ELECTRONIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS (EFIS) INTRODUCTION An electronic flight instrument system, or EFIS, is a flight deck instrument display

system in which the display technology used is electronic rather than electromechanical. EFIS normally consists of a primary flight display (PFD), multifunction display (MFD) and Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System (EICAS) display. Although cathode ray tube (CRT) displays were used at first, liquid crystal displays (LCD) are now more common.

The complex electromechanical attitude director indicator (ADI) and horizontal situation indicator (HSI) were the first candidates for replacement by EFIS. However, there are now few flight deck instruments for which no electronic display is available.

AIR DATA SYSTEM - DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION

A. The air data computing system provides air data information to the integrated display system and other interfacing systems. The system consists of these components:

MAS ALL; AIRPLANES WITH THREE ADCS (i) Three air data computers (ADC)

MAS ALL (ii) Two angle of attack (AOA) sensors (iii) Two total air temperature (TAT) probes (iv) Two air data source select relays (v) Two air data source select switches (vi) A gear down dispatch switch

MAS 103-110, 201-207, 366-999; MAS 001, 002 POST SB 747-71-2232 (vii) A fifth engine carriage switch

MAS ALL i. The inputs to the air data system are pitot and static air pressure from the pitot-static systemPAGEBLOCK 34-11-00/001, angle of attack from the AOA sensors, total air temperature (TAT) from the TAT probes, and barometric pressure correction from the EFIS control panels. ii. A number of discrete signals are also applied to the air data system. These discretes perform functions such as selection of SSEC curve, selection of maximum operating speed curve, definition of status of the air data sensor heaters, and selection of desired mode of operation. iii. The air data system outputs are available on four ARINC 429 buses. One test only data bus, which iselectrically connected to the No. 1 bus, is available on the ADC front panel. All four of the buses aredentical and contain the same data.

B. The No. 1 bus supplies data to the following autopilot and flight director system and warning interfaces: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Flap control units (FCU) Stabilizer trim/rudder ratio modules (SRM) Flight management computer/thrust management computers (FMC/TMC) Flight control computers (FCC) Yaw damper modules (YDM) Modularized avionics and warning electronics assembly (MAWEA) The MAWEA contains the altitude alert logic, speed tape barber pole logic, and stall warning functions.

The No. 2 bus supplies data to the following instrument display interfaces:

i. ii. iii. iv. v.

Inertial reference units (IRU) EFIS/EICAS interface units (EIU) MAWEA The No. 3 bus supplies data to the electronic engine controls (EEC). The No. 4 bus supplies data to the following general purpose and alternate interfaces:

(a) Cabin Pressure Controllers (CPC) (b) Ground proximity warning computer (GPWC) (c) Air traffic contol transponders (ATC) (d) Data management unit (DMU) (e) Alternate source input for the following:

1) SRM 2) FMC/TMC 3) EIU 4) FCU 5) YDM 6) IRU

EFIS control panel control panel controls that are used with the air data system are the meters (MTRS) button and the baro set control Pushing the MTRS button adds or removes the altitude display in meters on the corresponding PFD.

The baro set control consists of an outer and an inner concentric knob, the inner knob is also a push button

The outer knob selects the selected barometric reference to Be displayed in inches of mercury (IN) or hecto Pascals (hPA) on the corresponding PFD. Each time the STD barometric reference is selected, 29.92 IN or 1013 hPa will be displayed just below STD in the preselect readout on the corresponding PFD

A preselected barometric reference value can be selected by rotating the inner knob. After a preselected value has been set by rotating the inner knob, pressing the knob will remove the STD barometric reference and replace it with the preselected barometric reference value.

The altitude in meters and the barometric reference settings can be set using the CDU in the event that the EFIS control panel fails. The captains and first officers EFIS control panels are located on the left and right sides of the pilots light shield

EFIS/EICAS interface unit (EIU)

The three EIUs receive digital data, on data bus No. 2 and data bus No. 4, and discrete from each ADC The EIUs process this information to create air data system displays on the PFDs and air data system warning, status, and advisory messages for the EICAS displays.

The left ADC serves as the primary source for the left EIU and an alternate source for the right and center EIUs. The right ADC serves as the primary source for the right EIU and an alternate source for the left and center EIUs The center ADC serves as the primary source for the center EIU and an alternate source for the left and right EIUs

Main and auxiliary EICAS displays

Air data system display presentation on the primary EICAS consists of total air temperature (TAT). TAT is displayed by a digital readout in degrees Celsius or degrees Farenheit including sign.

When the readout indicates zero degrees, the sign is removed. A detected TAT failure is annunciated by removal of the digital readout including sign and units.

Air data system warning (red) and advisory (amber) messages are displayed on the primary EICAS. The latest occurrence message will appear on the top line of the display.

An advisory message will follow a caution message if a caution message is displayed and a caution message will follow a warning message if a warning message is displayed.

