A P P E N D I X

Technical
Data
Table 1A
Table 1B
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Figure 1

Figure 2
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9

Base Units of the International System of Units (SI) and

Their Definitions
Supplementary SI Units and Their Definitions
Derived Units of the SI System
Prefixes of SI Multiple and Submultiple Units
Velocity and Frictional Head Loss in Old Cast Iron Piping
Based on Hazen-Williams C  100
Change in Hazen-Williams Coefficient C with Years of
Service for Cast Iron Pipes Handling Soft, Clear, Unfiltered
Water
Atmospheric Pressures for Altitudes up to 12,000 ft (3600 m)
Velocity and Frictional Head Loss in New Schedule 40
(Standard Weight) Steel Piping Based on Darcy-Weisbach
Viscosity of Common Liquids
Viscosity Conversion Tables
Properties of Water at Temperatures from 40 to 705.4F
(4.4 to 374.1C)
Conversions of USCS to SI Units

A.2
A.2
A.3
A.3
A.4
A.6

A.7
A.8
A.10
A.20
A.22
A.25

A.2

APPENDIX

TABLE 1A Base units of the International System of Units (SI) and their definitions
Symbol

Unit

Definition
a

meter

kg

kilogram

second

ampere

kelvin

cd

candela

mol

mole

Unit of length equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in vacuum of

the radiation corresponding to the transition between the
2p10 and 5d5 levels of the krypton-86 atom
Unit of mass equal to that of the international prototype of the
kilogram
Unit of time equal to the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of
the radiation corresponding to the transition between two
hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom
Unit of electric current equal to that which, if maintained in
two straight parallel conductors of infinite length and
negligible cross-section and placed 1 meter (m) apart in
vacuum, produces between those conductors a force equal to
2  107 newtons per meter (N/m) of length
Unit of thermodynamic temperature equal to the fraction
1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple
point of water
Unit of luminous intensity equal to that (in the perpendicular
direction) of a surface of 1/600,000 m2 of a blackbody at the
temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure of
101,325 newtons per square meter (N/m2)
Unit of substance equal to the moment of substance of a system
that contains as many elementary entitiesb as there are
atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12

Spelled metre in countries other than the United States.

When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules,
ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of each particles.
b

TABLE 1B Supplementary SI units

Symbol

Unit

Definition

rad

radian

sr

steradian

Unit of measure of a planar angle with its vertex at the center

of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the radius
Unit of measure of a solid angle with its vertex at the center of
a sphere and enclosing an area of the spherical surface equal
to that of a square with sides equal in length to the radius

A.3

TECHNICAL DATA

TABLE 2 Derived units of the SI system

Quantity

Unit

Acceleration
Angular acceleration
Angular velocity
Area
Density
Energy
Force
Frequency
Power
Pressure
Stress
Velocity
Viscosity, dynamic
Viscosity, kinematic
Volume
Work

meters per second per second

radians per second per second
radians per second
square meters
kilograms per cubic meter
joules
newtons
hertz
watts
pascals
newtons per square meter
meters per second
newton-seconds per square meter
square meters per second
cubic meters
joules

Symbol

Formula

Nm
kg  m/s2
cycle/s
J/s
N/m2

Nm

m/s
rad/s2
rad/s
m2
kg/m3
J
N
Hz
W
Pa
N/m2
m/s
N  s/m2
m2/s
m3
J

TABLE 3 Prefixes for SI multiple and submultiple units

Prefix

SI symbol

Multiplication factor

exa
peta
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto

E
P
T
G
M
k
h
da
d
c
m
m
n
p
f
a

1018
1015
1012
109
106
103
102
10
101
102
103
106
109
1012
1015
1018

TABLE 4 Velocity and frictional head loss in old cast iron piping based on Hazen-Williams C  100
gpma

