Name_______________________________ Period_____ Unit 8: Stoichiometry Test Review

Indicate whether the statement is true or false. (1-11) ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 1. Stoichiometry is the study of the relationship between the amount of reactants used and the amount of products made in a chemical reaction. 2. In a balanced chemical equation, the total number of moles of all the reactants is equal to the total number of moles of all the products. 3. In a chemical reaction represented by the general equation that can be written. , there are four distinct mole ratios

4. The mole ratio is a comparison of how many moles of one substance are required to participate in a chemical reaction with another substance, based on the balanced chemical equation. . In a chemical reaction, the reactant with the largest molar mass is the limiting reagent. !. The excess reagent refers to the additional amount of a reactant in a chemical reaction that must be added in order for the reaction to proceed. ". The stoichiometric relationship between any two substances in a reaction depends on the mole ratio between those substances. #. The limiting reagent limits the amount of product formed in a chemical reaction. $. In a balanced chemical equation, the total number mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products.

____ 1%. The percent yield is the ma&imum amount of product that can be produced from a gi'en amount of reactant. ____ 11. If #%.% g of sodium reacts with "2.% g of iron (III) o&ide, sodium acts as the limiting reactant.

____ 12. *ased on the mole ratios of the substances in a chemical reaction shown, determine the correct equation for the chemical reaction+ ,ubstances -ole ratio ./* 3/2 ./0 3/1 */0 2/1

____ 13. 0alculate the mole ratio of all the substances represented in this figure+

____ 14. 1hich is true of the reaction shown below+

a. b. c. d.

The mole ratio of this reaction is !/ /!. Two molecules of ,ubstance 2 will be left o'er when this reaction goes to completion. ,ubstance 2 is the limiting reagent in this reaction. The addition of more molecules of ,ubstance 3 will not affect the amount of ,ubstance 4 that can be made.

____ 1 . 1hich con'ersion factor will correctly complete this setup for finding the number of moles of 5 2 required to completely react with " .% grams of ,b+ The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is shown/

____ 1!. The table shows the mole ratios of potassium and bromine combined to form potassium bromide according to the balanced reaction . In which trial(s) is the amount of bromine the limiting reagent+ Trial 6umber -oles of 7 -oles of *r 1 1% 3 2 3 2 3 14 # ____ 1". 8old is reacted with chlorine gas according to the reaction 2 .u 9 3 0l 2 2 .u0l3. :se the data in the table to determine the percent yield of gold chloride. -ass of 8old -ass of 0hlorine Theoretical 2ield .ctual 2ield 3$.4 g 21.3 g + 3 .2 g ____ 1#. .ccording to this chemical reaction, calculate the number of grams of ;e produced from 14 moles of < 2+ ;e354 (cr) 9 4 <2 (g) 3 ;e (cr) 9 4 <25 (l) ____ 1$. =etermine the correct mole ratio of 73>54 to 7653 in the chemical reaction -g(653)2 9 73>54 -g3(>54)2 9 7653+ ____ 2%. =etermine the correct mole ratio for aluminum chloride to chlorine in the chemical reaction .l0l3 9 *r2 .l*r3 9 0l2+

____ 21. 0alculate how many moles of 7*r will be produced from " moles of *a*r 2+ *a*r2 9 72,54 7*r 9 *a,54

____ 22. 0alculate how many moles of .l would be produced from 2% moles of .l 253+ .l253 .l 9 52

____ 23. =etermine how many moles of 0u are needed to react with .# moles of .g65 3+ 0u 9 2 .g653 0u(653)2 9 2 .g ____ 24. 1hich is the number of moles of carbon dio&ide produced from the complete combustion of .42 moles of ethanol+ 02<!5 9 52 052 9 <25

____ 2 . 1hich is the correct number of moles of 65 that is produced from 13.2 moles of o&ygen gas in the presence of e&cess ammonia+ 4 6<3 (g) 9 52 (g) 4 65 (g) 9 ! <25 (l)

