KL / KJ 1034 Mechanical & Electrical Basics

Computer Assembly
by: Kamarulzaman Mat JKEES, May 2009

Subtopics
Introduction Basic components of computer system The classification of computers Assembling the computer hardware Software and drivers installation

Introduction
Computer Architecture is: the arrangement of computer components and their relationships the theory behind the design of a computer. Requirement of a computer includes: process data, store data, move data between the computer and the outside world and control the operation of the above.

Introduction cont.
1. Types of the computer? 2. Why the computer is very useful? 3. Names component of the computer that you know. 4. Names the operating systems that you know/use.

Introduction cont.
Dell Inspiron 530s Amazing 256MB graphic card for crystal clear display in a space saving slim design
Intel Core2 Duo Processor E4500 (2MB L2 cache, 2.20 GHz) Genuine Windows Vista Operating System Memory: 2GB DDR2 SDRAM Hard Drive: 250GB Hard Drive Optical Drive: DVD Burner Graphic Card: 256MB ATI Radeon HD 2400 Pro

History of Computers
G Example Machines ENIAC UNIVAC I UNIVAC II IBM 700 HW SW Performance

1st

Vacuum tubes, magnetic drums, electrostatic tubes memory

Machine code, stored programs

2-4 KB memory, 40 KIPS

2nd

IBM 7094 PDP-1

Transistors, core memory, ZSI ICs, semiconductor memory, microprocessors , SSI, MSI

High level languages

4-32 KB memory, 200 KIPS 2-8 MB memory, 1 MIPS

3rd

IBM 360 370, PDP-2

Timesharing, graphics, structure programming

*G Generation *HW Hardware *SW - Software

History of Computers cont.

4th IBM 3090 Cray XMP IBM PC Intel 4004-Intel 8088 LSI, VLSI, networks, optical disks Packaged programs, object-oriented languages, expert systems 8-64 MB memory, 10 MIPS, 108 KHz-5 MHz clock speeds

5th

Sun Sparc Intel Paragon (80286-Itanium) PowerPC 601PowerPC G4

VLSI, ULSI, parallel systems

Parallel languages symbolic processing, Artificial Intelligence

64 MB- 1 GB (yr 2006) memory, 100 MIPS, 6 MHz1.8 GHz (yr 2006) clock speeds

Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)

Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards Processing: CPU executes the computer program Output: monitor, printer, fax machine Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape

Architecture Components
Hardware (HW)
Processes data by executing instructions Provides input and output

Software (SW)
Instructions executed by the system

Data
Fundamental representation of facts and observations

Communications
Sharing data and processing among different systems

Personal Computer System

Basic Component of computer

Hardware (HW)
The most visible part and all physical components. Provides the physical mechanisms to input and output data. Input devices : keyboard, mouse etc. Output devices : printer, display screen etc. Others components : central processing unit (CPU), memory, disk, tape.

Basic Component of computer

A typical personal computer consists of a case or chasis in desktop or tower shape and the following parts:

Basic component of computer

1) Motherboard or system board (also known as main board) with slots for expansion cards and holding parts : Central processing unit (CPU)
Computer fan - used to cool down the CPU

Random Access Memory (RAM)

- for program execution & short term data storage - More RAM will normally contribute to a faster PC. - RAM is almost always removable as it sits in slots in the motherboard, attached with small clips.

Basic component of computer -cont.

Basic Input-Output System (BIOS) or Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) in some newer computers Buses PCI PCI-E USB HyperTransport What is ROM? For what? ROM vs RAM?

Basic component of computer cont.

2) Power supply - a case that holds a transformer, voltage control, and (usually) a cooling fan 3) Storage controllers of IDE, SATA, SCSI or other type, that control hard disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM and other drives; the controllers sit directly on the motherboard (on-board) or on expansion cards 4) Video display controller that produces the output for the computer display.

Basic component of computer cont.

