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f if&h ydS gw,f/ Oya'rlMurf;awGukd rJcw
JG t
hJ qifrh
a&mufcif ESpzf ufygwDu vTwaf wmftrwfrsm; oufqikd &f m Oya'rlMurf;
udk tjyeftvSef jiif;cHak qG;aEG;Mu? jznhpf u
G Mf u? jyifqifMuygw,f/ tJ'v
D kd
aqG;aEG;jiif;ckEH ikd zf Ykd vHak vmufwt
hJ csed u
f mvudk vlrsm;pkygwDacgif;aqmif
u vlenf;pkygwDacgif;aqmifeYJ nEd idI ;f owfrw
S &f ygw,f/ tJ'rD mS txuf
vTwaf wmf&UJ vkyif ef;pOf (Parliamentary Procedure) wpfcjk zpfwhJ Filibuster qdw
k mu vlenf;pkygwDukd 'DOya'rlMurf;udk rJcw
JG t
hJ qifh ra&muf
atmif [efw
Y m;Edik w
f hJ tcGit
hf a&;ay;ygw,f//
Filibuster qdw
k mu vlrsm;pkygwDbufu wifjyxm;wJh Oya'rlMurf;
udk qufvufaqG;aEG;p&mrvdak wmhwt
hJ aMumif; (To end the debate) rJ
40
atmif'if
cGq
J ;kH jzwfzYkd vlenf;pkacgif;aqmifu tqdjk yKwmyg/ twdu
k t
f cH&UJ pdeaf c:
rIukd ausmv
f mT ;Edik zf Ykd vlrsm;pkygwDu trwf 100 &Sw
d hJ txufvw
T af wmf
rSm ]]aqG;aEG;rIrsm; tqH;k owfa&;tqdu
k kd uefu
Y u
G Nf y;D qufvufaqG;aEG;
Ny;D rJczJG Ykd oabmwlw}hJ } tenf;qH;k axmufcrH J 60 vdt
k yfygw,f/ 'Dtqifh
udk ausmv
f mT ;Edik zf Ykd vdt
k yfwhJ rJ 60 rjynhrf csi;f vlrsm;pkygwDtrwfrsm;
[m olwYkd twnfjyKcsiw
f hJ Oya'rlMurf;udk vlrsm;pkreJ YJ rJcq
JG ;kH jzwftwnf
jyKEikd w
f t
hJ qifu
h kd ra&mufawmhygbl;l / Filibuster [m tar&duefygwDBu;D
ESpcf pk vH;k u twdu
k t
f cHae&ma&mufwt
hJ csed rf mS wpfvn
S pfh t
D oH;k csMu
wJh vTwaf wmfa&;&m vufeufwpfcjk zpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh tck 'Dru
kd &uf
wpfygwDu txufvw
T af wmfrmS 55 rJ&adS yrJh &DywfbvDuefygwDbuf
u tenf;qH;k 5 rJrrS &&if rJ 60 rjynhv
f Ykd Filibuster udk rausmv
f mT ;Edik b
f J
olwYkd wifcsiw
f OhJ ya'udk rJcv
JG rYkd &Edik yf g/ 'Dtqifu
h kd jzwfoef;Edik rf S rJcw
JG hJ
tqifu
h akd &mufNy;D tJ'rD mS awmh Simple Majority vdaYk c:wJh 51 rJ&&if
Oya'udk twnfjyKEikd yf gw,f/ Filibuster u vlrsm;pkygwDu vlenf;pk
ygwDtay: w&m;vGet
f Edik u
hf siv
hf rYkd &atmif zefw;D xm;wmyg/txuf
vTwaf wmfrmS yJ &Syd gw,f/ atmufvw
T af wmfrmS r&Syd g/
jrefrmEdik if &H UJ vTwaf wmfrmS awmh twku
d t
f cH&UJ tcef;u@vH;k 0rawGU
&yg/ vTwaf wmf&UJ tmPmt&yf&yf[m Ou|ESpaf ,muf&UJ vufxrJ mS yJ
&SNd y;D twdu
k t
f cHacgif;aqmif (od)Yk vlenf;pkygwDacgif;aqmifae&mudk
vH;k 0zefw;D rxm;yg/ 2010 a&G;aumufyeJG YJ 2012 Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyJG
&v'frsm;t& vTwaf wmfEpS &f yfpvH;k rSm BucHh ikd af &;ygwDu 55 &mcdik Ef eI ;f
&xm;Ny;D tjcm;ygwDrsm;tm;vH;k aygif;&if 20 &mcdik Ef eI ;f avmuf &xm;yg
w,f/ wyfrawmfu,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;u 25 &mckid Ef eI ;f ae&m,lxm;ygw,f/
BuHh cdik af &;ygwDu Super Majority vdYk ac:wJh tjywftowftm;aumif;
aewmrdYk aumfrwDOu|tm;vH;k eD;yg;eJY aumfrwD0iftrsm;pku BucHh ikd af &;
ygwDuyJjzpfwm thMH op&mr[kwaf yrJh vTwaf wmfEpS &f yfv;kH rSma&m aumf
