1 Math 255 Section 7.7 Part 2 Improper Integrals Homework: Sec 7.

7 #13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 31, 33, 34 An improper integral is an integral where: I. One or both limits of integration are infinite, and/or II. The integraND (function) becomes infinite somewhere in the range of integration (at the top and/or bottom limit of integration, or between them) Review of Type I Improper Integrals t Example 1. A chemical reaction produces a desired chemical at a rate r ( t ) = e grams/second. a) What amount is produced between t = 0 and some later time t = T?

b)

What is the total amount of chemical this reaction could produce if it were run forever?

Example 2. Evaluate

1 dx x

and

1 dx . x2

Sketch both graphs and shade the area being

evaluated in each case.

2 All the integrals of the form Proof

1 dx xk

converge for k > 1 and diverge for k 1.

For an integral whose top limit is infinity to converge, the integrand (function) must go to 0 faster than ___________ Improper Integrals Type II: INTEGRAND BECOMES INFINITE Goal: To evaluate an improper integral that contains an integrand that tends to infinity at an endpoint of the integration range (at a limit of integration) or inside that range. Case 1. The integrand f (x) tends to infinity at the TOP limit of integration. Suppose f (x) is positive and continuous on a x < b and tends to infinity for x b. then

b a

f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx
c b a

Case 2. The integrand f (x) tends to infinity at the bottom limit of integration. Suppose f (x) is positive and continuous on a < x b and tends to infinity for x a. then

b a

f ( x ) dx = lim f ( x ) dx +
ca c

If the limits are FINITE, the improper integrals CONVERGE. (The area under the graph of f from a to b is FINITE) If the limits are INFINITE, the improper integrals DIVERGE. (The area under the graph of f from a to b is INFINITE)

3 Example 3. Evaluate

1 0 x dx .
1

Example 4. (Hwk #14)

2
4

sin x dx cos x

Case 3. The integrand f (x) tends to infinity INSIDE the interval of integration. Suppose f (x) is positive and continuous on [a, b] except at the point c. If f (x) tends to infinity as x c, break the integral into two (or more) new improper integrals so that the integrand tends to infinity only at endpoints:

b a

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
a c

If either of the new integrals diverges, the original integral also diverges. If both of the new integrals converge, add their values to get a finite value for the original integral (we then say that the original integral converges).

4 Example 5.

1 1

1 dx x2

Example 6.

2 2

1 dy 4 y

Example 7. (Hwk #34) Find the area under the curve of y =

1 between t = 0 and t = . 2 2 cos t

Integrals ImproperIn More Than One Way

Example 8.

1 dx x2