Polymaths Karl Ernst von Baer, polymath naturalist, formulated the geological Baer's law on river erosion and

embryological Baer's laws, founder of the Russi an Entomological Society, co-founder of the Russian Geographical Society Alexander Borodin, chemist and composer, author of the famous opera Prince I gor, discovered Borodin reaction, co-discovered Aldol reaction Alexander Chizhevsky, interdisciplinary scientist, biophysicist, philosopher and artist, founder of heliobiology and modern air ionification, Russian cosmis t Johann Gottlieb Georgi, naturalist, chemist, mineralogist, ethnographer and explorer, the first to describe omul fish of Baikal, published the first full-sc ale work on ethnography of indigenous peoples of Russia Lvov Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath scientist, artist and inventor; founder of the M oscow State University; proposed the law of conservation of matter; disproved th e phlogiston theory; invented coaxial rotor and the first helicopter; invented t he night vision telescope and off-axis reflecting telescope; discovered the atmo sphere of Venus; suggested the organic origin of soil, peat, coal, petroleum and amber; pioneered the research of atmospheric electricity; coined the term physi cal chemistry; the first to record the freezing of mercury; co-developed Russian porcelain, re-discovered smalt and created a number of mosaics dedicated to Pet rine era; author of an early account of Russian history and the first opponent o f the Normanist theory; reformed Russian literary language by combining Old Chur ch Slavonic with vernacular tongue in his early grammar; influenced Russian poet ry through his odes Nikolay Lvov, polymath artist, geologist, philologist and ethnographer, comp iled the first major collection of Russian folk songs, adapted rammed earth tech nology for northern climate and built the Priory Palace in Gatchina, pioneered H VAC technology, invented carton-pierre Alexander Middendorf, zoologist and explorer, discoverer of Putorana Plateau , founder of permafrost science, studied the influence of permafrost on living b eings, coined the term radula, prominent hippologist and horse breeder Pallas Vladimir Obruchev, geologist, paleontologist, geographer and explorer of Sib eria and Central Asia, author of the comprehensive Geology of Siberia and two po pular science fiction novels, Plutonia and Sannikov Land Peter Simon Pallas, polymath naturalist, geographer, ethnographer, philologi st, explorer of European Russia and Siberia, discoverer of the first pallasite m eteorite (Krasnojarsk) and multiple animals, including the Pallas's cat, Pallas' s Squirrel, and Pallas's Gull Yakov Perelman, a founder of popular science, author of many popular books, including the Physics Can Be Fun and Mathematics Can Be Fun Nicholas Roerich, artist, writer, philosopher, archeologist, explorer of Cen tral Asia, public figure, initiator of the international Roerich s Pact on the def ense of cultural objects, author of over 7000 paintings Vernadsky Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, geographer, geologist, entomologist, explorer o f the Tian Shan Mountains, discoverer of the Peak Khan Tengri, for 40 years the head of the Russian Geographical Society, statistician, organiser of the first R ussian Empire Census Vasily Tatishchev, statesman, economist, geographer, ethnographer, philologi st and historian, supervisor of the first instrumental mapping of Russia, coloni ser of the Urals and Siberia, founder of Perm and Yekaterinburg, discovered and published Russkaya Pravda, Sudebnik of 1550 and the controversial Ioachim Chroni cle, wrote the first full-scale account of Russian history, compiled the first e ncyclopedic dictionary of Russian language Vladimir Vernadsky, philosopher and geologist, a founder of geochemistry, bi ogeochemistry and radiogeology, creator of noosphere theory, popularized the ter m biosphere, major Russian cosmist Ivan Yefremov, paleontologist, philosopher, sci-fi and historical novelist, founder of taphonomy, author of The Land of Foam , Andromeda: A Space-Age Tale a

nd Thais of Athens [edit] Earth scientists Main article: Russian Earth scientists Chersky Dmitry Anuchin, anthropologist and geographer, coined the term anthropospher e, determined the location of the Volga river source Karl Baer, naturalist, formulated the geological Baer's law on river erosion , co-founder of the Russian Geographical Society Lev Berg, determined the depth of Central Asian lakes, including Balkhash an d Issyk Kul, a head of the Soviet Geographical Society Leonid Brekhovskikh, founder of modern acoustical oceanography, discovered t he deep sound channel, the first to observe mesoscale ocean eddies Ivan Chersky, paleontologist, geologist and explorer of Siberia, explained t he origin of Lake Baikal, pioneered the geomorphological evolution theory Pyotr Chikhachyov, early geographer and geologist of Central Asia, discovere d Kuznetsk Coal Basin Dokuchaev Vasily Dokuchaev, founder of soil science, created the first soil classifica tion, determined the five factors for soil formation Alexander Fersman, a founder of geochemistry, discovered copper in Monchegor sk, apatites in Khibiny, sulfur in Central Asia Boris Golitsyn, inventor of electromagnetic seismograph, the president of In ternational Association of Seismology Grigory Gamburtsev, major Soviet seismologist, invented a number of seismolo gical methods and devices Ivan Gubkin, founder of the Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas Kppen Alexander Karpinsky, geologist and mineralogist, the first President of the Soviet Academy of Sciences Alexander Keyserling, naturalist, a founder of Russian geology Maria Klenova, a founder of marine geology, polar explorer Wladimir Kppen, meteorologist, author of the commonly used Kppen climate class ification Stepan Krasheninnikov, geographer, the first Russian naturalist, made the fi rst scientific description of Kamchatka Alexander Kruber, founder of Russian karstology Nikolai Kudryavtsev, author of modern abiogenic theory for origin of petrole um, coordinated oil and gas exploration in Siberia Middendorf Leonid Kulik, meteorite researcher, the first to study the Tunguska event Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath, suggested the organic origin of soil, peat, coa l, petroleum and amber; forerrunner of the continental drift theory, pioneer res earcher of atmospheric electricity Alexander Middendorf, zoologist and explorer, founder of permafrost science, determined the southern border of permafrost Pavel Molchanov, meteorologist, inventor of radiosonde Ivan Mushketov, made the first geological map of Turkestan Vladimir Obruchev, geologist and explorer, author of the comprehensive Geolo gy of Siberia and two popular science fiction novels, Obruchev Plutonia and Sannikov Land Mikhail Pomortsev, meteorologist, inventor of nephoscope Farman Salmanov, discoverer of giant oil fields in West Siberia Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, explorer of the Tian Shan Mountains, for 40 yea rs the head of the Russian Geographical Society, prominent statistician and orga niser of the first Russian Empire Census Nikolay Shatsky, made a comprehensive tectonic map of North Eurasia, introdu ced Riphean and Baikalian geological stages

Pyotr Shirshov, polar explorer, founder of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanol ogy, proved that there is life in high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean Yuly Shokalsky, the first head of the Soviet Geographical Society, coined th e term World Ocean Aleksey Tillo, made the first correct hypsometric map of European Russia, co ined the term Central Russian Upland, measured the lengths of main Russian river s Andrey Tikhonov, mathematician and inventor of magnetotellurics in geology Vladimir Vernadsky, philosopher and geologist, a founder of geochemistry, bi ogeochemistry and radiogeology, creator of noosphere theory, popularized the ter m biosphere [edit] Biologists and paleontologists Main article: Russian biologists Bolotov Johann Friedrich Adam, discoverer of the Adams mammoth, the first complete w oolly mammoth skeleton Karl Baer, naturalist, founder of the Russian Entomological Society, formula ted embryological Baer's laws Jacques von Bedriaga, prominent herpetologist, described Bedriaga's Rock Liz ard and Bedriaga's Skink Dmitry Belyaev, domesticated silver fox Lev Berg, ichthyologist of Central Asia and European Russia Nikolai Bernstein, neurophysiologist, coined the term biomechanics Andrey Bolotov, major 18th century agriculturist, discovered dichogamy, pion eered cross-pollination Ivanovsky August von Bongard, botanist of Alaska, discoverer of Sitka Spruce and Red A lder Alexander Bunge, major botanist of Siberia (especially Altai) Mikhail Chailakhyan, researcher of flowering, described the florigen hormone Sergei Chetverikov, pioneer of modern evolutionary synthesis Alexander Chizhevsky, founder of heliobiology and modern air ionification Eduard Eversmann, biologist and explorer, pioneer researcher of flora and fa una of southern Russia Andrey Famintsyn, plant physiologist, inventor of grow lamp, developer of sy mbiogenesis theory Yuri Filipchenko, entomologist, coined the terms microevolution and macroevo lution Nikolay Gamaleya, microbiologist and pioneer of Russian vaccine research Johann Georg Gmelin, the first researcher of Siberian flora Merezhkovsky Grigory Grumm-Grzhimaylo, zoologist and geographer, obtained two Przewalski' s Horses and more than 1000 bird specimens from his travels in Central Asia Alexander Gurwitsch, originated the morphogenetic field theory and discovere d the biophoton Ilya Ivanov, researcher of artificial insemination and the interspecific hyb ridization of animals, involved in controversial attempts to create a human-ape hybrid Dmitry Ivanovsky, discoverer of viruses Georgii Karpechenko, inventor of rabbage (the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through crossbreeding) Nikolai Koltsov, discoverer of cytoskeleton Michurin Vladimir Komarov, plant geographer, President of the Soviet Academy of Scien ces, founder of the Komarov Botanical Institute Alexander Kovalevsky, embryologist, major researcher of gastrulation Trofim Lysenko, agronomist, developer of yarovization, infamous for lysenkoi sm