____ 2!. <ow many grams of water are produced when 2. % mol o&ygen reacts with hydrogen+ <2 9 52 <25

____ 2". <ow many grams of 52 are required to produce 3 #. grams of 4n5+ 24n 9 52 24n5

____ 2#. <ow many grams of bromine are required to react completely with 3".4 grams aluminum chloride+ .l0l3 9 *r2 .l*r3 9 0l2

____ 2$. <ow many grams of chlorine gas can be produced from the decomposition of "3.4 g. of .u0l 3 by this reaction/ 2.u0l3 2 .u 9 3 0l2

____ 3%. . chemical reaction can theoretically produce 13". grams of product, but in actuality 112.$ grams are produced. 1hich is the percent yield for this reaction+

____ 31. <ow many moles of carbon dio&ide are produced when 1$.3 mol of propane gas is burned in e&cess o&ygen+

____ 32. 1hat is the mass of potassium chloride when !." g of potassium reacts with an e&cess of chlorine gas+ The balanced chemical equation is/ .

____ 33. . certain reaction has a "3.!? yield. If 3.# grams of the product were predicted by stoichiometry to be made, what would the actual yield be+

____ 34. . reaction was predicted to produce 32.4 grams of a compound. 1hen the product was measured, there were only 2!.1 grams made. 1hat is the percent yield of this reaction+

____ 3 . <ow many grams of <25 will be produced if " % grams of ;e are produced+

____ 3!. <ow many grams of ;e354 are required to react completely with 3%% grams of <2+

____ 3". <ow many moles of carbon dio&ide is produced when 1%.4 mol of propane gas is burned in e&cess o&ygen+

____ 3#. <ow many grams of water are produced when 2. % mol o&ygen reacts with hydrogen+

____ 3$. 1hat is the mass of potassium chloride when 2. % g of potassium reacts with e&cess of chlorine gas+

____ 4%. <ow many moles of carbon dio&ide are produced when #.3% mol of ethanol reacts with e&cess of o&ygen+

____ 41. 0alculate the mass of citric acid when 2.!% mol of sucrose gas reacts with o&ygen.

____ 42. <ydrofluoric acid reacts with 31.3 g of silica to produce he&afluorosilicic acid. =etermine the percent yield of <2,i;! if the actual yield is !%.3 g. ____ 43. 0opper reacts with 3!." g of sil'er nitrate to produce copper(II) nitrate and sil'er. =etermine the theoretical yield of 0u(653)2 if the actual yield is 31.2$ g.

44. 1hen 2%%.2 g of sulfur reacts with 1%%.3 g of chlorine to produce disulfur dichloride, ____________________ acts as the limiting reactant. 4 . 6itrogen acts as a(n) ____________________ reactant in the production of ammonia.

4!. The mole ratios for the equation . 9 * 0 9 = are shown. *ased on the mole ratios, write the balanced general chemical equation represented. ,ubstances -ole @atio ,ubstances -ole @atio ./* 2/3 */0 3/1 ./0 2/1 */= 1/2 ./= 1/3 0/= 1/! 4". ;ill in the diagram with the con'ersion factors that would be used to determine the mass of ,ubstance 3 required to form a certain mass of ,ubstance 2.

4#. ;ill in the bo&es with the appropriate number of molecules of ,ubstance 2 and ,ubstance 4 to show the decomposition of ,ubstance 3 in the correct ratios.

4$. . dimensional analysis setup to determine the mass of ;e that can be fully o&idiAed by #.$3 grams of 5 2 is shown. B&plain what is incorrect in this setup and how to fi& the setup to maCe it correct.

%. B&plain why an e&cess reagent is frequently used in chemical reactions.

