Exp. No.

1
SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE
Date:

AIM:
To find the resonant frequency, quality factor, and band width of a series and parallel
resonant circuit.

Apparatus:

S. No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Function generator
2 Decade resistance box
3 Decade inductance box
4 Decade capacitance box
5 Ammeter

Circuit Diagram:
Series resonance:

Parallel resonance:
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.1 for series resonant circuit & fig.2 for parallel
resonant circuit.
2. Set the voltage of the signal from function generator to 5V.
3. Vary the frequency of the signal from 100 Hz to 1KHz in steps and note down the
corresponding ammeter readings.
4. Observe that the current first increases & then decreases in case of series resonant
circuit & the value of frequency corresponding to maximum current is equal to resonant
frequency.
5. Observe that the current first decreases & then increases in case of parallel resonant
circuit & the value of frequency corresponding to minimum current is equal to resonant
frequency.
6. Draw a graph between frequency and current & calculate the values of bandwidth &
quality factor.

MODEL GRAPHs:

f1= lower cutoff frequency

f2 = upper cutoff frequency
fr=Resonating Frequency
Observation Table:-
Series Resonance

Frequency Current
S. No.
(Hz) (mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

Observation Table:-
Parallel Resonance

Frequency Current
S. No.
(Hz) (mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
 19.
20.

Result:

Comments:
 TIME RESPONSE OF FIRST ORDER RL/RC NETWORK Exp. No. 2
Date:

Aim:
To design and analyze RL/RC first order network circuit with short, medium and long time
constants.

Apparatus:

S. Apparatus Quantity
No.
1. Circuit Board
2. CRO
3. BNC Adaptors
4. Function Generator
5. Patch Cards

Circuit Diagrams:
R-L Network:

R =10KΩ

10 P-P
1KHz
Output

Fig (a)

R-C Network:

C
10 P-P Output
1KHz

Fig (b)
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig. (a)

2. Apply the square wave input of 10V P-P at 1KHz

3. Observe the output at short, medium and long time constants by choosing appropriate

inductance

4. Repeat the same procedure for RC network shown in fig. (b) by choosing appropriate

capacitance.

5. Plot the wave forms for both RL and RC for all cases
Wave forms:
Result:

Comments:
Circuit Diagram :

1 2

Port – 1 Network
Network Port - 2

11 21
 Exp. No. 3
TWO PORT NETWORK PARAMETERS
Date:

Aim: To find the Z & Y parameters of a two port network.

Apparatus:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Circuit board
2 RPS
3 Ammeter
4 Voltmeter

Procedure:-

Z – Parameters

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.

2. Open circuit port-2 (i.e I2 = 0 ) and measure V1,I2 and V2 and calculate Z11 & Z21
using the formulae
V1 V2
Z11 = I2 =0 Z 21 = I2 =0
I1 I1

3. To Measure Z12 and Z22, open circuit port-1 (i.e. I1=0) and measure V1, V2 and I2
and calculate Z12 & Z21 using the formulae
V1 V2
Z12 = I1 = 0 Z 22 = I1 = 0
I2 I2

Y – Parameters

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.

2. Short circuit port-2 (i.e V2 = 0 ) and measure V1, I1 & I2 and
calculate Y11 & Y21 using the formulae

I1 I2
Y11 = V2 = 0 Y21 = V2 = 0
V1 V1

3. To Measure Y12 and Y22, short circuit port-1 (i.e. V1=0) and measure V2, I1 and I2
and calculate Y12 & Y22 using the formulae

I1 I2
Y12 = V1 = 0 Y22 = V1 = 0
V2 V2

Tabulation
S. Parameter Theoretical Practical Value
No. Value
1. Z11
2. Z12
3. Z21
4. Z22
5. Y11
6. Y12
7. Y21
8. Y22
Result:

Comments:
Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3

Tabulation:

Theoretical Practical
Parameters
Values Values
I1
I2
I
 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM & RECIPROCITY THEOREM Exp. No. 4
Date:

Aim: To verify the Superposition theorem and Reciprocity theorem.

