Unit 9 Modality Modals are different from normal verbs: 1: They don't use an 's' for the third

person singular. 2: They make questions by inversion ('she can go' becomes 'can she go?'). 3: They are followed directly by the infinitive of another verb (without 'to'). 1. Must: Conclusion We often call these 'modals of deduction' or 'speculation'. e.g. It's snowing, so it must be very cold outside. Obligation e.g. Children must do their homework. 2. Could: Past of can e.g. It could be very cold in winter. (=Sometimes it was very cold in winter.) e.g. You could lose your way in the dark. (=People often lost their way in the dark) Possibility We use could to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain: e.g. If we dont hurry we could be late. (=Perhaps/Maybe we will be late) Polite Request We use could you and as a polite way of telling or asking someone to do something: e.g. Could you take a message please?

3. Cant: Impossibility: e.g. That cant be true. e.g. You cannot be serious. Inability: e.g. I cant swim. e.g. John cant drive well. 4. Might: Uncertainty: possibility We use might when we are not sure about something: e.g. I might see you tomorrow. e.g. Its quite bright. It might not rain today. Past: To express past modality, we tend to use the perfect infinitive (have + p.p.) after the modal. Note, It must have rained. The streets are very wet. I don't know where John is. He could have missed the train. Lex might have taken Karen to the airport. Family Matters (page 70): Important Vocabulary obsessed with (adj.) = your mind completely filled with ideas about something so that you cannot think of anything else She's completely obsessed with him. stream (n.) = a continuous flow of things that happen one after the other.
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 The agency provided me with a steady stream of work. annoyed (adj.) = upset = irritated = angry = disappointed vet = veterinarian (n.) = someone who cures animals. embarrassed (adj.) = causes one to feel shy Her questions about my private life embarrassed me. split up (v.) = separate = break up reserved (adj.) = quiet = shy miserable (adj.) = sad Vocabulary Page 72: reliable (adj.) = dependable = that you can depend on a reliable friend optimistic (adj.) = expecting good things to happen = cheerful = joyful = happy She's not very optimistic about the outcome of the talks. sociable (adj.) = enjoying spending time with other people She's a sociable child who'll talk to anyone. talkative (adj.) = that talks all the time impatient (adj.) = that does not wait impatient X patient ambitious (adj.) = want to be successful - ambition (n.) lazy (adj.) = not active generous (adj.) = giving
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 It was generous of him to offer to pay for us both. easygoing (adj.) = that does not worry about anything messy (adj.) = dirty and/or untidy The children got really messy playing in the woods. sensitive (adj.) = thoughtful = that cares about others and their feelings She is very sensitive to other people's feelings. Unit 10 Present Perfect Continuous FORM [has/have + been + present participle] Examples:

You have been waiting here for two hours. Have you been waiting here for two hours? You have not been waiting here for two hours.

USE 1: Duration from the Past Until Now:

We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous. Examples:

They have been talking for the last hour. She has been working at that company for three years. What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?

USE 2: Recently, Lately

You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning. Examples:

Recently, I have been feeling really tired. She has been watching too much television lately. Have you been exercising lately? Exercise Present Perfect / Present Perfect Continuous

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses: Robin: I think the waiter (forget) ____________us. We (wait) ____________ here for over half an hour and nobody (take) __________our order yet. Michele: I think you're right. He (walk) ____________ by us at least twenty times. He probably thinks we (order, already) ____________. Robin: Look at that couple over there, they (be, only) ___________here for five or ten minutes and they already have their food. Michele: He must realize we (order, not) ___________ yet! We (sit) ___________ here for over half an hour staring at him. Robin: I don't know if he (notice, even) __________ us. He (run) ___________ from table to table taking orders and serving food. Michele: That's true, and he (look, not) ____________ in our direction once.
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