Design Model For Welded Joints PDF

NCCI: Design model for welded joints in trusses using structural hollow sections
NCCI: Design model for welded joints in trusses using structural hollow sections SN040a-EN-EU
This NCCI deals with the verification procedure for welded joints in trusses using structural hollow sections alone or in combination with open section profiles. Uniplanar, unreinforced joints are considered.
Contents
1. 2. 3. 4.
Created on Wednesday, March 27, 2013 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
Introduction Scope General design guidance Parameters affecting joint resistance Joint design guidance Welds Design aids References
2 2 4 5 7 9 10 10
5. 6. 7. 8.
Page 1
1.
Introduction
In trusses with structural hollow sections, the members are generally welded directly to each other. The selection of member sizes has a direct effect on the cost of fabrication and on the joint resistance. Therefore, it is important for the architect and the design engineer to recognise at the outset, the effects that their design decisions will have on the joint resistance, the fabrication, assembly and erection of the structure.
2.
Scope
The rules given in this document apply to structures whose joints are verified according to EN1993-1-8 7. This NCCI explains the verification procedure for the following joints: Joints involving circular hollow section chords Joints involving rectangular or square hollow section chords Joints involving I or H section chords
This NCCI covers uniplanar, unreinforced joints under predominantly static axial forces and/or bending moments. Information on the influence of the main parameters on the joint resistance is also provided.
2.1
Joint types
X joints T and Y joints
The joint types covered are shown in the figure below:
K and N joints with gap
K and N joints with overlap
Figure 2.1
Typical joint types
2.2
Validity range
Provided that the geometric ranges given in section 5 are satisfied for each type of joint, only the verification of the failure modes given in the relevant table is required. Outside these ranges all the failure modes, some of them not covered by the design formulae, may become critical and should be verified accordingly. Page 2
2.3
Ai Ni,Ed Ni,Rd
Joint symbols and parameters

cross-sectional area of member i (i = 0, 1, 2 or 3); design value of the internal axial force in member i (i = 0, 1, 2 or 3); design value of the resistance of the joint, expressed in terms of the internal axial force in member i (i = 0, 1, 2 or 3);
Mip,i,Ed design value of the in-plane internal moment in member i (i = 0, 1, 2 or 3); Mip,i,Rd design value of the resistance of the joint, expressed in terms of the in-plane internal moment in member i (i = 0, 1, 2 or 3); Mop,i,Ed design value of the out-of-plane internal moment in member i (i = 0, 1, 2 or 3); Mop,i,Rd design value of the resistance of the joint, expressed in terms of the out-of-plane internal moment in member i (i = 0, 1, 2 or 3); di e fyi
overall diameter of circular hollow section member i (i = 0, 1, 2 or 3); joint eccentricity (sign criteria defined in Figure 2.2) yield strength of member i (i = 0, 1, 2 or 3); gap between the brace members in a K or N joint (negative values represent an overlap q) wall thickness of member i (i = 0, 1, 2 or 3); included angle between brace member i and the chord (i = 1, 2 or 3); ratio of the mean diameter or width of the brace members, to that of the chord:
d i d i b1 ; or (for T, Y and X joints) d 0 b0 b0 d1 + d 2 d1 + d 2 b1 + b2 + h1 + h2 ; or (for K and N joints) 2d 0 2b0 4b0 d1 + d 2 + d 3 d1 + d 2 + d 3 d1 + d 2 + d 3 + h1 + h2 + h3 ; or (for KT joints) 3d 0 3b0 6b0
g ti
ov
overlap ratio, expressed as a percentage (ov = (q/p) x 100%)
a) Gap joint with positive eccentricity

Figure 2.2
b) Overlap joint with negative eccentricity
Definition of joint eccentricity
Page 3
Figure 2.3
Main joint parameters for hollow section chords and brace members
g
q p
Figure 2.4
Gap and overlap
3.
3.1
General design guidance

