Tce + Q
m
sw
+ TCWP = 113.48F [MEB-2]
& sw + m
&c
m

Tthw = Tcsw + TCWBP = 113.6F

For 100% recirculation, the tower exit temperature needs to be equal to the condenser
inlet temperature
Ttcw = Tci max = 90F => Range = Tthw - Ttcw = 23.6F
Approach = Ttcw Twb = 10F

33

80

Cold Water Temperature (CWT) (F) =

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.14

0.15

0.16

0.17

0.18

0.19

0.2

0.21

0.22

0.23

0.24

CWT +
0.1R

0.1

L/G

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

CWT +
0.4R

98.7

Hot Water Temperature (HWT) (F) =

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

Water Side
CWT
+
hCWT +
CWT +
0.9R 0.1R
0.6R

18.7

Cooling Range (R) (F) =

Approach (F) =

75
38.6

Enthalpy of sat. air at WBT (Btu/lbm) =

29.9

Wet-bulb Temperature (F)@ inlet =

Barometric Pressure (in. Hg) =

hCWT +

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

0.4R

hCWT

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

+ 0.6R

hCWT

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

+ 0.9R

39.049

39.03

39.011

38.993

38.974

38.955

38.937

38.918

38.899

38.881

38.862

38.843

38.824

38.806

38.787

hWB+0.1*L/G*R

34

40.395

40.32

40.246

40.171

40.096

40.021

39.946

39.872

39.797

39.722

39.647

39.572

39.498

39.423

39.348

hWB+0.4*L/G*R

41.293

41.181

41.068

40.956

40.844

40.732

40.62

40.507

40.395

40.283

40.171

40.059

39.946

39.834

39.722

hWB+0.6*L/G*R

Air Side

42.639

42.471

42.303

42.134

41.966

41.798

41.629

41.461

41.293

41.125

40.956

40.788

40.62

40.451

40.283

hWB+0.9*L/G*R

0.092

0.091

0.091

0.091

0.091

0.091

0.091

0.091

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.09

1/(hw0.1ha0.1)

0.0659

0.0656

0.0653

0.0649

0.0646

0.0643

0.064

0.0637

0.0634

0.0631

0.0628

0.0625

0.0622

0.0619

0.0616

1/(hw0.4ha0.4)

0.0556

0.0552

0.0549

0.0545

0.0542

0.0539

0.0536

0.0532

0.0529

0.0526

0.0523

0.052

0.0517

0.0514

0.0511

1/(hw0.6ha0.6)

Enthaply Difference

Appendix C - Tower Demand Curve Excel Spreadsheets Design A

0.0449

0.0446

0.0443

0.0439

0.0436

0.0433

0.043

0.0427

0.0424

0.0421

0.0418

0.0415

0.0412

0.0409

0.0406

1/(hw0.9ha0.9)

