VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics

7. Basic equations II (4.7-4.8)

Bernoullis equation Kinetic energy, potential energy, and pressure energy for fluid in motion Energy head (line): velocity head, pressure head, and elevation head, Bernoullis equation, applications

Exercises: C12, C14, and C23

VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics

BERNOULLIS EQUATION
Bernoullis equation is the energy equation for an ideal fluid (friction and energy losses assumed negligible). Bernoullis equation may, however, be used with satisfactory accuracy in many engineering problems and has the advantage of providing valuable insight about energy conditions in fluid flow

VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics

BERNOULLIS EQUATION
p + V 2 + z = H = const .
Quantity H P/w Z V2/(2g) Name Energy head Pressure head Elevation head Velocity head Measure of Total energy Pressure energy Potential energy Kinetic energy

2g

Bernoullis equation is a useful relationship between pressure p, velocity V, and geometric height z, above a reference plane (datum). H: energy head (m) z: elevation head above datum (m) V: velocity (m/s) g: gravity acceleration (m/s2) p: pressure (Pa) w: weight density for the flowing fluid (N/m3)

+ z = piezometric head or

Tryckniv

H .G.L = Hydraulic Grade Line =

VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics

p/w

VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics

Validity criterias Bernoullis equation

1) 2) 3) 4) Along a streamline For an ideal fluid Steady flow Incompressible flow

VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics

C12 If crude oil flows through this pipeline and its velocity at A is 2.4 m/s, where is the oil level in the open tube C?

VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics

KINETIC ENERGY CORRECTION FACTOR,

For a real fluid, friction will cause a non-uniform velocity distribution the velocity head have to be corrected before use of the Bernoulli equation. The real kinetic energy is obtained by integration over the section area and is then expressed in terms of the mean velocity, V, and a correction coefficient, . The corrected velocity head becomes

2
Eqn, 4.26: = (v3dA)/V3A

2g
Some values of (table 4.2 text book): =2 (laminar pipe flow) 1.06 (turbulent pipe flow) 1.05 (turbulent flow in wide channel)

VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics

WHY THE ENERGY CORRECTION COEFFICIENT (MOMENTUM COEFFICIENT ) OFTEN MAY BE OMITTED
1) Most engineering pipe flow problems involve turbulent flow in which is only slightly more than unity. 2) In laminar flow where is large, velocity heads are usually negligible when compared to the other Bernoulli terms 3) The velocity heads in most pipe flows are usually so small compared to the other terms that inclusion of has little effect 4) The effect of tends to cancel since it appears on both sides of the equation 5) Engineering answers are not usually required to an accuracy which would justify the inclusion of in the equation.

VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics

C14* Water is flowing. The flow picture is axisymmetric. Calculate the flowrate and manometer reading.
2 3

VVR 120 Fluid Mechanics

C23* Channel and gate are 1 m wide (normal to the plane of the paper). Calculate q1, q2, and Q3.
1