Radiant Cooling: Solution for Energy Efficient Building

HVACR Conference JI Expo Jakarta, November 18th, 2011

Gregorius.Kurniawan@holcim.com

Radiant Cooling Basic Radiant Cooling System Application Project References

Holcim Indonesia

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Radiant Cooling

Thermal Comfort Zone

28 26

Radiation temperature [ [ C]

Zone of thermal comfort

24 22 20 18 16 14

without Radiant Cooling with Radiant Cooling

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

38

Air-temperature [ C]
zone of thermal comfort by P.O. Fanger

With radiant cooling system the room temperature can be increased without losses of thermal comfort
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Holcim Indonesia

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Radiant Cooling

Operative temperatures
The temperature people feel is an average of the air temperature in a room and the radiant temperature from the surrounding surfaces If the floor temperature is 18 C and the room temperature 26 C people will feel it as 22-24 C. Therefore with floor cooling the room temperature can be increased compared to air conditioning system. 1 deg. higher room air temperature results in savings of approx. 6% of primery energy.

Holcim Indonesia

07.12.2011/AB Filename.ppt

Radiant Cooling

Cooling Demand Reduction

Qsun

Qint Qconv

The cooling load is mainly defined by - Internal load Qint - Load from sun radiation Qsun - Convective load Qconv The convective load is proportional to the temperature difference Tout Troom With radiant cooling the room temperature can be increased which reduces the convective cooling load.

Holcim Indonesia

07.12.2011/AB Filename.ppt

Radiant Cooling

Air Conditioning Size Reduction

Fresh air Rest of cooling load Part of the cooling load is covered by fresh air supply, the rest has to be provided by the AC system. With radiant cooling the cooling power load for AC can be reduced. Potential airflow reduction up to 60%

The reduced air change volume together with higher room temperature is also reducing the required power for dehumidification.

Holcim Indonesia

07.12.2011/AB Filename.ppt

Radiant Cooling

Thermal comfort Benefit in High Ceiling Application

An A/C system changes all air volume in a room. For people it is important to create a comfort temperature in a zone up to ~ 2,5 m above the floor.

With a floor cooling system this can be realised without high air change rates.

~ 2,5 m

Holcim Indonesia

07.12.2011/AB Filename.ppt

Radiant Cooling

Solar Radiation Absorption

A special benefit of radiant floor cooling is to remove heat from sun radiation onto the floor by very efficient way. With radiant floor cooling the floor temperature is kept low and the heat transfer to the room is decreased.

Holcim Indonesia

07.12.2011/AB Filename.ppt

Radiant Cooling

Electricity Saving for the distribution

To remove 1 kW heat from a room an A/C ducting system needs ~ 140 W for the ventilator. For the same load a radiant cooling system needs ~3 W to run the circulation pump.

Radiant cooling can significant reduce the electricity consumption for cooling up to 40%.

Holcim Indonesia

07.12.2011/AB Filename.ppt

Radiant Cooling Basic Radiant Cooling System Application Project References

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Holcim Indonesia

07.12.2011/AB Filename.ppt

TABS

Application Concept
Used air outflow Water cooled concrete slab 19 21oC

Radiation cooling with cooling capacity up to 60 W/m2 Air raises with speed of 30cm/s upwards warming people and appliances

2.7m

Insulation facade and low-E double windows with outside sun protection

23oC operative temperatures Dry and cooled air array Fresh and dried air inflow (23-26 degrees) with low speed and 1-2 air exchange/ hour
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Holcim Prof Indonesia SOURCE: Bruno Keller

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TABS

Typical cross section

Concrete slab deck Embedded water pipe loop Slab reinforcement

Chilled water pipes embedded inside the concrete slab, and creates a thermal mass storage. Response time in hours.
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Holcim Indonesia

07.12.2011/AB Filename.ppt

TABS

Installation Method
1 2

Pipe pre assembly

Pipe lifting

3 4

Pipe installation Holcim Indonesia

Concrete pouring

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Underfloor Cooling

Application Concept

Exhaust air

Fresh air supply & circulation

Air temperature of 25 26oC

Operative temperature of 23oC

Embedded chilled water (16oC) pipes

Effective radiation flux of 40 45 W/m2

Chilled water pipes embedded inside the concrete screed above the slab, in around 30 minutes
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Holcim Indonesia