1.2063

1.2009

1.1955

1.1902

1.1849

1.1798

1.1746

1.1695

1.1645

1.1595

1.1546

1.1497

1.1449

1.1401

1.1354

KaV/L

81.9

81.9

81.9

0.51

0.52

81.9

0.48

81.9

81.9

0.47

0.5

81.9

0.49

81.9

81.9

0.4

0.46

81.9

0.39

0.45

81.9

0.38

81.9

81.9

0.37

0.44

81.9

0.36

81.9

81.9

0.35

0.43

81.9

0.34

81.9

81.9

0.33

81.9

81.9

0.32

0.41

81.9

0.31

0.42

81.9

81.9

0.28

81.9

81.9

0.27

0.3

81.9

0.26

0.29

81.9

0.25

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

39.572

39.554

39.535

39.516

39.498

39.479

39.46

39.442

39.423

39.404

39.385

39.367

39.348

39.329

39.311

39.292

39.273

39.255

39.236

39.217

39.198

39.18

39.161

39.142

39.124

39.105

39.086

39.068

35

40.47

42.49

42.415

42.34

42.265

42.19

42.116

42.041

41.966

41.891

41.816

41.742

41.667

41.592

41.517

41.442

41.368

41.293

41.218

41.143

41.068

40.994

40.919

40.844

40.769

40.694

40.62

40.545

44.434

44.322

44.21

44.098

43.986

43.873

43.761

43.649

43.537

43.425

43.312

43.2

43.088

42.976

42.864

42.751

42.639

42.527

42.415

42.303

42.19

42.078

41.966

41.854

41.742

41.629

41.517

41.405

47.352

47.183

47.015

46.847

46.678

46.51

46.342

46.174

46.005

45.837

45.669

45.5

45.332

45.164

44.995

44.827

44.659

44.491

44.322

44.154

43.986

43.817

43.649

43.481

43.312

43.144

42.976

42.808

0.096

0.096

0.096

0.096

0.096

0.095

0.095

0.095

0.095

0.095

0.095

0.094

0.094

0.094

0.094

0.094

0.094

0.093

0.093

0.093

0.093

0.093

0.093

0.092

0.092

0.092

0.092

0.092

0.0765

0.076

0.0756

0.0752

0.0747

0.0743

0.0739

0.0735

0.0731

0.0727

0.0723

0.0719

0.0715

0.0712

0.0708

0.0704

0.07

0.0697

0.0693

0.069

0.0686

0.0683

0.0679

0.0676

0.0672

0.0669

0.0666

0.0662

0.0673

0.0668

0.0663

0.0658

0.0653

0.0649

0.0644

0.0639

0.0635

0.063

0.0626

0.0622

0.0617

0.0613

0.0609

0.0605

0.0601

0.0597

0.0593

0.0589

0.0585

0.0581

0.0577

0.0574

0.057

0.0566

0.0563

0.0559

0.057

0.0564

0.0559

0.0554

0.0549

0.0544

0.0539

0.0534

0.0529

0.0525

0.052

0.0515

0.0511

0.0507

0.0502

0.0498

0.0494

0.049

0.0486

0.0482

0.0478

0.0474

0.0471

0.0467

0.0463

0.046

0.0456

0.0453

1.3886

1.3808

1.3732

1.3657

1.3583

1.351

1.3438

1.3366

1.3296

1.3227

1.3159

1.3091

1.3024

1.2959

1.2894

1.283

1.2766

1.2704

1.2642

1.2581

1.2521

1.2461

1.2402

1.2344

1.2287

1.223

1.2174

1.2118

81.9

81.9

81.9

0.79

0.8

81.9

0.76

81.9

81.9

0.75

0.77

81.9

0.78

81.9

81.9

0.68

0.74

81.9

0.67

0.73

81.9

0.66

81.9

81.9

0.65

0.72

81.9

0.64

81.9

81.9

0.63

0.71

81.9

0.62

81.9

81.9

0.61

81.9

81.9

0.6

0.7

81.9

0.59

0.69

81.9

81.9

0.56

81.9

81.9

0.55

0.57

81.9

0.54

0.58

81.9

0.53

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

40.096

40.077

40.059

40.04

40.021

40.003

39.984

39.965

39.946

39.928

39.909

39.89

39.872

39.853

39.834

39.816

39.797

39.778

39.759

39.741

39.722

39.703

39.685

39.666

39.647

39.629

39.61

39.591

36

42.564

44.584

44.509

44.434

44.36

44.285

44.21

44.135

44.06

43.986

43.911

43.836

43.761

43.686

43.612

43.537

43.462

43.387

43.312

43.238

43.163

43.088

43.013

42.938

42.864

42.789

42.714

42.639

44.547

47.576

47.464

47.352

47.239

47.127

47.015

46.903