Apparatus:

S. No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Circuit board
2 RPS
3 Ammeter

SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:

Statement: Superposition theorem states that "In any linear bilateral network containing two
or more sources, the response in any element is equal to the algebraic sum of the responses
caused by individual sources acting alone, while the other sources are non-operative i.e., while
considering the effect of individual sources, other ideal voltage sources and ideal current
sources in the network are replaced by short circuit and open circuit across their terminals”.

Procedure:

1. Make the connections as shown in fig.1 and measure the current 'I'.
2. Short circuit E2 (assuming the internal resistance of E2 source to be zero) as shown in
fig.2 and note down the current I1 when only E1 is acting.
3. Short circuit E1 (assuming the internal resistance of E1 source to be zero) as shown in
fig. 3 and note down the current I2 when only E2 is acting.
4. By superposition theorem I = I1+I2.
Tabular column Circuit Diagram:
 RECIPROCITY THEOREM

Statement: Reciprocity theorem states that “In any linear, bilateral, single source network the
ratio of excitation to response is constant even when their positions are
interchanged”.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. 1.

2. Measure the current 'I’ in the branch CD.
3. Interchange voltage source and response as shown in fig.2 and note down the
current in the branch AB.
4. Observe that the current is same in both the branches AB in Fig. 2 and CD in Fig. 1.
Tabular column:

Parameters Theoretical Practical

Values Values
Before V
interchange I
V/I
After V
Interchange I1
V/I1
Result:

Comments:
Given Circuit:

Given Circuit

Practical Circuit:

Given Circuit
VRL

Fig. 1

Model Graphs:

For DC Circuit:

‘P’ in
Watts

For AC Circuit:
 Exp. No. 5
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
Date:

Aim:- To verify the maximum power transfer theorem for DC & AC circuits.

Apparatus:

S. No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter
2 Voltmeter
3 Variable Resistor
4 R.P.S

Statement:

DC Circuit:
The maximum power transfer theorem states that “maximum power is delivered from a source
resistance to a load resistance when the load resistance is equal to source resistance.”
Rs = RL is the condition required for maximum power transfer.

AC Circuit:
a. The maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is delivered from a
source impedance to load impedance when the load impedance is equal to the complex
conjugate of the source impedance.

b. The maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is delivered from a
source impedance to load resistance when the load resistance is equal to the magnitude
of the source impedance.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the practical circuit shown in fig.1

2. Vary the load resistance in steps and note down voltage across the load and current
flowing through the circuit.
3. Calculate power delivered to the load by using formula P=V X l
4. Draw the graph between resistance and power (resistance on X- axis and power on Y-
axis).
5. Verify the maximum power is delivered to the load when RL = Rs for DC * and RL = Zs
for AC.
Tabular Column: (DC Circuit)

R VL IL P=VLIL

Tabular Column: (AC Circuit)

R VL IL P=VLIL
Theoretical Calculations

Maximum Power = PMax = V2 / 4RL

 Parameters Theoretical Value (PMax) Practical Value (PMax)
D.C. Circuit
A.C. Circuit
Result:

Comments:
Given Circuit Diagram:

Given Network
B

Practical Circuit Diagram for Vth:

Fig. (1)

Practical Circuit Diagram for Rth:

Voltage & current

A
sources are to be
replaced by open V
ckt and short ckt
respectively B

Fig (2)
 Exp. No. 6
THEVENIN'S AND NORTON'S THEOREMS
Date:

Aim: - To Verify Thevenin's and Norton's theorems.

Apparatus:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter
2 Voltmeter
3 Circuit board

Thevenin's theorem.

Statement: - Thevenin's theorem states that “in any two terminal, linear, bilateral network

having a number of voltage, current sources and resistances can be replaced by a simple

equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source in series with a resistance, where the

value of the voltage source is equal to the open circuit voltage across the two terminals of the

network, and the resistance is the equivalent resistance measured between the terminals with

all energy sources replaced by their internal resistances.”

