Secondary Chemical Bonds & States of Matter

Lecture 4
Hydrogen Bonds Van der Waals Bonds States of Matter

SECONDARY BONDS

Secondary Bonds
Secondary bonds are much weaker than primary bonds but very important. Primary bonds are between the atoms in the same molecule intramolecular Secondary bonds are formed between atoms of two different molecules intermolecular

Van der Waals bonds & Hydrogen bonds

Van der Waals Bonding

Van der Waals bonding describes dipolar attraction between uncharged atoms. Van der Walls forces: dispersion forces & dipole-dipole interactions

U r

A B r6 rn

SECONDARY BONDS

Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen bond is the attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with a atom with high electronegativity from another molecule or chemical group. The hydrogen atom that forms the hydrogen bond must be covalently bonded to another electronegative atom.

States of Matter
Solid, liquid and gas are common (classical) states of matter. Formation of primary and secondary bonds allows matter to exist as a liquid or a solid. Condensed states of matter (some of them are non-classical): liquids liquid crystals rubbers glasses crystals

SECONDARY BONDS

Solid : ions, atoms or molecules are packed closely together; only vibrational movements, strong forces between particles; definite shape and volume; transformed into liquids by melting (fusion) and into gases through sublimation. Liquid : Intermolecular forces are still important, but the molecules have enough energy to move and the structure is mobile; shape of a liquid is not definite but is determined by its container; incompressible; freeze into solids and evaporate into gases . Gas : small effect of intermolecular forces, high kinetic energy to occupy the entire volume available; compressible; deposition into solids and condensation into liquids. Crystals : ions, atoms or molecules are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern; many different crystal structures; the same substance can have more than one structure. Glass : non-crystalline or amorphous solid material; glass transition when heated towards liquid state. Liquid crystals : between mobile liquids and ordered solids; able to flow like a liquid but exhibiting long-range order.

Types of Materials
Ceramics Glasses Metals & alloys Semiconductors and other inorganic materials Polymers Elastomers Fibres Composites Wood Paper and paperboard Other biological materials

SECONDARY BONDS