07.12.2011/AB Filename.ppt

Underfloor Cooling

Typical Cross Section

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Holcim Indonesia

07.12.2011/AB Filename.ppt

Underfloor Cooling

Installation Method
Wire mesh Insulation

Edging stripe

Plastic

2
Wire mesh installation

Insulation and edging strip installation

Plastic Installation

Leveling Tripod Nozzle Pipes

4
Pressure Test

5
Screed Pouring

Pipe Installation

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Holcim Indonesia

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Underfloor Cooling

Installed Pipe
Cross Section Wall cabinet

Edging stripe

Insulation Plastic Pipes Wire Mesh Loop start & end position

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Holcim Indonesia

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General System Supply Schematic Diagram

Using Separate Chiller

Cooling Zone
Dew Point Sensor Dew Point Sensor

Cooling Zone

Room Temperature Controller Room Temperature Controller

Zone Valve

Zone Valve

Manifold

Manifold

T Chiller
16oC 20oC

T M

Dedicated chiller for radiant cooling will leads to more efficiency of the Chiller CoP due to higher temperature regime
Holcim Indonesia

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07.12.2011/AB Filename.ppt

General System Supply Schematic Diagram

Using One Chiller with heat exchanger

Cooling Zone
Dew Point Sensor Dew Point Sensor

Cooling Zone

Room Temperature Controller Room Temperature Controller

Zone Valve

Zone Valve

Manifold

Manifold

T T
From Chiller To Chiller 6oC 12oC 16oC

T M

Heat exchanger

20oC

Shared chiller with the HVAC system shall be equipped with heat exchanger. No extra efficiency due to the same chiller temperature regime.
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Holcim Indonesia

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Radiant Cooling Basic Radiant Cooling System Application Project References

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Holcim Indonesia

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Sample of Underfloor Cooling Application: Hearst Tower, Manhattan - USA

The 856,000-sq-ft development, which incorporates Hearsts 1928 landmark headquarters and adds a NormanFosterdesigned tower, was engineered to use 25% less energy than a building that meets minimum requirements of prevailing codes (ENR 10/31/05 p. 24). Some of the efficiency is in the radiant floor, combined with displacement ventilation. Radiant floors take advantage of effective temperature. The true perception of comfort is a function of radiant surface temperatures, air temperature, air velocities and moisture levels. In most buildings, the only variable controlled is the air temperature. The radiant-floor system takes advantage of the phenomenon that the suns rays coming in through the skylight only warm up the surfaces they hit not the air. The heat never really enters the space. With radiant cooling, the sunlight hits the floor, and heat is taken away by circulating water in the embedded pipes, spaced 9 in. on center. Because the slab never warms up, the solar energy never becomes a load in the space. Radiant cooling takes advantage of the fact that it is more efficient to remove heat from water than to remove it from air. The energy required to pump air is more than the horsepower to pump water to remove the same quantity of heat.
Cooling waterfall 21
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Split air from tower Displacement Ventilation Radiant floor

Holcim Indonesia

Sample of Underfloor Cooling Application: Zero Energy Office Building Bangi, Malaysia
The building is designed to achieve a building energy index of 40 kwh/m/yr. The benchmark to qualify as an energy efficient building (as defined in Malaysian Standards MS1525:2001) is energy consumption of not more than 135 kwh/m/yr; a typical building in Malaysia has an energy index of 200 300 kwh/m/yr. ZEO achieves 75% of its cooling requirements by radiant cooling - water is piped through the floor slabs to draw off heat during the day, and ambient cooling and evaporation during the night cools the water for use the following day. The remaining 25% of its cooling requirement is achieved by conventional air-conditioners, powered by electricity generated by the BIPV system.
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Holcim Indonesia

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Sample of Underfloor Cooling Application: Bangkok International Airport

Reduced energy demand for cooling by ~ 84 GWh/a or 30% due to optimised construction and floor cooling system. 150.000 m underfloor cooling, combined with displacement ventilation The worlds largest application of surface cooling = size of 20 soccer pitches 30 million passengers per year Floor surface temperature approx. 21 C, temperature of occupied zone approx. 27 C Special solar shading system

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Holcim Indonesia

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