1. ;ind the mole ratio of lead (II) nitrate to potassium nitrate in this chemical reaction. 7I 9 >b(653)2 >bI2 9 7653 2. <ow many moles of Ainc chloride can be produced from 1 .3 moles of <0l+ 4n 9 <0l 4n0l2 9 <2 3. In this chemical reaction, ! moles of each of the reactants is combined. -g 9 62 -g362 a) 1hich is the limiting reagent+ 1hich is the e&cess reagent+ b) <ow many moles of magnesium nitride can be made+ c) <ow many moles of e&cess reagent will be left o'er+ 4. <ow much chlorine should be produced if #4.2 grams of aluminum chloride and !#.4 grams bromine are combined+ .l0l3 9 *r2 .l*r3 9 0l2 . !4.$ grams of potassium chloride are reacted with e&cess o&ygen to produce potassium chlorate, according to the reaction/ 70l 9 52 70l53 If "".1 grams are produced, what is the percent yield of this reaction+ !. .luminum chloride and bromine react according to the reaction/

If the percent yield of chlorine is #3.1?, how much aluminum chloride must be used to guarantee a yield of 43. grams of chlorine+ ". 1hat is stoichiometry+ #. 1hat is a mole ratio+ $. *alance the following equation and determine the possible mole ratios.

!%. Dist the four steps to sol'e stoichiometric problems.

!1. Titanium dio&ide (Ti52) is an industrial chemical used as a white pigment in paint. The con'ersion of 'olatile Ti0l4 to Ti52 occurs according to the reaction, . If 1 ."% g of Ti0l4 reacts in e&cess o&ygen to form 1%.4% g 0l2, what is the percent yield of the reaction+

!2. >hosphorus pentachloride is formed when 1".2 g of chlorine gas react with 23.2 g of solid phosphorus (> 2). =etermine the reactant that is in e&cess.

!3. In a reaction, #2.%% g of sodium reacts with "4.%% g of ferric o&ide to form sodium o&ide and iron metal. 0alculate the mass of solid iron produced. !4. In a reaction, 1%."! g of 0a053, 1%. 1 g of <0l, and e&cess water produced 1%.2! g of 0a0l 2 !<25. 0alculate the theoretical yield of calcium chloride he&ahydrate.

! . 1hat is the percent yield for a reaction if the theoretical yield of 0 !<12 is 21 g and the actual yield reco'ered is only 3.# g+ !!. . reaction is predicted to result in " .% grams of product being made, but only #.3 grams are actually produced. ;ind the percent yield of this reaction, and e&plain se'eral reasons why the reaction does not produce as much as predicted.

!". *alance this equation. Then, show that the Daw of 0onser'ation of -atter is being obeyed at the particle le'el, the mole le'el, and the mass le'el. ;e253 9 0 ;e 9 05 !#. .luminum metal is burned in o&ygen gas. a. 1rite the balanced equation for this reaction. b. If .433 g of aluminum is burned with #.#34 g of o&ygen gas, what is the limiting reagent+ c. 1hat mass of product can be made+

!$. 2ou ha'e #3.! grams of <2 and 2 " grams of 62 which combine according to the following equation/ 62 9 3<2 26<3 1hich reactant is the limiting reagent+ B&plain how you can tell.

"%. #.344 grams of sodium hydro&ide is reacted with 14.2$% grams of magnesium nitrate, according to the reaction 6a5< 9 -g(653)2 6a653 9 -g(5<)2. a) 1rite the balanced chemical equation for this reaction. b) Identify the limiting reagent. c) =etermine the theoretical yield of magnesium hydro&ide.

"1. @epresent the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen in terms of/ a. >articles b. -oles c. -ass

"2. @epresent the reaction between Ainc and nitric acid in terms of/ a. >articles b. -oles c. -ass

"3. In the equation for the combustion of butane, show that the law of conser'ation of mass is obser'ed. Interpret the equation for the combustion of butane in terms of/ a. @epresentati'e particles b. -oles c. -ass

"4. . 4 .%%Eg sample of sil'er nitrate is mi&ed with .%% g of hydrochloric acid to form a white precipitate of sil'er chloride. .fter the solution is filtered and dried, a white precipitate of mass 33. % g is collected. a. =etermine the limiting reactant. b. =etermine the theoretical yield of sil'er chloride. c. =etermine the percent yield of sil'er chloride.