vb

fc

v
d

3-in ID pipe

A.4

30
40
50
60
70

1.36
1.81
2.27
2.72
3.18

80
90
100
125
150

3.63
4.08
4.54
5.68
6.81

175
200
225
250
275

0.534
0.910
1.38
1.92
2.56

gpm

4-in ID pipe
0.77
1.02
1.28
1.53
1.79

0.131
0.224
0.338
0.475
0.631

5-in ID pipe
0.82
0.98
1.14

0.114
0.160
0.213

0.79

0.088

30
40
50
60
70

3.28
4.08
4.96
7.50
10.5

2.04
2.30
2.55
3.19
3.83

0.808
1.01
1.22
1.85
2.59

1.31
1.47
1.63
2.04
2.47

0.273
0.339
0.412
0.623
0.874

0.91
1.02
1.14
1.42
1.70

0.112
0.139
0.170
0.256
0.360

0.96

0.89

80
90
100
125
150

7.95
9.08
10.2
11.3
12.5

14.0
17.9
22.3
27.1
32.3

4.47
5.10
5.74
6.38
7.02

3.44
4.41
5.48
6.67
7.96

2.86
3.27
3.68
4.08
4.50

1.16
1.49
1.85
2.25
2.68

1.99
2.27
2.55
2.84
3.12

0.478
0.613
0.762
0.926
1.11

1.12
1.28
1.44
1.60
1.76

0.118
0.151
0.188
0.228
0.272

1.02
1.12

0.077
0.092

13.6
15.9
18.2

37.9
50.4
64.6

7.65
8.93
10.2
11.5
24.1

9.34
12.4
15.9
19.8
8.18

4.90
5.72
6.54
7.36
8.12

3.13
4.20
5.38
6.68
5.68

3.41
3.97
4.54
5.10
3.34

1.30
1.73
2.21
2.75
3.19

1.91
2.23
2.55
2.87
0.823

0.320
0.425
0.545
0.678
2.04

1.23
1.43
1.63
1.84
0.278

0.108
0.144
0.184
0.228

300
350
400
450
500

14.0
15.3
16.6
17.9

28.7
33.7
39.1
44.9

8.99
9.81
10.6
11.4
12.3

9.69
11.4
13.2
15.1
17.2

6.24
6.81
7.38
7.94
8.51

3.99
4.68
5.43
6.23
7.08

3.51
3.82
4.15
4.47
4.78

0.982
1.15
1.34
1.53
1.74

2.24
2.45
2.65
2.86
3.06

0.331
0.389
0.452
0.518
0.589

550
600
650
700
750

13.1
14.7
16.3
18.0

19.4
24.1
29.3
35.0

9.08
10.2
11.4
12.5
13.6

7.98
9.92
12.1
14.4
16.9

5.10
5.74
6.38
7.02
7.66

1.97
2.44
2.97
3.55
4.17

3.26
3.67
4.08
4.50
4.90

0.666
0.825
1.00
1.20
1.41

800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200

6-in ID pipe

8-in ID pipe

10-in ID pipe

175
200
225
250
275

12-in ID pipe
300
350
400
450
500

0.99
1.13
1.28
1.42

0.059
0.076
0.094
0.114

14-in ID pipe
0.94
1.04

0.044
0.054

12.8
16-in ID pipe

550
600
650
700
750

1.56
1.70
1.84
1.99
2.13

0.136
0.160
0.186
0.214
0.242

1.15
1.25
1.36
1.46
1.56

0.064
0.076
0.088
0.100
0.114

0.96
1.04
1.12
1.20

0.039
0.046
0.052
0.060

0.95

0.034

800
900
1,000
1,100
,200

2.27
2.55
2.83
3.12
3.40

0.273
0.339
0.412
0.492
0.578

1.67
1.88
2.08
2.29
2.50

0.129
0.160
0.195
0.232
0.273

1.28
1.44
1.60
1.76
1.92

0.067
0.084
0.102
0.121
0.143

1.01
1.13
1.26
1.39
1.51

0.038
0.047
0.057
0.068
0.080

18-in ID pipe

20-in ID pipe
1.02
1.12
1.23

0.034
0.041
0.048

TABLE 4
gpm

Continued.
b

fc

A.5

1,300
1,400
1,500
1,600
1,800

3.69
3.97
4.25
4.54
5.11

0.671
0.770
0.875
0.985
1.22

2.71
2.92
3.12
3.33
3.75

0.316
0.363
0.413
0.465
0.578

2.08
2.24
2.40
2.55
2.87

0.165
0.190
0.215
0.243
0.302

1.64
1.76
1.89
2.02
2.27

0.093
0.107
0.121
0.137
0.170

1.33
1.43
1.53
1.63
1.84

0.056
0.064
0.073
0.082
0.102

24-in ID pipe
1.06
1.13
1.28

0.030
0.034
0.042

2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000

5.67
7.09
8.51
9.93
11.3

1.49
2.25
3.16
4.20
5.38

4.17
5.21
6.25
7.29
8.33

0.703
1.06
1.49
1.98
2.54

3.19
3.99
4.78
5.59
6.39

0.367
0.555
0.778
1.04
1.33

2.52
3.15
3.78
4.41
5.04

0.207
0.312
0.438
0.583
0.746

2.04
2.55
3.06
3.57
4.08

0.124
0.187
0.262
0.349
0.447

1.42
1.77
2.13
2.48
2.83

0.051
0.077
0.108
0.143
0.184

4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500

12.8
14.2
15.6
17.0
18.4

6.68
8.13
9.70
11.4
13.2

9.38
10.4
11.5
12.5
13.6

3.15
3.83
4.58
5.38
6.24

7.18
7.98
8.78
9.68
10.4

1.65
2.00
2.39
2.81
3.26

5.67
6.30
6.93
7.56
8.19

0.928
1.13
1.35
1.58
1.83

4.59
5.10
5.61
6.12
6.73

0.555
0.675
0.806
0.947
1.10

3.19
3.54
3.90
4.25
4.61

0.228
0.278
0.332
0.390
0.452

7,000
7,500
8,000
9,000
10,000

19.9

15.2

14.6
15.6
16.7
18.8

7.16
8.13
9.16
11.4

11.2
12.0
12.8
14.4
16.0

3.74
4.24
4.79
5.95
7.24

8.82
9.45
10.1
11.3
12.6

2.11
2.39
2.69
3.39
4.07

7.15
7.66
8.17
9.18
10.2

1.26
1.43
1.61
2.01
2.44

4.96
5.32
5.66
6.38
7.09

0.518
0.589
0.664
0.825
1.00

7,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000

17.6
19.2

8.63
10.1

13.9
15.1
16.4
17.6
18.9

4.86
5.71
6.62
7.59
8.63

11.2
12.3
13.3
14.3
15.3

2.91
3.42
3.96
4.54
5.27

7.80
8.51
9.12
9.93
10.6

1.20
1.41
1.63
1.87
2.13

11,000
12,000
13,000
14,000
15,000

16.3
18.4

5.82
7.24

11.3
12.8
14.2
17.7

2.40
2.98
3.62
5.48

16,000
18,000
20,000
25,000

11,000
12,000
13,000
14,000
15,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
25,000

14.8
15.9
17.0
18.2

19.6
22.5
25.5
28.8

v
8.30
8.93
9.55
10.2
11.5
12.8
16.0
19.1

4.83
5.54
6.30
7.10
8.83

5.31
5.72
6.12
6.53
7.35

1.63
1.87
2.13
2.39
2.98

1,300
1,400
1,500
1,600
1,800

8.17
10.2
12.3
14.3
16.3

3.62
5.48
7.67
10.2
13.1

2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000

18.4

16.3

4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500

10.7
16.2
22.8

gpm

1 gpm  6.31  105 m3/s  0.227 m3/h  0.0631 liters/s

Velocity, in feet per second. 1 ft/s  0.305 m/s
c
Frictional head loss, in feet of water per 100 feet of pipe. 1 ft  0.305 m. Friction values apply to cast iron pipes after 15 years of service handling average water at 60F (15.6C). Based
on Hazen-Williams formula with C  100. See Figure 1 for other values of C.
d
1 in  25.4 mm
a
b

A.6

APPENDIX

FIGURE 1 Change in Hazen-Williams coefficient C with years of service, for cast iron pipes handling soft, clear,
unfiltered water at 60F (15.6C). To correct head loss from Table 4, which is based on C  100, multiply by the
conversion factor. For example, with a flow of 700 gpm through a 6-in pipe, the frictional head loss is 6.23 ft per 100
ft of pipe with C  100. For C  130, the conversion factor is 0.613; therefore, the frictional head loss is 6.23 
0.613  3.82 ft per 100 ft of pipe (see also Section 8.1) (1 in  25.4 mm).

TECHNICAL DATA

FIGURE 2

Atmospheric pressures for altitudes up to 12,000 ft (3600 m)

A.7

TABLE 5 Velocity and frictional head loss in new schedule 40 (standard weight) steel piping based on Darcy-Weisbach
gpma

vb

fc

gpm

1-in pipe
(1.049-in ID)

14 -in pipe
(1.380-in ID)

12 -in pipe
(1.610-in ID)

A.8

1
2
3
4
5

0.37
0.74
1.11
1.49
1.86

0.11
0.39
0.82
1.37
2.08

0.43
0.64
0.86
1.07

0.10
0.21
0.36
0.54

0.47
0.63
0.79

0.10
0.17
0.26

6
8
10
15
20

2.23
2.97
3.71
5.56
7.41

2.83
4.88
7.12
15.0
25.6

1.28
1.72
2.14
3.21
4.28

0.76
1.29
1.95
4.06
6.80

0.95
1.26
1.57
2.36
3.15

0.35
0.61
0.90
1.87
3.12

0.57
0.76
0.96
1.43
1.91

0.10
0.17
0.26
0.54
0.92

3.94
4.72
6.30
7.87

4.70
6.60
11.2
16.6

2.38
2.86
3.82
4.77
5.72
6.68
7.62
8.60
9.56

3 2 -in pipe
(3.548-in ID)

25
30
40
50
60

0.81
0.97
1.30
1.62
1.94

0.10
0.13
0.23
0.34
0.48

70
80
90
100
125

2.27
2.59
2.91
3.24
4.05

150
175
200
225
250

4.86
5.66
6.48
7.30
8.10

4-in pipe
(4.026-in ID)

