INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BOMBAY

Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science MM 204 : TRANSPORT PHENOMENA : 2013-14 FALL Assignment 4 ( SUBMIT ANY 10) submit on 31 Oct, 2013, 1035h 1. A type-304 stainless steel billet, 15.2 centimeter. diameter, is passing through a 6.1 meter long heat treating furnace. The initial billet temperature is 93.3oC and its center must be raised to a minimum temperature of 815.6oC before working. The heat transfer coefficient between the furnace gases and the billet surface is 85.2 W/m2K, and the furnace gases are at 1260oC. At what minimum velocity must the billet travel through the furnace to satisfy these conditions? 2. In the curing of rubber tires, the vulcanization process requires that a tire carcass, originally at 295 K, be heated so that its central layer reaches a minimum temperature of 410 K. This heating is accomplished by introducing steam at 435 K to both sides. Steam heating involves extremely high heat transfer coefficient because of the phase change. Determine the time required, after introducing steam for a 3-cm thick tire carcass to reach the specified center temperature condition. Properties of rubber that may be used are the following : K = 0.151 W/m . K, Cp = 200 J/Kg .K , = 1201 kg/m3, = 6.19 x 10-8 m2/s. A rocket engine nozzle is made of a ceramic material having the following properties: k = 3.0 W/m/K, = 9x10-6 m2/sec. The convective heat transfer coefficient between the nozzle and the gases, which are at 1649 oC, is 1135 W/m2 oK. How long after startup will it take for the temperature at the ceramic surface to reach 1482oC ? What will be the temperature at a point 1.27 centimeter from the surface at this time ? The nozzle is initially at -17.8oC. For an asbestos cylinder with both height and diameter of 13 cm initially at a uniform temperature of 295 K placed in a medium at 810 K with an associated convective heat transfer coefficient of 22.8 W/m2 K, determine the time required for the center of the cylinder to reach 530 K if end effects are neglected. One estimate of the original temperature of Earth is 3871oC. Using this value and the following properties for Earths crust, Lord Kelvin obtained an estimate of 9.8 x 107 yr for the Earths age : = 0.01176 cm2/s Ts = -17.78oC T = 0.0034oC/m, (measured) y y 0 Comment on Lord Kelvins result by considering the exact expression for unsteady-state conduction in one dimension T Ts x erf T0 Ts 2 t 6. A copper cylinder with a diameter of 7.62 centimeter is initially at a uniform temperature of 21oC. How long after being placed in a medium at 537.8oC with an associated convective heat transfer coefficient of 22.7 W/m2 .K, will the temperature at the center of the cylinder reach 260 oC if the height of the cylinder

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is (a) 7.62 centimeter ? (b) 15.24 centimeter ? (c) 30.48 centimeter ? (d) 60.96 centimeter ? (e) 1.524 meter ? 7. After a fire starts in a room the walls are exposed to combustion products at 950 oC. If the interior wall surface is made oak, how long after exposure to the fire will the wood surface reach its combustion temperature of 400oC ? Pertinent data are the following : h = 30 W/m2 . K Ti (initial) = 21oC For oak: = 545 kg/m3 k = 0.17 W/m . K cp = 2.385 kJ/kg . K. A 50mm o.d. steel pipe carries saturated steam at 4 bar through a laboratory which is 20 m long. The pipe is insulated with 37.5 mm thick layer of 85% magnesia which costs Rs.125/m. How long must the steam line be in service to justify the insulation cost if the heating cost for the steam is Rs.2/MJ (i.e., Rs.7.2/kWh)? The outside-surface convective heat-transfer coefficient may be taken as 30 W/m2.K. Saturated steam at 4 bar pressure is approximately at 410 K, and the room temperature is at 300 K. [WWWR] A 2.5 cm thick sheet of plastic (k = 2.42 W/m . K) is to be bonded to a 5-cm-thick aluminum plate. The glue which will accomplish the bonding is to be held at a temperature of 325 K to achieve the best adherence, and the heat to accomplish this bonding is to be provided by a radiant source. The convective heat-transfer coefficient on the outside surfaces of both the plastic and aluminum is 12 W/m2.K, and the surrounding air is at 295 K. What is the required heat flux if it is applied to the surface of (a) the plastic? (b) the aluminum? [WWWR] A thin slab of material is subjected to microwave radiation that causes volumetric heating to vary according to
q '''( x ) qo ''' [1-(X/L)]
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where qo''' has a constant value of 180 kW/m3 and the slab thickness, L, is 0.06 m. The thermal conductivity of the slab material is 0.6 W/m.K. The boundary at X = L is perfectly insulated, while the surface at X = 0 is maintained at a constant temperature of 320 K. (a) (b) (c)

. Determine an expression for T(x) in terms of X, L, k, qo , and To.

Where, in the slab, will the maximum temperature occur? What is the value of Tmax? [WWWR]

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In very cold atmospheres one can get frost bite, because of the fact that the temperatures of the extremities of the body can become so low that the fluids actually solidify. You might have seen anecdotal stories about nose tips or earlobes snapping off when scratched in arctic conditions. Let us model one such case with the earlobe.