Unit 8: Stoichiometry Answer Section

TRUE/FALSE 1. .6,/ T >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 1 6.T/ *.3 2. .6,/ ; >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 2 6.T/ *.1 G *.2 G *.3 3. .6,/ ; >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 6.T/ *.1H G *.3 4. .6,/ T >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 2 6.T/ *.1 G *.2 G *.3 . .6,/ ; >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 2 6.T/ *.3 !. .6,/ ; >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 2 6.T/ *.3 ". .6,/ T >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 2 6.T/ *.1 G *.2 G *.3 #. .6,/ T >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 1 6.T/ *.3 $. .6,/ T >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 2 6.T/ *.3 1%. .6,/ ; The percent yield is the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield, and is e&pressed as a percent. >T,/ 1 =I;/ 1 @B;/ >age 3"% 5*I/ 12.4.2 =etermine the percent yield for a chemical reaction. 6.T/ :0>.3 G *.3 T5>/ =etermine the percent yield for a chemical reaction. 7B2/ Theoretical yield -,0/ 1 65T/ The theoretical yield is the ma&imum amount of product that can be produced from a gi'en amount of reactant. 11. .6,/ ;

>T,/ 1 =I;/ 2 @B;/ >age 3!" 5*I/ 12.3.1 Identify the limiting reactant in a chemical equation. 6.T/ *.3 T5>/ Identify the limiting reactant in a chemical equation. 7B2/ Dimiting reactant -,0/ 3 65T/ The actual ratio (%.12$) is less than the required ratio (%.1!!). Thus, iron (III) o&ide is the limiting reactant. MULT PLE !"# !E 12. .6,/ = 6.T/ :0>.2 G *.3 >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 2

13. .6,/ 6.T/ 14. .6,/ 6.T/ 1 . .6,/ 6.T/ 1!. .6,/ 6.T/ 1". .6,/ 6.T/ 1#. .6,/ 6.T/ 1$. .6,/ 6.T/ 2%. .6,/ 6.T/ 21. .6,/ 6.T/ 22. .6,/ 6.T/ 23. .6,/ 6.T/ 24. .6,/ 6.T/ 2 . .6,/ 6.T/ 2!. .6,/ 6.T/ 2". .6,/ 6.T/ 2#. .6,/ 6.T/ 2$. .6,/ 6.T/ 3%. .6,/ 6.T/ 31. .6,/ 6.T/ 32. .6,/ 6.T/ 33. .6,/ 6.T/ 34. .6,/ 6.T/ 3 . .6,/ 6.T/ 3!. .6,/ 6.T/ 3". .6,/

* >T,/ :0>.2 G *.1 G *.2 * >T,/ :0>.2 G *.3 0 >T,/ :0>.2 G *.3 = >T,/ :0>.2 G *.3 0 >T,/ :0>.2 G *.3 . >T,/ *.3 0 >T,/ *.1 G *.3 * >T,/ :0>.3 G *.3 0 >T,/ :0>.3 0 >T,/ :0>.3 . >T,/ :0>.3 0 >T,/ :0>.3 G *.3 . >T,/ :0>.3 G *.3 0 >T,/ :0>.3 G *.3 = >T,/ :0>.3 G *.3 = >T,/ :0>.3 G *.3 . >T,/ :0>.3 G *.3 . >T,/ :0>.3 G *.3 * >T,/ :0>.3 G *.3 0 >T,/ :0>.3 G *.3 = >T,/ :0>.2 G :0>.3 G *.3 . >T,/ :0>.3 G *.3 * >T,/ :0>.3 G *.3 0 >T,/ :0>.3 G *.3 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

=I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 4 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 4 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 4 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 4 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3

The equation for the combustion of propane is

Feedback A B C D

=i'ide the unCnown moles of carbon dio&ide by the Cnown moles of propane. -ultiply the Cnown number of moles of propane by the mole ratio. 0orrectJ *alance the equation correctly.