Evgeny Maleev, discoverer of Talarurus, Tarbosaurus, and Therizinosaurus Carl Maximowicz, pioneer researcher of the Far Eastern flora Ilya Mechnikov, pioneer researcher of immune system, probiotics and phagocyt osis, coined the term gerontology, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner Mikhail Menzbier, major ornithologist, discoverer of the Menzbier's Marmot Konstantin Merezhkovsky, major lichenologist, developer of symbiogenesis the ory, a founder of endosymbiosis theory Ivan Michurin, pomologist, selectionist and geneticist, practiced crossing o f geographically distant plants, created hundreds of fruit cultivars Schrenck Alexander Middendorf, zoologist and explorer, studied the influence of perma frost on living beings, coined the term radula, prominent horse breeder Victor Motschulsky, prominent coleopterologist (researcher of beetles) Sergei Navashin, discovered double fertilization Alexey Olovnikov, predicted existence of Telomerase, suggested the Telomere hypothesis of aging and the Telomere relations to cancer Aleksandr Oparin, biologist and biochemist, proposed the famous "Primordial soup" theory of life origin, showed that many food production processes are base d on biocatalysis Heinz Christian Pander, embryologist, discoverer of germ layers Peter Simon Pallas, polymath naturalist and explorer, discoverer of multiple animals, including the Pallas's cat, Pallas's Squirrel, and Pallas's Gull Ivan Pavlov, founder of modern physiology, the first to research classical c onditioning, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky, published the first EEG and the evoked potential of the mammalian brain Nikolai Przhevalsky, explorer and naturalist, brought vast collections from Central Asia, discovered the only extant species of wild horse Timiryazev Anatoly Rozhdestvensky, discoverer of Aralosaurus and Probactrosaurus Ivan Schmalhausen, developer of modern evolutionary synthesis Leopold von Schrenck, ethnographer, zoologist, discovered the Amur sturgeon, Manchurian Black Water Snake and Schrenck's Bittern Boris Schwanwitsch, entomologist, applied colour patterns of insect wings to military camouflage during World War II Ivan Sechenov, founder of electrophysiology and neurophysiology Georg Wilhelm Steller, naturalist, participant of Vitus Bering's voyages, di scoverer of Steller's Jay, Steller's Eider, Vavilov extinct Steller's Sea Cow and multiple other animals Lina Stern, pioneer researcher of blood-brain barrier Armen Takhtajan, developer of Takhtajan system of flowering plant classifica tion, major biogeographer Kliment Timiryazev, plant physiologist and evolutionist, major researcher of chlorophyll Nikolai Timofeeff-Ressovsky, major researcher of radiation genetics, populat ion genetics, and microevolution Lev Tsenkovsky, pioneer researcher of the ontogenesis of lower plants and an imals Mikhail Tsvet, inventor of chromatography Nikolai Vavilov, botanist and geneticist, Vinogradsky gathered the world's largest collection of plant seeds, identified the centr es of origin of main cultivated plants Mikhail Voronin, major researcher of fungi and plant pathology Sergey Vinogradsky, microbiologist, ecologist, and soil scientist, pioneered the biogeochemical cycle concept, discovered lithotrophy and chemosynthesis, in vented the Winogradsky column for breeding of microorganisms Ivan Yefremov, paleontologist, sci-fi author, founded taphonomy Sergey Zimov, creator of the Pleistocene Park

[edit] Physicians and psychologists Main article: Russian physicians Bekhterev Aleksandr Bakulev, prominent cardiovascular surgery developer Vladimir Bekhterev, neuropathologist, founder of objective psychology, noted the role of the hippocampus in memory, major contributor to reflexology, studie d the Bekhterev s Disease Vladimir Betz, discovered Betz cells of primary motor cortex Peter Borovsky, described the causative agent of Oriental sore Sergey Botkin, major therapist and court physician Nikolay Burdenko, major developer of neurosurgery Konstantin Buteyko, developed the Buteyko method for the treatment of asthma and other breathing disorders Mikhail Chumakov, co-discovered tick-borne encephalitis, co-developed oral p olio vaccine Livery Darkshevich, neurologist, described the nucleus of posterior commissu re Korsakov Vladimir Demikhov, major pioneer of transplantology Vladimir Filatov, ophthalmologist, corneal transplantation pioneer Svyatoslav Fyodorov, inventor of radial keratotomy Georgy Gause, inventor of gramicidin S and other antibiotics Oleg Gazenko, founder of space medicine, selected and trained Laika, the fir st space dog Vera Gedroitz, the first female Professor of Surgery in the world Ilya Gruzinov, found that vocal folds are the source of phonation Waldemar Haffkine, invented the first vaccines against cholera and bubonic p lague Gavriil Ilizarov, invented Ilizarov apparatus, developed distraction osteoge nesis Nikolai Korotkov, invented auscultatory blood pressure measurement, pioneer of vascular surgery Mechnikov Sergey Korsakov, studied the effects of alcoholism on the nervous system, de scribed Korsakoff's syndrome, introduced paranoia concept Aleksei Kozhevnikov, neurologist and psychiatrist, described the epilepsia p artialis continua Aleksey Leontyev, founder of activity theory in psychology Peter Lesgaft, founder of the modern system of physical education in Russia Alexander Luria, co-developer of activity theory and cultural-historical psy chology, major researcher of aphasia Ilya Mechnikov, pioneer researcher of immune system, probiotics and phagocyt osis; coined the term gerontology, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner Pavlov Lazar Minor, neurologist, described Minor's disease Pyotr Nikolsky, dermatologist, discoveror of Nikolsky's sign Alexey Olovnikov, predicted existence of Telomerase, suggested the Telomere hypothesis of aging and the Telomere relations to cancer Ivan Pavlov, founder of modern physiology, the first to research classical c onditioning, influenced comparative psychology and behaviorism by his works on r eflexes, Nobel Prize in Medicine winner Nikolay Pirogov, pioneer of ether anaesthesia and modern field surgery, the first to perform anaesthesia in the field conditions, invented a number of surgi cal operations Leonid Rogozov, performed an appendectomy on himself during the 6th Soviet A ntarctic Expedition, a famous case of self-surgery Sechenov Grigory Rossolimo, pioneer of child neuropsychology