Let us say that the earlobe is a rectangular parallelepiped of 2mm thickness, 20 mm width, and 15mm length (protruding out). Let us say that the blood circulation is able to keep a temperature of 37oC at the base of the lobe. In cold dry conditions the effective thermal conductivity of the lobe is only 0.2 W/m.K. Wind is blowing and the heat transfer coefficient is a good 50 W/m2.K. What should be the temperature of the surrounding air for the tip of the lobe to reach a temperature of 0oC ? External flow : 12. An electric air heater consists of a horizontal array of thin metal strips that are each 10 mm long in the direction of an airstream that is in parallel flow over the top of the strips. Each strip is 0.2 m wide, and 25 strips are arranged side by side, forming a continuous and smooth surface over which the air flows at 2 m/s. During operation each strip is maintained at 500oC and the air is at 25oC. What is the rate of convection heat transfer from the first strip ? The tenth strip ? All the strips together ? Consider the wing of an aircraft as a flat plate of 2.5 m length in the flow direction. The plane is moving at 100 m/s in air that is at a pressure of 0.7 bar and a temperature of -10oC. The top surface of the wing absorbs solar radiation at a rate of 800W/m2. Assume that wing to be of solid construction and to have a single, uniform temperature. Estimate the steady state temperature of the wing. Viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heat may be taken to be independent of pressure. The roof of a refrigerated truck compartment is of composite construction, consisting of a layer of urethane insulation (t2 = 50 mm, ki = W/m.K) sandwiched between aluminium panels (t1 = 5 mm, kp = 180 W/ m.K). and width of the roof are L = 10 m and respectively, and the temperature of the surface is T s,i = -10oC. Consider for which the truck is moving at a speed km/h, the air temperature is T = 32oC, solar irradiation is Gs = 750 W/m2. flow may be assumed over the entire length of the roof.

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foamed 0.026 alloy The length W= 3.5 m, inner conditions of V = 105 and the Turbulent

For solar absorbtivity=emissivity of the surface = 0.5, estimate the average temperature Ts,o of the outer surface. What is the corresponding heat load on the refrigeration system ? 15. Air at a pressure of 1 atm and a temperature of 50oC is in parallel flow over the top surface of a flat plate that is heated to a uniform temperature of 100oC. The plate has a length of 0.20 m (in the flow direction) and a width of 0.10 m. the Reynolds number based on the plate length is 40,000. What is the rate of heat transfer from the plate to the air ? Consider a rectangular fin that is used to cool a motorcycle engine. The fin is 0.15 m long and at a temperature of 250oCm, while the motorcycle is moving at 80 km/h in air at 27oC. The air is in parallel flow over both surfaces of the fin, and turbulent flow conditions may be assumed to exist throughout. (a) What is the rate of heat removal per unit width of the fin ? (b) Generate a plot of the heat removal rate per unit width of the fin for motorcycle speed ranging from 10 to 100 km/h.

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The weather channel reports that it is a hot, muggy day with an air temperature of 90oF, a 10 mph breeze out of the southwest, and bright sunshine with a solar insolation of 400 W/m2. Consider the wall of a metal building over which the prevailing wind blows. The length of the wall in the wind direction is 10 m, and the emissivity is 0.93. Assume that all the solar irradiation is absorbed, that irradiation from the sky is negligible, and that flow is fully turbulent over the wall. Estimate the average wall temperature. A solar energy collector measuring 6.1x6.1 meter is installed on a room in a horizontal position. The incident solar energy flux is 631 W/m2, and the collector surface temperature is 65.6oC. What fraction of incident solar energy is lost by convection to the stagnant surrounding air at a temperature of 10 oC ? What effect on the convective losses would result if the collector were crisscrossed with 3mmx20mm ridges spaced 0.3 meter apart ? A cooking oven has a top surface temperature of 45oC when exposed to still air. At this condition the inside oven temperature and room air temperature are 180oC and 20oC respectively, and heat is transferred from the top surface at 40 W. To reduce the surface temperature, as required by safety regulations, room air is blown across the top with a velocity of 20 m/s. Conditions inside the oven may be considered unchanged. (a) What will be the rate of heat loss under this new operating condition ? (b) What will be the top surface temperature ? Make flat plate approximation. 20.

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Analogy 21. A thin, flat plate that is 0.2 m by 0.2 m on a side is oriented parallel to an atmospheric airstream having a velocity of 40 m/s. The air is at a temperature of T = 20oC, while the plate is maintained at Ts = 120oC. The air flows over the top and bottom surfaces of the plate, and measurement of the drag force reveals a value of 0.075 N. What is the rate of heat transfer from both sides of the plate to the air ? 22. Atmospheric air is in parallel flow (u = 15 m/s, T = 150C) over a flat heater surface that is to be maintained at a temperature of 140oC. The heater surface area is 0.25 m2, and the airflow is known to induce a drag force of 0.25 N on the heater. What is the electrical power needed to maintain the prescribed surface temp. ?

Cylinder in Cross Flow 23. Consider the following fluids, each with a velocity of V = 5 m/s and a temperature of T = 20oC, in cross flow over a 10-mm diameter cylinder maintained at 50oC. atmospheric air, saturated water, and engine oil. Calculate the rate of heat transfer per unit length, q. ( Incropera) 24. A circular pipe of 25 mm outside diameter is placed in an airstream at 25 oC and 1 atm pressure. The air moves in cross flow over the pipe at 15 m/s, while the outer surface of the pipe is maintained at 100 oC. What is the rate of heat transfer from the pipe per unit length ?

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A long cylindrical, electrical heating element of diameter D = 10 mm, thermal conductivity k = 240 W/m.K, density = 2700 kg/m3, and specific heat cp = 900 J/kg.K is installed in a duct for which air moves in cross flow over the heater at a temperature and velocity of 270C and 10 m/s, respectively. (a) Neglecting radiation, estimate the steady-state surface temperature when, per unit length of the heater, electrical energy is being dissipated at a rate of 1000 W/m. (b) If the heater is activated from an initial temperature of 27oC, estimate the time required for the surface temperature to come within 10oC of its steady-state value.