>T,/ 1 =I;/ 2 @B;/ >age 3 $ 5*I/ 12.2.2 :se the steps to sol'e stoichiometric problems. T5>/ :se the steps to sol'e stoichiometric problems. 7B2/ ,toichiometric moleEtoEmole con'ersion 3#. .6,/ = The balanced chemical equation is .
Feedback A B C D

6.T/ :0>.1 G :0>.3 G *.3 -,0/ 3

-ultiply the number of moles of water by the molar mass of water. -ultiply the number of moles by the mole ratio. *alance the equation correctly. 0orrectJ

>T,/ 1 =I;/ 3 @B;/ >age 3!% 5*I/ 12.2.2 :se the steps to sol'e stoichiometric problems. T5>/ :se the steps to sol'e stoichiometric problems. 7B2/ ,toichiometric moleEtoEmass con'ersion 3$. .6,/ . The balanced chemical equation is .
Feedback A B C D

6.T/ :0>.1 G :0>.3 G *.3 -,0/ 3

0orrectJ 0alculate the mass of 70l using the molar mass as a con'ersion factor. *alance the equation correctly. 0on'ert the grams of 70l to moles using the in'erse of molar mass as the con'ersion factor.

>T,/ 1 =I;/ 3 @B;/ >age 3!1 5*I/ 12.2.2 :se the steps to sol'e stoichiometric problems. T5>/ :se the steps to sol'e stoichiometric problems. 7B2/ ,toichiometric massEtoEmass con'ersion 4%. .6,/ 0 The mole ratio of carbon dio&ide to ethanol is 2/1.
Feedback A B C D

6.T/ :0>.1 G :0>.3 G *.3 -,0/ 3

=i'ide the unCnown moles by the Cnown moles. -ultiply the Cnown number of moles by the mole ratio. 0orrectJ *alance the equation correctly. =I;/ 1 @B;/ >age 3 $

>T,/ 1

5*I/ 12.2.2 :se the steps to sol'e stoichiometric problems. T5>/ :se the steps to sol'e stoichiometric problems. 7B2/ ,toichiometric moleEtoEmole con'ersion 41. .6,/ = The molar mass of citric acid is 1$2.%44 g.
Feedback A B C D

6.T/ :0>.1 G :0>.3 G *.3 -,0/ 3

=i'ide the unCnown moles by the Cnown moles. -ultiply the Cnown number of moles by the mole ratio and the molar mass. *alance the equation correctly. 0orrectJ

>T,/ 1 =I;/ 2 @B;/ >age 3!% 5*I/ 12.2.2 :se the steps to sol'e stoichiometric problems. T5>/ :se the steps to sol'e stoichiometric problems. 7B2/ ,toichiometric moleEtoEmass con'ersion 42. .6,/ = >ercent yield (actual yieldKtheoretical yield) 1%%
Feedback A B C D

6.T/ :0>.1 G :0>.3 G *.3 -,0/ 3

-ultiply the yield by 1%% to calculate the percent yield. =i'ide the actual yield by the theoretical yield. The molar mass is incorrect. 0orrectJ

>T,/ 1 =I;/ 3 @B;/ >age 3"1 5*I/ 12.4.2 =etermine the percent yield for a chemical reaction. 6.T/ :0>.3 G *.3 T5>/ =etermine the percent yield for a chemical reaction. 7B2/ >ercent yield -,0/ 3 43. .6,/ = >ercent yield (actual yieldKtheoretical yield) 1%%
Feedback A B C D

-ultiply the number of moles by the molar mass to obtain the theoretical yield. The mole ratio is incorrect. The molar mass is incorrect. 0orrectJ 1 =I;/ 3 @B;/ >age 3"1 12.4.2 =etermine the percent yield for a chemical reaction. :0>.3 G *.3 T5>/ =etermine the percent yield for a chemical reaction. >ercent yield -,0/ 3

>T,/ 5*I/ 6.T/ 7B2/ !#MPLET #N

44. .6,/ chlorine >T,/ 1 =I;/ 2 @B;/ >age 3! 5*I/ 12.3.1 Identify the limiting reactant in a chemical equation.