46.791

46.678

46.566

46.454

46.342

46.23

46.117

46.005

45.893

45.781

45.669

45.556

45.444

45.332

45.22

45.108

44.995

44.883

44.771

44.659

47.52

52.064

51.896

51.727

51.559

51.391

51.223

51.054

50.886

50.718

50.549

50.381

50.213

50.044

49.876

49.708

49.54

49.371

49.203

49.035

48.866

48.698

48.53

48.361

48.193

48.025

47.857

47.688

0.096

0.101

0.101

0.101

0.101

0.101

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.099

0.099

0.099

0.099

0.099

0.099

0.098

0.098

0.098

0.098

0.098

0.097

0.097

0.097

0.097

0.097

0.097

0.0769

0.091

0.0904

0.0898

0.0892

0.0886

0.088

0.0875

0.0869

0.0863

0.0858

0.0852

0.0847

0.0841

0.0836

0.0831

0.0826

0.0821

0.0816

0.0811

0.0806

0.0801

0.0796

0.0792

0.0787

0.0782

0.0778

0.0773

0.0678

0.0854

0.0846

0.0838

0.083

0.0822

0.0815

0.0807

0.08

0.0793

0.0786

0.0779

0.0772

0.0766

0.0759

0.0753

0.0746

0.074

0.0734

0.0728

0.0722

0.0716

0.0711

0.0705

0.07

0.0694

0.0689

0.0683

0.0575

0.0779

0.0769

0.0759

0.075

0.074

0.0731

0.0722

0.0714

0.0705

0.0697

0.0689

0.0681

0.0673

0.0666

0.0658

0.0651

0.0644

0.0637

0.063

0.0624

0.0617

0.0611

0.0605

0.0599

0.0593

0.0587

0.0581

1.6628

1.6505

1.6385

1.6267

1.6151

1.6037

1.5925

1.5815

1.5707

1.5602

1.5497

1.5395

1.5295

1.5196

1.5098

1.5003

1.4908

1.4816

1.4725

1.4635

1.4546

1.4459

1.4374

1.4289

1.4206

1.4124

1.4044

1.3964

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

0.93

0.94

0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

1.01

1.02

1.03

1.04

1.05

1.06

1.07

1.08

81.9

0.88

0.92

81.9

0.87

81.9

81.9

0.86

0.91

81.9

0.85

81.9

81.9

0.84

81.9

81.9

0.83

0.9

81.9

0.82

0.89

81.9

0.81

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

40.62

40.601

40.582

40.564

40.545

40.526

40.507

40.489

40.47

40.451

40.433

40.414

40.395

40.377

40.358

40.339

40.32

40.302

40.283

40.264

40.246

40.227

40.208

40.19

40.171

40.152

40.133

40.115

37

46.678

46.604

46.529

46.454

46.379

46.304

46.23

46.155

46.08

46.005

45.93

45.856

45.781

45.706

45.631

45.556

45.482

45.407

45.332

45.257

45.182

45.108

45.033

44.958

44.883

44.808

44.734

44.659

50.718

50.605

50.493

50.381

50.269

50.157

50.044

49.932

49.82

49.708

49.596

49.483

49.371

49.259

49.147

49.035

48.922

48.81

48.698

48.586

48.474

48.361

48.249

48.137

48.025

47.913

47.8

47.688

52.232

56.776

56.608

56.44

56.272

56.103

55.935

55.767

55.598

55.43

55.262

55.093

54.925

54.757

54.589

54.42

54.252

54.084

53.915

53.747

53.579

53.41

53.242

53.074

52.906

52.737

52.569

52.401

0.102

0.107

0.107

0.107

0.106

0.106

0.106

0.106

0.106

0.105

0.105

0.105

0.105

0.105

0.104

0.104

0.104

0.104

0.104

0.103

0.103

0.103

0.103

0.103

0.102

0.102

0.102

0.102

0.0916

0.1125

0.1115

0.1106

0.1097

0.1088

0.1079

0.1071

0.1062

0.1054

0.1046

0.1037

0.1029

0.1022

0.1014

0.1006

0.0999

0.0991

0.0984

0.0977

0.097

0.0963

0.0956

0.0949

0.0942

0.0936

0.0929

0.0923

0.1167

0.1151

0.1137

0.1122

0.1108

0.1095

0.1082

0.1069

0.1056

0.1044

0.1032

0.102

0.1008

0.0997

0.0986

0.0975

0.0965

0.0954

0.0944

0.0934

0.0925

0.0915

0.0906

0.0897

0.0888

0.0879

0.087

0.0862

0.1231

0.1206