Vladimir Roth, neuropathologist, described meralgia paraesthetica Ivan Sechenov, founder of electrophysiology and neurophysiology, author of t he classic work Reflexes of the Brain Vladimir Serbsky, founder of forensic psychiatry in Russia Nikolay Sklifosovskiy, prominent 19th century field surgeon Lina Stern, pioneer researcher of blood-brain barrier Fyodor Uglov, the oldest practicing surgeon in history Alexander Varshavsky, researched ubiquitination, Wolf Prize in Medicine winn er Luka Voyno-Yasenetsky, founder of purulent surgery, saint Lev Vygotsky, founder of cultural-historical psychology, major contributor t o child development and psycholinguistics, introduced zone of proximal developme nt and cultural mediation concepts Josias Weitbrecht, the first to describe the construction and function of in tervertebral discs Sergei Yudin, inventor of cadaveric blood transfusion Alexander Zalmanov, developer of turpentine bath therapy Bluma Zeigarnik, psychiatrist, discovered the Zeigarnik effect, founded expe rimental psychopathology Economists and sociologists Kantorovich Alexander Chayanov, developed the consumption-labour-balance principle Georges Gurvitch, major developer of sociology of knowledge and sociology of law Leonid Kantorovich, mathematician and economist, founded linear programming, developed the theory of optimal allocation of resources, Nobel Prize in Economi cs winner Nikolai Kondratiev, discoverer of the Kondratiev waves Andrey Korotayev, historian and anthropologist, a founder of cliodynamics, a prominent developer of social cycle theory Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, developer of GOELRO plan, the first Chief of Gosplan Simon Kuznets, discovered the Kuznets swings, built the Kuznets curve, dispr oved the Absolute Income Hypothesis, Nobel Prize in Economics winner Sorokin Vladimir Lenin, leader of the October Revolution and founder of the Soviet U nion, introduced planned economy and Leninism Evsei Liberman, laid the scientific support for the Soviet Kosygin reform (i niatied by Alexei Kosygin) in economy Wassily Leontief, developed input-output analysis and the Leontief paradox, Nobel Prize in Economics winner Vasily Nemchinov, created the mathematical basis for the Soviet central plan ning Grigory Orlov, founder of the Free Economic Society Pitirim Sorokin, sociologist, a prominent developer of the social cycle theo ry Eugen Slutsky, statistician and economist,developed the Slutsky equation Stanislav Strumilin, pioneer of the planned economy, developed the first fiv e year plans [edit] Historians and archeologists Main article: Russian historians Artamonov Friedrich von Adelung, historian and museologist, researched the European ac counts of the Time of Troubles Valery Alekseyev, anthropologist, proposed Homo rudolfensis Mikhail Artamonov, historian and archaeologist, founder of modern Khazar stu dies, excavated a great number of Scythian and Khazar kurgans and settlements, i

ncluding the fortress of Sarkel Artemiy Artsikhovsky, archaeologist, discoverer of birch bark documents in N ovgorod Vasily Bartold, turkologist, the "Gibbon of Turkestan", an archaeologist of Samarcand Konstantin Bestuzhev-Ryumin, 19th century historian and paleographer, founde r of the Bestuzhev Courses for women Danilevsky Nikita Bichurin, a founder of Sinology, published many documents on Chinese and Mongolian history, opened the first Chinese-language school in Russia Nikolay Danilevsky, ethnologist, philosopher and historian, a founder of Eur asianism, the first to present an account of history as a series of distinct civ ilisations Igor Diakonov, historian and linguist, a prominent researcher of Sumer and A ssyria Boris Farmakovsky, archaeologist of Ancient Greek colony Olbia Vladimir Golenishchev, egyptologist, excavated Wadi Hammamat, discovered ove r 6,000 antiquities, including the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, the Story of Wen amun, and various Fayum portraits Karamzin Timofey Granovsky, a founder of mediaeval studies in Russia, disproved the h istoricity of Vineta Boris Grekov, prominent researcher of Kievan Rus' and Golden Horde Lev Gumilev, historian and ethnologist, prominent researcher of ancient Cent ral Asian peoples, related ethnogenesis and biosphere, influenced the rise of Ne o-Eurasianism Boris Hessen, physicist who brought externalism into modern historiography o f science Dmitry Ilovaysky, major 19th century anti-Normanist Pyotr Kafarov, prominent sinologist, discovered many invaluable manuscripts, including The Secret History of the Mongols Nikolai Karamzin, sentimentalist writer and historian, author of the 12-volu me History of the Russian State, the principal early 19th century account of nat ional history Vasily Klyuchevsky, dominated Russian historiography at the turn of the 20th century, shifted focus from politics and society to geography and economy Alexander Kazhdan, Byzantinist, editor of the Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium Nikodim Kondakov, prominent researcher of Byzantine art Mller Andrey Korotayev, historian and anthropologist, a founder of cliodynamics, a prominent developer of social cycle theory Nikolay Kostomarov, historian, folklorist and romantic writer, researched th e differences between Great Russia and Little Russia and the history of Ukraine Pyotr Kozlov, explorer of Central Asia, discoverer of the ancient Tangut cit y of Khara-Khoto and Xiongnu royal burials at Noin-Ula Platon Levshin, president of the Most Holy Synod during the Age of Enlighten ment, author of the first systematic course of the history of Russian Orthodox C hurch Nikolay Likhachyov, the first and foremost Russian sigillographer, prominent also in a number of other auxiliary historical disciplines Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky, statesman, published the major Russian Genealogic al Book Nestor Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath scientist and artist, the first opponent of the Normanist theory, published an early account of Russian history Boris Marshak, excavated the Sogdian ruins at Panjakent Friedrich Martens, legal historian, drafted the Martens Clause of the Hague Peace Conference Vladimir Minorsky, prominent historian of Persia Gerhardt Friedrich Mller, co-founder of the Russian Academy of Sciences, expl

orer and the first academic historian of Siberia, a founder of ethnography, auth or of the first academic account of Russian history, put forth the Normanist the ory Aleksei Musin-Pushkin, prominent collector of ancient Russian manuscripts, d iscovered The Tale of Igor's Campaign Nestor the Chronicler, author of the Primary Chronicle (the first East Slavi c chronicle) and several hagiographies, saint Dimitri Obolensky, Byzantine commonwealth researcher Proskuryakova Alexey Okladnikov, prominent historian and archaeologist of Siberia and Mong olia Sergey Oldenburg, a founder of Russian Indology and the Academic Institute o f Oriental Studies George Ostrogorsky, preeminent 20th century Byzantinist Avraamy Palitsyn, 17th century historian of the Time of Troubles Evgeny Pashukanis, legal historian, wrote The General Theory of Law and Marx ism Boris Piotrovsky, prominent researcher of Urartu, Scythia, and Nubia, long-t erm director of the Hermitage Museum Mikhail Piotrovsky, orientalist, current director of the Hermitage Museum Mikhail Pogodin, leading mid-19th century Russian historian, proponent of th e Normanist theory Boris Polevoy, major historian of the Russian Far East Rybakov Mikhail Pokrovsky, Marxist historian prominent in 1920s Natalia Polosmak, archaeologist of Pazyryk burials, discoverer of Ice Maiden mummy Alexander Polovtsov, statesman, historian and Maecenas, founder of the Russi an Historian Society Tatyana Proskuryakova, Mayanist scholar and archaeologist, deciphered the an cient Maya script Semyon Remezov, cartographer and the first historian of Siberia, author of t he Remezov Chronicle Mikhail Rostovtsev, archeologist and economist, the first to thoroughly exam ine the social and economic systems of the Ancient World, excavated Dura-Europos Solovyov Nicholas Roerich, painter, archeologist, and public figure, explorer of Cent ral Asia, initiator of the international Roerich s Pact on protection of historica l monuments Sergei Rudenko, discoverer of Scythian Pazyryk burials Boris Rybakov, historian and chief Soviet archaeologist for 40 years, primar y opponent of the Normanist theory Dmitry Samokvasov, Black Grave discoverer Viktor Sarianidi, discoverer of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex and the Bactrian Gold in Central Asia Mikhail Shcherbatov, a man of Russian Enlightenment, conservative historian Sergey Solovyov, principal Russian 19th century historian, author of the 29volume History of Russia Vasily Struve, orientalist and historian of the Ancient World, put forth the Marxist theory of five socio-economic formations that dominated the Soviet educ ation Tatishchev Yevgeny Tarle, author of the famous studies on Napoleon's invasion of Russia and on the Crimean War Vasily Tatischev, statesman, geographer and historian, discovered and publis hed Russkaya Pravda, Sudebnik of 1550 and the controversial Ioachim Chronicle, w rote the first full-scale account of Russian history Mikhail Tikhomirov, leading specialist in medieval Russian paleography, publ ished the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles Boris Turayev, author of the first full-scale History of Ancient East

