Sub: Environmental Engineering

Topic : Waste water Engineering

MODULE- 78A
Sewage and sewerage treatment, quantity and characteristics of wastewater.

___________________________________________________________________________ Sullage: This refers to the waste water generated from bathrooms, kitchens, washing place and wash basins etc. composition of this waste does not involve higher concentration of organic matter and it is less polluted water as compared to sewerage. Sewage: It indicates the liquid waste originating from the domestic uses of water. It includes Sullage, discharge from toilets, urinals, waste water generated from commercial establishments, institutions, industrial establishments and also the ground water, storm water that may enter into the sewers. Its decomposition produces large quantities of malodorous gases and it contains numerous pathogenic bacteria, along with concentration of organic matter and suspended solids. Domestic sewage: Consists of liquid wastes originations from urinals, bathrooms, kitchen sinks, wash basins etc. Industrial sewage: Liquid wastes originating from industrial processes of various industries like dying, paper making etc. Aerobic decomposition: If air or oxygen is available freely to waste water is dissolved form than the biodegradable organic matter will undergo aerobic decomposition, caused by aerobic bacteria as well as by facultative bacteria. This bacterium utilizes the free oxygen as electron acceptor, there by oxidizing the organic matter to stable and unobjectionable end products. Nitrogenous organic matter Carbonaceous organic matter Sulphurous organic matter Anaerobic decomposition: If free dissolved oxygen is not available to the sewage, then anaerobic decomposition, called putrefaction will occur. Anaerobic bacteria as well as facultative bacteria operating anaerobically will then flourish and convert the complex organic matter into simpler organic compounds of nitrogen, carbon and sulphur. Nitrogenous organic matter Carbonaceous organic matter Sulphurous organic matter

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Sub: Environmental Engineering Aerobic bacteria: Flourish in presence of oxygen Anaerobic bacteria: Flourish in absence of oxygen

Topic : Waste water Engineering

Facultative bacteria: can operate either as aerobically or as anaerobically. Characteristics of sewage: 1. Physical characteristics: a) Turbidity: Measured by turbidity rod or turbidity meter. b) Color: Black in color indicates state of decomposition. c) Odour: Measured as Thresold odour number. TON, which represents the extent of dilution required to just make the sample free of odour. d) Temperature: It has an effect on the biological activity of bacteria present in sewage and it also affects the solubility of gases in sewage. 2. Chemical characteristics: a) Total solids, suspended solids, Settleable solids, dissolved solids. Total solids: Determined by evaporation Suspended solids: Determined by using 1 pore filters. Dissolved solids: Total - suspended. Suspended solids= volatile solids + fixed solids. Loss of weight due to burning of suspended solids is called volatile solids and residue is called fixed solids. b) Settleable solids: Can be determined by Imhoff cone. The capacity of the cone is 1 litre and it is graduated up to about 50ml. sewage is allowed to stand in this cone for a period of 2 hours and the quantity of solids can be measured. c) PH value: The efficiency of certain treatment methods depends upon the availability of a suitable PH value. d) Chloride content: Normal chloride content of sewage is 120 indicate mixing of industrial wastes. . Higher values

e) Nitrogen content: Nitrogen is in four forms: 1. free ammonia 2. Organic nitrogen 3. Nitrites 4. Nitrates. Free ammonia indicates quantity of nitrogen present in sewage before the decomposition of organic matter is started. The nitrites indicate the presence of partly decomposed organic matter. Nitrates indicate the presence of fully oxidized organic matter. In drinking water nitrates should be less than 45mg/ . Excess of nitrates causes blue baby or methamoblobinamia disease in children. f) Presence of fats, oils and greases: It interferes with treatment process like filtration so needs to be removed.

g) Sulphides, sulphates & lines.

gas: Cause smell and corrosion of concrete sewer

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Sub: Environmental Engineering

Topic : Waste water Engineering

h) Dissolved oxygen: (DO): Determined by Winklers method. While discharging into streams, do in sewage must be more than 4ppm to protect fish. i) Chemical oxygen demand: Oxygen required to completely matter to , and other oxidized species. oxidize the organic

j) Total organic carbon: Known concentrations of chemical components in waste water will enable us to calculate carbon content present in sewage.

Bio chemical oxygen demand BOD: The amount of oxygen required to decompose the organic matter present in sewage is called BOD. : BOD during 5 days at = D.O consumed by diluted sample Consumed dilution factor Amount of organic matter Present at time t L= Ultimate BOD. BO

Integrating At t=0, =L C=

= 2.3

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Sub: Environmental Engineering

Topic : Waste water Engineering

= = ]
( )

where

BOD at time t= L =L[

( )

De-oxygenation constant ]

.[

Population equivalent: Relative stability S=

It is the ratio of oxygen available in effluent to the total oxygen required to satisfy first stage BOD.

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