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Topics
Key Concepts What is DHCP? What does it do? Basic functioning DHCP Clients Installation / configuration DHCP Servers installation configuration Database definition DHCP Relay Agents
Key concepts
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides a framework for passing configuration information to hosts on a TCP/IP network. DHCP consists of two components: a protocol for delivering host-specific configuration parameters from a DHCP server to a host, and a mechanism for allocation of network addresses to hosts. (from IETF RFC 2131)
Key concepts
DHCP is a protocol for automatic and dynamic delivery of IP addresses and other configuration parameters to local computers: Mobility support (e.g. laptops) More efficient management of the addressing space (notion of lease loaning of addresses) Centralized management of the configuration of network clients (addresses, routers, DNS servers, etc.), without the need for local configurations on each client, whenever a parameter is modified. DHCP is a standard, OS-independent protocol
Key Concepts
client-server model DHCP is an evolution of BOOTP (Boot Protocol), used to provide diskless clients with an IP address provides to the clients: addresses (IP address, network mask, default gateway) pointers to name servers (DNS, etc.) other parameters (domain name, Microsoft Windows-parameters, etc.)
Key Concepts
DHCP reply: - IP address - default gateway - DNS server - ... ...
DHCP request
cliente DHCP
servidor DHCP
Source: http://www.isoc.org/inet95/proceedings/PAPER/127/html/paper.html
the client tries to renew the leased address when the lease time reaches half its lifetime, sending a DHCP Request to the server. If the client is not able to renew the lease, he will retry later, and keep retrying until the lease expires. Usually the client stores the leased address in persistent memory, therefore keeping the assigned address between reboots (as well as the lease does not expire meanwhile). However, this behavior is not 100% assured (some clients may have a different behavior).
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DHCP Implementations
for Unix environments the most known DHCP implementation is from Internet Software Consortium (http://www.isc.org/). It is usually included in Linux distributions. the DHCP client is included in every Windows flavor. Windows Server also includes a DHCP server.
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ISC Implementation
DHCP server (/usr/sbin/dhcpd) DHCP client (/sbin/dhclient) DHCP relay agent (/usr/sbin/dhcrelay) Server configuration file (/etc/dhcpd.conf) Example configuration file: /usr/share/doc/dhcp-x.0/dhcpd.conf.sample File with assigned leases: /var/lib/dhcp/dhcpd.leases (file names and location may vary from OS to OS)
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# Classes
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Standardized update mechanism defined by the IETF (RFC 2136). DHCP server may be configured to dynamically update the database of DNS zones, based on the assigned leases, either for direct mapping (A) or reverse mapping (PTR). For instance: a PC may have its Windows name reflected on DNS RRs. only active (leased) addresses appear on DNS RRs. It is necessary to ensure secure communication between the DHCP server and the DNS master server. more details after the first assignment
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PXE BIOS
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PreBoot API
TFTP API
UDP API
UNDI API
Additional References
On-line Resources: http://www.isc.org (ISC DHCP server) http://www.bind9.net/dhcp Bibliographic Resources: Jorge Granjal, Gesto de Sistemas e Redes em Linux, 2009 (Captulo 15) RFC 2131, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Craig Hunt, TCP/IP Network Administration, 3rd Edition, 2002 (chapter 9) RFC 2136, Dynamic DNS Updates
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