Peter Turchin, population biologist and historian, coined the term cliodynam ics Fyodor Uspensky, Byzantinist, researcher of the Trapezuntine Empire Aleksey Uvarov, founder of the first Russian archaeological society, discove red over 750 ancient kurgans Vasily Vasilievsky, prominent 19th century Byzantinist Alexander Vasiliev, author of a comprehensive History of the Byzantine Empir e Nikolay Veselovsky, the first to excavate Afrasiab (the oldest part of Samar kand), as well as the Solokha and Maikop kurgans in Southern Russia Nikolai Yadrintsev, discoverer of Genghis Khan's capital Karakorum and the O rkhon script of ancient Trks Valentin Yanin, primary researcher of ancient birch bark documents Gennady Zdanovich, discoverer of Sintashta culture settlement Arkaim [edit] Linguists and ethnographers Main article: Russian linguists Baudouin de Courtenay Vasily Abaev, a prominent researcher of Iranian languages Alexander Afanasyev, leading Russian folklorist, recorded and published over 600 Russian fairy tales, by far the largest folktale collection by any one man in the world Ivan Baudouin de Courtenay, co-inventor of the concept of phoneme and the sy stematic treatment of alternations, pioneer of synchronic analysis and mathemati cal linguistics Vladimir Bogoraz, researcher of Chukchi people, founder of the Institute of the Peoples of the North Otto von Bhtlingk, prominent Indologist and Sanskrit grammarian Fyodor Buslaev, philologist and folklorist, representative of the Mythologic al school of comparative literature Dahl Vladimir Dahl, the greatest Russian language lexicographer of the 19th centu ry, folklorist and turkologist, author of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language Johann Gottlieb Georgi, explorer, published the first full-scale work on eth nography of indigenous peoples of Russia Dmitry Gerasimov, medieval translator, diplomat and philologist, corresponde nt of European Renaissance scholars Vladislav Illich-Svitych, founder of Nostratic linguistics Vyacheslav Ivanov, founder of glottalic theory of Indo-European consonantism Roman Jakobson, literary theorist and preeminent linguist of the 20th centur y, a founder of phonology, made numerous contributions to Slavic linguistics, au thor of Jackobson's Communication Model Wilhelm Junker, explorer and ethnographer of Equatorial Africa, studied Azan de people from Niam-Niam Kafarov Pyotr Kafarov, prominent sinologist, developed the cyrillization of Chinese, discovered and published many invaluable manuscripts, including The Secret Hist ory of the Mongols Yuri Knorozov, linguist, epigrapher and ethnographer, deciphered the ancient Maya script, proposed a decipherment for the Indus script Nikolay Krushevsky, co-inventor of the concept of phoneme and the systematic treatment of alternations Gerasim Lebedev, pioneer of Indology, introduced Bengali script typing to Eu rope, founded the first European-style drama theater in India Dmitry Likhachov, major 20th century expert on Old Russian language and lite rature Miklukho-Maklai Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath scientist and artist, wrote a grammar that refor

med Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with vernacular t ongue Nikolay Lvov, polymath artist and scientist, compiled the first significant collection of Russian folk songs, published epic bylinas Richard Maack, naturalist and ethographer of Siberia Sergey Malov, turkologist, classified the Turkic alphabets, deciphered ancie nt Orkhon script Nicholas Marr, put forth a pseudo-linguistic Japhetic theory on the origin o f language Igor Melchuk, structural linguist, author of Meaning-Text Theory Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai, anthropologist who lived and traveled among the na tives of Papua New Guinea and Pacific islands, prominent anti-racist Gerhardt Friedrich Mller, explorer and historian, a founder of ethnography Semyon Novgorodov, Yakut politician and linguist, creator of written Yakut l anguage (Sakha scripts) Sergei Ozhegov, author of the most widely used explanotary dictionary of Rus sian language Trubetzkoy Stephan of Perm, 14th century missionary, converted Komi Permyaks to Christi anity and invented the Old Permic script Yevgeny Polivanov, linguist, orientalist and polyglot, developed the cyrilli zation of Japanese Nicholas Poppe, prominent Altaic languages researcher Grigory Potanin, explorer of Central Asia, the first to research Salar peopl e Vladimir Propp, formalist scholar, major researcher of folk tales and mythol ogy Tatyana Proskuryakova, Mayanist scholar and archaeologist, deciphered the an cient Maya script George de Roerich, major 20th century Tibetologist Franz Anton Schiefner, prominent tibetologist, Finnic and Caucasus languages researcher Isaac Jacob Schmidt, the first researcher of Mongolian Zaliznyak Leopold von Schrenck, naturalist and ethnographer, coined the term Paleo-Asi atic peoples, the first director of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology a nd Ethnography Aleksey Shakhmatov, a founder of textology, prepared major 20th century refo rms of Russian orthography, pioneered the systematic research of Old Russian and medieval Russian literature Lev Shcherba, phonetist and phonologist, author of the glokaya kuzdra phrase Fyodor Shcherbatskoy, Indologist, initiated the scholarly study of Buddhist philosophy in the West Ivan Snegiryov, an early collector of Russian proverbs and researcher of lub ok prints Izmail Sreznevsky, leading 19th century Slavist, published Codex Zographensi s, Codex Marianus and Kiev Fragments Zamenhof Sergei Starostin, prominent supporter of Altaic languages theory, proposed D en Caucasian languages macrofamily, reconstructed a number of Eurasian proto-langua ges Vasily Tatischev, geographer, ethnographer and historian, compiled the first encyclopedic dictionary of Russian Tenevil, Chukchi reindeer herder who created a writing system for the Chukch i language Nikolai Trubetzkoy, principal developer of phonology and inventor of morphop honology, defined phoneme, a founder of the Prague School of structural linguist ics Dmitry Ushakov, author of the academic Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language

Max Vasmer, leading Indo-European, Finno-Ugric and Turkic etymologist, autho r of the Etymological dictionary of the Russian language Viktor Vinogradov, linguist and philologist, founder of the Russian Language Institute Alexander Vostokov, coined the term Old Church Slavonic, discovered Ostromir Gospel (the most ancient East Slavic book), pioneer researcher of the Russian g rammar Andrey Zaliznyak, author of the comprehensive systematic description of Russ ian inflection, prominent researcher of the Old Novgorod dialect and birch bark documents, proved the authentity of the Tale of Igor's Campaign Ludwik Zamenhof, inventor of Esperanto, the most widely spoken constructed i nternational auxiliary language [edit] Mathematicians Main article: Russian mathematicians Arnold Georgy Adelson-Velsky, inventor of AVL tree algorithm, developer of Kaissa, the first world computer chess champion Aleksandr Aleksandrov, developer of CAT(k) space and Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem in geometry Pavel Alexandrov, author of the Alexandroff compactification and the Alexand rov topology Dmitri Anosov, developed Anosov diffeomorphism Vladimir Arnold, an author of the Kolmogorov Arnold Moser theorem in dynamical s ystems, solved Hilbert's 13th problem, raised the ADE classification and Arnold' s rouble problems Sergey Bernstein, developed the Bernstein polynomial, Bernstein's theorem on monotone functions and Bernstein inequalities in probability theory Nikolay Bogolyubov, mathematician and theoretical physicist, author of the e dge-of-the-wedge theorem, Krylov Bogolyubov theorem, describing function and multi ple important contributions to quantum mechanics Chebyshev Sergey Chaplygin, author of Chaplygin's equation important in aerodynamics a nd notion of Chaplygin gas. Nikolai Chebotaryov, author of Chebotarev's density theorem Pafnuti Chebyshev, prominent tutor and founding father of Russian mathematic s, contributed to probability, statistics and number theory, author of the Cheby shev's inequality, Chebyshev distance, Chebyshev function, Chebyshev equation et c. Boris Delaunay, inventor of Delaunay triangulation, organised the first Sovi et Student Olympiad in mathematics Vladimir Drinfel'd, mathematician and theoretical physicist, introduced quan tum groups and ADHM construction, Fields Medal winner Eugene Dynkin, developed Dynkin diagram, Doob Dynkin lemma and Dynkin system i n algebra and probability Leonhard Euler, preeminent 18th century mathematician, arguably the greatest of all time, made important discoveries in mathematical analysis, Euler graph theory and number theory, introduced much of the modern mathematical t erminology and notation (mathematical function, Euler's number, Euler circles et c.) Anatoly Fomenko, topologist and chronologist, put forth a controversial theo ry of the New Chronology Yevgraf Fyodorov, mathematician and crystallographer, identified Periodic gr aph in geometry, the first to catalogue all of the 230 space groups of crystals Boris Galerkin, developed the Galerkin method in numerical analysis Israel Gelfand, major contributor to numerous areas of mathematics, includin g group theory, representation theory and linear algebra, author of the Gelfand representation, Gelfand pair, Gelfand triple, integral geometry etc.