6.T/ *.3 T5>/ Identify the limiting reactant in a chemical equation. 7B2/ Dimiting reactant -,0/ 3 4 . .6,/ e&cess >T,/ 5*I/ 6.T/ T5>/ 7B2/ 1 =I;/ 2 @B;/ >age 3! 12.3.2 Identify the e&cess reactant and calculate the amount remaining after the reaction is complete. :0>.3 G *.3 Identify the e&cess reactant and calculate the amount remaining after the reaction is complete. B&cess reactant -,0/ 1

S"#RT ANS$ER 4!. .6,/ 2. 9 3* 0 9 != >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 4". .6,/ .) molar mass of ,ubstance 3 *) mole ratio between substance 3 and substance 2 0) molar mass of substance 2 6.T/ :0>.2 G *.1 G *.3

>T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 2 6.T/ :0>.2 G :0>.3 G *.3 4#. .6,/ ,i& molecules of diatomic ,ubstance 2, 4 molecules of ,ubstance 4.

>T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 6.T/ :0>.2 G *.3 4$. .6,/ The mole ratio is re'ersedL it should be 4 moles of ;eK3 moles 52. This is because the number of moles of o&ygen must be on the bottom of the fraction in order to cancel out the moles of o&ygen in the pre'ious fraction (molar mass of o&ygen). >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el ! 6.T/ :0>.2 G :0>.3 G *.3 %. .6,/ .n e&cess reagent will accomplish two things. It will ensure that the reaction goes to completion, since all of the limiting reagent will be able to be used. It will also help to maCe the reaction go faster. >T,/ 1 1. .6,/ 1/2 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 2 6.T/ :0>.2 G *.3

>T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 2. .6,/ 3%.! molesL <0l and 4n0l2 are in a 1/2 molar ratio.

6.T/ *.3

>T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 6.T/ :0>.3 G *.3 3. .6,/ a) -agnesium is limiting and nitrogen is e&cessL they react in a 3/1 molar ratio so there is proportionately less magnesium. b) 2 moles of product are formedL the mole ratio for the entire reaction is 3/1/1 c) ,ince 2 moles of nitrogen must be used, there will be 4 moles left o'er. >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 4 6.T/ :0>.2 G *.3 4. .6,/ 3%.3 grams The bromine is the limiting reagentL %.42# moles of chlorine will be produced. >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 6.T/ :0>.3 G *.3 . .6,/ The theoretical yield would be 1%!." grams. Therefore, the percent yield is ("".1K1%!.")&1%%, or "2.3?. >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 3 6.T/ :0>.2 G :0>.3 G *.3 !. .6,/ 1ith a percent yield of #3.1? and an actual yield of 43. grams, the theoretical yield must be at least (43. g)K(%.#31) M 2.3 grams of chlorine gas. :sing this 'alue in stoichiometry, we find that 2.3 grams of chlorine requires !!.4 grams of aluminum chloride. >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el 4 6.T/ :0>.2 G :0>.3 G *.3 ". .6,/ ,toichiometry is a study of quantitati'e relationships between the amounts of reactants used and the products formed by a chemical reaction. >T,/ 1 =I;/ 1 @B;/ >age 3 4 5*I/ 12.1.1 Identify the quantitati'e relationships in a balanced chemical equation. 6.T/ :0>.3 G *.3 T5>/ Identify the quantitati'e relationships in a balanced chemical equation. 7B2/ ,toichiometry -,0/ 1 #. .6,/ . mole ratio is the ratio between the numbers of moles of any two substances in a balanced chemical equation. >T,/ 1 =I;/ 1 @B;/ >age 3 ! 5*I/ 12.1.2 =etermine the mole ratios from a balanced chemical equation. 6.T/ :0>.3 G *.3 T5>/ =etermine the mole ratios from a balanced chemical equation. 7B2/ -ole ratio -,0/ 1 $. .6,/ The balanced chemical equation is/ The possible mole ratios are/