5.35
6.43

1.01
1.26
1.51

0.12
0.18
0.25

0.63
0.82
1.00
1.24
1.82

1.76
2.01
2.27
2.52
3.15

0.34
0.43
0.54
0.65
1.00

1.12
1.28
1.44
1.60
2.00

0.11
0.15
0.18
0.22
0.33

2.55
3.40
4.35
5.44
6.59

3.78
4.40
5.04
5.66
6.29

1.39
1.90
2.40
2.98
3.68

2.40
2.80
3.20
3.60
4.00

0.47
0.62
0.80
0.97
1.19

10.3
14.4

5-in pipe
(5.047-in ID)
6-in pipe
(6.065-in ID)
1.11
1.39

0.09
0.13

1.66
1.94
2.22
2.50
2.77

0.18
0.24
0.31
0.38
0.47

8-in pipe
(7.981-in ID)
1.44
1.60

0.10
0.12

1
2
3
4
5

2-in pipe
(2.067-in ID)
212 -in pipe
(2.469-in ID)

0.87

0.13

6
8
10
15
20

0.58
0.81
1.36
2.06
2.85

1.08
1.30
1.73
2.16
2.60

0.20
0.28
0.47
0.72
0.99

25
30
40
50
60

3.80
4.95
6.05
7.47
11.1

3.03
3.46
3.89
4.83
5.41

1.33
1.72
2.13
2.58
3.90

70
80
90
100
125

15.4
20.8

6.50
7.58
8.66
9.75
10.8

5.44
7.30
9.18
11.6
14.0

150
175
200
225
250

0.67
1.00
1.34

0.11
0.23
0.38

1.39
1.92
3.35
5.00
7.00

1.67
2.00
2.68
3.34
4.02

9.40
11.9
14.7
18.7

4.68
5.35
6.02
6.70
8.37
10.0
11.7

3-in pipe
(3.068-in ID)

TABLE 5

Continued.

gpma

vb

fc

275
300
350
400
450

8.91
9.72
11.3
13.0
14.6

7.90
9.30
12.2
15.9
20.0

6.92
7.55
8.80
10.1
11.3

4.35
5.04
6.85
8.67
10.9

4.40
4.80
5.60
6.40
7.20

1.43
1.65
2.21
2.89
3.56

3.05
3.32
3.88
4.44
4.99

0.56
0.66
0.88
1.12
1.40

1.76
1.92
2.24
2.56
2.88

0.15
0.17
0.23
0.29
0.37

12.6
13.9
15.1

13.3
16.0
19.1

8.00
8.80
9.60
10.4
11.2

4.36
5.17
6.16
7.22
8.29

5.54
6.10
6.65
7.20
7.75

1.72
2.06
2.42
2.78
3.25

3.20
3.52
3.84
4.16
4.47

12.0
12.8
14.4
16.0
17.6

9.40
10.3
13.0
15.8
19.0

8.31
8.87
9.96
11.1
12.2

3.63
4.11
5.12
6.17
7.45

1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
1,600

13.3
14.4
15.5
16.7
17.8

1,800
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500

20.0

500
550
600
650
700
750
800
900
1,000
1,100

A.9

4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000

10-in pipe
(10.020-in ID)

11.9
13.0

f
16.9
19.6

gpm

1.62
1.82

0.10
0.12

275
300
350
400
450

0.45
0.55
0.63
0.73
0.85

2.03
2.23
2.44
2.64
2.84

0.15
0.18
0.21
0.24
0.28

500
550
600
650
700

4.80
5.11
5.75
6.40
7.04

0.97
1.11
1.33
1.64
1.98

3.04
3.25
3.65
4.06
4.46

0.31
0.35
0.44
0.55
0.64

750
800
900
1,000
1,100

8.73
10.2
11.9
13.2
15.0

7.67
8.31
8.95
9.60
10.2

2.36
2.71
3.10
3.49
3.92

4.87
5.27
5.68
6.09
6.49

0.75
0.88
1.02
1.18
1.31

1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
1,600

18.5

11.5
12.8
16.0
19.2
22.4

4.99
5.96
9.00
12.5
16.6

7.30
8.11
10.2
12.2
14.2

1.60
1.97
2.95
4.15
5.60

1,800
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500

16.2
18.3
20.3
22.3
24.4

6.90
8.80
10.8
13.0
15.3

4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000

1 gpm  6.31  105 m3/s  0.227 m3/h  0.0631 liters/s

Velocity, in feet per second. 1 ft/s  0.305 m/s
c
Frictional head loss, in feet of water per 100 feet of pipe. 1 ft  0.305 m. Friction values apply to pipe carrying water at 60F (15.6C).
d
1 in  25.4 mm
a

TABLE 6 Viscosity of common liquids

Typical SSU values as standardized by reputable authorities are shown in boldface type.
Viscosity
a

A.10

Liquid

Sp. gr. at 60F (15.6C)

Freon
Glycerine (100%)

1.37 to 1.49 @ 70F (21C)

1.26 @ 68F (20C)

Glycol
Propylene
Triethylene
Diethylene
Ethylene
Hydrochloric acid (31.5%)
Mercury

1.038 @ 68F (20C)

1.125 @ 68F (20C)
1.12
1.125
1.05 @ 68F (20C)
13.6

240.6
185.7
149.7
88.4

Sulfuric acid (100%)

0.95 to 1.08
40 Baum
42 Baum
1.83

65
365
637.6
75.7

Bone oil

0.918

Cod oil

0.928

Lard

0.96

Lard oil

0.912 to 0.925

Phenol (carbolic acid)

Silicate of soda

SSU

Centistokes

At F

At C

2950
813

0.270.32
648
176

70
68.6
100

21
20.3
38

52
40
32
17.8
1.9
0.118
0.11
11.7
79
138
14.6

70
70
70
70
68
70
100
65
100
100
68

21
21
21
21
20
21
38
18
38
38
20

47.5
11.6
32.1
19.4
62.1
34.3
41.4 to 47.5
23.4 to 27.1

130
212
100
130
100
130
100
130

54
100
38
54
38
54
38
54

Fish and animal oils

220
65
150
95
287
160
190 to 220
112 to 128

TABLE 6 Continued.
Fish and animal oils
Liquid

Sp. gr. at 60F (15.6C)a

Menhaden oil

0.933

Neatsfoot oil

0.917

Sperm oil

0.883

Whale oil

0.925

SSU
140
90
230
130
110
78
163 to 184
97 to 112

Centistokes

At F

At C

29.8
18.2
49.7
27.5
23.0
15.2
35.4 to 39.6
19.9 to 23.4

100
130
100
130
100
130
100
130

38
54
38
54
38
54
38
54

100
130
100
100
100
130
100
130
210
100
210
100
210
100
210
0
0

38
54
38
54
38
54
38
54
99
38
99
38
99
38
99
18
18

Mineral oils

A.11

Automobile crankcase oils (average

mid-continent paraffin base):
SAE 10

0.880 to 0.935b

SAE 20

0.880 to 0.935b

SAE 30

0.880 to 0.935b

SAE 40

0.880 to 0.935b

SAE 50

0.880 to 0.935b

SAE 60

0.880 to 0.935b

SAE 70

0.880 to 0.935b

SAE 10W
SAE 20W

0.880 to 0.935b
0.880 to 0.935b

165 to 240
90 to 120
240 to 400
120 to 185
400 to 580
185 to 255
580 to 950
255 to 950
255 to 980
950 to 1600
80 to 105
1600 to 2300
105 to 125
2300 to 3100
125 to 150
1,5000 to 10,000
10,000 to 40,000