Alexander Gelfond, author of Gelfond's theorem, provided means to obtain inf inite number of transcendentals, including Gelfond Schneider constant and Gelfond' s constant, Wolf Prize in Mathematics winner Sergei Godunov, developed Godunov's theorem and Godunov's scheme in differen tial equations Valery Goppa, inventor of Goppa codes in algebraic geometry Gromov Mikhail Gromov, a prominent developer of geometric group theory, inventor of homotopy principle, introduced Gromov's compactness theorems, Gromov norm, Grom ov product etc., Wolf Prize winner Leonid Kantorovich, mathematician and economist, founded linear programming, introduced the Kantorovich inequality and Kantorovich metric, developed the the ory of optimal allocation of resources, Nobel Prize in Economics winner Anatoly Karatsuba, developed the Karatsuba algorithm (the first fast multipl ication algorithm) Leonid Khachiyan, developed the Ellipsoid algorithm for linear programming Aleksandr Khinchin, developed the Pollaczek-Khinchine formula, Wiener Khinchin theorem and Khinchin inequality in probability theory Kovalevskaya Andrey Kolmogorov, a preeminent 20th century mathematician, Wolf Prize winne r; multiple contributions to mathematics include: probability axioms, Chapman Kolm ogorov equation and Kolmogorov extension theorem in probability; Kolmogorov comp lexity etc. Maxim Kontsevich, author of the Kontsevich integral and Kontsevich quantizat ion formula, Fields Medal winner Vladimir Kotelnikov, a pioneer in information theory, an author of fundament al sampling theorem Sofia Kovalevskaya, the first woman professor in Northern Europe and Russia, the first female professor of mathematics, discovered the Kovalevskaya Top Mikhail Kravchuk, developed the Kravchuk polynomials and Kravchuk matrix Mark Krein, developed the Tannaka-Krein duality, Krein Milman theorem and Krei n space, Wolf Prize winner Alexander Kronrod, developer of Gauss Kronrod quadrature formula and Kaissa, t he first world computer chess champion Nikolay Krylov, author of the edge-of-the-wedge theorem, Krylov Bogolyubov the orem and describing function Lobachevsky Aleksandr Kurosh, author of the Kurosh subgroup theorem and Kurosh problem i n group theory Olga Ladyzhenskaya, made major contributions to solution of Hilbert's 19th p roblem and important Navier-Stokes equations Evgeny Landis, inventor of AVL tree algorithm Vladimir Levenshtein, developed the Levenshtein automaton, Levenshtein codin g and Levenshtein distance Leonid Levin, IT scientist, developed the Cook-Levin theorem Yuri Linnik, developed Linnik's theorem in analytic number theory Nikolai Lobachevsky, a Copernicus of Geometry who created the first non-Eucl idean geometry (Lobachevskian or hyperbolic geometry) Nikolai Lusin, developed Luzin's theorem, Luzin spaces and Luzin sets in des criptive set theory Aleksandr Lyapunov, founder of stability theory, author of the Lyapunov's ce ntral limit theorem, Lyapunov equation, Lyapunov fractal, Lyapunov time etc. Leonty Magnitsky, a director of the Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigat ion, author of the principal Russian 18th century textbook in mathematics Anatoly Maltsev, researched decidability of various algebraic groups, Lyapunov developed the Malcev algebra Yuri Manin, author of the Gauss Manin connection in algebraic geometry, ManinMumford conjecture and Manin obstruction in diophantine geometry Grigory Margulis, worked on lattices in Lie groups, Wolf Prize and Fields Me

dal winner Andrey Markov Sr., invented the Markov chains, proved Markov brothers' inequ ality, author of the hidden Markov model, Markov number, Markov property, Markov 's inequality, Markov processes, Markov random field, Markov algorithm etc. Andrey Markov Jr., author of Markov's principle and Markov's rule in logics Yuri Matiyasevich, author of Matiyasevich's theorem in set theory, provided negative solution for Hilbert's tenth problem Alexander Mikhailov, coined the term Informatics Markov Sr. Mark Naimark, author of the Gelfand Naimark theorem and Naimark's problem Pyotr Novikov, solved the word problem for groups and Burnside's problem Sergei Novikov, worked on algebraic topology and soliton theory, developed A dams Novikov spectral sequence and Novikov conjecture, Wolf Prize and Fields Medal winner Andrei Okounkov, infinite symmetric groups and Hilbert scheme researcher, Fi elds Medal winner Mikhail Ostrogradsky, mathematician and physicist, author of divergence theo rem and partial fractions in integration Grigori Perelman, made landmark contributions to Riemannian geometry and top ology, proved Geometrization conjecture Sobolev and Poincar conjecture, won a Fields medal and the first Clay Millennium Priz e Problems Award (declined both) Lev Pontryagin, blind mathematician, developed Pontryagin duality and Pontry agin classes in topology, and Pontryagin's minimum principle in optimal control Yury Prokhorov, author of the Lvy Prokhorov metric and Prokhorov's theorem in p robability Alexander Razborov, mathematician and computational theorist who won the Nev anlinna Prize in 1990 and the Gdel Prize for contributions to computer sciences Lev Schnirelmann, developed the Lusternik Schnirelmann category in topology an d Schnirelmann density of numbers Moses Schnfinkel, inventor of combinatory logic Yakov Sinai, developed the Kolmogorov Sinai entropy and Sinai billiard, Wolf P rize winner Eugen Slutsky, statistician and economist, developed the Slutsky equation an d Slutsky's theorem Stanislav Smirnov, prominent researcher of triangular lattice, Fields Medali st Sergei Sobolev, imtroduced the Sobolev spaces and mathematical distributions , co-developer of the first ternary computer Setun Vladimir Steklov, mathematician and physicist, founder of Steklov Institute of Mathematics, proved theorems on generalized Fourier series Jakow Trachtenberg, developed the Trachtenberg system of mental calculation Tikhonov Boris Trakhtenbrot, proved the Gap theorem, developed Trakhtenbrot's theorem Valentin Turchin, inventor of Refal programming language, introduced metasys tem transition and supercompilation Andrey Tikhonov, author of Tikhonov space and Tikhonov's theorem (central in general topology), the Tikhonov regularization of ill-posed problems, invented magnetotellurics Pavel Urysohn, developed the metrization theorems, Urysohn's Lemma and Frchet U rysohn space in topology Nicolay Vasilyev, inventor of non-Aristotelian logic, the forerunner of para consistent and multi-valued logics Ivan Vinogradov, developed Vinogradov's theorem and Plya Vinogradov inequality in analytic number theory Vladimir Voevodsky, introduced a homotopy theory for schemes and modern moti vic cohomology, Fields Medalist Georgy Voronoy, invented the Voronoi diagram Dmitry Yegorov, author of Egorov's Theorem in mathematical analysis

Efim Zelmanov, solved the restricted Burnside problem, Fields Medal winner [edit] Astronomers and cosmologists Main article: Russian astronomers Bredikhin Viktor Ambartsumian, one of the founders of theoretical astrophysics, discov erer of stellar associations, founder of Byurakan Observatory in Armenia Vladimir Belinski, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe ev olution Aristarkh Belopolsky, invented a spectrograph based on the Doppler effect, a mong the first photographers of stellar spectra Fyodor Bredikhin, developed the theory of comet tails, meteors and meteor sh owers, a director of the Pulkovo Observatory Jacob Bruce, statesman, naturalist and astronomer, founder of the first obse rvatory in Russia (in the Sukharev Tower) Lyudmila Chernykh, astronomer, discovered 268 asteroids Friedmann Nikolai Chernykh, astronomer, discovered 537 asteroids and 2 comets Aleksandr Chudakov, co-discoverer of the Earth's radiation belt Alexander Friedmann, mathematician and cosmologist, discovered the expanding -universe solution to the general relativity field equations, an author of the F LRW metric of Universe George Gamow, theoretical physicist and cosmologist, discovered alpha decay via quantum tunneling and Gamow factor in stellar nucleosynthesis, introduced th e big bang nucleosynthesis theory, predicted cosmic microwave background Gamow Matvey Gusev, the first to prove the non-sphericity of the Moon, pioneer of photography in astronomy Nikolai Kardashev, astrophysicist, inventor of Kardashev scale for ranking t he space civilizations Isaak Khalatnikov, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe ev olution Marian Kowalski, the first to measure the rotation of the Milky Way Feodosy Krasovsky, astronomer and geodesist, measured the Krasovsky ellipsoi d, a coordinate system used in the USSR and the post-Soviet states Anders Johan Lexell, astronomer and mathematician, researcher of celestial m echanics and comet astronomy, proved that Uranus is a planet rather than a comet Andrei Linde, created the Universe chaotic inflation theory F.W. Struve Evgeny Lifshitz, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe evol ution Mikhail Lomonosov polymath, inventor of the off-axis reflecting telescope, d iscoverer of the atmosphere of Venus Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov, inventor of the Maksutov telescope Igor Novikov, theoretical astrophysicist and cosmologist, formulated the Nov ikov self-consistency principle in the theory of time travel Viktor Safronov, astronomer and cosmologist, author of the planetesimal hypo thesis of planet formation Grigory Shayn, astronomer and astrophysicist, the first director of the Crim ean Astrophysical Observatory, Sunyaev co-developed a method for measurement of stellar rotation Iosif Shklovsky, astronomer and astrophysicist, author of several discoverie s in the fields of radio astronomy and cosmic rays, extraterrestrial life resear cher Friedrich Wilhelm Struve, astronomer and geodesist, founder and the first di rector of the Pulkovo Observatory, prominent researcher and discoverer of new do uble stars, initiated the construction of 2,820 km long Struve Geodetic Arc, pro genitor of the Struve family of astronomers