0.1182

0.1159

0.1137

0.1115

0.1095

0.1075

0.1056

0.1038

0.102

0.1003

0.0986

0.097

0.0954

0.0939

0.0925

0.091

0.0897

0.0883

0.087

0.0858

0.0846

0.0834

0.0822

0.0811

0.08

0.0789

2.1471

2.123

2.0996

2.0769

2.0549

2.0334

2.0126

1.9923

1.9726

1.9534

1.9346

1.9164

1.8986

1.8812

1.8642

1.8477

1.8315

1.8157

1.8003

1.7852

1.7704

1.756

1.7418

1.728

1.7144

1.7011

1.6881

1.6753

81.9

81.9

81.9

1.25

1.26

1.27

1.28

81.9

81.9

1.24

1.36

81.9

1.23

81.9

81.9

1.22

1.35

81.9

1.21

81.9

81.9

1.2

81.9

81.9

1.19

1.34

81.9

1.18

1.33

81.9

1.17

81.9

81.9

1.16

1.32

81.9

1.15

81.9

81.9

1.14

1.31

81.9

1.13

81.9

81.9

1.12

81.9

81.9

1.11

1.3

81.9

1.1

1.29

81.9

81.9

1.09

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

40.638

41.143

41.125

41.106

41.087

41.068

41.05

41.031

41.012

40.994

40.975

40.956

40.938

40.919

40.9

40.881

40.863

40.844

40.825

40.807

40.788

40.769

40.751

40.732

40.713

40.694

40.676

40.657

38

48.773

48.698

48.623

48.548

48.474

48.399

48.324

48.249

48.174

48.1

48.025

47.95

47.875

47.8

47.726

47.651

47.576

47.501

47.426

47.352

47.277

47.202

47.127

47.052

46.978

46.903

46.828

46.753

50.83

53.859

53.747

53.635

53.523

53.41

53.298

53.186

53.074

52.962

52.849

52.737

52.625

52.513

52.401

52.288

52.176

52.064

51.952

51.84

51.727

51.615

51.503

51.391

51.279

51.166

51.054

50.942

61.489

61.321

61.152

60.984

60.816

60.647

60.479

60.311

60.142

59.974

59.806

59.638

59.469

59.301

59.133

58.964

58.796

58.628

58.459

58.291

58.123

57.955

57.786

57.618

57.45

57.281

57.113

56.945

0.113

0.113

0.113

0.113

0.112

0.112

0.112

0.112

0.112

0.111

0.111

0.111

0.111

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.11

0.109

0.109

0.109

0.109

0.109

0.108

0.108

0.108

0.108

0.107

0.107

0.1471

0.1455

0.144

0.1424

0.1409

0.1394

0.138

0.1366

0.1352

0.1339

0.1325

0.1312

0.13

0.1287

0.1275

0.1263

0.1251

0.1239

0.1228

0.1217

0.1206

0.1195

0.1184

0.1174

0.1164

0.1154

0.1144

0.1134

0.1841

0.1804

0.1768

0.1734

0.1701

0.1669

0.1638

0.1609

0.158

0.1553

0.1526

0.15

0.1476

0.1452

0.1428

0.1406

0.1384

0.1363

0.1342

0.1322

0.1303

0.1284

0.1266

0.1248

0.1231

0.1214

0.1198

0.1182

0.2932

0.2794

0.2668

0.2554

0.2448

0.2351

0.2262

0.2179

0.2102

0.203

0.1963

0.19

0.1841

0.1786

0.1734

0.1685

0.1638

0.1594

0.1553

0.1513

0.1476

0.144

0.1406

0.1373

0.1342

0.1313

0.1284

0.1257

2.172

3.4493

3.3589

3.275

3.1971

3.1243

3.0561

2.9921

2.9318

2.8749

2.821

2.77

2.7215

2.6753

2.6312

2.5892

2.549

2.5105

2.4736

2.4382

2.4041

2.3713

2.3398

2.3093

2.28

2.2516

2.2242

2.1977

81.9

81.9

1.47

1.48

81.9

81.9

1.46

1.53

81.9

1.45

81.9

81.9

1.44

1.52

81.9

1.43

81.9

81.9

1.42

1.51

81.9

1.41

81.9

81.9

1.4

81.9

81.9

1.39

1.5

81.9

1.38

1.49

81.9

1.37

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

87.48

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

91.22

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

96.8

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

49.96

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

55.57

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

59.3