35.4 to 51.9
18.2 to 25.3
51.9 to 86.6
25.3 to 39.9
86.6 to 125.5
39.9 to 55.1
125.5 to 205.6
55.1 to 205.6
55.1 to 215.6
205.6 to 352.0
15.6 to 21.6
352.0 to 507.0
21.6 to 26.2
507.0 to 682.0
26.2 to 31.8
1100 to 2200
2200 to 8800

TABLE 6 Continued.
Mineral oils
Liquid

Sp. gr. at 60F (15.6C)a

Automobile transmission lubricants

SAE 80
SAE 90

0.880 to 0.935b
0.880 to 0.935b

SAE 140

0.880 to 0.935b

SAE 250

0.880 to 0.935b

Crude oils
Texas, Oklahoma

0.81 to 0.916

A.12

Wyoming, Montana

0.86 to 0.88

California

0.78 to 0.92

Pennsylvania

0.8 to 0.85

Diesel engine lubricating oils (based on

average mid-continent paraffin base)
Federal specification no. 9110

0.880 to 0.935b

Federal specification no. 9170

0.880 to 0.935b

Federal specification no. 9250

0.880 to 0.935b

Federal specification no. 9370

0.880 to 0.935b

SSU

Centistokes

At F

100,000 max
800 to 1500
300 to 500
950 to 2300
120 to 200
Over 2300
Over 200

22,000 max
173.2 to 324.7
64.5 to 108.2
205.6 to 507.0
25.1 to 42.9
Over 507.0
Over 42.9

0
100
130
130
210
130
210

18
38
54
54
99
54
99

40.0 to 783
34.2 to 210
74.0 to 1215
46.0 to 320
40.0 to 4840
34.0 to 700
46.0 to 216
38.0 to 86

4.28 to 169.5
2.45 to 45.3
14.10 to 263.0
6.16 to 69.3
4.28 to 1063.0
2.40 to 151.5
6.16 to 46.7
3.64 to 17.2

60
100
60
100
60
100
60
100

16
38
16
38
16
38
16
38

165 to 240
90 to 120
300 to 410
140 to 180
470 to 590
200 to 255
800 to 1100
320 to 430

35.4
18.2
64.5
29.8
101.8
43.2
173.2
69.3

100
130
100
130
100
130
100
130

38
54
38
54
38
54
38
54

to 51.9
to 25.3
to 88.8
to 38.8
to 127.8
to 55.1
to 238.1
to 93.1

At C

TABLE 6 Continued.
Mineral oils
Liquid
Federal specification no. 9500
Diesel fuel oils
No. 2 D

Sp. gr. at 60F (15.6C)a

0.880 to 0.935

0.82 to 0.95b

A.13

No. 3 D

0.82 to 0.95b

No. 4 D

0.82 to 0.95b

No. 5 D

0.82 to 0.95b

Fuel oils
No. 1

0.82 to 0.95b

No. 2

0.82 to 0.95b

No. 3

0.82 to 0.95b

No. 5A

0.82 to 0.95b

No. 5B

0.82 to 0.95b

No. 6

0.82 to 0.95b

SSU

Centistokes

At F

At C

490 to 600
92 to 105

106.1 to 129.9
18.54 to 21.6

130
210

54
99

32.6 to 45.5
32.6 to 39.0
45.5 to 65.0
39.0 to 48.0

.002 to 6.00
.001 to 3.97
6.0 to 11.75
3.97 to 6.78

100
130
100
130

38
54
38
54

140 max
70 max
400 max
165 max

29.8 max
13.1 max
86.6 max
35.2 max

100
130
122
160

38
54
50
71

34 to 40
32 to 35
36 to 50
33 to 40
35.0 to 45
32.8 to 39
50 to 125
42 to 72
125 to 000
125 to 400
72 to 310
450 to 3000
175 to 780

02.39 to 4.280
02.39 to 2.690
03.0 to 7.400
02.11 to 4.280
02.69 to 0.584
02.06 to 3.970
07.40 to 26.40
04.91 to 13.73
026.4 to 86.60
026.4 to 86.60
13.63 to 67.10
97.40 to 660.0
37.50 to 172.0

70
100
70
100
100
130
100
130
100
122
130
122
160

21
38
21
38
38
54
38
54
38
50
54
50
71

TABLE 6 Continued.
Mineral oils
Liquid

Sp. gr. at 60F (15.6C)a

b

Fuel oil, navy specification

0.989 max

Fuel oil, navy II

1.0 max

Gasoline

0.68 to 0.74

Gasoline (natural)
Gas oil

76.5 degrees API

28 degrees API

A.14

Insulating oil
Transformer, switches, and
circuit breakers
Kerosene

0.78 to 0.82

Machine lubricating oil (average

Pennsylvania paraffin base)
Federal specification no. 8

0.880 to 0.935b

Federal specification no. 10

0.880 to 0.935b

Federal specification no. 20

0.880 to 0.935b

Federal specification no. 30

0.880 to 0.935b

SSU

Centistokes

At F

At C

73
50

23.00 to 48.6
11.08 to 23.9
324.7 max
104.0 max
0.46 to 0.88
0.40 to 0.71
0.41
13.9
07.4

122
160
122
60
60
100
68
70
100

50
71
50
71
16
38
20
21
38

115 max
65 max
35.0
32.6

24.10 max
11.75 max
2.69
2.00

70
100
68
100

21
38
20
38

112 to 160
70 to 90
160 to 235
90 to 120
235 to 385
120 to 185
385 to 550
185 to 255

23.4 to .034.3
13.1 to .018.2
34.3 to .050.8
18.2 to .025.3
50.8 to .083.4
25.3 to .039.9
83.4 to 119.0
39.9 to 55.1

100
130
100
130
100
130
100
130

38
54
38
54
38
54
38
54

110 to 225
63 to 115
1500 max
480 max

TABLE 6 Continued.
Mineral oils
Liquid

Sp. gr. at 60F (15.6C)a

SSU

Centistokes

At F

At C

140 to 190
86 to 110
190 to 220
110 to 125
100
77

29.8 to 41
17.22 to 23
41 to 47.5
23 to 26.4
20.6
14.8

100
130
100
130
130
160

38
54
38
54
54
71

400 to 440
185 to 205

86.6 to 95.2
39.9 to 44.3

100
130

38
54

1200 to 1500
450 to 600
1425
580
140 to 148
76 to 80
135
54
176
100
143
93
200
115

259.8 to 324.7
97.4 to 129.9
308.5
125.5
29.8 to 31.6
14.69 to 15.7
28.70
8.59
37.9
20.6
30.50
18.94
43.2
24.1

100
130
69
100
100
130
130
212
100
130
100
130
100
130

38
54
21
38
38
54
54
100
38
54
38
54
38
54

Mineral lard cutting oil

Federal specification grade 1
Federal specification grade 2
Petrolatum
Turbine lubricating oil
Federal specification (penn base)

0.825

0.91 average

A.15

Vegetable oils
Castor oil

0.96 @ 68F (20C)

China wood oil

0.943

Coconut oil

0.925

Corn oil

0.924

Cotton seed oil

0.98 to 0.925

Linseed oil, raw

0.925 to 0.939

Olive oil

0.912 to 0.918

TABLE 6 Continued.
Vegetable oils

A.16

Liquid

Sp. gr. at 60F (15.6C)a

Palm oil

0.924

Peanut Oil

0.920

Rape seed oil

0.919

Rosin oil

0.980

Rosin (wood)

1.09 avg.