5) Computer bus controllers (parallel, serial, USB, FireWire) to connect the computer to external peripheral devices such as printers or scanners 6) Internal storage - keeps data inside the computer for later use. 7) Hard disk - for medium-term storage of data. 8) Disk array controller or RAID controller 9) Sound card - translates signals from the system board into analog voltage levels, and has terminals to plug in speakers.

Basic component of computer cont.

10) Networking - to connect the computer to the Internet and/or other computers 11) Modem - for dial-up connections 12) Network card - for DSL/Cable internet, and/or connecting to other computers. 13) Other peripherals

Basic component of computer cont.

joystick trackball

scanner

keyboard

Input Devices
mouse

Web camera stylus PC gamming device

Basic component of computer cont.

LCD monitor

cathode ray tube monitor

impact printer

Output Devices

ink jet printer

flatbed plotter

Basic component of computer cont.

Central Processing Units (CPU)

CPU Cooler

Typical Motherboard

Basic component of computer

Typical Personal Computer System

Basic component of computer cont.

Software (SW) Consists of programs that tell the computer what to do. Two major categories of SW - System SW and Application SW. System SW - helps user to manage files, to load and execute programs, and to accept commands from the mouse and keyboard. Collectively known as an operating system (OS). Examples of an OS : Windows 2000, Windows XP, Vista, UNIX, and LINUX.

Basic component of computer cont.

Application SW programs which tend to
users specific needs. Application SW can be obtained by developing it (on our own) or purchase it from the vendor. Examples of Application SW Word processing (MS Words), spreadsheets (MS Excel), presentation and graphical software (MS Power Point) etc

Basic component of computer cont.

Data
Data is the component, which is being manipulated. It may be numeric or alphanumeric or graphic or in some other form. It must be presentable to be manipulated by the computer

Basic component of computer cont.

Communication Components
Normally modern computers are tied to other computers directly via a network (LAN/MAN/WAN) and requires both HW and SW. A communication channel provides the connection between computers. The channel may be a wire cable, a fiber optic cable, a telephone line, or a wireless technology.

Basic component of computer cont.

Communication Components
A modulator demodulator (modem) or network interface card (NIC) - as an interface between the computer and the communication channel. A common set of ground rules known as protocols that make it possible for each computer to understand what other computers. The Internet is a measure of the success to which protocols have been standardized.

Computer Classification
Personal Computer

Minicomputer

Mainframes

Super computer

Computer Classification
Normally computers are classified based on its sizes - in both appearance and power. The classifications mainframes, supercomputers, minicomputers and personal computers, microcomputers and workstations.

Computer Classification
The characteristics used for computer classification (differentiate the computers) are: speed number of CPU registers word length main memory size complexity of I/O modules OS complexity physical size, cost virtual address space secondary memory size degree of multiprogramming.

Computer Classification
Mainframes
Capable of processing data at very fast speeds at MIPS and have access to billions of data characters. Principal use is for processing vast amounts of data quickly, thus, obvious customers are ISPs, banks, insurance companies and manufacturers.

Computer Classification
Supercomputers: Process data at a speed of BIPS. They are used for mammoth jobs, such as worldwide weather forecasting, earthquake center, oil exploration and military uses. Minicomputers: Smaller computers which are slower and less costly than mainframes. Became known as superminis as their popularity, power and speed grew until the top of the line.

Computer Classification
Personal Computers (PCs): The smallest computers also known as microcomputers. Became known as supermicros or referred as workstations.

Assembling the Computer Hardware

Before begin building or refitting a computer, some basic tools: Phillips-head (cross-shaped) screwdriver A flathead screwdriver Needle nose pliers Anti-static Wrist Strap

Assembling the Computer Hardware cont.

Construction Process: 1) Install the motherboard - fasten a screw through
each of the motherboard screw holes

2) Installing the processor, and the CPUs heatsink and fan

Assembling the Computer Hardware -cont.

Two things that go wrong the most often and most expensively are both related to the CPU and its cooler: Switching the computer on before adding any CPU cooling unit.
Without cooling, CPUs heat up at extreme rates between 10X and a 1000X (as fast as a cooking area). By the time the first display on the screen, CPU will already be severely overheating and might be damaged beyond repair.