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

64.9

41.461

41.442

41.424

41.405

41.386

41.368

41.349

41.33

41.312

41.293

41.274

41.255

41.237

41.218

41.199

41.181

41.162

39

50.044

49.97

49.895

49.82

49.745

49.67

49.596

49.521

49.446

49.371

49.296

49.222

49.147

49.072

48.997

48.922

48.848

55.767

55.654

55.542

55.43

55.318

55.206

55.093

54.981

54.869

54.757

54.645

54.532

54.42

54.308

54.196

54.084

53.971

64.35

64.182

64.013

63.845

63.677

63.508

63.34

63.172

63.004

62.835

62.667

62.499

62.33

62.162

61.994

61.825

61.657

0.118

0.117

0.117

0.117

0.117

0.116

0.116

0.116

0.116

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.115

0.114

0.114

0.114

0.114

0.181

0.1786

0.1762

0.1739

0.1717

0.1695

0.1674

0.1653

0.1633

0.1613

0.1594

0.1575

0.1557

0.1539

0.1521

0.1504

0.1488

0.188

0.2838

0.2751

0.2668

0.2591

0.2517

0.2448

0.2383

0.2321

0.2262

0.2206

0.2153

0.2102

0.2053

0.2007

0.1963

0.1921

1.8179

1.392

1.1278

0.9479

0.8175

0.7186

0.6411

0.5786

0.5273

0.4843

0.4478

0.4164

0.3892

0.3652

0.3441

0.3252

0.3084

11.221

9.177

7.8912

7.0019

6.3464

5.8406

5.4364

5.1047

4.8265

4.589

4.3833

4.2029

4.043

3.9001

3.7712

3.6542

3.5474

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

0.16

0.17

0.18

0.19

0.2

0.21

0.22

0.23

0.24

0.25

92.4

0.13

92.4

92.4

0.12

0.14

92.4

0.15

92.4

0.1

0.11

L/G

Approach (F) =

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

CWT +
0.6R

90
10

Cold Water Temperature (CWT) (F) =

CWT +
0.4R

114

Hot Water Temperature (HWT) (F) =

CWT +
0.1R

23.6

Cooling Range (R) (F) =

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

CWT
+
0.9R

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

hCWT
+
0.1R

Water Side

43.7

80

29.9

Wet-bulb Temperature (F)@ inlet =

Enthalpy of sat. air at WBT (Btu/lbm)
=

Barometric Pressure (in. Hg) =

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

hCWT
+
0.4R

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

hCWT
+
0.6R

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

hCWT
+ 0.9R

44.29

44.266

44.243

44.219

44.196

44.172

44.148

44.125

44.101

44.078

44.054

44.03

44.007

43.983

43.96

43.936

hWB+0.1*
L/G*R

40

46.06

45.966

45.871

45.777

45.682

45.588

45.494

45.399

45.305

45.21

45.116

45.022

44.927

44.833

44.738

44.644

hWB+0.4*
L/G*R

47.24

47.098

46.957

46.815

46.674

46.532

46.39

46.249

46.107

45.966

45.824

45.682

45.541

45.399

45.258

45.116

hWB+0.6*
L/G*R

Air Side

49.01

48.798

48.585

48.373

48.16

47.948

47.736

47.523

47.311

47.098

46.886

46.674

46.461

46.249

46.036

45.824

hWB+0.9*
L/G*R

0.062

0.062

0.062

0.062

0.062

0.062

0.061

0.061

0.061

0.061

0.061

0.061

0.061

0.061

0.061

0.061

1/(hw0.1ha0.1)

0.0466

0.0464

0.0462

0.046

0.0458

0.0456

0.0454

0.0452

0.045

0.0448

0.0447

0.0445

0.0443

0.0441

0.0439

0.0437

1/(hw0.4ha0.4)

0.04

0.0398

0.0396

0.0394

0.0392

0.0389

0.0387

0.0385

0.0383

0.0381

0.0379

0.0377

0.0375

0.0373

0.0371

0.0369

1/(hw0.6ha0.6)

Enthaply Difference

Appendix D - Tower Demand Curve Excel Spreadsheets Design B

0.0331

0.0328

0.0326

0.0324

0.0322

0.0319

0.0317

0.0315

0.0313

0.0311

0.0309

0.0307

0.0305

0.0303

0.0301

0.0299

1/(hw0.9
-ha0.9)