Otto Lyudvigovich Struve, astronomer and astrophysicist, co-developed a meth od for measurement of stellar rotation, directed several observatories in the U. S. Otto Wilhelm von Struve, astronomer, director of the Pulkovo Observatory, di scovered over 500 double stars Rashid Sunyaev, astrophysicist, co-predicted the Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect of CMB distortion George Volkoff, predicted the existence of neutron stars Boris Vorontsov-Velyaminov, discovered the absorption of light by interstell ar dust, author of the Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies Ivan Yarkovsky, discovered the YORP and Yarkovsky effects of meteoroids or a steroids Aleksandr Zaitsev, coined the term Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligen ce, conducted the first intercontinental radar astronomy experiment, transmitted the Cosmic Calls Felix Ziegel, Soviet researcher, Doctor of Science and docent of Cosmology a t the Moscow Aviation Institute, author of more than 40 popular books on astrono my and space exploration, generally regarded as a founder of Russian ufology Yakov Zel'dovich, physicist, astrophysicist and cosmologist, the first to su ggest that accretion discs around massive black holes are responsible for the qu asar radiation, co-predicted the Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect of CMB distortion [edit] Physicists Main article: Russian physicists Alferov Alexei Abrikosov, discovered how magnetic flux can penetrate a superconducto r (the Abrikosov vortex), Nobel Prize winner Artem Alikhanian, a prominent researcher of cosmic rays, inventor of wide-ga p track spark chamber Franz Aepinus, related electricity and magnetism, proved the electric nature of pyroelectricity, explained electric polarization and electrostatic induction , invented achromatic microscope Abraham Alikhanov, a prominent researcher of cosmic rays, built the first nu clear reactors in the USSR Zhores Alferov, inventor of modern heterotransistor, Nobel Prize winner Semen Altshuler, researched EPR and NMR, predicted acoustic paramagnetic res onance Basov Lev Artsimovich, builder of the first tokamak, researcher of high temperatur e plasma Gurgen Askaryan, predicted self focusing of light, discovered Askaryan effec t in the particle physics Nikolay Basov, physicist, co-inventor of laser and maser, Nobel Prize winner Nikolay Bogolyubov, mathematician and theoretical physicist,co-developed the BBGKY hierarchy, formulated a microscopic theory of superconductivity, suggeste d a triplet quark model, introduced a new quantum degree of freedom (color charg e) Gersh Budker, inventor of electron cooling, co-inventor of collider Sergey Chaplygin, a founder of aero- and hydrodynamics, formulated the Chapl ygin's equations and Chaplygin gas concept Pavel Cherenkov, discoverer of Cherenkov radiation, Nobel Prize winner Yuri Denisyuk, inventor of 3D holography Ludvig Faddeev, discoverer of Faddeev Popov ghosts and Faddeev equations in qu antum physics Cherenkov Georgy Flyorov, nuclear physicist, one of the initiators of the Soviet atomi c bomb project, co-discoverer of seaborgium and bohrium, founder of the Joint In stitute for Nuclear Research Vladimir Fock, developed the Fock space, Fock state and the Hartree Fock metho

d in quantum mechanics Ilya Frank, explained the phenomenonof Cherenkov radiation, Nobel Prize winn er Yakov Frenkel, introduced the notion of electron hole, discovered the Frenke l defect of a crystal lattice, described the Poole Frenkel effect in solid-state p hysics Andre Geim, inventor of graphene, developer of gecko tape, Nobel Prize winne r and at the same time Ig Nobel Prize winner for diamagnetic levitation of a liv ing frog Vitaly Ginzburg, co-author of the Ginzburg Landau theory of superconductivity, a developer of hydrogen bomb, Nobel Prize winner Kapitsa Vladimir Gribov, introduced pomeron, DGLAP equations and Gribov ambiguity Aleksandr Gurevich, author of the runaway breakdown theory of lightning Abram Ioffe, founder of the Soviet physics school, tutor of many prominent s cientists Dmitri Ivanenko, proposed the first models of nuclear shell and exchange of nuclear forces, predicted the synchrotron radiation, the author of the hypothesi s of quark stars Boris Jacobi, formulated the Maximum power theorem in electrical engineering , invented electroplating, electrotyping, galvanoplastic sculpture and electric boat Landau Pyotr Kapitsa, originated the techniques for creating ultrastrong magnetic f ields, co-discovered a way to measure the magnetic field of an atomic nucleus di scovered superfluidity, Nobel Prize winner Yuly Khariton, chief designer of the Soviet atomic bomb, co-developer of the Tsar Bomb Orest Khvolson, the first to study the Chwolson ring effect of gravitational lensing Sergey Krasnikov, developer of the Krasnikov tube, a speculative mechanism f or space travel Igor Kurchatov, builder of the first nuclear power plant, developer of the f irst nuclear reactors for surface ships Dmitry Lachinov, physicist, electrical engineer, inventor, meteorologist and climatologist Lev Landau, theoretical physicist, developed the Ginzburg Landau theory of sup erconductivity, explained the Landau damping in plasma physics, pointed out the Landau pole in quantum electrodynamics, co-author of the famous Course of Theore tical Physics, Nobel Prize winner Grigory Landsberg, co-discoverer of Raman scattering of light Lenz Mikhail Lavrentyev, physicist and mathematician, founded the Siberian Divisi on of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and Akademgorodok in Novosibirsk Pyotr Lebedev, the first to measure the radiation pressure on a solid body, thus privoving the Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism Heinrich Lenz, discovered the Lenz's law of electromagnetism Evgeny Lifshitz, an author of the BKL singularity model of the Universe evol ution, co-author of the famous Course of Theoretical Physics Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath scientist, artist and inventor, proposed the law of conservation of matter, disproved the phlogiston theory Oleg Losev, inventor of light-emitting diode and crystadine Alexander Makarov, inventor of orbitrap Boris Mamyrin, inventor of reflectron Petrov Leonid Mandelshtam, co-discoverer of Raman effect Stanislav Mikheyev, co-discoverer of Mikheyev Smirnov Wolfenstein effect of neut rino oscillations Konstantin Novoselov, inventor of graphene, developer of gecko tape, Nobel P rize winner