Structural analysis
Trusses are usually designed as pin-jointed frames with members meeting at a common point at the centre of each joint and loads applied at that point, resulting in the members being subjected to tension or compression only. The assumption of centre line loading and pinned connections enables a good approximation of the axial forces in the members. Figure 3.1 shows the way in which members are arranged at the joint, i.e. with the centre lines of the bracing members intersecting with the centre line of the chord.
Figure 3.1
Noding joints in trusses
Page 4
3.2
Joint eccentricity
For economic fabrication, it is generally much easier and therefore cheaper to assemble and weld with a gap between the bracing members (see Figure 2.2(a)). This may result in eccentricity at the joint which should be accounted for as given in section 3.3
3.3
Primary and secondary moments
The assumption of pinned connections together with load application at the nodes provides a good approximation of the axial forces in the members. However, there are three factors that may introduce bending moments in the real structure. These factors are: stiffness of the joint, transversal loads (if any) and the eccentricity (often needed when gap or overlap arrangements are specified). EN1993-1-8 covers these effects in the following way: Provided that the geometrical limits given in EN1993-1-8 5.1.5(3) are satisfied, the secondary moments due to joint stiffness do not influence the resistance of the joint since it is assumed to have sufficient deformation capacity. Transverse loads: primary bending moments caused by transverse loading should be considered in the design of the joints. In most cases, since transverse loads are not applied to brace members, they are not subject to bending moments. For bending moments from transverse loads on the chords, the compressive bending stress should be added to the axial compression in the chord. Eccentricity: if the geometrical limits given in EN1993-1-8 5.1.5(5) are satisfied, its effect on the joint is automatically taken into account in the joint design formulae in this NCCI. However, it is always good practice to keep eccentricities to a minimum. How the effects of these moments should be taken into account is summarized in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Allowance for bending moments
Source of the bending moment Joint stiffness Compression chord Tension chord Brace member Joint Ignore if EN1993-1-8 5.1.5(3) is satisfied Yes Transverse loading Eccentricity Yes No No Ignore if EN1993-1-8 5.1.5(5) is satisfied
Type of component
4.
Parameters affecting joint resistance
Table 4.1 to Table 4.3 give information on how the joint parameters should be modified in order to increase the joint resistance. The joint resistance is taken as the maximum axial resistance of the brace members. These recommendations are valid only for cases where the joint resistance is smaller than the resistance of the members. Page 5
Table 4.1
Joint Parameter
Single braced joints (T, Y and X joints)

Parameter value Effect on joint resistance increased increased increased
(1)
Chord width to thickness ratio Bracing to chord width ratio Bracing angle Bracing to chord strength ratio
b0 t0 or d 0 t0 d1 d 0 or b1 b0
reduced increased reduced
f y1t1 f y 0 t0
reduced
increased
(1) provided that chord side wall buckling (square or rectangular hollow sections) does not become critical, when > 0.85
Table 4.2
K and N gap joints
Joint Parameter
Parameter value
Effect on joint resistance
Chord width to thickness ratio Bracing to chord width ratio Bracing angle Bracing to chord strength ratio Gap between bracings
b0 t0 or d 0 t0 d1 d 0 or b1 b0
reduced
increased
increased reduced reduced
increased increased increased
(1)
f y1t1 f y 0 t0
reduced
increased (2)
(1) provided that chord side wall buckling (square or rectangular hollow sections) does not become critical, when > 0.85 (2) only true for circular hollow section chord joints
Table 4.3
Joint Parameter
K and N overlap joints