Air data system status (white) messages are displayed on the secondary EICAS display. To bring up a status message on the secondary EICAS display, the STAT button on the EICAS display select panel must be pushed. Pushing the STAT button will bring up the latest occurrence status message.

A list of air data system EICAS messages are shown inTable 1.

Components of the inertial reference system that interface with the air data system are the:

(a) Left inertial reference unit (L-IRU) (b) Center inertial reference unit (C-IRU) (c) Right inertial reference unit (R-IRU)

The inertial reference system receives digital data from the left and right ADCs on data bus No. 2 and data bus No. 4.

The left ADC serves as the primary source for the left and center IRUs and the alternate source for the right IRU. The right ADC serves as the primary source for the right IRU and the alternate for the left and center IRUs.

Data will be provided by the center ADC when it is used as an alternate source for either the left or right ADC.

Selection of the air data input source for the left IRU is controlled by the captains air data source select switch.

Selection of the air data input for the right IRU is controlled by the first officers air data source select switch. Selection of the air data input for the center IRU is controlled by the first officers IRS source select switch

The vertical speed displayed on the PFDs is baro-inertial vertical speed data derived by the inertial reference system. The switching arrangement ensures that vertical speed data is provided from two independent sources when one IRU is inoperative.

Primary flight display (PFD) The PFD displays for several electronic systems. The following paragraphs describe the displays for the air data system

The altitude tape display presented on the right side of the PFD is an electronic representation of a continuously rotating drum with a fixed readout box in 20-foot increments.

The altitude tape displays a full scale range of 825.0 feet at any given time with

numeric altitude placed at 200-foot intervals. Indices are placed every 100 feet. Negative values will show a negative sign immediately to the left of the most significant displayed digit

A detected failure of the displayed altitude information is annunciated by removal of the altitude tape and the appearance of a yellow boxed ALT where the altitude tape is normally located

Altitude in meters, when selected, equivalent to feet is digitally displayed above the fixed altitude readout box. The metric altitude is rounded to the nearest one meter

The metric readout is removed when an altitude failure is detected The airspeed tape display presented on the left side of the PFD is an electronic representation of a continuously rotating drum with a fixed readout box in 1-knot computed airspeed (CAS) increments

The airspeed tape displays a full-scale range of 123.75 knots at any given time interval with numeric airspeed placed at every 20-knot intervals starting at 40 knots.

Indices are placed every 10 knots starting at 30 knots and ending at 420 knots. A detected failure of the displayed airspeed information is annunciated by removal of the airspeed tape and the appearance of a yellow boxed SPD where the airspeed tape is normally located.

Current Mach is displayed digitally below the airspeed tape by a period followed by a 3-digit number. A detected failure of CAS will remove the Mach readout

A detected Mach failure and not a detected CAS failure is annunciated by removal of the Mach readout and the appearance of a yellow boxed MACH where the Mach readout is normally located

The Vmo speed displayed is the smallest value parameter that is received from the stall warning computer and the air data computer. A detected failure of CAS will remove the Vmo barber pole symbol.

The barber pole symbol consists of red squares spaced equally on a black background. The barber pole symbol will extend from Vmo speed limit to the upper edge of the airspeed tape (in the direction of larger airspeed values).

If the airspeed values displayed are lower than the Vmo speed limit, the barber pole symbol will not be displayed Vertical speed is displayed on the right side of the PFD in digital and analog representation. The digital readout appears when the vertical speed equals or exceeds plus or minus 400 feet per minute. If the vertical speed is negative, the digital readout appears below the analog display without a minus sign. If the vertical speed exceeds plus or minus 9999 feet per minute, the display will read 9999 The analog display is a fixed scale with a moving pointer. The pointer moves in a windshield wiper manner about a center point located off the display along the PFD horizontal centreline The pointer indicates the value along an analog scale. The scale is positive for values up from the center line and is negative for values down from the centerline. The scale is linear between numerics. The scale defined for the 2000 to 6000 feet per minute range is extended to the upper or lower display range limit when the vertical speed exceeds the analog display range limit and the pointer parks in view at the upper or lower limit. A detected vertical speed failure is annunciated by removal of the digital readout and analog display and the appearance of a yellow boxed VERT where the analog display is normally located. Selected barometric reference is displayed below the altitude tape full time as either a numeric value with units or as the letters STD for standard barometric reference (29.92 in. Hg). There are two display locations for barometric information, actual barometric reference used and preselected barometric reference to be used. Preselected barometric reference is displayed when standard (STD) is selected on the EFIS control panel for barometric reference used

When selected barometric reference is displayed, the units legend is IN. for inches-of-mercury or hPa for Hecto Pascals. The barometric reference display range is 22.0 to 32.0 inches-of-mercury or 745.0 to 1082.6 Hecto Pascals. A detected barometric reference failure is annunciated by removal of that display