1.0719

1.0675

1.0631

1.0588

1.0545

1.0502

1.046

1.0419

1.0377

1.0336

1.0296

1.0256

1.0216

1.0177

1.0138

1.0099

KaV/L

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

0.28

0.29

0.3

0.31

0.32

0.33

0.34

0.35

0.36

0.37

0.38

0.39

0.4

0.41

0.42

0.43

0.44

0.45

0.46

0.47

0.48

0.49

0.5

0.51

0.52

0.53

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

92.4

0.27

99.44

92.4

0.26

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

44.314

44.951

44.927

44.904

44.88

44.856

44.833

44.809

44.786

44.762

44.738

44.715

44.691

44.668

44.644

44.62

44.597

44.573

44.55

44.526

44.502

44.479

44.455

44.432

44.408

44.384

44.361

44.337

41

48.703

48.609

48.514

48.42

48.326

48.231

48.137

48.042

47.948

47.854

47.759

47.665

47.57

47.476

47.382

47.287

47.193

47.098

47.004

46.91

46.815

46.721

46.626

46.532

46.438

46.343

46.249

46.154

51.205

51.063

50.922

50.78

50.638

50.497

50.355

50.214

50.072

49.93

49.789

49.647

49.506

49.364

49.222

49.081

48.939

48.798

48.656

48.514

48.373

48.231

48.09

47.948

47.806

47.665

47.523

47.382

54.957

54.745

54.532

54.32

54.108

53.895

53.683

53.47

53.258

53.046

52.833

52.621

52.408

52.196

51.984

51.771

51.559

51.346

51.134

50.922

50.709

50.497

50.284

50.072

49.86

49.647

49.435

49.222

0.065

0.065

0.064

0.064

0.064

0.064

0.064

0.064

0.064

0.064

0.064

0.064

0.063

0.063

0.063

0.063

0.063

0.063

0.063

0.063

0.063

0.063

0.063

0.062

0.062

0.062

0.062

0.062

0.0532

0.0529

0.0526

0.0524

0.0521

0.0519

0.0516

0.0514

0.0511

0.0509

0.0506

0.0504

0.0502

0.0499

0.0497

0.0494

0.0492

0.049

0.0488

0.0485

0.0483

0.0481

0.0479

0.0477

0.0475

0.0472

0.047

0.0468

0.0403

0.0476

0.0473

0.047

0.0467

0.0464

0.0461

0.0458

0.0455

0.0452

0.0449

0.0446

0.0443

0.044

0.0438

0.0435

0.0432

0.043

0.0427

0.0425

0.0422

0.042

0.0417

0.0415

0.0412

0.041

0.0407

0.0405

0.0333

0.0411

0.0408

0.0404

0.0401

0.0398

0.0394

0.0391

0.0388

0.0385

0.0381

0.0378

0.0375

0.0372

0.0369

0.0367

0.0364

0.0361

0.0358

0.0356

0.0353

0.035

0.0348

0.0345

0.0343

0.034

0.0338

0.0335

1.0764

1.2185

1.2124

1.2063

1.2004

1.1945

1.1886

1.1829

1.1772

1.1716

1.166

1.1606

1.1551

1.1498

1.1445

1.1393

1.1341

1.129

1.1239

1.119

1.114

1.1091

1.1043

1.0995

1.0948

1.0901

1.0855

1.0809

99.44

99.44

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

0.56

0.57

0.58

0.59

0.6

0.61

0.62

0.63

0.64

0.65

0.66

0.67

0.68

0.69

0.7

0.71

0.72

0.73

0.74

0.75

0.76

0.77

0.78

0.79

0.8

0.81

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

92.4

0.55

99.44

92.4

0.54

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

45.612

45.588

45.564

45.541

45.517

45.494

45.47

45.446

45.423

45.399

45.376

45.352

45.328

45.305

45.281

45.258

45.234

45.21

45.187

45.163

45.14

45.116

45.092

45.069

45.045

45.022

44.998

44.974

42

51.346

51.252

51.158

51.063

50.969

50.874

50.78

50.686

50.591

50.497

50.402

50.308

50.214

50.119

50.025

49.93

49.836

49.742

49.647

49.553

49.458

49.364

49.27

49.175

49.081

48.986

48.892

48.798

55.17

55.028

54.886

54.745

54.603

54.462

54.32

54.178

54.037

53.895

53.754

53.612

53.47

53.329

53.187

53.046

52.904

52.762

52.621

52.479

52.338

52.196

52.054

51.913

51.771

51.63

51.488

51.346

55.17

60.904

60.692

60.48

60.267

60.055

59.842

59.63

59.418

59.205

58.993

58.78

58.568

58.356

58.143

57.931

57.718

57.506

57.294

57.081

56.869

56.656

56.444

56.232

56.019

55.807

55.594

55.382

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.067

0.066

0.066

0.066

0.066

0.066

0.066

0.066

0.066

0.066

0.066

0.065

0.065

0.065

0.065

0.065

0.065

0.065

0.065

0.0619

0.0615

0.0612

0.0608

0.0605

0.0601

0.0598

0.0594

0.0591

0.0588

0.0585

0.0581

0.0578

0.0575

0.0572