Parameter value Effect on joint resistance increased
Chord width to thickness ratio Overlapped bracing width to thickness ratio Bracing to chord width ratio Bracing angle
b0 t0 or d 0 t0
bj t j
reduced
reduced
increased (1)
d1 d 0 or b1 b0
increased reduced
increased increased
(2)
(3)
Page 6
Overlapped bracing to chord strength factor Bracing to bracing strength factor Overlap of bracings
f yjt j f y 0 t0 f yiti f yjt j
reduced
increased
reduced reduced
increased increased
Ov
(1) only true for rectangular or square hollow section joints (2) provided that rectangular or square hollow section chord side wall buckling does not become critical, when > 0.85 (3) only true for circular hollow section chord joints
5.
Joint design guidance
The tables presented in this section provide guidance on the Eurocode tables and clauses (EN 1993-1-8) to be used in each case for the design of joints involving hollow sections alone or in combination with open section profiles. The tables are presented according to the section used for the chord members. As previously stated in section 2.2, provided that the joint geometry falls within the geometrical range given, only the axial and moment design resistances in the corresponding tables need to be checked. Otherwise, all the failure modes presented in EN 1993-1-8 7.2.2 should be considered. The design resistance of the joint is expressed in terms of maximum design axial and/or moment resistance for the brace members. For brace member connections subject to axial forces only, (i.e. the most common case), the following should be satisfied:
N i ,Ed < N i ,Rd
However, for combined bending and axial force, the relevant interaction formulae stated in the tables below should be used. The typical application of joints subject to in-plane bending moments is the T joint of Vierendeel girder. Out-of-plane bending moments are not very common in planar structures. These moments occur due to out-of-plane loads such as wind loads.
Page 7
5.1 Welded joints involving circular hollow section chords

Table 5.1 EN 1993-1-8 tables and clauses to be used in the design of joints involving circular hollow section chords
Geometric range T 7.1 T 7.1, T 7.3 T 7.1, T 7.4 T 7.1, T 7.4 T 7.1 Axial design resistance T 7.2 T 7.3 T 7.4 T 7.4 T 7.6 Moment design resistance T 7.5 T 7.3 T 7.4 T 7.4 -------Interaction formula 7.4.2 7.4.2 7.4.2 7.4.2 T 7.6
Brace member Circular hollow sections Gusset plate I or H Regular or square hollow sections Special circular hollow section
5.2 Welded joints involving rectangular or square hollow section chords

Table 5.2 EN1993-1-8 tables and clauses to be used in the design of joints involving square Hollow Section chords
Geometric range T 7.8, T 7.9 T 7.8, T 7.9 Axial design resistance T 7.10 T 7.10 Interaction formula 7.5.2 7.5.2
Brace member Circular hollow section Square Hollow section
Table 5.3
EN 1993-1-8 tables and clauses to be used in the design of joints involving square or rectangular hollow section chords
Geometric range T 7.8 T 7.8 Axial design resistance T 7.11, T. 7.12 T 7.11, T. 7.12 Moment design resistance --------T 7.14 Interaction formula 7.5.2.1 7.5.2.1
Brace member Circular hollow section Square or rectangular hollow section Gusset plate I or H Special rectangular hollow sections
(1) See Table 5.4 below
T 7.8, T 7.13 T 7.8, T 7.13 T 7.8
T 7.13 T 7.13 T 7.15, T 7.16
(1)
7.5.2.1 7.5.2.1 T 7.16
T 7.13 ----------
For the particular case of square or rectangular hollow section chords with gusset plates, the following table may be used for the determination of the moment resistance of such connections, [2]:
Page 8
Table 5.4
Moment resistance of square or rectangular hollow section chords with gusset plates
Transverse gusset plate
Longitudinal gusset plate
In-plane moment: M ip ,1,Rd = 0.5 N 1,Rd ti Out of plane moment: M op ,1,Rd = 0.5 N 1,Rd bi
In-plane moment: M ip ,1,Rd = 0.5hi N 1,Rd Out of plane moment: M op ,1,Rd = 0.5 N 1,Rd ti
5.3
Welded joints involving I or H section chord

