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Gas Stoichiometry
Concentrated nitric acid reacts with copper metal as follows: Cu ( s ) + 4 H + (aq ) + 2 NO3 (aq ) 2 NO2 ( g ) + Cu 2+ (aq ) + 2 H 2O(l ) Suppose that 6.80 g of copper is consumed in this reacAon, and that the NO2 is collected at a pressure of 0.970 atm and a temperature of 45C. Calculate the volume of NO2 produced. How should we approach this problem? EssenAally, its the same process as any stoichiometry problem convert from moles we know to moles we dont know

Gas Stoichiometry
First we calculate moles of copper 6.80 g Cu = 0.107 mol Cu g Cu 63.55 mol Cu Then, using stoichiometric coecients from the balanced equaAon, we nd moles of NO2:
2 mol NO 2 0.107 mol Cu = 0.214 mol NO 2 1 mol Cu

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Gas Stoichiometry
Now we have moles of NO2. The problem gave pressure and temperature, so we can use the ideal gas law to solve for the volume:
PV=nRT so
Latm ) nRT ( 0.214 mol) ( 0.08206 Kmol ( 45 + 273) K V= = P 0.970 atm V= 5.76 L

Finding Molar Mass using the IGL

It is possible to determine the molar mass of an unknown gas using its measured density. Since:
mass of gas in grams m = molar mass of gas MM substituting this into the IGL equation: n= m PV= RT MM
MulAply both sides by MM; divide both sides by V While liquid and solid densiAes normally have units of g/mL (or cm3) gas density is measured in g/L

m Rearranging: P ( MM ) = RT V m has units of g/L which is the density of a gas V

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Daltons Law of ParAal Pressures

States that in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the par0al pressures of all the gases in the mixture The parAal pressure is dened as the pressure a gas would exert if it were alone in the container (same volume and temperature)

For a mixture of gases A, B, C, the total pressure is: P = PA + PB + PC + ... Total

Daltons Law of ParAal Pressures

If each gas in the mixture is ideal, then
RT RT RT PA = nA ; P = n ; P = n etc. B B C V V C V Thus RT PTotal = nA + nB + nC V RT = nTotal V

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Daltons Law of ParAal Pressures

Lets consider just gas A in the mixture for a moment: P = n RT V RT P = n + n + n V If we divide the top equaAon by the bogom equaAon we obtain: PA nA = PTotal nA + nB + nC
A A Total A B C

The term involving n is called the mole frac7on A

Daltons Law of ParAal Pressure

Thus, we can write: PA So the parAal pressure of a gas in a nA
PTotal PA = = ntotal nA PTotal ntotal PA = A PTotal

mixture is proporAonal to its mole fracAon in the mixture (assuming all gases are ideal)

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Mixtures - Example
Assuming no temperature change, and that the connecAng tube has zero volume, what is the pressure when the valves are opened?

According to Daltons Law, each gas will behave as if it is the only gas present. So we need to calculate the pressure for each gas at the new volume, then simply sum up the pressures.

Mixtures - Example
Lets look at N2originally it is at a pressure of 0.792 atm and has a volume of 4.00 L. Ajer the valves are opened, the new volume will be 12 L. We just need to calculate the new pressure:
PiVi = Pf V f Pf = = PiVi Vf

( 0.792atm )( 4.00 L )

We would then repeat this calculaAon for the other two gases and nd the sum of the parAal pressures. Answer is 1.62 atm.

12.0 L = 0.264 atm

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Gas Mixtures - Example

One important type of gas mixture problem involves the experimental collecAon of a gas over water using an apparatus such as
When a gas is collected in this manner, the gas becomes saturated with water vapor. So the gas collected is a mixture of the gas of interest and H2O(g)

Ptotal = Pgas + PWaterVapor

Example Gas Collected over Water

Problem 119 H2 can be prepared by the following reacAon:

Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Suppose 240. mL of H2 is collected over water at a pressure of 1.032 atm. What is the parAal pressure of H2 gas?
InformaAon: The vapor pressure of water at 30C is 32 Torr

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Example
Since the gas in the collecAon vessel is a mixture, we can write: PTotal = PH + PH O 1.032 atm = PH + PH O We need to know the pressure of water. Fortunately, the pressure of the water comes from its vapor pressure, which is temperature dependent and can be looked up. It is given in the problem in Torr; we can simply convert to atm. 1atm
2 2 2 2

32 Torr = 0.042 atm 760Torr

Example
Now we can nd PH2 1.032 atm = PH + 0.042 atm
2

PH 2 = 0.990 atm

The problem conAnues by asking you to calculate the amount of Zn reacted. Now that the pressure of H2 is known, its an easy mager to nd moles of H2 and relate that to the moles of Zn reacAng.