rwDrsm;tm;vH;k rSmyg vlrsm;pkygwDu xif&mrpdik ;f atmif tmPm tvGJ
oH;k pm;rvkyaf tmif xde;f nad y;&r,fh twdu
k t
f cH&UJ tcef;u@vH;k 0r&Sb
d J
vTwaf wmfwiG ;f ygwDrsm;tm;vH;k [m tmPm&ygwDeYJ ol&Y UJ r[mrdwrf sm;
42
44
atmif'if
atmif'if
46
"mwfyHk-tifwmeuf
"mwfyHk-pdk;BuD;(aejynfawmf)
NLD vTwa
f wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;/
atmif'if
48
ol w k d Y a umif ; zk d Y v d k y gonf
'Dvw
kd idk ;f jynf&UJ tajccHtusq;kH tkycf sKyaf &;wm0ef ,lxm;&olawG
[m tmPmykid af wGu vufnKd ;xk;d ceft
Y yfwv
hJ al wG r[kwb
f J vlxu
k dk
atmif'if
pdww
f idk ;f usa&G;cs,w
f m? q,ftrd af cgif;rsm;xJu &yf^aus;tkycf sKyaf &;rSL;
a&G;cs,&f mrSmvnf; rJvrd rf aI wG&adS ewm? tkycf sKyaf &;rSL;jzpfcsio
f rl sm;u
Bu;D Muyfa&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;ukd vmbfay;w,fqw
kd hJ pGypf w
JG mawG Mum;
odae&ygw,f/ 'g&ckid jf ynfe,fwpfcw
k nf;rSm jzpfaewmr[kwyf g/ wpf
Ekid if v
H ;kH tESjYH zpfaewmyg/ 'DZifbm 28 &ufaeY? oQr;f oHawmfqihf owif;
t& &Sr;f jynfe,frmS vnf; rormrIawGjzpfaeygw,f/ &Sr;f jynfajrmufyikd ;f
emqkid ;f aus;&Gmtkypf rk mS Bu;D Muyfa&;aumfrwDudk NrKd Ue,ftyk cf sKyaf &;rSL;u
zGUJ pnf;ay;&r,ft
h pm; vuf&dS aus;&Gmtkycf sKyaf &;rSL; OD;jrihv
f iId u
f olY
pdwBf uKd uv
f rl sm;eJY zGpYJ nf;Ny;D tJ'BD u;D Muyfa&;aumfrwDu OD;jrifv
h iId u
f ykd J
tkycf sKyaf &;rSL;tjzpf jyefvnfwifajrm ufygowJ/h 'DZifbm 26 &ufaeY
xkwf {&m0wDowif;Xme&JU aqmif;yg;t& BuchH idk af &;ygwD0ifrsm;jzpfMu
wJh vuf&t
dS yk cf sKyaf &;rSL;rsm; jyefvnfa&G;cs,cf &H a&;twGuf tmPm&
ygwDu ae&mtESrYH mS 0ifa&mufpu
G zf ufaew,fqw
kd hJ owif;awGvnf;
Mum;&ygw,f/ 'DZifbm 23 &ufaeYu AGt
D adk t (VOA) owif;Xme&JU
owif;t& &efuek w
f idk ;f a'oBu;D twGi;f u arSmb
f ND rKd Ue,f trSwf 4
&yfuu
G rf mS vuf&t
dS yk cf sKyaf &;rSL;u ol&Y mxl;jyef&a&;twGuf tMurf;zuf
rIawG jyKvyk cf w
hJ ,fvv
Ykd nf; Mum;od&ygw,f/
50
rawmfrw&m;udprsm;
'DZifbm 28&ufaeYu wufvmwJh e&&m owif;Xme&JU owif;ydYk
csut
f & &ckid jf ynfe,fwpf0ef; NrKd Ue,frsm;rS &yf^aus; tkycf sKyaf &;rSL;
a&G;cs,af &;eJyY wfoufNy;D rormrIawG jzpfay:aew,fvYdk Mum;od&yg
w,f/ tJ'D rormrIawGxrJ mS NrKd Ue,ftyk cf sKyaf &;rSL;u Bu;D Muyfa&;
aumfrwDudk vlxrk MunfnKd wyhJ *k Kd vrf sm;eJzY UJG pnf;wm? Bu;D Muyfa&;aumfrwD
u q,ftrd af cgif;rsm;ukd rdom;pku,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;&JUqEerYJ [kwb
f J if;wkYd
pepfa[mif;&JY t<uif;tusefrsm;
rqvtpd;k &eJY ppftpd;k &vufxufrmS jynfov
l x
l u
k kd zdEydS zf Ykd rw&m;
wJOh ya' trsm;Bu;D zefw;D cJo
h vdk t*Fvyd u
f v
kd edk t
D pd;k &u usio
fh ;kH cJw
h hJ
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k nf; qufvufusio
hf ;kH cJyh gw,f/ xif&mS ;wJOh ya'ESpcf u
k
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aus;&GmtufOya' (1907 ckEpS f jrefrmEkid if t
H ufOya' trSwf 6) wkyYd g?
