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Chromism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In chemistry, chromism is a process that induces a change, often reversible, in the colors of compounds. In most cases, chromism is based on a change in the electron states of molecules, especially the - or d-electron state, so this phenomenon is induced by various external stimuli which can alter the electron density of substances. It is known that there are many natural compounds that have chromism, and many artificial compounds with specific chromism have been synthesized to date. Chromism is classified by what kind of stimuli are used. The major kinds of chromism are as follows. thermochromism is chromism that is induced by heat, that is, a change of temperature. This is the most common chromism of all. photochromism is induced by light irradiation. This phenomenon is based on the isomerization between two different molecular structures, light-induced formation of color centers in crystals, precipitation of metal particles in a glass, or other mechanisms. electrochromism is induced by the gain and loss of electrons. This phenomenon occurs in compounds with redox active sites, such as metal ions or organic radicals. solvatochromism depends on the polarity of the solvent. Most solvatochromic compounds are metal complexes. cathodochromism is induced by electron beam irradiation.
Contents
1 Chromic phenomena 2 Color changing phenomena 3 Dyes and pigments 4 Luminescence 5 Light and energy transfer 6 Light manipulation 7 References
Chromic phenomena
Chromic phenomena are those phenomena in which color is produced when light interacts with materials in a variety of ways. These can be categorized under the following five headings: Stimulated (reversible) color change The absorption and reflection of light The absorption of energy followed by the emission of light The absorption of light and energy transfer (or conversion) The manipulation of light.
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Luminescence
The absorption of energy followed by the emission of light is often described by the term luminescence. The exact term used is based on the energy source responsible for the luminescence as in color-change phenomena.
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Electrical - electroluminescence Galvanoluminescence Sonoluminescence. Photons (light) - Photoluminescence Fluorescence Phosphorescence Biofluorescence. Chemical - Chemiluminescence Bioluminescence Electrochemiluminescence. Thermal - Thermoluminescence Pyroluminescence Candololuminescence. Electron Beam - Cathodoluminescence Anodoluminescence Radioluminescence. Mechanical - Triboluminescence Fractoluminescence Mechanoluminescence Crystalloluminescence Lyoluminescence Elasticoluminescence. Many of these phenomena are widely used in consumer products and other important outlets. Cathodoluminescence is used in cathode ray tubes, photoluminescence in fluorescent lighting and plasma display panels, phosphorescence in safety signs and low energy lighting, fluorescence in pigments, inks, optical brighteners, safety clothing, and biological and medicinal analysis and diagnostics, chemoluminescence and bioluminescence in analysis, diagnostics and sensors, and electroluminescence in the burgeoning areas of light-emitting diodes (LEDs/OLEDs), displays and panel lighting. Important new developments are taking place in the areas of quantum dots and metallic nanoparticles.
Light manipulation
Materials may be used to manipulate light via a variety of mechanisms. For instance, a change of orientation of molecules as in liquid crystal displays, by interference and diffraction as in lustre pigments and holography, and by modifying the movement of light through materials by electrical means as in organic lasers, or in conjunction with light, opto-electronics, or by purely optical means photonics for instance by using photonic crystals made by colloidal synthesis and other methods.
References
1. Bamfield Peter and Hutchings Michael G, Chromic Phenomena; technological applications of colour chemistry, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84755-868-8. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromism&oldid=540534897" Categories: Chromism Photochemistry This page was last modified on 26 February 2013 at 07:24. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
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