0.0569

0.0566

0.0563

0.056

0.0557

0.0554

0.0551

0.0548

0.0545

0.0543

0.054

0.0537

0.0534

0.0587

0.0582

0.0577

0.0573

0.0568

0.0563

0.0559

0.0555

0.055

0.0546

0.0542

0.0538

0.0534

0.053

0.0526

0.0522

0.0518

0.0514

0.051

0.0507

0.0503

0.05

0.0496

0.0493

0.0489

0.0486

0.0483

0.0479

0.0545

0.0539

0.0532

0.0527

0.0521

0.0515

0.0509

0.0504

0.0499

0.0493

0.0488

0.0483

0.0478

0.0474

0.0469

0.0464

0.046

0.0455

0.0451

0.0447

0.0442

0.0438

0.0434

0.043

0.0426

0.0423

0.0419

0.0415

1.4308

1.4216

1.4124

1.4035

1.3946

1.3859

1.3774

1.369

1.3607

1.3526

1.3446

1.3367

1.3289

1.3212

1.3137

1.3062

1.2989

1.2917

1.2846

1.2775

1.2706

1.2638

1.2571

1.2504

1.2439

1.2374

1.231

1.2247

99.44

99.44

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

0.88

0.89

0.9

0.91

0.92

0.93

0.94

0.95

0.96

0.97

0.98

0.99

1.01

1.02

1.03

1.04

1.05

1.06

1.07

1.08

1.09

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

92.4

92.4

0.85

99.44

92.4

92.4

0.84

99.44

99.44

0.86

92.4

0.83

0.87

92.4

0.82

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

46.272

46.249

46.225

46.202

46.178

46.154

46.131

46.107

46.084

46.06

46.036

46.013

45.989

45.966

45.942

45.918

45.895

45.871

45.848

45.824

45.8

45.777

45.753

45.73

45.706

45.682

45.659

45.635

43

53.99

53.895

53.801

53.706

53.612

53.518

53.423

53.329

53.234

53.14

53.046

52.951

52.857

52.762

52.668

52.574

52.479

52.385

52.29

52.196

52.102

52.007

51.913

51.818

51.724

51.63

51.535

51.441

59.134

58.993

58.851

58.71

58.568

58.426

58.285

58.143

58.002

57.86

57.718

57.577

57.435

57.294

57.152

57.01

56.869

56.727

56.586

56.444

56.302

56.161

56.019

55.878

55.736

55.594

55.453

55.311

66.852

66.639

66.427

66.214

66.002

65.79

65.577

65.365

65.152

64.94

64.728

64.515

64.303

64.09

63.878

63.666

63.453

63.241

63.028

62.816

62.604

62.391

62.179

61.966

61.754

61.542

61.329

61.117

0.071

0.071

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.069

0.069

0.069

0.069

0.069

0.069

0.069

0.069

0.069

0.068

0.068

0.068

0.068

0.068

0.068

0.068

0.068

0.068

0.074

0.0734

0.0729

0.0724

0.072

0.0715

0.071

0.0705

0.07

0.0696

0.0691

0.0687

0.0682

0.0678

0.0674

0.067

0.0665

0.0661

0.0657

0.0653

0.0649

0.0645

0.0641

0.0637

0.0633

0.063

0.0626

0.0622

0.0592

0.0765

0.0757

0.0749

0.0741

0.0733

0.0725

0.0718

0.0711

0.0704

0.0697

0.069

0.0683

0.0677

0.067

0.0664

0.0658

0.0652

0.0646

0.064

0.0634

0.0629

0.0623

0.0618

0.0612

0.0607

0.0602

0.0597

0.0551

0.0806

0.0792

0.0779

0.0767

0.0754

0.0742

0.0731

0.072

0.0709

0.0698

0.0688

0.0678

0.0669

0.0659

0.065

0.0641

0.0633

0.0624

0.0616

0.0608

0.06

0.0593

0.0585

0.0578

0.0571

0.0564

0.0558

1.7798

1.7633

1.7471

1.7314

1.716

1.701

1.6863

1.672

1.658

1.6443

1.6309

1.6178

1.605

1.5924

1.5801

1.5681

1.5563

1.5447

1.5334

1.5222

1.5113

1.5006

1.4901

1.4798

1.4696

1.4597

1.4499

1.4403

99.44

99.44

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

1.12

1.13

1.14

1.15

1.16

1.17

1.18

1.19

1.2

1.21

1.22

1.23

1.24

1.25

1.26

1.27

1.28

1.29

1.3

1.31

1.32

1.33

1.34

1.35

1.36

1.37

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

92.4

99.44

92.4

1.1

1.11

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

46.933

46.91

46.886

46.862

46.839

46.815

46.792

46.768

46.744

46.721

46.697

46.674

46.65

46.626

46.603

46.579

46.556

46.532

46.508

46.485

46.461

46.438

46.414

46.39

46.367

46.343

46.32

46.296

54.084

44

56.633

56.538

56.444

56.35

56.255

56.161

56.066

55.972

55.878

55.783

55.689

55.594

55.5

55.406

55.311

55.217

55.122

55.028

54.934

54.839

54.745

54.65

54.556

54.462

54.367

54.273

54.178

59.276

63.099

62.958

62.816

62.674

62.533

62.391

62.25

62.108

61.966

61.825