PROCEDURE:

(a) To find Vth

1. Connect the circuit as per the practical circuit. (Fig. 1)

2. Measure Voc between A and B terminals.

(b) To find Rth

1. Connect the circuit as per the practical circuit (Fig. 2)

2. Replace the voltage and current sources by open circuit and short circuit

respectively and connect a voltage source and series with an ammeter between the

terminals A&B

3. Note down the ammeter readings for different voltages.

4. Calculate Rth = V/I

5. Draw the thevenins equivalent circuit

Tabular Column

S. No. V (volts) I (mA) R=V/I kΩ

Theoretical calculations
Given Circuit Diagram:

Given Network

Theoretical Calculations

A
Given Network
B

Practical Circuit Diagram for Rth:

A
Voltage & current
A
sources are to be
replaced by open V
ckt and short ckt
respectively B
Norton's theorem:

Statement: Norton's theorem States that “in any two terminal, linear, bilateral network with
current sources, voltage sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a current source in parallel with a resistance. The value of the current source is
the short circuit current between the two terminals of the network and the resistance is the
equivalent resistance measured between the terminals of the network with all the energy
sources replaced by their internal resistances.”

Procedure:
(a) To find IN

1. Connect the circuit as per the practical circuit. (Fig. 1)

2. Measure the current Isc (or) IN through 'AB' by short-circuiting the resistance between A
and B.
(b) To find Rth
1. Connect the circuit as per the practical circuit (Fig.2)
2. Replace the voltage and current sources by open circuit and short circuit respectively
and connect a voltage source and series with an ammeter between the terminals A&B
3. Note down the ammeter readings for different voltages.
4. Calculate Rth = V/I
5. Draw Norton's equivalent circuit.
Tabulation

S. No. V I R=V/I
(volts) (mA) kΩ

Parameters Theoretical Practical

Values Values
Voc
Isc
RTH
RN
Result:

Comments:
Circuit Diagram:

MOTOR GENERATOR
Voltage : 230v Voltage :
Current :
Current : Speed :
Speed : Field Current :
Field Current :

Model Graph:

Circuit
 MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTIC OF A DC GENERATOR Exp. No. 7
Date:

Aim:
To find critical field resistance of a separately excited DC generator from its open circuit
characteristic.

Apparatus Required:

S. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

No.
1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Rheostat
4. Tachometer
5. Potential Divider

Precautions:
a) Motor field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.
b) Potential divider must be kept in minimum potential position.
c) Starter arm must be in OFF position.

Procedure:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2) Observing the precautions close the DPST Switch and switch ON 220V DC supply.
3) Start the Motor-Generator set with the help of starter.
4) Adjust the speed of motor to a fixed value by adjusting field rheostat and maintain the
speed constant throughout the experiment.
5) Increase the excitation of the generator in steps by adjusting the potential divider and note
down the corresponding voltmeter readings.
6) Take the readings up to a value little higher than the rated voltage of the generator.
7) Again decrease the excitation in the same steps till field current is zero by adjusting the
potential divider noting down the corresponding voltmeter readings.
8) Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.
Tabulation:
Speed of the Generator: r.p.m.
S. No. If Eg Eg
(A) (V) (V)
(Increasing) (Decreasing)
From Graph

Critical field resistance, Rcf=

Result:
Circuit Diagram:
Swinburne’s Test:

fig. (a)
To find Armature Resistance:

fig. (b)
Name Plate Details:
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :
Field Current :

Model Graph:
 Exp. No. 8
SWINBURNE’S TEST
Date:

Aim:
To pre-determine the efficiency of a DC shunt machine when run both as generator and motor.

Apparatus Required:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Voltmeter

2. Ammeter
3. Rheostat

4. Tachometer

Precautions:
d) Field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.
e) Armature rheostat must be kept in maximum resistance position.

Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2) Observing the precautions close the DPST Switch and switch ON 220V DC supply.
3) Start the Motor with the help of starter keeping the switch ‘S’ connected across the
ammeter closed.
4) Adjust the speed of motor to it’s rated value by adjusting field and/or armature rheostats.
5) Now open the switch ‘S’ and note all the meter readings.
6) Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.

To find the armature and series field resistance:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram (fig.(b))
2) Keeping the rheostat in its maximum resistance position close the DPST Switch and switch
ON 220V DC supply.
3) By adjusting the rheostat for different values of current note down the meter readings.
4) Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.
Tabulation:
For Swinburne’s Test:
Speed of the motor: r.p.m.
S. NO. Supply voltage Line current IL Shunt current
(Volts) (amps) If
(amps)

To find Armature resistance:

S. No. Va Ia Ra
(V) (A) (Ohms)

Average Ra

Machine when run as Motor:

S. No. Voltage IL If Ia I.P Wcu WT O.P η=
(V) (A) (A) (A) (W) (W) (W) (W) 0.P / I.P
(%)

Machine when run as Generator:

S. No. Voltage IL If Ia O.P Wcu WT I.P η=

(V) (A) (A) (A) (W) (W) (W) (W) 0.P / I.P
(%)
Model Calculation:
IL = ; If = ;V=
Ia = IL - If =

2
Constant Loss, WC = V Х IL - Ia Х Ra

Reading No.

Machine When run as Motor

IL = ; If = ;V=
Ia = IL - If =

Input = V Х IL =

2
CU Loss, WCU = Ia Х Ra =

Total Loss, WT = WC + WCU =

Output = Input - WT =

Efficiency, η = 0.P / I.P =

Machine When run as Motor

V= ; IL = ; If =
Ia = IL + If =
Output = V Х IL =

2
CU Loss, WCU = Ia Х Ra =

Total Loss, WT = WC + WCU =

Input = Output + WT =

Efficiency, η = 0.P / I.P =

Result:
Circuit Diagram:

Name Plate Details:

Voltage :
Current :
Speed :
Power :
Field Current :

Model Graph:
 BRAKE TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR Exp. No. 9
Date:

Aim:
To obtain the performance characteristics of DC shunt motor by direct loading.

Apparatus Required:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Voltmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Rheostat
4. Tachometer

Precautions:
f) Motor field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.
g) Starter arm must be in OFF position.

Procedure:

To conduct Load Test:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2) Observing the precautions close the DPST Switch and switch ON 220V DC supply.
3) Start the motor with the help of starter.
4) Now load the motor in steps to its full-load and note down all the meter readings.
5) Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.
 Tabulation:
For Load Test:
Radius of Brake Drum:
S. VL IL Speed Spring Balance Torque I.P O.P η
No. (V) (A) (r.p.m. readings (N-m) (KW) (KW) 0.P / I.P
) (Kgs) (%)
S1 S2 S1∼S2
Model Calculations:

Reading No.
V= ; IL = ;N= ;R= ; S1 = ; S2 =

Torque, T =

Input = V Х I =

Output = (2 Х ∏ Х N Х T) / 60

Efficiency, η = 0.P / I.P =

Result:
Circuit Diagram:
(a) OC Test

Name Plate Details 1Φ T/F:

(b) SC Test KVA =

LV Voltage =
HV Voltage =
Frequency =

MODEL GRAPHS:
 Exp. No. 9
OC & SC TESTS ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Date:

Aim:
(a) To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of Single Phase Transformer by
conducting no-load test and short circuit test.
(b) To draw the equivalent circuit of single phase transformer referred to LV side as well as
HV side.
Apparatus Required:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Single Phase Variac

2. Ammeter

3. Voltmeter

4. Wattmeter

Precautions:
a) There should not be loose and wrong connections in the circuit
b) Single phase auto transformer should be in minimum output voltage position
c) Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched OFF

Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit for O.C. test as per the circuit diagram.
2) Keep the variac in minimum output voltage position and switch ON the supply.
3) Apply the rated voltage to the transformer by properly adjusting the variac.
4) Note down the readings of various meters and switch OFF the supply.
5) Connect the circuit for SC test as per the circuit diagram, with appropriate ranges of
meters.
6) Keep the variac in minimum output voltage position and switch on the supply.
7) Apply proper voltage (low voltage) to the transformer by adjusting the variac such
that rated current flows through the transformer.
8) Note down the readings of various meters and switch OFF the supply.
OC Test Observations

S.No. Vo (V) Io (A) Wo = W x M.F (w)

Where
VI cos φ
M. F. = Multiplication factor =
FSD
FSD  Full scale divisions

SC Test Observations

S.No. VSC (V) ISC (A) WSC = W x M.F (w)

Equivalent Circuit of the Transformer:

(i) Referred to L.V. side

(ii) Referred to H.V. side

Calculations:
(a)Calculation of Equivalent circuit parameters:
Let the transformer be the step-up transformer
Primary is L. V. side.(V1) , Secondary is H. V. side (V2)
(i) Parameters calculation from OC test
Wo
cos φ0 = =
Vo I o
Iw = I0 cos φ0 = I w1 = I w / K =

V1
R0 = = R01 = R0 K2 =
Iw
Iμ = I0 sin φ0 = I µ1 = I µ / K =

V1
X0 = = X 01 = X 0 K2 =
Iµ

V2
K= =
V1

(ii) Parameters calculation from SC test

WSC
R02 = 2 =
I sc

VSC
Z 02 = =
I SC

2 2
X 02 = Z 02 − R02 =

X 01 = X 02 / K 2 =

R01 = R02 / K 2 =

Z 01 = Z 02 / K 2 =
 Tabulation:
(a) Efficiency at different loads and P.fs
cos φ1 = ___________ cos φ2 = ___________

S.No. Load Cu.loss Output Input η Xx S.No. Load Cu.loss Output Input η
(W) (W) (W) (%) (W) (W) (W) (%)
1. ¼F.L. 1. ¼F.L.

2. ½F.L. 2. ½F.L.

3. ¾F.L. 3. ¾F.L.

4. F.L. 4. F.L.

(b) Regulation at full load

Lagging Pf Leading Pf
S. S.
P.F. % Reg. P. F. % Reg.
No. No.
1. 0.3 1. 0.3
2. 0.4 2. 0.4
3. 0.5 3. 0.5
4. 0.6 4. 0.6
5. 0.7 5. 0.7
6. 0.8 6. 0.8
7. Unity 7. Unity
(b) Calculations to find efficiency:

For ½ full load

Cupper losses = Wsc x (1/2)2 watts =

where Wsc = full – load copper losses

Constant losses = W0 watts =

Output = ½ KVA x cos φ = [cos φ may be assumed]

Input = output + Cu. Loss + constant loss =

Output
% efficiency = x 100 =
Input

(c) Calculation of Regulation at full load:

I2 = Load (KVA) X 103 / V2 =

I 2 R02 cos φ ± I 2 X 02 sin φ

% Re gulation = x 100 =
V2

‘+’ for lagging power factors

‘-‘ for leading power factors

Result:

Comments:
Circuit Diagram: W1
3Φ IM

Spring Balance

V Brake Drum

W2

Name Plate Details:

Power =
Voltage =
Current =
Speed =
Conn. =
Type =
Frequency =

MODEL GRAPH:
 BRAKE TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR Exp. No. 11
Date:

AIM: To conduct brake test on the given 3 phase induction motor and to plot its performance
characteristics.

Apparatus Required:

S. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. 3 Phase Variac
2. Ammeter
3. Voltmeter
4. Wattmeter
5. Tachometer

Precautions:
d) There should not be loose and wrong connections in the circuit
e) Three phase auto transformer should be in minimum output voltage position
f) Initially there should be no load on the motor
g) Apply water into brake drum during operation to control the heat of the brake drum.
h) Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched OFF.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Observing precautions, close the TPST switch.

