MAGNESIUM MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT

A GLOBAL OVERVIEW
Mihriban O. Pekguleryuz McGill University
JUNE 2007

MAGNESIUM MATERIALS DEVELOMENT A GLOBAL OVERVIEW AUTOMOTIVE AEROSPACE BIO-MATERIALS

NORTH ASIA AND AMERICA OCENIA EUROPE & EURASIA

THE AMERICAS

AUTOMOTIVE USES OF MAGNESIUM

Current and Future
CURRENT USE: INTERIOR COMPONENTS MID-TO-LONG-TERM

BODY
e.g Inner door panel, pillar structures - Wrought products (formability) - Structural casting alloys (ductility) Requires new alloys and processes

e.g.Instrument Panel, steering wheel - Stiffness, high ductility - Energy absorption AM alloys

CHASSIS
SHORT TERM : POWERTRAIN
e.g . Transmission case, engine parts - Creep resistance (150-200C) - Yield strength - Corrosion resistance - Mg-Al-RE & Mg-Al-Si Requires new alloys e.g. Wheel, suspension arm - Strength - High ductility, fatigue - Corrosion resistance Requires new alloys

ALLOY TYPES NEEDED IN THE SHORT-TO-MID-TERM CASTING ALLOYS

- Creep resistant (up to 150oC, 50MPa) - Creep resistant (175oC or above, 70MPa) - Improved castability (thin-walled)

1990s-o-present

New challenges

WROUGHT ALLOYS
- improved formability, rollability, workability at room temperature - corrosion resistance - low cost processes

BACKGROUND  1990s: potential use of Mg in the powertrain

MAGNESIUM CREEP RESISTANT ALLOYS FOR AUTOMOTIVE POWERTRAIN

North America: oil-pan, transmission case Europe: engine block and transmission case Requirements : Creep-resistance and tensile yield strength at and above 150C, castability and others.

BACKGROUND  Mg alloys have been traditional considered for die-casting (HPDC)  Conventional alloys (Mg-Al, Mg-Al-Zn) HPDC alloys lose creep resistance above 120C.  Traditional creep resistant alloys of Mg (HPDC) perform between 120150C.  Aerospace alloys (WE42): not die-castable; expensive ALLOY Creep resistance
TRADITIONAL ALLOYS

medium

medium
good up to 150C
AEROSPACE ALLOYS T C

AS41 AS21 AE42 WE42

High (200-250C)

 1990s to 2003: alloy development activities in North America, Europe, Israel, Australia, China, Japan

CREEP RESISTANT Mg ALLOYS (1970s(1970s-2004)

ALLOY MgMg-AlAl-Si AS21 (Mg(Mg-2Al2Al-1Si) MgMg-AlAl-Si (RE) MgMg-AlAl-RE Effects of Ca, Sr Pb, Pb, Sn, Sn, Bi MgMg-AlAl-Ca MgMg-AlAl-RERE-Ca ACM522-(Mg-5AlACM522--(Mg 5Al-2RE2RE-2Ca) Mg) Mg-RERE-Ca (Mn (Mn) EX {Mg{Mg-(2(2-5)RE5)RE-(0(0-1)Ca} ZAX850 MRI 153, MRI 230D AJ {Mg{Mg-(2(2-9)Al9)Al-(.5(.5-7)Sr} AXJ {Mg{Mg-5Al5Al-(2(2-3)Ca3)Ca-0.07Sr AJX {Mg{Mg-(2(2-9)Al9)Al-(.2(.2-.6)Sr.6)Sr-(.15(.15-.3Ca)
AXAX-other

DESIGNATION AS41 (Mg(Mg-4Al4Al-1Si) AS21x AE42, AE44 (Mg(Mg-4Al4Al-2 RE) AJ, AX, other AX51 {Mg{Mg-5Al5Al-(.2(.2-.8)Ca} AEX Honda MEL IMRA DSMDSM-VW Noranda GM Noranda
GKSS & City
Univ. Hong Kong

INVENTOR VW Hydro Mag. Mag. PATENTED Dow , Norsk ITM ITM NissanNissan-UBE Commercial
M.O. Pekgleryz et al.

