EXAMPLES OF ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES GROUPS Z, Q, R, C the integers/rationals/reals/complex numbers under +. Zn the integers, modulo n, under +.

+. Q , R , C non-zero rationals/reals/complex numbers under . Z p the non-zero elements of Zp , where p is a prime, under . R the units of a ring R under multiplication. When R is a eld R = (R\{0}, ). (0, ) the positive real numbers under . Sym(S ) the permutations (i.e. bijections S S ) of a set S under composition. Sn permutations of {1, 2, . . . n} under composition. An even permutations of {1, 2, . . . , n} under composition. D2n the symmetries of a regular n-sided polygon under composition. V or V4 the Klein four-group Z2 Z2 = {e, (12)(34), (13)(24), (14)(23)}. Q8 the quaternion group {1, i, j, k}. S 1 the complex numbers with unit modulus under multiplication. GL(n, F ) invertible n n matrices with entries in the eld F under matrix multiplication. SL(n, F ) the subgroup of GL(n, F ) whose elements have determinant 1. AGL(n, F ) the ane maps of F n . O(n) orthogonal n n real matrices (A1 = AT ) under matrix multiplication. Also SO(n). T ) under matrix multiplication. Also SU (n). U (n) unitary n n complex matrices (A1 = A Aut(G) the automorphisms (i.e. isomorphisms G G) of a group G under composition. G1 G2 the (direct) product group of two groups G1 and G2 . G/H the quotient (or factor) group of a group G by a normal subgroup H of G. g the cyclic subgroup of G generated by g G. S the subgroup of a group G generated by a subset S of G. RINGS Z, Q, R, C, H the integers/rationals/reals/complex numbers/quaternions under + and . Zn the integers, modulo n, under + and . R[x] polynomials in x with coecients in the ring R under + and . R[[x]] formal power series in x with coecients in the ring R under + and . RS = {f : S R} the set of maps from a set S to a ring R under pointwise + and . C (R) the ring of continuous functions f : R R under pointwise + and . C 1 (R) the ring of continuously dierentiable f : R R under pointwise + and . Z[i] the Gaussian integers, i.e. the subring of complex numbers a + bi where a, b Z. Mn (F ) the n n matrices with entries in the eld F under matrix addition and mutliplication. End(V ) endomorphisms (i.e. linear maps V V ) of a vector space V under + and . P (X ) the power set of X under and . R/I the quotient (or factor) ring of a ring R by an ideal I of R. FIELDS Q, R, C the rationals/reals/complex numbers under + and . Zp the integers modulo p (a prime) under + and . Q[i ] {q1 + iq2 : q1 , q2 Q} under + and . Q[ 2] {q1 + q2 2 : q1 , q2 Q}. F (x) rational functions in x with coecients in the eld F . Fq the nite eld with q elements; q = pn for a prime p and n

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