3. Apply the rated voltage to the stator windings of 3 φ induction motor with the help of

3-phase auto transformer.

4. Note down the readings of all meters on no-load.

5. Load the induction motor in steps using the brake-drum arrangement. At each step note
down the readings of all meters up to full load of the motor.

6. Gradually release the load and switch OFF the supply.

7. Using thread, measure the circumference of the brake-drum when motor is at rest.
Tabulation:

Spring balance
Wattmeter reading
Current
Voltage reading (W)
S. I Speed N Power Torque Output η
V MF = MF = %Slip
No. (Amps) (rpm) S1 S2 factor N-m Watts %
(volts)
Kg Kg
W1 W2
Model calculations:
S. No.:
Input power drawn by the motor W = (W1 + W2) watts
=
R  Radius of drum in meters = (Circumference of brake drum in mtrs) / 2 π =

Shaft Torque, Tsh = 9.81 (S1 ~ S2) R N-m

=

2 π N Tsh
Output power in watts = watts
60

output power in watts

% efficiency = x 100
Input power in watts

120 x f
Ns = =
p

Ns − N
% slip = x 100
Ns

W
power factor of the induction motor cos φ = =
3 VL I L

Result:

Comments:
Circuit Diagram:

(a) OC & SC Test

(b) Armature Resistance

Name Plate Details:

Parameter DC Motor Alternator

Power
Voltage
Current
Speed
type
Excitation Voltage
Excitation Current
P.F.
REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR USING SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD Exp. No. 12
Date:

AIM: To pre-determine the regulation of a given three-phase alternator by conducting O. C.

and
S. C. tests by synchronous Impedance method (EMF method)

Apparatus Required:

S.No. Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Tachometer

2. Ammeter

3. Voltmeter

4. Rectifier
5. Rheostat

PROCEDURE:
1. OC test:
(i) Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram for OC & SC test.
(ii) With the rectifier in the zero voltage position, TPST switch open and the
rheostats in their proper positions, the d.c. supply to the motor is switched ON.
(iii) The dc motor is brought to rated speed of the alternator by properly varying the
field rheostat of motor.
(iv) Now, the alternator field is excited by applying the dc voltage through the
rectifier in steps. At each step, note down the field current and the
corresponding generated voltage. This procedure is repeated till the voltage
generated is much beyond rated value.
(v) Reduce the alternator field excitation to zero level.
MODEL GRAPHS

Tabulation:
a) OC & SC Test:

O. C. Test S. C. Test

Speed = xxxx Speed =

S.No. Field current Phase voltage S.No. Field Short circuit

(A) (V) current, current (ISC), (A)

(If) (A)
2. SC test
(i) with the rectifier in the minimum voltage position, the TPST switch is closed.
(ii) Increase field excitation gradually till the S.C. current of the alternator reaches
the rated current of alternator.
(iii) Note down all the meter readings.
b) Armature Resistance:

S.No. I (A) V (volts) Rdc = V/I Ω

Percentage regulation at _______ load at different power factors

Power E0 (V) % Reg

factor
Lagging Leading Lagging Leading
(Cosφ)
Model Calculations:
VOC
From Graph ZS = for the same If and speed: =
I SC

Ra = (1.6) RdC =

XS = Z S2 − Ra2 =

Assume p.f. (CosΦ) =

Assume armature current (Ia) =
Generated emf of alternator on no load is

E0 = ( v cos φ + I a Ra ) 2
+ ( v sin φ ± I a X S )
2
=

+ for lagging p.f.

- for leading p.f.

The percentage regulation of alternator for a given p.f. is

E0 −V
% Re g = x 100 =
V
where
E0 – Generated emf of alternator per phase voltage
V – Full load, rated terminal voltage per phase.

Result:

Comments: