2011 International Conference on Computer Distributed Control and Intelligent Environmental Monitoring

The Solar Collector Calculation in Integrative Solar Architecture

Ma Jing, Wang Qian
Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China mjja_as@eyou.com
AbstractEnergy is an important material foundation of the economical and social development. Building energy consumption has become an important part of the total social energy consumption. Develop and use renewable energy is importance for building energy efficiency and many countries made clear renewable energy development goals in the world. China is actively promoting Integrative Solar Architecture, solar heating and solar hot water systems are important part. In China, solar radiation is large in summer and only solar water heating needed, solar collector area need small. In winter, both solar hot water and solar heating needed, but the solar radiation is smaller, so the solar collector areas have multiplied. The relevant norms and the manual give the methods for calculation solar collector areas for solar heating and solar water heating used alone. But they did not give the method of how to calculation the solar collector areas when the solar hot water and solar heating used at the same time. This paper combination of meteorological parameters, simulates the typical architectural which use solar heating and solar hot water at the same time, and gives the method of calculation solar collector area. Keywords-Solar Calculation method energy; Heating; Solar collector;

II.

SOLAR COLLECTOR AREAS CALCULATION

Solar collector is the core components of the solar thermal systems, and reasonable calculation and choice is the key by reliable, efficient and economic operation of the solar thermal systems. A. Solar Collector Areas Calculation of Solar Hot Water System Solar collector areas of solar hot water system mainly affected by solar radiation, the amount of hot water, and the influencing factors are relatively small. At the same time, solar hot water system was one of the first uses of solar energy in the form of heat application. Many experiences were accumulating and form a perfect calculated method. As follows Eq. (1) [3]

ACW

QW CW (tend ti ) f J TWcd (1 L )

I.

INTRODUCTION

Energy has become an important problem in the world [1], Special Energy-Efficiency Plan during Medium and Long Term, is brought forward by the National Development and Reform Commission of China in 2005. Energy efficiency in buildings is one of ten key energy saving projects in this energy planning. In China, the total construction energy consumption is 46.7% of the total social energy consumption. In the total construction energy, building heating and air-conditioning power consumption is the first, accounted for about 65% of the total energy consumption; the followed is the hot water supply, accounting for 15% of the total energy consumption. Construction energy-saving is the most important [2]. With the China's "Renewable Energy Law" promulgation and implementation of relevant national policies, solar energy application technology has been unprecedented attention in China. China's solar hot water research, development and application have got a great deal of production; become the largest solar water heater production country in the world. Now, the use of solar thermal application technology has from a single solar hot water to integrated heating applications gradually [2].
978-0-7695-4350-5/11 $26.00 2011 IEEE DOI 10.1109/CDCIEM.2011.450

where ACW is gross collector area of solar water heating system(m2), QW is daily average water consumption(kg), CW is specific heat at constant pressure of water(kJ/(kg)), tend is design temperature in water storage tank(), ti is initial water temperature(), JTW is daily total solar irradiation on surface tilted at latitude(kJ/m2day), f is solar fraction(%), cd is year average collection efficiency based on a total area of the collector(%) and L is heat loss rate of pipeline and thermal storage devices(%) B. Solar Collector Areas Calculation of Solar Heating System With the solar water heating technology matures gradually, solar hot water heating system for urban construction will be an important direction of solar heating in the future. The difference between solar hot water heating systems and solar hot water system is solar hot water heating system is closed cycle, non-consumption of water. Solar collector area is concerned with solar radiation and construction heat load and its calculation method in the light of solar hot water systems [4]

ACH

86400QH f J TH cd (1 L )

where ACH is gross collector area of solar heating system(m2), QH is heating load of building(W), JTH is solar irradiation(kJ/m2day), f is solar fraction(%), cd is year average collection efficiency based on a total area of the
1900

collector(%) and L is heat loss rate of pipeline and thermal storage devices(%) Both solar hot water systems, and solar heating system based on the solar hot water, the load in winter is bigger than summer, but the solar irradiation in winter is smaller than summer. If the solar collector by the winter loadmatching, summer heat production will much greater than demand and this part of the heat wasted. At the same time, due to high temperature, not only resulted in low efficiency of the system, but also caused serious damage to the solar system. As a result, how to calculate the solar heating system collector area is facing a very important issue of solar system design. By the Eq. (2), we can see that solar collector area of solar heating system is relative to the building heat load, the solar radiation and solar fraction of the system designed. The building heat load is building its own inherent properties and solar radiation is concerned with the region. The building completion, the parameters were determined. The solar fraction is the design parameters, not only according to the buildings heat load and solar radiation, but also the other parameters. It is an important parameter in the system design. The choice of solar heating system heat load: For ordinary heating system, building heat load to be calculated using outdoor design temperature for heating, and outdoor design temperature for heating is average daily temperature which does not guarantee the 5-day for the calendar year [5]. Clearly, the heat load for building is the largest thermal load, and the building actual heat load is less than the largest thermal load in most of the time during heating period. If use the load to calculate the solar heating collector areas, will result in collector areas are too large. To ensure the solar collectors working at full capacity in most of time, and the construction heat load calculation should be carried out hour by hour during heating period. Master the construction the thermal characteristics of the load and heat load with high load factor for solar heating system collectors calculation. The choice of solar irradiation: The choice of solar irradiation in three different ways: (a) use daily average solar irradiation during heating period; (b) used daily average solar irradiation of the winter solstice month; (c) use daily average solar irradiation of the coldest month. If the solar radiation fluctuation is relatively small during heating period, the three different ways can be select freely. Otherwise, the choice should according to the characteristics of the system designed by a reasonable choice. The choice of solar fraction: Solar fraction is the percentage of solar energy heat supply for heat load calculation in solar heating system [6], and it is the important parameters. Solar fraction determines has the important relationship with the following parameters: (a) building heating load characteristics. If the heating load fluctuations little solar fraction can be enlarged, or else should choose a lower solar heating rate; (b) the daily average amount of solar radiation characteristics during

heating period; (c) the balance of winter and summer solar collector areas; (d) the solar heat storage system design. For short-term storage or non-storage systems, it should design lower rate of solar heating, for season-storage system, can ensure a higher rate of solar energy, to achieve the full use of solar energy [7, 8]; (e) system payback period 9]. III. APPLICATION EXAMPLE

A. Project General Situation The demonstration project of solar energy building integrated in Zhengzhou, it has four floors, and construction areas are 4605m2, 36 families. It provides residents hot water using solar energy all year and solar hot water auxiliary heating system in winter. B. Solar Hot Water System Calculation The residential has 24 residents, according to the 3.5 persons per household [10], the total is 126 persons. The maximum quota on water consumption is 100 L/person-day (60 ), in accordance with the highest daily average water consumption of water on a fixed 50%, average daily hot water consumption is 50L/person-day [11], the construction total quantity of hot water is 6300L/day. The daily average solar radiation is 15535kJ/m2day all-year in the local, design the solar fraction of 50%, the need of solar collectors is 129m2. C. Solar Heating System Calculation Heating load calculation: Figure 1 is the heating load of the residential hour by hour during heating period and it has large fluctuations, the largest load for 223.84kW, the average load 33.34kW and it is 15% of the largest. Fig. 2 is the residential building heat load rate curve in heating period; abscissa is the scope of the rate which the hourly heat load is the largest load, ordinate is the time rate of load rate. It can be seen that the time of hourly load less than 15% of the largest is about 65% during heating period, so the choice of the average load as a calculation load is pretty.
240 220 200 180

Heat load( W/m )

160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

-1 11 5 0 -2 0 11 0 0 -2 0 11 5 0 -3 0 0 12 00 12 5 0 -1 0 12 0 0 -1 0 12 5 0 -2 0 12 0 0 -2 0 12 5 0 -3 0 0 0 1- 0 4 0 1- 0 9 1- 00 14 1 - 00 19 1- 0 0 24 1- 00 29 0 2- 0 3 0 2- 0 8 2 - 00 13 2- 0 0 18 2- 00 23 2 - 00 28 0 3- 0 5 3- 00 10 00