Sesame oil

0.923

Soybean oil

0.927 to 0.98

Turpentine

0.86 to 0.87

Corn syrups
Glucose
Honey (raw)
Molasses A (first)
Molasses B (second)
Molasses C (blackstrap or final)

SSU
221
125
221
125
250
145
1500
600
1,500 to 20,000
1,000 to 50,000
184
110
165
96
330.
32.6

Sugar, syrups, molasses, and so on

1.4 to 1.47
5,000 to 500,000
1,500 to 60,000
1.35 to 1.44
35,000 to 100,000
4,000 to 11,000
340
1.40 to 1.46
1,300 to 23,000
1,700 to 8,000
1.43 to 1.48
6,400 to 60,000
3,000 to 15,000
1.46 to 1.49
17,000 to 250,000
6,000 to 75,000

Centistokes

At F

At C

47.8
26.4
47.8
26.4
54.1
310.
324.7
129.9
108.2 to 4,400
216.4 to 11,000
39.6
230.
35.40
19.64
2.11
2.00

100
130
100
130
100
130
100
130
200
190
100
130
100
130
60
100

38
54
38
54
38
54
38
54
93
88
38
54
38
54
16
38

1,100.0 to 110,000
1,324.7 to 13,200
7,700 to 22,000
1,880 to 2,420
73.6
281.1 to 5,070
151.5 to 1,760
1,410 to 13,200
1,660 to 3,300
2,630 to 5,500
1,320 to 16,500

100
130
100
150
100
100
130
100
130
100
130

38
54
38
66
38
38
54
38
54
38
54

TABLE 6 Continued.
Sugar, syrup, molasses, and so on
Liquid

Sp. gr. at 60F (15.6C)a

Sucrose solutions (sugar syrups)

60 Brix

1.29

A.17

62 Brix

1.30

64 Brix

1.31

66 Brix

1.326

68 Brix

1.338

70 Brix

1.35

72 Brix

1.36

74 Brix

1.376

76 Brix

1.39

SSU

Centistokes

At F

At C

230
92
310
111
440
148
650
195
1,000
1,275
1,650
1,400
2,700
1,640
5,500
1,100
10,000
12,000

49.7
18.7
67.1
23.2
95.2
31.6
140.7
42.0
216.4
59.5
3641,
86.6
5951,
138.6
1,210
1,238
2,200
1,440

70
100
70
100
70
100
70
100
70
100
70
100
70
100
70
100
70
100

21
38
21
38
21
38
21
38
21
38
21
38
21
38
21
38
21
38

3,000 to 8,000
1,650 to 1,400
15,000 to 300,000
12,000 to 20,000

6001, to 1,760
140.7 to 1,308
3,300 to 66,000
1,440 to 4,400

71
100
70
100

21
38
21
38

Tars
Tar, coke oven

1.12

Tar, gas house

1.16 to 1.30

TABLE 6 Continued.
Tars

A.18

Liquid

Sp. gr. at 60F (15.6C)

Road tar
Grade RT-2

1.07

Grade RT-4

1.08

Grade RT-6

1.09

Grade RT-8

1.13

Grade RT-10

1.14

Grade RT-12

1.15

Pine tar

1.06

SSU
200 to 300
55 to 60
1,400 to 20,700
1, 65 to 20,175
1,000 to 02,000
1, 85 to 20,125
3,000 to 8,000
0,150 to 0,225
20,000 to 60,000
0,0250 to 0,0400
114,000 to 456,000
0,00500 to 0,00800
2,500
0,500

Centistokes

At F

At C

43.20 to 64.90
08.77 to 10.22
286.60 to 15400.
011.63 to 014.28
216.40 to 44000.
016.83 to 026.20
0,6600. to 1,7600.
0,031.8 to 0,048.3
0,4,4000. to 13,2000.
0.0,053.7 to 0,0086.6
025,0000 to 75,0000
000,108.2 to 00,173.2
5590.
108.2

122
212
122
212
122
212
122
212
122
212
122
212
100
132

50
100
50
100
50
100
50
100
50
100
50
100
38
56

32.1
27.5
129.8
095.2
3030.
173.2
5500. to 2,200
238.1 to 0,660
9.07
1.13

70
100
70
100
70
100
100
130
212
68

21
38
21
38
21
38
38
54
100
20

Miscellaneous
Corn starch solutions
22 Baum

1.18

24 Baum

1.20

25 Baum

1.21

Ink, printers

1.00 to 1.38

Tallow
Milk

0.918 avg.
1.02 to 1.05

150
130
600
440
1,400
0,800
2,500 to 10,000
1,100 to 03,000
56

TABLE 6 Continued.

Liquid

Miscellaneous
Sp. gr. at 60F (15.6C)a
SSU

Varnish, spar

0.9

Water, fresh

1.0

1425
0650

Unless otherwise noted

Depends on origin or percent and type of solvent
Source: Hydraulic Institute Engineering Data Book, 2nd Edition, 1990, Hydraulic Institute, Parsippany, NJ
b

Centistokes

At F

At C

313
143
1.123
0.516

68
100
60
130

20
38
16
54

A.19

TABLE 7 Viscosity Conversion Table

This table gives an approximate comparison of ratings so that, if a viscosity is given in terms other than Saybolt seconds universal, it can be
translated quickly by following horizontally to the SSU column.

