Load Flow Studies 1.

Introduction The load flow study reveals the steady state performance of the power system. Through the study potential unacceptable voltage conditions and overloading of transmission network elements can be identified. 2. Inputs for the Study Demand in each grid substation can be obtained from National Power and Energy Demand Forecast, published by CEB. The generation dispatch has to be worked out with reference to the Long Term Generation Plan, also published by the CEB. NCRE Dispatch can be worked out based on the trial scenario mentioned in the chapter 13. The studies have to be done considering power system model with current and future developments. Long Term Transmission Expansion Plan contains the data relevant to the transmission system development and Long Term Generation Plan Specifies the expansion of generation capacity. Specifically the steady state impact of two key proposals that would significantly change the economic absorption capability of intermittent sources in Sri Lanka: proposed India-Sri Lanka grid interconnection and the prospects of developing pumped storage capacity have to be considered. 3. Outputs Identification of steady state constraining factors when NCRE is integrated according to the each scenario can be done. Potential Technical Constraints Unacceptable voltage conditions Overloading of transmission Network Equipment Depending on the technical limitations defining the capacity of each key renewable energy resource that can safely absorb to the existing national grid can be found. Proposing necessary adjustments to the grid in order to meet the identified constrains has to be done in such a way that the power is delivered within the operating limits of the equipment in a continuous manner without any wide spread failures. This will be an iterative process. These capacities can be further evaluated over economical and any physical limitations in specific geographical area where potential has been indicated in studies/scenarios proposed by the Master Plan team.

4. Criteria to be fallowed Voltage criteria The voltage criterion defines the permitted voltage deviation at any live bus bar of the network under normal operating conditions as given in table : Allowable voltage variations Bus bar voltage Allowable voltage variation (%) Normal Single operating contingency condition condition 5% -10% to +5% 10% 10%

220 kV 132kV 33kV - ??????????????? Thermal criteria

The design thermal criterion limits the loading of any transmission network element, in order to avoid overheating due to overload. The loading of elements should not exceed their rated thermal loading values for steady state conditions. Security criteria

The performance of the transmission system under contingency situation is taken into consideration in the security criteria. The adopted contingency level for the planning purposes is N-1, i.e. outage of any one element of the transmission system at a time.

5. System Analysis Load flow studies should be performed on the model considering 1. Normal operation conditions 2. N-1 contingency conditions 3. Two generation scenarios a. Hydro Maximum b. Thermal Maximum 4. Three Loading Conditions a. Day Peak (11.00 h) b. Night Peak (19.30 h) c. Off Peak (03,00 h) Above 3 and 4 can be summarized in a table as bellow.

Scenario TMNP TMDP HMNP HMDP OP

Load Night Peak Day Peak Night Peak Day Peak Off Peak

Generation Thermal Max Max Balance Balance Partial

Hydro Balance Balance Max Max Partial

5. Five NCRE generation scenarios These NCRE scenarios are explained in detail in chapter 13.
Abbreviation used Description in this paper Very aggressive, wind dominant Aggressive, wind and biomass dominant Aggressive with solar, wind and biomass Aggressive, mixed scenario Early Solar, Aggressive wind and biomass VAWD AWBD ASWB AMIX ESWB Energy Share of NCREbased generation in the grid by 2032 30% 25% 25% 20% 25%

6. Three loading conditions a. Working Day (WD) b. Week End Holiday (WE) c. Public holiday (HD) All together there are 75 scenarios to be considered. TMNP
VAWD AWBD ASWB AMIX ESWB

TMDP

HMNP

HMDP

OP

WD WE HD WD WE HD WD WE HD WD WE HD WD WE HD 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 2 7 12 17 22 27 32 37 42 47 52 57 62 67 72 3 8 13 18 23 28 33 38 43 48 53 58 63 68 73 4 9 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75