Vasily Petrov, discoverer of electric arc, proposed arc lamp and arc welding Boris Podolsky, an author of EPR Paradox in quantum physics Alexander Polyakov, developed the concepts of Polyakov action, 't Hooft Polyak ov monopole and BPST instanton Isaak Pomeranchuk, predicted synchrotron radiation Bruno Pontecorvo, a founder of neutrino high energy physics, his work led to the discovery of PMNS matrix Prokhorov Alexander Popov, inventor of lightning detector, one of the inventors of rad io,recorded the first experimental radiolocation at sea Victor Popov, co-discoverer of Faddeev Popov ghosts in quantum field theory Alexander Prokhorov, co-inventor of laser and maser, Nobel Prize winner Georg Wilhelm Richmann, inventor of electrometer, pioneer researcher of atmo spheric electricity, killed by a ball lightning in experiment Andrei Sakharov, co-developer of tokamak and the Tsar Bomb, inventor of expl osively pumped flux compression generator, Nobel Peace Prize winner Nikolay Semyonov, physical chemist, co-discovered a way to measure the magne tic field of an atomic nucleus, Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Lev Shubnikov, discoverer of Shubnikov de Haas effect, one of the first resear chers of solid hydrogen and liquid helium Dmitri Skobeltsyn, the first to use cloud chamber for studying cosmic rays, the first to observe positrons Alexei Smirnov, co-discoverer of Mikheyev Smirnov Wolfenstein effect of neutrino oscillations Arseny Sokolov, co-discoverer of Sokolov Ternov effect, a developer of synchro tron radiation theory Stoletov Igor Tamm, explained the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation, co-developer of tokamak, Nobel Prize winner Aleksandr Stoletov, inventor of photoelectric cell, built the Stoletov curve and pioneered the research of ferromagnetism Igor Ternov, co-discoverer of Sokolov Ternov effect of synchrotron radiation Nikolay Umov, discovered the Umov Poynting vector and Umov effect, the first t o propose the formula E=kmc^2 Petr Ufimtsev, developed the theory that led to modern stealth technology Sergey Vavilov, co-discoverer of Cherenkov radiation, formulated the Kasha Vav ilov rule of quantum yields Zhukovsky Vladimir Veksler, inventor of synchrophasotron, co-inventor of synchrotron Evgeny Velikhov, leader of the international program ITER (thermonuclear exp erimental tokamak) Anatoly Vlasov, developed the Vlasov equation in plasma physics Alexey Yekimov, discoverer of quantum dots Yevgeny Zavoisky, inventor of EPR spectroscopy, co-developer of NMR spectros copy Yakov Zel'dovich, physicist and cosmologist, predicted the beta decay of a p i meson and the muon catalysis, co-predicted the Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect of CMB distortion Nikolai Zhukovsky, a founder of aero- and hydrodynamics, the first to study airflow, author of Joukowsky transform and Kutta Joukowski theorem, founder of TsA GI and pioneer of aviation [edit] Chemists and material scientists Main article: Russian chemists Butlerov Ernest Beaux, inventor of Chanel No. 5, "the world's most legendary fragranc e" Nikolay Beketov, inventor of aluminothermy, a founder of physical chemistry Friedrich Konrad Beilstein, proposed the Beilstein test for the detection of

halogens, author of the Beilstein database in organic chemistry Boris Belousov, chemist and biophysicist, discoverer of Belousov Zhabotinsky r eaction, a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics Alexander Borodin, chemist and composer, the author of the famous opera Prin ce Igor, discovered Borodin reaction, co-discovered Aldol reaction Aleksandr Butlerov, discovered hexamine, formaldehyde and formose reaction ( the first synthesis of sugar), the first to incorporate double bonds into struct ural formulae, a founder of organic chemistry and the theory of chemical structu re Dmitry Chernov, founder of modern metallography, discovered polymorphism in metals, built the iron-carbon phase diagram Claus Aleksei Chichibabin, discovered Chichibabin pyridine synthesis, Bodroux-Chic hibabin aldehyde synthesis and Chichibabin reaction Lev Chugaev, discoverer of Chugaev elimination in organic chemistry Karl Ernst Claus, chemist and botanist, discoverer of ruthenium Nikolay Demyanov, discoverer of Demjanov rearrangement in organic chemistry Aleksandr Dianin, discoverer of Bisphenol A and Dianin's compound Constantin Fahlberg, inventor of saccharin, the first artificial sweetener Alexey Favorsky, discoverer of Favorskii rearrangement and Favorskii reactio n in organic chemistry Alexander Frumkin, a founder of modern electrochemistry, author of the theor y of electrode reactions Yevgraf Fyodorov, the first to enumerate all of the 230 space groups of crys tals, thus founding the modern crystallography Fyodorov Andre Geim, inventor of graphene, developer of gecko tape, Nobel Prize in Ph ysics winner Igor Gorynin, inventor of weldable titanium alloys, high strength aluminium alloys, and many radiation-hardened steels Vladimir Ipatieff, inventor of Ipatieff bomb, a founder of petrochemistry Isidore, legendary inventor of the Russian vodka Boris Jacobi, re-discovered electroplating and initiated its practical usage Pyotr Kapitsa, discovered superfluidity while studying liquid helium, Nobel Prize in Physics winner Morris Kharasch, inventor of anti-microbial compound thimerosal Markovnikov Gottlieb Kirchhoff, discoverer of glucose Ivan Knunyants, inventor of poly-caprolactam, founder of Soviet school of fl uorocarbon's chemistry, a developer of Soviet chemical weapons Sergei Lebedev, inventor of polybutadiene, the first commercially viable syn thetic rubber Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath, coined the term physical chemistry, re-discover ed smalt, proved that the phlogiston theory was false, the first to record the f reezing of mercury Aleksandr Loran, inventor of fire fighting foam Konstantin Novoselov, inventor of graphene, developer of gecko tape, Nobel P rize in Physics winner Mendeleev Vladimir Markovnikov, author of the Markovnikov's rule in organic chemistry, discoverer of naphthenes Dmitri Mendeleyev, invented the Periodic table of chemical elements, the fir st to predict the properties of elements yet to be discovered, invented pyrocoll odion, developer of pipelines and a prominent researcher of vodka Nikolai Menshutkin, discoverer of Menshutkin reaction in organic chemistry Sergey Namyotkin, a prominent researcher of terpenes, discoverer of Nametkin rearrangement Ilya Prigogine, researcher of dissipative structures, Tsvet complex systems and irreversibility, Nobel Prize winner

Sergey Reformatsky, discoverer of Reformatsky reaction in organic chemistry Nikolay Semyonov, physical chemist, author of the chain reaction theory, Nob el Prize winner Carl Schmidt, analyzed the crystal structure of many biochemicals, proved th at animal and plant cells are chemically similar Vladimir Shukhov, polymath, inventor of chemical cracking Mikhail Shultz, physical chemist and artist; one of the creators the glass e lectrode theory; author of several thermodynamic methods. Mikhail Tsvet, botanist, inventor of chromatography Victor Veselago, the first researcher of materials with negative permittivit y and permeability Paul Walden, discovered the Walden inversion and ethylammonium nitrate, the first room temperature ionic liquid Alexander Zaytsev, author of the Zaitsev's rule in organic chemistry Nikolay Zelinsky, inventor of activated charcoal gas mask in Europe during W orld War I, co-discoverer of Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky halogenation, a founder of pe trochemistry Nikolai Zinin, discovered benzidine, co-discovered aniline, the first Presid ent of the Russian Physical-Chemical Society Anatol Zhabotinsky, discoverer of Belousov Zhabotinsky reaction, a classical e xample of non-equilibrium thermodynamics [edit] Structural engineers Betancourt Nikolai Belelyubsky, major bridge designer, invented a number of constructio n schemes Agustn de Betancourt, polymath-engineer and urban planner, designed the Mosco w Manege and the giant cast iron dome of St. Isaac's Cathedral, founded Goznak Vladimir Barmin, designer of the world's first rocket launch complex (Baikon ur Cosmodrome) Akinfiy Demidov, builder of the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk,the first structur e to employ rebars and cast iron cupola, as well as the first lightning rod in t he Western world Alexey Dushkin, designer of the first deep column station, Mayakovskaya Alexander Hrennikoff, founder of the Finite Element Method Shukhov Nikolai Nikitin, engineer of the largest Soviet structures: Moscow State Uni versity, Luzhniki Stadium, The Motherland Calls and Ostankino Tower (once the wo rld's tallest freestanding structure) Lavr Proskuryakov, builder of multiple bridges along the Trans-Siberian Rail way, inventor and tutor Vladimir Shukhov, engineer-polymath, inventor of breakthrough industrial des igns (hyperboloid structure, thin-shell structure, tensile structure, gridshell) , builder of Shukhov Towers and multiple other structures [edit] Aerospace engineers Main article: Russian aerospace engineers Antonov Rostislav Alexeyev, designer of high-speed Raketa hydrofoils and ekranoplans , including the Caspian Sea Monster Oleg Antonov, designer of the An-series aircraft, including A-40 winged tank and An-124 (the largest serial cargo aircraft, later modified to world's larges t fixed-wing aircraft An-225) Georgy Babakin, designed the first soft lander spacecraft Luna 9 Vladimir Barmin, designer of the first rocket launch complex (Baikonur Cosmo drome)