A.20

Saybolt
universal
seconds
SSU

Kinematic
viscosity,
cSta

Approx.
seconds,
Mac
Michael

Approx.
Gardner
Holt
bubble

Seconds,
Zahn
cup 1

Seconds,
Zahn
cup 2

Seconds,
Zahn
cup 3

Seconds,
Zahn
cup 4

31
35
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
4000
5000
6000

1.00
2.56
4.30
7.40
10.3
13.1
15.7
18.2
20.6
32.1
43.2
54.0
65.0
87.0
110.0
132
154
176
198
220
330
440
550
660
880
1100
1320

125
145
165
198
225
270
320
370
420
470
515
570
805
1070
1325
1690
2110
2635
3145

A
A
B
C
D
F
G

H
I
M
Q
T
U
V
W
X

38
47
54
62
73
90

18
20
23
26
29
37
46
55
63
72
80
88

22.5
24.5
27
29
40
51
63
75

18
20
28
34
41
48
63
77

Seconds,
Zahn
cup 5

138
18
24
29
33
43
50
65

Seconds,
Demmler
cup 1

1.3
2.3
3.2
4.1
4.9
5.7
6.5
10.0
13.5
16.9
20.4
27.4
34.5
41
48
55
62
69
103
137
172
206
275
344
413

Seconds,
Demmler
cup 10

Approx.
seconds,
Stormer
100g load

1.0
1.4
1.7
2.0
2.7
3.5
4.1
4.8
5.5
6.2
6.9
10.3
13.7
17.2
20.6
27.5
34.4
41.3

2.6
3.6
4.6
5.5
6.4
7.3
11.3
15.2
19
23
31
39
46
54
62
70
77
116
154
193
232
308
385
462

Seconds,
Pratt and
Lambert
F

7
8
9
9.5
10.8
11.9
12.4
16.8
22
27.6
33.7
45
55.8
65.5

TABLE 7 Continued.
Saybolt
universal
seconds
SSU
7000
8000
9000
10,000
15,000
20,000

Kinematic
viscosity,
cSta
1540
1760
1980
2200
3300
4400

Approx.
seconds,
Mac
Michael

Approx.
Gardner
Holt
bubble

Seconds,
Zahn
cup 1

Seconds,
Zahn
cup 2

Seconds,
Zahn
cup 3

Seconds,
Zahn
cup 4

Seconds,
Zahn
cup 5

3670
4170
4700
5220
7720
10500

Z
Z2
Z3

75
86
96

Kinematic viscosity (in centistokes) 

Seconds,
Demmler
cup 1
481
550
620
690
1030
1370

Seconds,
Demmler
cup 10
48
55
62
69
103
137

Approx.
seconds,
Stormer
100g load
540
618
695
770
1160
1540

Seconds,
Pratt and
Lambert
F
77
89
102
113
172
234

absolute viscosity 1in centipoises2

A.21

density
When the SI units centistokes and centipoises are used, the density is numerically equal to the specific gravity. Therefore, the following will be sufficiently accurate for most calculations:
absolute viscosity 1in centipoises2
Kinematic viscosity (in centistokes) 
specific gravity
When USCS units are used, the density must be used rather than the specific gravity.
Note: For values of 70 cSt and above, use the conversion
SSU  centistokes  4.635
Above the range of this table and within the range of the viscosimeter, multiply the particular value by the following approximate factors to convert to SSU:
Viscosimeter

Factor

Mac Michael
Demmler 1
Demmler 10
Stormer

1.92 (approx.)
14.6
146
13.00 (approx.)

Source: Hydraulic Institute Engineering Data Book, 2nd Edition, 1990, Hydraulic Institute, Parsippany, NJ

TABLE 7 Viscosity conversion table, (cont.)

This table gives an approximate comparison of ratings so that, if a viscosity is given in terms other than Saybolt seconds universal, it can be
translated quickly by following horizontally to the SSU column.

A.22

Saybolt
seconds
universal
SSU

Kinematic
viscosity,
cSta

31
35
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
4000
5000
6000

1.00
2.56
4.30
7.40
10.3
13.1
15.7
18.2
20.6
32.1
43.2
54.0
65.0
87.60
110.0
132
154
176
198
220
330
440
550
660
880
1100
1320

Saybolt
seconds
Furol
SSF

12.95
13.70
14.44
15.24
19.30
23.5
28.0
32.5
41.9
51.6
61.4
71.1
81.0
91.0
100.7
150
200
250
300
400
500
600

Seconds,
Redwood
1
(standard)
29
32.1
36.2
44.3
52.3
60.9
69.2
77.6
85.6
128
170
212
254
338
423
508
592
677
762
896
1270
1690
2120
2540
3380
4230
5080

Seconds,
Redwood
2
(admiralty)

Degrees,
Engler

Degrees,
Barbey

Seconds,
Parlin
cup 7

Seconds,
Parlin
cup 10

5.10
5.83
6.77
7.60
8.44
9.30
10.12
14.48
18.90
23.45
28.0
37.1
46.2
55.4
64.6
73.8
83.0
92.1
138.2
184.2
230
276
368
461
553

1.00
1.16
1.31
1.58
1.88
2.17
2.45
2.73
3.02
4.48
5.92
7.35
8.79
11.70
14.60
17.50
20.45
23.35
26.30
29.20
43.80
58.40
73.0
87.60
117.0
146
175

6200
2420
1440
838
618
483
404
348
307
195
144
114
95
70.8
56.4
47.0
40.3
35.2
31.3
28.2
18.7
14.1
11.3
9.4
7.05
5.64
4.70

40
46
52.5
66
79
92
106
120
135
149

15
21
25
30
35
39
41
43
65
86
108
129
172
215
258

Seconds,
Parlin
cup 15

6.0
7.2
7.8
8.5
9.0
98.8
10.7
11.5
15.2
19.5
24
28.5
37
47
57

Seconds,
Parlin
20

Seconds,
Ford
cup 3

Seconds,
Ford
cup 4

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.9
4.1
4.3
4.5
6.3
7.5
9
11
14
18
22

30
42
50
58
67
74
82
90
132
172
218
258
337
425
520

20
28
34
40
45
50
57
62
90
118
147
172
230
290
350

TABLE 7 Continued.
Saybolt
seconds
universal
SSU
7000
8000
9000
10,000
15,000
20,000

Kinematic
viscosity,
cSta
1540
1760
1980
2200
3300
4400

Saybolt
seconds
Furol
SSF
700
800
900
1000
1500
2000

Seconds,
Redwood
1
(standard)
5920
6770
7620
8460
13,700
18,400

Kinematic viscosity (in centistokes) 

Seconds,
Redwood
2
(admiralty)
645
737
829
921

Degrees,
Engler

Degrees,
Barbey

204.5
233.5
263
292
438
584

4.03
3.52
3.13
2.82
2.50
1.40

Seconds,
Parlin
cup 7

Seconds,
Parlin
cup 10

300
344
387
430
650
860

Seconds,
Parlin
cup 15
67
76
86
96
147
203

Seconds,
Parlin
20
25
29
32
35
53
70

Seconds,
Ford
cup 3

Seconds,
Ford
cup 4

600
680
780
850
1280
1715

410
465
520
575
860
1150

absolute viscosity 1in centipoises2

A.23

density
When the SI units centistokes and centipoises are used, the density is numerically equal to the specific gravity. Therefore, the following will be sufficiently accurate for most calculations:
absolute viscosity 1in centipoises2
Kinematic viscosity (in centistokes) 
specific gravity
When USCS units are used, the density must be used rather than the specific gravity.
Note: For values of 70 cSt and above, use the conversion
SSU  centistokes  4.635
Above the range of this table and within the range of the viscosimeter, multiply the particular value by the following approximate factors to convert to SSU:
Viscosimeter

Factor

Saybolt Furol

10.