11

Date(Month-day Hour)

Figure 1. Residential building hourly heat load in heating period

1901

The choice of solar irradiation: Figure 3 is the total solar irradiation for the day-to-day in heating period. It can be seen that solar irradiation is small in the early of the heating period and it is biggish in the latter, but on the whole it is not very different. Thus use the average solar radiation of the heating period can meet the design requirements. The choice of solar fraction: According to the constructions characteristic, total area is less and free space is restricted, do not take into storage equipment. The main consideration to determine the solar fraction is the load distribution and the heat balance of winter and summer. Fig. 4 is the heat load distribution under the average load. It can be seen that 21% of the time load is 10% of average load, and then preliminary consideration to ensure solar fraction of 10%. The calculation result of solar heating collectors area is 180m2, it is 1.4 times of the solar hot water, we can identify the solar fraction with 10% is proper in system design, and the hot uneven between summer and winter would not appear.
40% 35% 30% 25%

22% 20% 18% 16% 14%

Time rate

12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0%
41 -5 0% 61 -7 0% 10 % 0% 30 % 0% 31 -4 0% 80 % 0% 81 -9 11 -2 51 -6 91 -1 0 0%

21 -

Heat load rate

Figure 4. Heat load distribution of residential building in the average heat load

IV.

CONCLUSIONS

20% 15% 10% 5% 0%

05 6- % 1 11 0% -1 16 5% -2 21 0% -2 26 5% -3 31 0% -3 36 5% -4 41 0% -4 46 5% -5 51 0% -5 56 5% -6 61 0% -6 66 5% -7 71 0% -7 76 5% -8 81 0% -8 86 5% -9 91 0% 96 95% -1 00 %

Solar heating comprehensive application is the direction of solar energy used in building in the future, and it is an important measure for building energy efficacy. When calculate the solar collector area, the building heat load should be calculated hour by hour first and grasp the load distribution rule. At the same time the solar irradiation characteristic all year should be mastered too. So the solar fraction of the solar heating system can be choosing suitably. REFERENCES
T. Roulleau, and C. R. Lloyd, International policy issues regarding solar water heating with a focus on New Zealand, Energy Policy, 2008, pp. 1843-1857. [2] U. Tsinghua, Annual Report on China Building Energy Efficiency, China Construction Industry Press, Peking, CHINA, Chap.4, 2007. [3] B. Bob, and N. Benjamin, Solar Water Heating, New Society Publishers, Canada, Chap.3, 2006. [4] R.C. Zheng, Technical Guidebook For Solar Water Heating System of Civil Building, Chemical Industry Press, Peking, China, Chap.2, 2005. [5] Y.Q. LU, Practical design manual of heating and air-conditioning, China Construction Industry Press, Peking, CHINA, Chap.6, 2008. [6] W. Werner, Solar Heating Systems for Houses: A Design Handbook for Solar Combisystems, James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd., London, UK, Chap.3, 2003. [7] Q. El, and Hamid., Numerical analysis of a coupled solar collector latent heat storage unit using various phase change materials for heating the water, Energy Conversion and Management, 2009, pp. 247-254. [8] X. Q. Zhai, R. Z. Wang, and et al., Solar integrated energy system for a green building, Energy and Buildings, 2007, pp. 985-993. [9] H. Gunerhan, and A. Hepbasli, Exergetic modeling and performance evaluation of solar water heating systems for building applications, Energy and Buildings, 2007, pp.509-516. [10] GB50180-1993, Code for city residential area planning and designing, CHINA, 2002. [11] GB50015-2003, Code for design of building water supply and drainage, CHINA, 2003. [1]

Time rate

Heat load rate

Figure 2. The residential building heat load rate in heating period

18 16

Daily total solar irradiation (MJ/m )

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 11-15

12-5

12-25

1-14

2-3

2-23

3-15

Date

Figure 3. Solar irradiation in heating period

1902

71 -

1-