STATUS / COMMENTS Commercial

Mg alloys & Appl., Appl., DGM, 1992 WO96/25529 (1995) (1995) EP 0799901 A1 (1997) EP 0791 662A1 WO96/24701 US 5855697 (1999) US 6139651 (2000) US 6322644 (2001) US 6264763 (2001) US 6342180 (2002)
Abu Leil etal, Mg Technology in the Global Age, Montreal CIM , 2006

MgMg-ZnZn-AlAl-Ca Mg) Mg-AlAl-RERE-Ca (Sr (Sr) MgMg-AlAl-Sr MgMg-AlAl-CaCa-Sr MgMg-AlAl-SrSr-Ca

MgMg-SnSn-Ca

COMMERCIAL USE OF CREEP RESISTANT ALLOYS IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS

1970s VW use of AS (Mg-Al-Si) alloys 1990s: Use of the Honda alloy (Mg-Al-RE-Ca) in oil-pan Recent: - Use of AS31 in transmission case - Use of DSM (Mg-Al-Ca-Sr-RE) alloys in VW - Use of AE44 in the engine cradle of Corvette - Use of the AJ (Mg-Al-Sr) alloys in the BMW engine block (in all 330 and 630 series coupe)

RECENT APPLICATION EXAMPLES AJ62 engine block on BMW 330, 630 series AE44 engine cradle on Corvette Z06

CanadaGermany

NorwayUSA

AJ alloy for automotive powertrain

Importance of prior knowledge: Exposure to industry problems, issues (research inst.) Grasp of Performance requirements
x Creep resistance (tensile & compressive) up to 175C (min creep rate) x BoltBolt-load retention up to 175C (50% (50% min) min) x Metallurgical / thermal stability x Tensile yield strength up to 175C (100 (100 MPa) MPa) x Fatigue resistance (fatigue limit at 175 C : 45 MPa min) min) xUltimate tensile strength up to 175C (130 (130 MPa) MPa) x SaltSalt-spray corrosion resistance (0.1(0.1-0.25 mg/cm2/day) xElongation (min 3% at room temperature) xAcceptable diecastability (comparable to AM or AE) Interdisciplinary xAcceptable cost (5(5-10 over alloy prices) xAvailability of raw materials team xAlloy production (compatibility with plant processes) xMelt handling (oxidation, sludge formation) xRecyclability

Alloy development and patenting: (creep resistance above 150C

Stable AlAl-Sr intermetallics, intermetallics, control of Al/Sr Al/Sr ratio prevents Mg17Al12 pptn) pptn)

1 year

Evaluation & casting process development, recycling, reliability, supplier certification, carried out jointly with the alloy company and the automotive company (internal foundry) :

2 years 4th year

Commercial production:

Important to maintain expertise in the form of institutes, clusters Important to maintain positive perspective on challenges

Mg-Al-Sr Alloys (Noranda)

2-10% Al, 1.2-7%Sr One of the compositions commercialized in automotive engine block

AJ52x AJ62x D-Mg and

Type A Type B intermetallics

Al 390 alloy insert

BMW hybrid engine block

Mg J alloy

The scientific fall out

- Creep involves thermally activated recovery processes: dislocation creep, diffusional) -To be prominent above 0.3 Tm of Mg and of the solute Mg alloys especially diecast alloys have different mechanisms at room to moderate temperatures and moderate stress regimes: Stress and/or thermally induced precipitation from the supersaturated primary phase (e.g. Mg17Al12), or through decomposition of intermetallics (in AE alloys) which facilitates grain boundary migration - Hence we need to prevent this type of pptn - Use metallurgically stable precipitates in alloy design - For higher temperatures: more strategies and alloy phase diagrams need to be developed. Grain boundary - Nano scale ppts in the grain interior migration