Redwood Standard
Redwood Admiralty
Engler, degrees

1.095
10.87
34.5

Viscosimeter

Factor

Parlin cup 15

98.2

Parlin cup 20

187.0

Ford cup 4

17.4

Source: Hydraulic Institute Engineering Data Book, 2nd Edition, 1990, Hydraulic Institute, Parsippany, NJ

A.24

APPENDIX

TABLE 8 Properties of water at temperatures from 40 to 705.4F (4.4 to 374.1C)

Specific
volumea,
ft3/lb

40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
140
160
180
200
212
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
660
680
700
705.4

4.4
10.0
15.6
21.1
26.7
32.2
37.8
48.9
60.0
71.1
82.2
93.3
100.0
104.4
115.6
126.7
137.8
148.9
160.0
171.1
182.2
193.3
204.4
215.6
226.7
237.8
248.9
260.0
271.1
282.2
293.3
304.4
315.6
326.7
337.8
348.9
360.0
371.1
374.1

0.01602
0.01603
0.01604
0.01606
0.01608
0.01610
0.01613
0.01620
0.01629
0.01639
0.01651
0.01663
0.01672
0.01677
0.01692
0.01709
0.01726
0.01745
0.01765
0.01787
0.01811
0.01836
0.01864
0.01894
0.01926
0.0196
0.0200
0.0204
0.0209
0.0215
0.0221
0.0228
0.0236
0.0247
0.0260
0.0278
0.0305
0.0369
0.0503

Specific gravity
39.2F
reference

60F
reference

70F
reference

Wtb,
lb/ft3

Vapor
pressurec,
lb/in2abs

1.000
0.999
0.999
0.998
0.996
0.995
0.993
0.989
0.983
0.977
0.970
0.963
0.958
0.955
0.947
0.938
0.928
0.918
0.908
0.896
0.885
0.873
0.859
0.846
0.832
0.817
0.801
0.785
0.765
0.746
0.726
0.703
0.678
0.649
0.617
0.577
0.525
0.434
0.319

1.001
1.001
1.000
0.999
0.998
0.996
0.994
0.990
0.985
0.979
0.972
0.964
0.959
0.956
0.948
0.939
0.929
0.919
0.909
0.898
0.886
0.874
0.860
0.847
0.833
0.818
0.802
0.786
0.766
0.747
0.727
0.704
0.679
0.650
0.618
0.577
0.526
0.435
0.319

1.002
1.002
1.001
1.000
0.999
0.997
0.995
0.991
0.986
0.979
0.973
0.966
0.960
0.957
0.949
0.940
0.930
0.920
0.910
0.899
0.887
0.875
0.862
0.848
0.834
0.819
0.803
0.787
0.767
0.748
0.728
0.704
0.680
0.650
0.618
0.578
0.527
0.435
0.320

62.42
62.38
62.34
62.27
62.19
62.11
62.00
61.73
61.39
61.01
60.57
60.13
59.81
59.63
59.10
58.51
58.00
57.31
56.66
55.96
55.22
54.47
53.65
52.80
51.92
51.02
50.00
49.02
47.85
46.51
45.3
43.9
42.3
40.5
38.5
36.0
32.8
27.1
19.9

0.1217
0.1781
0.2563
0.3631
0.5069
0.6982
0.9492
1.692
2.889
4.741
7.510
11.526
14.696
17.186
24.97
35.43
49.20
67.01
89.66
118.01
153.04
195.77
247.31
308.83
381.59
466.0
566.1
680.8
812.4
962.5
1133.1
1325.8
1542.9
1786.6
2059.7
2365.4
2708.1
3093.7
3206.2

1 m3/kg  16.02 ft3/lb

1 kg/m3  0.06243 lb/ft3
c
1 kPa  0.145 lb/in2; 1 bar  14.5 lb/in2

a
b

Source: Hydraulic Institute Engineering Data Book, 2nd Edition, 1990, Hydraulic Institute, Parsippany, NJ

TABLE 9 Conversions of USCS to SI units

The first two digits of each numeral entry represent a power of 10. An asterisk follows each number that expresses an exact definition.
Acceleration

Length

To convert from

to

multiply by

To convert from

to

multiply by

foot/second2
free fall, standard
gal (galileo)
inch/second2

meter/second2
meter/second2
meter/second2
meter/second2

01 3.048*
00 9.806 65*
02 1.00*
02 2.54*

To convert from

to

multiply by

acre
circular mil
foot2
inch2
mile2 (U.S. statute)
yard2

meter2
meter2
meter2
meter2
meter2
meter2

03 4.046 856 4224*

10 5.067 074 8
02 9.290 304*
04 6.4516*
06 2.589 988 110 336*
01 8.361 273 6*

fathom
foot
foot (U.S. survey)
foot (U.S. survey)
furlong
inch
league (U.K. nautical)
league (international nautical)
league (statute)
light-year
meter
micron
mil
mile (U.S. statute)
mile (U.K. nautical)
mile (international nautical)
mile (U.S. nautical)
nautical mile (U.K.)
nautical mile (international)
nautical mile (U.S.)
rod
statute mile (U.S.
yard

meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
wavelengths Kr 86
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter
meter

00 1.8288*
01 3.048*
00 1200/3937*
01 3.048 006 096
02 2.011 68*
02 2.54*
03 5.559 552*
03 5.556*
03 4.828 032*
15 9.460 55
06 1.650 763 73*
06 1.00*
05 2.54*
03 1.609 344*
03 1.853 184*
03 1.852*
03 1.852*
03 1.853 184*
03 1.852*
03 1.852*
00 5.0292*
03 1.609 344*
01 9.144*

To convert from

to

multiply by

carat (metric)
grain
gram
kgf second2 meter (mass)
kilogram mass
lbm (pound mass, avoirdupois)
ounce mass (avoirdupois)
ounce mass (troy or apothecary)
pennyweight
pound mass, lbm (avoirdupois)
pound mass (troy or apothecary)
slug
ton (assay)
ton (long)

kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram
kilogram

04 2.00*
05 6.479 891*
03 1.00*
00 9.806 65*
00 1.00*
01 4.535 923 7*
02 2.834 952 312 5*
02 3.110 347 68*
03 1.555 173 84*
01 4.535 923 7*
01 3.732 417 216*
01 1.459 390 29
02 2.916 666 6
03 1.016 046 908 8*

Area

A.25

Density
To convert from

to

multiply by

gram/centimeter3
lbm/inch3
lbm/foot3
slug/foot3

kilogram/meter3
kilogram/meter3
kilogram/meter3
kilogram/meter3

03 1.00*
04 2.767 990 5
01 1.601 846 3
02 5.153 79

Mass
Energy
To convert from

to

multiply by

British thermal unit (ISO/TC 12)