Mounting the CPU cooler improperly.

Assembling the Computer Hardware -cont.

3) Install RAM. Find the RAM slots on the motherboard; Do not force them, they should move fairly easily. Put the RAM module in the socket.

Assembling the Computer Hardware cont. 4) Power supply (PS) Installing PS is straightforward, if it came with your case it was preinstalled. Otherwise a few moments of screwdriver work will get the job done. 5) Video card If your motherboard has a built-in video skip this section. If you have an AGP video card: Install the video card into the AGP socket. This is always the top expansion slot near the back of the computer.

Assembling the Computer Hardware cont.

6) Drive jumpers If you are using SATA drives --skip this section. Before install IDE/ATA drives, will need to set the drives jumpers. Each IDE/ATA channel can handle two drives, a master and a slave. 7) Drives Install the hard drive and optical drives. 8) Other connection Power button and while you're at it, you might as well do the reset buttons

Assembling the Computer Hardware cont.

9) Prepare to power up. Monitors will either have a VGA or a newer DVI plug

Software and Drivers Installation

After the assembling process is over, then do: 1. BIOS Setup 2. Partition & format the hard disk (if necessary) 3. Operating system installation

Software and Drivers Installation cont.

1. BIOS Setup - built in setup utility that lets us configure several basic system characteristics. - enter the setup utility; restart the system and press F1 (or sometimes, other key) when prompted on screen during the startup process.

Software and Drivers Installation cont.

Example of BIOS system (diagram)

Software and Drivers Installation cont.

2. Partition the hard disk
Hard disk drive partitioning is the creation of logical divisions upon a hard disk that allows one to apply operating system - specific logical formatting. Appear to be more than one hard drive, especially in how each partition is formatted for different operating systems, and in how files are copied from one partition to another.

Software and Drivers Installation cont.

Partitioning allows the creation of several file systems on one hard disk. This has many benefits: Allowing for dual boot setups (for example, to boot Microsoft Windows and Linux),. Sharing swap partitions between multiple Linux distributions, so such partitions use less hard drive space. Protecting or isolating files Raising overall computer performance. Higher levels of data organization, raising the user efficiency of the system

Software and Drivers Installation cont.

2. Formatting the hard disk: to prepare a disk, for reading and writing. the operating system erases all bookkeeping information on the disk, tests the disk to make sure all sectors are reliable, marks bad sectors and creates internal address tables that it later uses to locate information.

Software and Drivers Installation cont.

3. Operating system installation: - UNIX - LINUX - Windows OS:
- Windows 95

- Windows 98 - Windows 2000 (ME) - Windows NT - Windows XP - Windows Vista *Use Win XP for the lab purposes

Software and Drivers Installation cont. Requirements for Windows XP

Minimum
Processor Memory 233 MHz 64 MB RAM

Recommended
300 MHz or higher 128 MB RAM or higher Super VGA or higher resolution 1.5 GB or higher

Video adapter and Super VGA monitor Hard drive disk free space Drives Devices 1.5 GB

CD-ROM/DVD ROM CD-ROM or higher Keyboard, mouse Keyboard, mouse

Exercise:
Find the information for SDRAM type: DDR vs DDR2 vs DDR3 in terms of: i. data transfer rate (range), ii. I/O clock (range) and iii. the supply voltage

Motherboard Connectors

Processor Socket

IDE Connectors

TERM
IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics ATA - Advanced Technology Attachment, or PATA SATA - Serial ATA PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port PCIe - PCI Express, also known as 3GIO SDRAM - Synchronous Dynamic RAM SCSI - Small Computer System Interface, faster than standard serial or parallel port USB - Universal Serial Bus, USB 1.1 (12 Mbps) & USB 2.0 (480 Mbps) FireWire IEEE 1394, 400Mbps (in 1394a) and 800Mbps (in 1394b). VGA - Video Graphics Array DVI - Digital Visual Interface

~THE END~
Note: please read before attending your lab session.