Creep induced Mg17Al12 pptn

NEW INTEREST: MAGNESIUM ALLOYS with higher CREEP RESISTANCE

Alloys resistant to temperatures 200-300oC & 70-100MPa Gear-box, ZE41 1) POSSIBLE USE OF sand cast by Hayley Gear-box, QE22 COMMERCIAL AEROSPACE sand cast by Hayley
ALLOYS Y, R.E. (Ce, Nd), Ag, Cu, Zn

CONTAINING ALLOYS
WE43, WE54, QE22,

ZE41, ZC63, RZ5, ZRE1

2) NEW DEVELOPMENT FOR AUTOMOTIVE MEL and DSM ALLOYS NEW Yttrium CONTAINING ALLOYS Sc and Gd CONTAINING alloys

MAGNESIUM CASTING ALLOYS WITH HIGHER CREEP RESISTANCE

ALLOY DESIGNATION COMPANY / RESEARCHER MEL Prof. Kamado Prof. Mordike Prof. Mordike MEL MEL MEL S. Beer et al MRI 201S, MRI 201S DSMDSM-VW Commercial Experimental Experimental Experimental US 6193817 (2001) -Experimental Commercial STATUS / COMMENTS

Mg-Y-RE Mg-Gd-Y-Zr
-

WE43, WE54 -

Mg-Y-Zn-Zr Mg-Y-Zn-Nd-Zr Mg-Zn-RE (Zr) ZE41, EZ33, ZE62 MEZ (2.5RE, 0.5Zn) ZC63 Mg-Zn-Cu (Mn) MgMg-Si (Al,Ca, RE) hypereutectic MgMg-AlAl-SiSi-(Ca) Mg-Sc-Mn-Ce Mg-Gd-(Y or Sc)-Mn Mg-2.7Nd-1.3Gd0.5Zn-0.6Zr Elektron 21 -

Clausthal, Germany / Charles Univ., Czech Experimental Prof. Mordike MEL Experimental Commercial

Mg-Sc-Mn-Ce Alloys
Sc initially selected as potential age-hardening behavior but MgSc forms very slowly and is incoherent. Mn addition result in Mn2Sc in addition to MgSc. Ce dditions lead to Mg12Ce grain boundary precipitates. Some compositions show better creep performance than WE43

Magnesium Technology: Metallurgy, Design Data, Automotive Applications H. Friedrich, B. Mordike, Eds., USISBN:3540205993, Springer Verlag. 2005.

Mg-Gd-Based Alloys
Many possible intermetallics in higher order alloys At 250C, creep is comparable to WE43 but at 350C creep rate is two orders of magnitude lower.

Elektron 21 (UK) Mg-2.7Nd-1.3Gd-0.5Zn-0.6Zr

WROUGHT MAGNESIUM ALLOYS FOR AUTOMOTIVE BODY APPLICATIONS

BACKGROUND  Aluminum intensive cars use a combination of extrusions,

sheet and castings for weight reduction.

 There is new interest in Mg intensive carbody

 Canada-China-US collaboration for magnesium-intensive front-end construction Requirements : Formable, ductile and high strength Mg extrusion and sheet alloys

Magnesium Sheet
Automotive d) inner door (VW), e) Hybrid Mg/Al engine bonnet (VW) f) Prototype Opel G90 with Mg sheet roof g) Sandwich interior panel h) Prototype front fender
Geometrical tolerances Surface quality

Deformation behavior

Corrosion resistance

Isotropical properties
VW

Optimized alloys

Suitable bonding processes

Costs, Availability

Magnesium Sheet Production Today and Tomorrow, Fr.-W. Bach, M. Rodman, A. Rossberg and M. Hepke, University of Hanover, Germany, in Magnesium Technology in the Global Age, COM 2006

Deformation Behaviour of Magnesium

Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Crystal Structure
a=3.2030, c=5.2002, c/a ratio 1.6235 Low temperatures Limited formability: Only Basal slip & twinning

Improved formability
At high temperatures (above 250C) Non-basal slip is activated. Formability improves Ultra Fine grain size (< 8 Pm)
plastic compatibility increases and grain boundary sliding takes over increasing the ductility, formability and leading to superplasticity
A. A. Kaya, M. O. Pekguleryuz, D. Eliezer, Deformation and Processing of Structural Materials. ZX. Guo Ed. Chapter.2, Whitehead Publ., Cambridge, England, 2005

ALLOYING FOR IMPROVED FORMABILITY ?