British thermal unit
(International Steam Table)
British thermal unit (mean)
British thermal unit
(thermochemical)
British thermal unit (39F)
British thermal unit (60F)
calorie (International Steam Table)
calorie (mean)
calorie (thermochemical)
calorie (15C)

joule
joule

03 1.055 06
03 1.055 04

joule
joule

03 1.055 87
03 1.054 350 264 488

joule
joule
joule
joule
joule
joule

03 1.059 67
03 1.054 68
00 4.1868
00 4.190 02
00 4.184*
00 4.185 80

TABLE 9 Continued.
Energy

Mass

A.26

To convert from

to

multiply by

To convert from

to

multiply by

calorie (20C)
calorie (kilogram, International
Steam Table)
calorie (kilogram, mean)
calorie (kilogram, thermochemical)
electronvolt
erg
foot pound force (ft lbf)
foot poundal
joule (international of 1948)
kilocalorie (International Steam
Table)
kilocalorie (mean)
kilocalorie (thermochemical)
kilowatthour
kilowatthour (international of 1948)
ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT)
watthour

joule
joule

00 4.181 90
03 4.1868

ton (metric)
ton (short, 2000 pound)

kilogram
kilogram

03 1.00*
02 9.071 847 4*

joule
joule
joule
joule
joule
joule
joule
joule

03 4.190 02
03 4.184*
19 1.602 10
07 1.00*
00 1.355 817 9
02 4.214 011 0
00 1.000 165
03 4.1868

To convert from

to

multiply by

joule
joule
joule
joule
joule
joule

03 4.190 02
03 4.184*
06 3.60*
06 3.600 59
09 4.20
03 3.60*

Btu (thermochemical)/second
Btu (thermochemical)/minute
calorie (thermochemical)/second
calorie (thermochemical)/minute
foot lbf/hour
foot lbf/minute
foot lbf/second
horsepower (550 foot lbf/second)
horsepower (boiler)
horsepower (electric)
horsepower (metric)
horsepower (U.K.)
horsepower (water)
kilocalorie (thermochemical)/
minute
kilocalorie (thermochemical)/
second
watt (international of 1948)

watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt
watt

03 1.054 350 264 488

01 1.757 250 4
00 4.184*
02 6.973 333 3
04 3.766 161 0
02 2.259 696 6
00 1.355 817 9
02 7.456 998 7
03 9.809 50
02 7.46*
02 7.354 99
02 7.457
02 7.460 43
01 6.973 333 3

To convert from

to

multiply by

atmosphere
bar
centimeter of mercury (0C)
centimeter of water (4C)
dyne/centimeter2
foot of water (39.2F)
inch of mercury (32F)
inch of mercury (60F)
inch of water (39.2F)
inch of water (60F)
kgf/centimeter2
kgf/meter2
lbf/foot2

newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2

05 1.013 25*

05 1.00*
03 1.333 22
01 9.806 38
01 1.00*
03 2.988 98
03 3.386 389
03 3.376 85
02 2.490 82
02 2.4884
04 9.806 65*
00 9.806 65*
01 4.788 025 8

Energy/Area Time
To convert from

to

multiply by

Btu (thermochemical)/foot2 second

Btu (thermochemical)/foot2 minute
Btu (thermochemical)/foot2 hour
Btu (thermochemical)/inch2 second
calorie (thermochemical)/cm2
minute
erg/centimeter2 second
watt/centimeter2

watt/meter2
watt/meter2
watt/meter2
watt/meter2
watt/meter2

04 1.134 893 1

02 1.891 488 5
00 3.152 480 8
06 1.634 246 2
02 6.973 333 3

watt/meter2
watt/meter2

03 1.00*
04 1.00*

To convert from

to

multiply by

dyne
kilogram force (kgf)
kilopond force
kip
lbf (pound force, avoirdupois)
ounce force (avoirdupois)
pound force lbf (avoirdupois)
poundal

newton
newton
newton
newton
newton
newton
newton
newton

05 1.00*
00 9.806 65*
00 9.806 65*
03 4.448 221 615 260 5*
00 4.448 221 615 260 5*
01 2.780 138 5
00 4.448 221 615 260 5*
01 1.382 549 543 76*

Force

Power

watt

03 4.184*

watt

00 1.000 165

Pressure

TABLE 9 Continued.
Pressure

Viscosity

To convert from

to

multiply by

To convert from

to

multiply by

lbf/inch2 (psi)
millibar
millimeter of mercury (0C)
pascal
psi (lbf/inch2)

newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2
newton/meter2

03 6.894 757 2

02 1.00*
02 1.333 224
00 1.00*
03 6.894 757 2

poise
poundal second/foot2
slug/foot second
rhe

newton second/meter2
newton second/meter2
newton second/meter2
meter2/newton second

01 1.00*
00 1.488 163 9
01 4.788 025 8
01 1.00*

To convert from

to

multiply by

acre foot
barrel (petroleum, 42 gallons)
bushel (U.S.)
cord
cup
dram (U.S. fluid)
fluid ounce (U.S.)
foot3
gallon (U.K. liquid)
gallon (U.S. dry)
gallon (U.S. liquid)
gill (U.S.)
inch3
liter
ounce (U.S. fluid)
peck (U.S.)
pint (U.S. dry)
pint (U.S. liquid)
quart (U.S. dry)
quart (U.S. liquid)
tablespoon
teaspoon
ton (register)
yard3

meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3
meter3

03 1.233 481 9

01 1.589 873
02 3.523 907 016 688*
00 3.624 556 3
04 2.365 882 365*
06 3.696 691 195 312 5*
05 2.957 352 956 25*
02 2.831 684 659 2*
03 4.546 087
03 4.404 883 770 86*
03 3.785 411 784*
04 1.182 941 2
05 1.638 706 4*
03 1.00*
05 2.957 352 956 25*
03 8.809 767 541 72*
04 5.506 104 713 575*
04 4.731 764 73*
03 1.101 220 942 715*
04 9.463 529 5
05 1.478 676 478 125*
06 4.928 921 593 75*
00 2.831 684 659 2*
01 7.645 548 579 84*

Volume

Speed
To convert from

A.27

foot/hour
foot/minute
foot/second
inch/second
kilometer/hour
knot (international)
mile/hour (U.S. statute)
mile/minute (U.S. statute)
mile/second (U.S. statute)

to
meter/second
meter/second
meter/second
meter/second
meter/second
meter/second
meter/second
meter/second
meter/second

multiply by
05 8.466 666 6
03 5.08*
01 3.048*
02 2.54*
01 2.777 777 8
01 5.144 444 444
01 4.4704*
01 2.682 24*
03 1.609 344*

Temperature
To convert from

to

proceed as follows

Celsius

Kelvin

tK  tC  273.15

Fahrenheit

Kelvin

tK  (9 )(tF  459.67)

5
tC  (9 )(tF  32)
5
tK  (9 )tR

Fahrenheit

Celsius

Rankine

Kelvin

To convert from

to

multiply by

centistoke
stoke
foot2/second
centipoise
lbm/foot second
lbf second/foot2

meter2/second
meter2/second
meter2/second
newton second/meter2
newton second/meter2
newton second/meter2

06 1.00*
04 1.00*
02 9.290 304*
03 1.00*
00 1.488 163 9
01 4.788 025 8

Viscosity

Volume/Unit Time
To convert from

to

multiply by

gallon/minute
gallon/minute
gallon/minute

meter3/second
meter3/hour
liter/second

05 6.309 020

01 2.271 247
02 6.309 020