61.683

61.542

61.4

61.258

61.117

60.975

60.834

60.692

60.55

60.409

60.267

60.126

59.984

59.842

59.701

59.559

59.418

67.064

72.799

72.586

72.374

72.162

71.949

71.737

71.524

71.312

71.1

70.887

70.675

70.462

70.25

70.038

69.825

69.613

69.4

69.188

68.976

68.763

68.551

68.338

68.126

67.914

67.701

67.489

67.276

0.071

0.074

0.074

0.074

0.074

0.074

0.073

0.073

0.073

0.073

0.073

0.073

0.073

0.073

0.072

0.072

0.072

0.072

0.072

0.072

0.072

0.072

0.071

0.071

0.071

0.071

0.071

0.071

0.0919

0.0911

0.0904

0.0896

0.0889

0.0881

0.0874

0.0867

0.086

0.0853

0.0846

0.0839

0.0833

0.0826

0.082

0.0813

0.0807

0.0801

0.0795

0.0789

0.0783

0.0778

0.0772

0.0766

0.0761

0.0755

0.075

0.0745

0.0773

0.1098

0.1081

0.1065

0.1049

0.1033

0.1018

0.1004

0.099

0.0976

0.0963

0.095

0.0937

0.0925

0.0913

0.0901

0.089

0.0879

0.0868

0.0858

0.0847

0.0837

0.0828

0.0818

0.0809

0.0799

0.079

0.0782

0.082

0.1548

0.1498

0.1452

0.1409

0.1368

0.1329

0.1293

0.1258

0.1225

0.1194

0.1165

0.1137

0.111

0.1084

0.106

0.1037

0.1014

0.0993

0.0972

0.0953

0.0934

0.0916

0.0898

0.0881

0.0865

0.085

0.0834

2.5403

2.4959

2.4537

2.4134

2.375

2.3383

2.3032

2.2696

2.2373

2.2063

2.1764

2.1477

2.12

2.0933

2.0676

2.0426

2.0185

1.9952

1.9726

1.9507

1.9295

1.9089

1.8889

1.8694

1.8505

1.8321

1.8142

1.7968

99.44

99.44

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

92.4

1.4

1.41

1.42

1.43

1.44

1.45

1.46

1.47

1.48

1.49

1.5

1.51

1.52

1.53

1.54

1.55

1.56

1.57

1.58

1.59

1.6

1.61

1.62

1.63

1.64

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

99.44

92.4

1.39

99.44

92.4

1.38

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

104.16

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

111

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

60.43

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

67.51

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

72.2

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

79.3

47.57

47.547

47.523

47.5

47.476

47.452

47.429

47.405

47.382

47.358

47.334

47.311

47.287

47.264

47.24

47.216

47.193

47.169

47.146

47.122

47.098

47.075

47.051

47.028

47.004

46.98

46.957

56.727

45

59.182

59.087

58.993

58.898

58.804

58.71

58.615

58.521

58.426

58.332

58.238

58.143

58.049

57.954

57.86

57.766

57.671

57.577

57.482

57.388

57.294

57.199

57.105

57.01

56.916

56.822

63.241

66.922

66.781

66.639

66.498

66.356

66.214

66.073

65.931

65.79

65.648

65.506

65.365

65.223

65.082

64.94

64.798

64.657

64.515

64.374

64.232

64.09

63.949

63.807

63.666

63.524

63.382

73.011

78.534

78.321

78.109

77.896

77.684

77.472

77.259

77.047

76.834

76.622

76.41

76.197

75.985

75.772

75.56

75.348

75.135

74.923

74.71

74.498

74.286

74.073

73.861

73.648

73.436

73.224

0.074

0.078

0.078

0.077

0.077

0.077

0.077

0.077

0.077

0.077

0.076

0.076

0.076

0.076

0.076

0.076

0.076

0.076

0.075

0.075

0.075

0.075

0.075

0.075

0.075

0.074

0.074

0.0927

0.1201

0.1187

0.1174

0.1161

0.1149

0.1136

0.1124

0.1112

0.1101

0.109

0.1078

0.1068

0.1057

0.1047

0.1036

0.1026

0.1016

0.1007

0.0997

0.0988

0.0979

0.097

0.0961

0.0952

0.0944

0.0936

0.1115

0.1891

0.1842

0.1795

0.1751

0.1708

0.1668

0.1629

0.1593

0.1558

0.1524

0.1492

0.1461

0.1431

0.1403

0.1376

0.1349

0.1324

0.13

0.1276

0.1253

0.1232

0.121

0.119

0.117

0.1151

0.1133

0.16

1.3767

1.0652

0.8687

0.7334

0.6345

0.5592

0.4998

0.4518

0.4123

0.3791

0.3508

0.3265

0.3053

0.2867

0.2703

0.2556

0.2424

0.2306

0.2198

0.21

0.201

0.1928

0.1852

0.1782

0.1717

0.1657

2.5871

10.405

8.5298

7.334

6.501

5.8847

5.4081

5.0273

4.7148

4.453

4.2298

4.0368

3.8679

3.7184

3.5849

3.4649

3.3561

3.2569

3.166

3.0822

3.0047

2.9328

2.8657

2.8029

2.7441

2.6887

2.6364