Solutes 1. change in c/a ratio changing Peierls stresses (Li, Zn) 2. change in basal plane stacking fault energy (low SFE~ 10mJm-2) enabling cross slip from basal planes. 3. With high Growth restriction factor to produce grain refining (Sr, Ca) Second Phases 1. Enhancing recrystallization 2. Avoiding grain growth after recrystallization

A. A. Kaya, M. O. Pekguleryuz, D. Eliezer, Deformation and Processing of Structural Materials. ZX. Guo Ed. Chapter.2, Whitehead Publ., Cambridge, England, 2005

WROUGHT MAGNESIUM ALLOYS

SHEET
AZ31 Mg-Mn (M1) Mg-Mn-Ce (ME10) Mg-Li-Al (LA141A, LA91) Mg-Zn-RE (ZE10) Mg-Zn-Zr (ZK11, ZK31)

EXTRUSION
AZ10, AZ31, AM30 AZ61, AZ80, M1, M2, ZK11, ZK31, ZK40, ZK60, ZK61, ZM61, ZM21, WE43, WE54

FORGING
AZ31, AZ80, AZ80m, AZ61, ZM21 ZK31, ZK60 WE43, WE54

ZK31 forged landing gear for jet airliner

Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Magnesium

Comparing AZ31, AE21, ZEK100 sheet (University of Hannover, Germany)

DC-cast (UDC, 90 mm) Strip-cast (Hazelett, 60 x 8 mm) AZ31

Microstructures of AZ31 and ZEK100 after DC- and strip casting. Finer grain size in strip cast sheet compared to DC-cast.
3,2 3,0
ZEK100 AZ31

2,8 2,6 2,4 2,2 2,0 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2

source

ZEK100

Limit drawing ratio 0,max [%]

AE21

1,0 100
AZ31 RD RD AE21 Reference ZEK100 RD

125

150

175

200

225

250

275

300

325

350

Temperature T [C]

Higher formability in ZEK100 at ~200oC

IR photograph of AZ31 in rolling gap

T=100C

T=20C

Localized deformation and recrystallization in Al-containing alloys; more homogeneous recrystallization in ZEK100 during rolling

Magnesium Sheet Production Today and Tomorrow, Fr.-W. Bach, M. Rodman, A. Rossberg and M. Hepke, University of Hanover, Germany, in Magnesium Technology in the Global Age, COM 2006

Texture studies Mg-Y-Nd (WE43)

Texture randomization if the annealing temperature is above the solvus
a b c d

50m

a) Sample 1 ( =.5 v =.001mm/s) annealed 480C 5 hours, b) Sample 1 ( = 0.5, v = 0.001 mm/s) re-annealed 515C 4 hrs, c) Sample 2 ( = 0.64, v = 5 mm/s) annealed 15 min, and d) same as (c) prior to etching
a b c
4.00 3.00

(00.2)
TD RD

2.00 1.50 1.00 0.75

(10.0)

0.50 0.25

RXXed textures a) Sample 2 annealed below the solvus, b) Sample 2 re-annealed above the solvus, and c) Sample 4 annealed above the solvus

Texture Randomization During Thermomechancial Processing of A Magnesium-Yttrium-Neodymium Alloy, J.W. Senn and S.R. Agnew University of Virginia, in Magnesium Technology in the Global Age, CIM, 2006

MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY DEVELOPMENT

ALLOY DESIGNATION COMPANY / RESEARCHER Commercial STATUS / COMMENTS

Sheet alloys
Mg-Li-Al Mg-Li-Al-Zn Mg-Li-Al-Zn Mitsui Mining / Kyoto Univ McGill/GM LZ61 (Mg-6Li-1Zn), ( LZ91 (Mg-9.5Li-1Zn) LZ121 (Mg-12Li-1Zn) ALZ (Mg-3Al-3Li-1Zn) W3 (Mg(Mg-3Y) LE91 (Mg(Mg-9Li9Li-1Y) LA141( Mg-14Li-1Al) LA91(Mg-9Li-1Al) LAZ933 (Mg-9Li-3Al-3Zn

