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Biomass:
Biogas:
Biofuels:
Liquid fuels
Wood, straw, bagasse, cow dung, waste Lower energy density than coal
Mostly CH4 (60-70%), with a balance of CO2 Made from decomposition of organic wastes (e.g. landll gas)
There Are Several Pathways For Bioenergy, But They All Start With Biomass
CO CO
Department of Energy
Invites moral dilemma of food vs. fuel Ine cient use of photons
Webber Energy Group
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Biomass
Concluded in a landmark
2005 USDA/DoE study
Known as the Billion Ton Study Logging residues, wood waste, manure, crop waste, tree trimmings, yard clippings, etc. ~10 MMBTU/ton ~13 Quads available (upper limit) nationally
DoE
Americans Generate 250 Million Tons of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Annually
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency / 2010 MSW Characterization Fact Sheet Graphic: Michael E. Webber, The University of Texas at Austin
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Michael E. Webber
0 1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985 Year
1990
1995
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2005
0 2010
Paper and Paperboard Glass Metal Plastics Rubber and Leather Textiles Wood
Michael E. Webber
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Unrecycleable Plastics And Fiber Residue Can Be Turned Into Fuel Pellets
John Fy e
Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) Pellets Can Be Used To Displace Fossil Fuels
John Fy e
John Fy e
to a heating plant in Karlskoga in central Sweden which uses them as biofuel and incinerates them to heat homes.
Biogas
Biogas (or renewable natural gas, aka RNG) can be used just
like natural gas
Municipal Wastewater: anaerobic digestion of sludge Agricultural Operations: anaerobic digestion of manure
Webber Energy Group
19
Creates a 2nd revenue stream for farmers Turns an environmental liability (manure)
into a valuable commodity (fuel)
Biofuels
Recent Policies Have Prioritized Biofuels, Especially Corn Ethanol, To Displace Petroleum
Mandates to purchase biofuels Ag subsidies to make the biofuels cost less Tax credits to make it cheaper for consumers
to purchase biofuels ($0.51/gallon)
Expired 1 January 2012 (after $20B of subsidies)
Tari
Energy Independence & Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) Called for Aggressive Penetration of Renewable Fuels
20062022 U.S. Applicable Volume of Renewable Fuel
Source: 202 of EISA 2007 Graphic: Michael E. Webber, The University of Texas at Austin
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Michael E. Webber
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2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Year
Todays consumption:
140 Bgal/year gasoline 40 Bgal/year diesel
Biofuels Terminology
First letter indicates the fuel
B for Biodiesel (regardless of source) Not clear how to label biobutanol E for Ethanol (regardless of source)
Ethanol = Ethane + OH
EtOH C2H5OH
Methanol = Methane + OH
very poisonous wood alcohol CH3OH
Propanol = Propane + OH
Webber Energy Group
26
WTW CO
reductions of 1952%
2
Ethanol has lower energy content than gasoline by ~30% Sparse refueling and distribution infrastructure Ethanol can corrode conventional pipelines
Build dedicated pipelines, or Transport fuels by truck or rail (using diesel fuel)
Cars are all ex-fueled with onDi erent air quality laws board computers to adjust between fuel mixes price comparison