EN 1993-1-8 tables and clauses to be used in the design of welded joints involving I or H section chords
Geometric range T 7.20 T 7.20 Axial design resistance T 7.21 T 7.21 Moment design resistance
-------------
Table 5.5
Brace member Circular hollow section Square or rectangular hollow section
Interaction formula 7.6 7.6
T 7.22
6.
Welds
The weld should normally be made around the whole perimeter of the bracing member by means of a butt weld, a fillet weld or a combination of the two. Appropriate execution details for welding are given in ENV 1090-4. The welds should be designed taking into account the requirements of EN 1993-1-8 7.3 and the throat thickness calculated according to EN 1993-1-8 4. The design resistance of a fillet weld should not normally be less than the design resistance of the bracing member. This requirement will be satisfied provided
f y w M2 a 2 t f u M0
When M0 = 1,0 and M2 = 1,25:
a/t 0,96 for S275 steel and a/t 1,11 for S355 steel
Page 9
7.
Design aids
The software CIDJOINT applies the calculation and verification methods of joints formed by structural hollow sections subject to predominantly static loads. These methods have been developed thanks to the research performed by the Comit International pour le Dveloppement et lEtude de la Construction Tubulaire (CIDECT) and the Sub-commission XV-E of the International Institute of Welding (IIW). This software is consistent with the methods given in ENV1993-1-8. More information is available at www.cidect.org.
8.
1
References
Hollow Sections in Structural Applications, by J. Wardenier. Comit International pour le Dveloppement et lEtude de la Construction Tubulaire (CIDECT). This publication may be freely downloaded from www.cidect.org Design of SHS welded joints, Corus Tubes. This document is freely downloadable from www.corus.com.
ENV1090-4 Execution of steel structures Part 4: Supplementary rules for hollow section lattice structures. ENV1993-1-1:1992 Eurocode 3. Design of steel structures. General rules and rules for buildings.
2
3 4
Page 10
Quality Record
RESOURCE TITLE Reference(s) ORIGINAL DOCUMENT Name Created by Technical content checked by Editorial content checked by Technical content endorsed by the following STEEL Partners: 1. UK 2. France
NCCI: Design models for welded joints in lattice structures
Company LABEIN LABEIN
Date
Francisco Rey Jose A. Chica
G W Owens A Bureau A Olsson C Mller J Chica G W Owens
SCI CTICM SBI RWTH Labein SCI
7/4/06 7/4/06 7/4/06 7/4/06 7/4/06 12/7/06
3. Sweden 4. Germany 5. Spain Resource approved by Technical Coordinator TRANSLATED DOCUMENT This Translation made and checked by: Translated resource approved by:
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NCCI: Design model for welded joints in trusses using structural hollow sections

The joint types covered are shown in the figure below:

K and N joints with gap

K and N joints with overlap

Typical joint types

Joint symbols and parameters

overlap ratio, expressed as a percentage (ov = (q/p) x 100%)

a) Gap joint with positive eccentricity

b) Overlap joint with negative eccentricity

Definition of joint eccentricity

Gap and overlap

General design guidance

Noding joints in trusses

Primary and secondary moments

Parameters affecting joint resistance

Single braced joints (T, Y and X joints)

reduced increased reduced

K and N gap joints

Effect on joint resistance

increased reduced reduced

increased increased increased

K and N overlap joints

f yjt j f y 0 t0 f yiti f yjt j

Joint design guidance

5.1 Welded joints involving circular hollow section chords

5.2 Welded joints involving rectangular or square hollow section chords

Brace member Circular hollow section Square Hollow section

T 7.8, T 7.13 T 7.8, T 7.13 T 7.8

T 7.13 T 7.13 T 7.15, T 7.16

7.5.2.1 7.5.2.1 T 7.16

Transverse gusset plate

Longitudinal gusset plate

Welded joints involving I or H section chord

Brace member Circular hollow section Square or rectangular hollow section

Interaction formula 7.6 7.6

When M0 = 1,0 and M2 = 1,25:

NCCI: Design models for welded joints in lattice structures

Company LABEIN LABEIN

Francisco Rey Jose A. Chica

G W Owens A Bureau A Olsson C Mller J Chica G W Owens

SCI CTICM SBI RWTH Labein SCI

7/4/06 7/4/06 7/4/06 7/4/06 7/4/06 12/7/06

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