Experimental Experimental

Mg-Al-Zn-Li Mg-Y Mg-Li-Y

McGill/GM
Osaka Univ/NIMS Univ/NIMS

Experimental Experimental

Extrusion Alloys
Mg-Zn-(Y or Ho) MgMg-Y W0(MgW0(Mg-0.23Y) ZW61 (Mg(Mg-6.5Zn6.5Zn-1Y) NIMS (Japan) Manchester/MEL Experimental Experimental

Forging Alloys
AZ80+ (0.3-0.5Sr) Mazda/ITM used in wheels

Lithium-Containing Alloy Sheet - Lithium is the lightest metal (U =0.53 g/cm3)

and has high solubility in Mg. - > 6wt%Li a BCC E- Li solid-solution second phase exists. Alloys is DE dual phase. Microstructural refinement of second phase is also important. - >11wt%Li, the alloy is single solid solution BCC E-Li phase. BCC phase has excellent formability but is low strength, needs to be strengthened via alloying (with Al, Ag, Zn, Y etc).

D  E

Current alloys: LA141( Mg-14Li-1Al) and LA91(Mg-9Li-1Al) as well as LAZ933

1990s: research in Germany and Japan on Mg-Li (University of Hannover,

Ruhr University, Germany. Kyoto University &Mitsui Mining, Japan)

Mg-Li-Zn alloys (Kyoto Univ & Mitsui Mining, Japan)

Mg-6Li-1Zn, Mg-9.5Li-1Zn and Mg-12Li-1Zn alloy thin sheets. The Mg-6Li-1Zn sheet is D (hcp) phase and has low ductility. Mg-9.5Li-1Zn is ( DE ) and Mg-12Li-1Zn is E single phase. They show high strain rate sensitivity and have sufficiently high ductility at low strain rates. The dual phase Mg-9.5Li-1Zn sheet is superior to the single E-phase Mg-12Li1Zn sheet in the tensile strength.

Effects of Li on the Thermomechanical Processing of Mg and AZ31 (Canada-US) Alloy

Mg-3Li

Process
Homogenized at 8hr at 380C + 42% reduction at 350C + 10 min anneal at 400C. Fully recrystallized (30 to 100m). Average grain size: 69m. Serrated grain boundaries. Shear bands and twins, large areas recrystallized. Small precipitates at grain boundaries. Partially recrystallized microstructure, most recrystallized grains < 15m. Average grain size: 106m. Serrated grain boundaries, few twins, largely unrecrystallized. Small precipitates at grain and deformation-induced boundaries. Fully recrystallized (15 to 30m). AZ31+3Li Average grain size: 222m. Serrated grain boundaries. Twins and partial recrystallization.

Microstructure

AZ31

Homogenized at 8hr at 380C + 42% reduction at 350C + 10min anneal at 400C

AZ31+3Li

Homogenized at 8hr at 380C + 42% reduction at 350C + 10min anneal at 400C

Mg-3Li AZ31

L.W.F. Mackenzie, M. Pekguleryuz (McGill University), R. Verma(GM), Magnesium Technology 2006 TMS

Yttrium containing Alloys

Alloy
Mg-3Y

(Canada-US) Process
Homogenized at 8hr at 380C + 42% reduction at 350C + 10min anneal at 400C.

Summary of the Effects of Y on the Thermomechanical Processing of Mg and AZ31

Microstructure
Average grain size: 102m. Heterogeneous. Twins, shear bands and fine precipitates. Fully recrystallized (15 to 30m).