>T,/ 1 =I;/ 2 @B;/ >age 3 ! 5*I/ 12.1.2 =etermine the mole ratios from a balanced chemical equation. 6.T/ :0>.3 G *.3 T5>/ =etermine the mole ratios from a balanced chemical equation. 7B2/ -ole ratio -,0/ 3 !%. .6,/ The four steps to sol'e stoichiometric problems are/ a. 1rite a balanced chemical equation. b. =etermine the moles of a gi'en substance using a massEtoEmole con'ersion. c. =etermine the moles of an unCnown substance from the moles of the gi'en substance. d. =etermine the mass of an unCnown substance from the moles of the unCnown substance using a moleEtoE mass con'ersion. >T,/ 5*I/ 6.T/ T5>/ 7B2/ PR#%LEM !1. .6,/ ##.!1? >T,/ 1 =I;/ 3 @B;/ >age 3"1 5*I/ 12.4.2 =etermine the percent yield for a chemical reaction. 6.T/ :0>.3 G *.3 T5>/ =etermine the percent yield for a chemical reaction. 7B2/ >ercent yield -,0/ 3 65T/ >ercent yield M (actual yieldKtheoretical yield) N 1%% !2. .6,/ >hosphorus is the reactant that is in e&cess. >T,/ 1 =I;/ 3 @B;/ >age 3!" 5*I/ 12.3.2 Identify the e&cess reactant and calculate the amount remaining after the reaction is complete. 6.T/ :0>.3 G *.3 T5>/ Identify the e&cess reactant and calculate the amount remaining after the reaction is complete. 7B2/ B&cess reactant -,0/ 3 65T/ The actual ratio is less than the required ratio. The number of moles of chlorine needed in the reaction is 1%, but only 1.2$ moles of chlorine gas are a'ailable. Thus, chlorine acts as the limiting reactant and phosphorus as the e&cess reactant. !3. .6,/ 1.3! g 1 =I;/ 1 @B;/ >age 3!3 12.2.1 B&plain the sequence of steps used in sol'ing stoichiometric problems. :0>.1 G :0>.3 G *.3 B&plain the sequence of steps used in sol'ing stoichiometric problems. :sing stoichiometry -,0/ 2

>T,/ 1 =I;/ 3 @B;/ >age 3!" 5*I/ 12.3.3 0alculate the mass of a product when the amounts of more than one reactant are gi'en. 6.T/ :0>.3 G *.3 T5>/ 0alculate the mass of a product when the amounts of more than one reactant are gi'en. 7B2/ >roduct mass calculation -,0/ 3 65T/ ;irst, calculate the actual ratio. Then, con'ert the number of moles of ferric o&ide to the number of moles of iron. !4. .6,/ 23. ! g >T,/ 1 =I;/ 3 @B;/ >age 3"1 5*I/ 12.4.1 0alculate the theoretical yield of a chemical reaction from data. 6.T/ :0>.3 G *.3 T5>/ 0alculate the theoretical yield of a chemical reaction from data. 7B2/ Theoretical yield -,0/ 3 65T/ The theoretical yield is calculated by multiplying the number of moles of calcium chloride he&ahydrate by the molar mass. ! . .6,/ 1#? >T,/ 5*I/ 6.T/ 7B2/ 65T/ ESSA& !!. .6,/ The percent yield is ""."?. There may be procedural reasons why the yield is not 1%%?, such as a precipitate being left on filter paper or otherwise left behind. Diquids might sticC to their containers or e'aporate. ;inally, there may be other reactions occurring at the same time, remo'ing some of the reactants and pre'enting them from forming the desired product. >T,/ 1 !". .6,/ =I;/ *loomFs De'el 4 6.T/ :0>.3 G *.3 1 =I;/ 3 @B;/ >age 3"1 12.4.2 =etermine the percent yield for a chemical reaction. :0>.3 G *.3 T5>/ =etermine the percent yield for a chemical reaction. >ercent yield -,0/ 3 >ercent yield M (actual yieldKtheoretical yield) N 1%%