Robert Bartini, developer of ekranoplans and VTOL amphibious aircrafts, phys icist, tutor to many other aerospace designers Alexander Bereznyak, designer of the first fighter rocket-powered aircraft, BI-1 Georgy Beriev, designer of the Be-series amphibious aircraft Glushko Georgy Bothezat, inventor of quadrotor helicopter (The Flying Octopus) Vladimir Chelomey, designer of the first space station Salyut 1, creator of Proton rocket (the most used heavy lift launch system) Evgeniy Chertovsky, inventor of pressure suit Nicolas Florine, builder of the first successful tandem rotor helicopter Valentyn Glushko, inventor of hypergolic propellant and electrically powered spacecraft propulsion, designer of the world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine RD-170 Korolyov Pyotr Grushin, inventor of anti-ballistic missile Mikhail Gurevich, designer of the MiG-series fighter aircraft, including wor ld's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG -21 Sergey Ilyushin, designed the Il-series fighter aircraft, including Il-2 bom ber (the most produced military aircraft in history) Aleksei Isaev, designer of the first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 Mstislav Keldysh, co-developer of the first satellite (Sputnik) and Keldysh bomber Kerim Kerimov, the secret figure behind the Soviet space program Nikolay Kamov, designed the Ka-series coaxial rotor helicopters Kotelnikov Alexander Kemurdzhian, inventor of space rover (Lunokhod) Sergei Korolyov, the Farther of the Soviet space program, inventor of the fi rst intercontinental ballistic missile and the first space rocket (R-7 Semyorka) , creator of the first satellite (Sputnik), supervisor of the first human spacef light Gleb Kotelnikov, inventor of knapsack parachute and drogue parachute Semyon Lavochkin, designer of the La-series aircraft and the first operation al surface-to-air missile S-25 Berkut Mikhail Lomonosov, polymath, inventor of coaxial rotor and the first helicop ter Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy, designer of the Buran space shuttle and Spiral projec t Arkhip Lyulka, designer of the Lyulka-series aircraft engines, including the first double jet turbofan Victor Makeev, developer of the first intercontinental SLBM Artem Mikoyan, designer of the MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world' s most produced jet MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21 Mikhail Mil, designer of the Mi-series helicopters, including Mil Mi-8 (the world's most produced helicopter) and Mil Mi-12 (the world's largest helicopter) Alexander Mozhaysky, author of the first attempt to create heavier-than-air craft in Russia, designed the largest of 19th century airplanes Sikorsky Alexander Nadiradze, designer of the first mobile ICBM RT-21 Temp 2S and the first reliable mobile ICBM RT-2PM Topol Nikolai Polikarpov, designer of the Po-series aircraft, including Po-2 Kukur uznik (world's most produced biplane) Alexander Procofieff de Seversky, inventor of ionocraft and gyroscopically s tabilized bombsight Guy Severin, designed the first spacewalk supporting system Igor Sikorsky, inventor of airliner and strategic bomber (Sikorsky Ilya Muro mets), father of modern helicopter, founder of the Sikorsky Aircraft Boris Shavyrin, inventor of air-augmented rocket Pavel Sukhoi, designer of the Su-series fighter aircraft

Vladimir Syromyatnikov, designer of the Androgynous Peripheral Attach System Mikhail Tikhonravov, designer of Sputniks, including the first artificial sa tellite Sputnik 1 Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, principal pioneer of astronautics Alexei Tupolev, designer of the Tu-series aircraft , including the first sup ersonic transport Tu-144 Andrey Tupolev, designer of the Tu-series aircraft , including the turboprop long-range airliner Tu-114 and turboprop strategic bomber Tu-95 Vladimir Vakhmistrov, supervisor of Zveno project (the first bomber with par asite aircrafts) Alexander Yakovlev, designer of the Yak-series aircraft , including the firs t regional jet Yak-40 Friedrich Zander, designed the first liquid-fuel rocket in the Soviet Union, GIRD-X, pioneer of astronautics Nikolai Zhukovsky, founder of modern aero- and hydrodynamics, pioneer of avi ation [edit] Naval engineers Main article: Russian naval engineers Krylov Rostislav Alexeyev, designer of high-speed Raketa hydrofoils and ekranoplans , including the Caspian Sea Monster Anatoly Alexandrov, inventor of degaussing, developer of naval nuclear react ors (including one for the first nuclear icebreaker) Mikhail Britnev, designer of the first metal-hull icebreaker Pilot Stefan Drzewiecki, inventor of electric-powered submarine and midget submari ne, designed the first serial submarine, developed the blade element theory Boris Jacobi, inventor of electric boat, developer of modern naval mining Konstantin Khrenov, inventor of underwater welding Alexei Krylov, inventor of gyroscopic damping of ships, author of the insubm ersibility theory Makarov Fyodor Litke, explorer, inventor of recording tide measurer Stepan Makarov, Admiral, war hero, oceanographer, inventor of torpedo boat t ender, builder of the first polar icebreaker, author of the insubmersibility the ory Victor Makeev, developer of the first intercontinental submarine-launched ba llistic missile Ludvig Nobel, designer of the modern oil tanker Peter the Great, monarch and craftsman, inventor of yacht club and sounding line with separating plummet, founder of the Russian Navy Pavel Schilling, inventor of electric naval mine Igor Spassky, designer of the Sea Launch platform and over 200 nuclear subma rines, including the world's largest submarines (Typhoon class) Vladimir Yourkevitch, designer of SS Normandie, developer of modern ship hul l design [edit] Electrical engineers Main article: Russian electrical engineers Schilling Zhores Alferov, physicist, inventor of heterotransistor, Nobel Prize winner Nikolay Benardos, inventor of carbon arc welding (the first practical arc we lding method) Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, inventor of three-phase electric power Boris Jacobi, inventor of electroplating, electrotyping, galvanoplastic scul pture and electric boat Konstantin Khrenov, inventor of underwater welding

Dmitry Lachinov, inventor ofelectricity economizer, electrical insulation te ster , pioneer of long-distance electricity transmission Alexander Lodygin, one of the inventors of incandescent light bulb, inventor of electric streetlight and tungsten filament Oleg Losev, inventor of light-emitting diode and crystadine Yablochkov Vasily Petrov, inventor of electric arc and arc welding Fyodor Pirotsky, inventor of railway electrification system and electric tra m Alexander Poniatoff, inventor of videotape recorder Georg Wilhelm Richmann, inventor of electrometer, died from ball lightning d uring an experiment Pavel Schilling, inventor of shielded cable, electric mine and electromagnet ic telegraph Nikolay Slavyanov, inventor of shielded metal arc welding Aleksandr Stoletov, physicist, inventor of photoelectric cell Pavel Yablochkov, inventor of Yablochkov candle (the first commercially viab le electric lamp), AC transformer and headlamp [edit] Computer scientists Main article: Russian IT developers Glushkov Georgy Adelson-Velsky, inventor of AVL tree algorithm, developer of Kaissa ( the first World Computer Chess Champion) Boris Babaian, developer of the Elbrus supercomputers Sergey Brin, inventor of the Google web search engine Nikolay Brusentsov, inventor of ternary computer (Setun) Mikhail Donskoy, a leading developer of Kaissa, the first computer chess cha mpion Victor Glushkov, a founder of cybernetics, inventor of the first personal co mputer MIR Yevgeny Kaspersky, developer of Kaspersky anti-virus products Kaspersky Semen Korsakov, the first to use punched cards for information storage and s earch Evgeny Landis, inventor of AVL tree algorithm Sergey Lebedev, developer of the first Soviet and European electronic comput ers, MESM and BESM Leonid Levin, IT scientist, developed the Cook-Levin theorem Willgodt Theophil Odhner, inventor of the Odhner Arithmometer, the most popu lar mechanical calculator in the 20th century Alexey Pajitnov, inventor of Tetris Alexander Razborov, mathematician and computational theorist who won the Nev anlinna Prize in 1990 and the Gdel Prize for contributions to computer sciences Eugene Roshal, developer of the FAR file manager, RAR file format, WinRAR fi le archiver Valentin Turchin, inventor of Refal programming language, introduced metasys tem transition and supercompilation Pajitnov David Yang, developer of Cybiko, founder of ABBYY company