AZ31

Homogenized at 8hr at 380C + 42% reduction at 350C + 10min anneal at 400C AZ31+1Y Homogenized at 8hr at 380C + 42% reduction at 350C + 10min anneal at 400C

Average grain size: 69m. Serrated grain boundaries. Shear bands and twins, large areas recrystallized. Small precipitates at grain boundaries. Partially recrystallized, most recrystallized grains < 15m. Average grain size: 113m. Serrated grain boundaries, heterogeneous, twins, largely recrystallized. Fine grains, some twins and some regions remain unrecrystallized. Concentrations of fine particles, recrystallized grains < 10m . AZ31+1Y Mg-3Y AZ31

L.W.F. Mackenzie, M. Pekguleryuz (McGill University), R. Verma(GM), Magnesium Technology 2006 TMS

Extrusion: improvement of extrudability and recrystallization

Promotion of dynamic recystallization (DRX) and reduction of yield asymmetry via non-basal dislocations.
Mg-Zn-Y and Mg-Zn-Ho with Quasi-Crystalline phases, A. Singh et al. (National Inst for Materials Science, Tsuba, Japan* C-type dislocations
Alloy condition Yield strength (MPa) Tensile Compressive 263 190 241 238 186 220 Naturally aged (3 years) Annealed 400qC (4 h)

Mg-6.5Zn-1Y
Ratio

0.90 0.98 0.92

Annealed & aged 200qC (12h)

Promotion of DRX and enhanced ductility in Mg-0.23wt Y alloy R. Cottam et al., University of Manchester and MEL, UK*
Pure Mg Mg-0.2wt%Y Mg-0.8wt%Y Mg-2.7wt%Y

25Pm

* In Magnesium Technology in the Global Age, CIM, 2006

Forging: Improvement of forgeability Improvement of AZ80 via Sr-grain refining (0.20.5wt%Sr) for wheels Mazda 1994-1996 Japan

Forged automotive wheels

Civil Aircraft
1934

AEROSPACE USE OF MAGNESIUM

British jet airliner (De Havilland) with 600 Mg castings: Engine block, wheels, instrument panel, control lever, seats, wheel fairings, nose piece, front and rear engine crawlings.
BOEING 707, 727, 37, 747 Parts of the doors, Small wing components, hinges.

1980-2006 AIRBUS: Mg engine, gearbox, landing gear and wheels (WE43, QE22, EQ21).

Mg is not allowed inside the cabin because of flammability

AEROSPACE MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT Interest: Ignition-proof magnesium for cabin interior. Strength and low weight are also important. Most aerospace parts are machined from plate.

Machined panels. Prototype Mg panel (Bohm, Germany)

According to flammability test, WE43 is considered ignition proof. Mg-Ca alloys are candidates. Japanese work 1990s showed that high levels of Ca creates very stable melt without the need of cover gas production.

MAGNESIUM AS A BIO-MATERIAL
Magnesium as Metallic Bio-implants
Mg is Biocompatible, and match tissue (e.g. bone, vascular tissue) properties more closely than other bio-compatible metals

Magnesium as Repair Bio-implants

Mg rod

Mg is bio-degradable (where corrosion is an asset) for bone repair surgery and for tissue engineering (allowing bone growth). Mg bio-degrades in-vivo and avoids repeat surgery for the removal of repair implant. Bone repair implants and bio-absorbable stents.

bone

MAGNESIUM AS A BIO-MATERIAL Bio degradable Mg was introduced in 1930s but the alloys corroded too fast. In-vivo corrosion rate needed to be slowed down. Bio-absorbable stents currently introduced by a German company. Use Mg-2Al-1RE- (Zr, Y). Ions released are slightly toxic. Orthopedic applications; Mg-Nd-Ce-Dysprosium-Zn-Al repair pins plates and wires. Hydrogen gas released during Mg corrosion is problem for the surrounding tissue.
Bio-compatible Mg alloys with slow corrosion rate and negligible gas evolution in bio environment, Mg foam, scaffold, mesh structures for tissue engineering and stents for arterial repair

Evaluating the Bio-Compatibility of Mg Pure Mg shows rapid degradation and hydrogen evaluation in simulated body serum (Hank solution) which my cause tissue necrosis. Alloys with slower corrosion rate can be a solution but the alloy has to be non toxic (bio-compatible. In this study AZ91D showed slower corrosion rate but Al is not bio-compatible. Coatings that slow down corrosion is an alternate route (anodized aluminum shows slower degradation). Si trace levels are released and the limit may be acceptable
60