;e253 9 30 2;e 9 305 >articles/ 2 atoms ;e, 3 atoms 5, 3 atoms 0 as reactantsL 2 atoms ;e, 3 atoms 5, 3 atoms 0 as products -oles/ 2 moles ;e, 3 moles 5, 3 moles 0 as reactantsL 2 moles ;e, 3 moles 5, 3 moles 0as products -ass/ 1(1 $.!$1) 9 3(12.%1) M 2 ( .#4") 9 3 (#4.%2")L 1$ ."21 g M 1$ ."21 >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el ! !#. .6,/ a) 4.l(s) 9 352(g) 2.l253(s) b) The limiting reagent is the aluminum. c) 1%.3 grams of aluminum o&ide can be produced. 6.T/ :0>.2 G *.3

>T,/ 1 !$. .6,/

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The molar amounts in this reaction are $.1" moles nitrogen and 41. moles hydrogen, based on the molar masses of each compound. The mole ratio for the entire reaction is 1/3/2. ,ince 41. moles is more than 3 times larger than $.1" moles, the nitrogen is the limiting reagent. It will only react with 2". moles of hydrogen, lea'ing 14 moles of hydrogen in e&cess. >T,/ 1 "%. .6,/ =I;/ *loomFs De'el 4 6.T/ :0>.2 G *.3

a) 2 6a5< 9 -g(653)2 2 6a653 9 -g(5<)2. b) The limiting reagent is 6a5< c) There are %.1%43 moles, or !.%#3 grams, of magnesium hydro&ide. >T,/ 1 =I;/ *loomFs De'el "1. .6,/ a. 1 molecule 62 9 3 molecules <2 2 molecules 6<3 b. 1 mole 62 9 3 moles <2 2 moles 6<3 c. 2#.%2 g 62 9 !.%! g <2 34.%# g 6<3 6.T/ :0>.2 G *.3

>T,/ 1 =I;/ 2 @B;/ >age 3 5*I/ 12.1.2 =etermine the mole ratios from a balanced chemical equation. 6.T/ :0>.3 G *.3 T5>/ =etermine the mole ratios from a balanced chemical equation. 7B2/ -ole ratio -,0/ 1 "2. .6,/ a. 4 atoms 4n 9 1% molecules <653 4 formula units 4n(653)2 9 1 molecule 625 9 molecules <25 b. 4 moles 4n 9 1% moles <653 4 moles 4n(653)2 9 1 mole 625 9 moles <25 c. 2!1. ! g 4n 9 !3%.2 g <653 " ". ! g 4n(653)2 9 44.%2 g 625 9 $%.1% g <25 >T,/ 1 =I;/ 2 @B;/ >age 3 5*I/ 12.1.2 =etermine the mole ratios from a balanced chemical equation. 6.T/ :0>.3 G *.3 T5>/ =etermine the mole ratios from a balanced chemical equation. 7B2/ -ole ratio -,0/ 1 "3. .6,/ The equation for the combustion of butane is . a. 2 molecules 04<1% 9 13 molecules 52 # molecules 052 9 1% molecules <25. b. 2 moles 04<1% 9 13 moles 52 # moles 052 9 1% moles <25. c. 11! g 04<1% 9 41! g 52 3 2 g 052 9 1#% g <25. -ass of reactants -ass of products 32 g. >T,/ 1 =I;/ 2 @B;/ >age 3 5*I/ 12.1.2 =etermine the mole ratios from a balanced chemical equation. 6.T/ :0>.3 G *.3 T5>/ =etermine the mole ratios from a balanced chemical equation. 7B2/ -ole ratio -,0/ 3 "4. .6,/ a. ,il'er nitrate is the limiting reactant. b. The theoretical yield of sil'er chloride is 3#.%2 g. c. The percent yield of sil'er chloride is ##.%$?.

>T,/ 5*I/ 6.T/ 7B2/

1 =I;/ 3 @B;/ >age 3"1 12.4.2 =etermine the percent yield for a chemical reaction. :0>.3 G *.3 T5>/ =etermine the percent yield for a chemical reaction. >ercent yield -,0/ 3