AUSTRALIA

 

50

Pure Mg
        

Anodized AZ91D

40

30 20

H 2 e v o lu tio n ra te (m l/d a y /cm 2 )

10

+  Y R OX P H P OF P   

0 0 immersion time (hrs) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100







 LP P HUVLR QWL P HKR X UV





Guangling Song , The University of Queensland, Australia, Magnesium as a Possible Degradable Bio-Compatible Material, in Magnesium Technology in the Global Age, CIM, 2006

Mg-Ca Alloys as absorbable bio-implants

All electrochemical investigations are made in a 5% NaCl-solution buffered with a TRIS solution to a constant pH value of 7.4 (physiologically pH value).
Table 1: Alloy Composition alloy 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 calcium content (mass%) 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,5 1,7 2,0 2,5 3,0 4,0 magnesium content (mass%) rest Mg (99,8%) rest Mg (99,8%) rest Mg (99,8%) rest Mg (99,8%) rest Mg (99,8%) rest Mg (99,8%) rest Mg (99,8%) rest Mg (99,8%) rest Mg (99,8%) rest Mg (99,8%)

Finely dispersed eutectic precipitation in Mg-0.4Ca alloy

1200

1000

mg(pur) mgca0,4 mgca0,6 mgca0,8 mgca1,2 mgca2,0

800

600

gas volume [cm^3]

Mg-0.8%Ca
400

The results of the immersion tests show an optimal calcium concentration of 0.6wt% and 0.8wt% .

200

Mg-0.6%Ca
0 0 200 400 600 800 1000

0.6wt% recommended; it corrodes very slow and is homogeneous

in

time of imersion [h]

Hassel, Th.; Bach Fr.-W.; Golovko, A.; Krause, Ch. Univ. of Hannover, Germany,

Magnesium Technology in the Global Age, CIM, 2006

In Vivo-Evaluation of Mg Bio-Degradation Extruded cylindrical pins of MgCa0.8%, WE43 and LAE442 were implanted in the tibia 3 and 6 months.
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 MgCa(0,8) WE 43 LAE 442 initial state 3 months 6 months v o lu m e lo s s [% ]

X-sectional change

SEM showing osteosynthesis (bone regeneration) a) Surface of a pin of MgCa(0.8) (six months) with commencing ossification, b) trabecular bone tissue on the surface of the implant

Chr. Krause and D. Bormann, Th. Hassel, Fr.-W. Bach (University of Hanover), H. Windhagen (Medical University of Hanover) and A. Krause, Chr. Hackenbroich, A. Meyer-Lindenberg (University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover), Mechanical Properties of Degradable Magnesium Implants In Dependence of the Implantation Duration in Magnesium Technology in the Global Age, CIM, 2006

3 point bending tests were carried out to investigate the possible changes of the mechanical properties. The three magnesium alloys show a decrease of the mechanical strength with an increasing implantation time. WE43 shows unpredictable fracture behavior. LAE442 may have problems related to RE release. Mg 0.8%Ca seems to be the recommendable alloy

SYNOPSIS
HIGH CREEP RESISTANT MAGNESIUM ALLOYS Mg-Gd based alloys for very high creep resistance (350oC). Lower cost alloys need to be developed for automotive use WROUGHT MAGNESIUM Fundamental materials/alloy knowledge related to wrought magnesium is slowly emerging Worthy of note are : Mg-Zn & Mg-Li based alloys with other dilute additions. Selection of alloying elements, their levels and processing/annealing temperatures important in texture randomization. MAGNESIUM AS AEROSPACE AND BIO MATERIALS Reduced flammability and bio-degradable bio-compatible materials with slower corrosion rates point towards Mg-Ca-based alloys FUTURE: More interaction among groups, at pre- competitive level and if possible large scale inter-group activities, need to be fostered.

Stellar magnesium