'DOya'ESpfck[m jynfolvlxk&JU vGwfvyfrIawGudk csKyfcs,fuefYowf
xm;wJh Oya'awGyg/ txl;ojzihf jrefrmEdik if o
H m;awG&UJ vGwv
f yfpmG
oGm;vmaexkid cf iG u
hf kd uefo
Y wfxm;ygw,f/ 'DOya'rsm;t& Edik if o
H m;
wpfa,muf[m rdrt
d rd rf mS ]]tjcm;&yfuu
G o
f rYkd [kwf aus;&Gmtkypf w
k pfcck k
wGiaf exkid Nf y;D rdrd tdraf xmifppk m&if;0if r[kwo
f u
l nOft
h yd n
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atmif'if
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f nftjzpf vma&mufwnf;cdw
k t
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h cg}}
&yf^aus;tkycf sKyaf &;rSL;xH owfrw
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Y nD wkid Mf um;&rSmjzpfNy;D
wkdifMum;zkdYysufuGuf&if jypf'PfcHpm;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ 'ghaMumihfvnf;
rw&m; wJOh ya'rsm;? trde'Yf *D &Drsm;udk kyo
f rd ;f ? zsuo
f rd ;f zkYd usaemfwYdk
awmif;qkd &mrSm 'DOya'ESpcf v
k nf; yg0ifygw,f/ 'D ]]&yfuu
G f odrYk [kwf
aus;&Gm tkypf t
k yk cf sKyaf &;Oya'}} udk jy|mef;awmh atmufq;kH u yk'rf
37 rSm ]]NrdKUrsm;tufOya'ESihf aus;&GmtufOya'wkdYukd Oya'jzihf
kyo
f rd ;f vku
d o
f nf/}} vkYd azmfjyyg&Sad wmh ]]aMomf? igwkv
Yd w
T af wmftrwfawG
rqd;k vSygvm;}} vkYd auseyfvu
dk rf yd gao;w,f/ 'gayrJh 'DOya'udk tao
tcsmzwfMunhrf yS J NrKd Ursm;tufOya'eJY aus;&GmtufOya'rSmygwJh vlxk
tay: uefo
Y wfcsuaf wGukd Oya'opfrmS jyefvnfxnfo
h iG ;f xm;wm
awGU&ygw,f/
'D &yf^aus;tkycf sKyaf &;Oya'&JU yk'rf 17 t& &yfuu
G ^f aus;&Gm
twGi;f aexkid o
f rl sm;[m rdrad etdrrf mS rdr&d UJ tdraf xmifppk m&if;rSm ryg0if
ol wpfa,mufa,mufvmwnf;cd&k if &yf^aus;tkycf sKyaf &;rSL;xH tod
ay; wkid Mf um;&rSmyg/ {nho
f nf jyefvnfxu
G cf mG oGm;&ifvnf; owif;yd&Yk
OD;rSmyg/ yk'rf 27 t& tJ'v
D kd owif;ydw
Yk idk Mf um;zkyYd suu
f u
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ig;axmifxufrydkaom 'PfaiGay;aqmif&rSmjzpfNyD; 'PfaiGraqmif
Ekid yf gu ckepf&ufxufrydak om axmif'Pfusc&H rSm jzpfygw,f/ yk'rf
13(q)t& &yf^aus;tkycf sKyaf &;rSL;rSm {nhpf m&if;wkid Mf um;jcif;udk vufcH
jcif;? cGijhf yKjcif;tjyif {nhpf m&if;ppfaq;jcif;? {nhpf m&if;wkid Mf um;&ef ysuf
uGuv
f Qif ta&;,ljcif;jyKEidk w
f hJ tmPm&Syd gw,f/
Ekid if o
H m;wpfa,muf&UJ arG;&myg vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;jzpfwhJ vGwv
f yfpmG
a&TUajymif;aexkid cf iG u
hf kd uefo
Y wfwm[m urmv
h t
Yl cGit
fh a&; aMunm
pmwrf;udk csKd ;azmufwmjzpfovdk rMumao;cifurS jrefrmEkid if H yg0if
vufrw
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hf a&; aMunmpmwrf;udyk g csKd ;
azmufwm jzpfygw,f/ ukvor*vt
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hf a&;aMunmpmwrf;&JU yk'rf
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k e,ferd w
d rf sm;twGi;f
vGwfvyfpGm a&TUajymif;aexkdifcGifh? tajccscGihf&Sdonf/}} (Everyone has
52
arQmf v if h r d j cif ;
]]&yfuu
G f odrYk [kwf aus;&Gmtkypf k tkycf sKyaf &;Oya'}} udk vTwaf wmf
rSm aqG;aEG;twnfjyKpOfu trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf vTwfawmf
trwfrsm; vTwaf wmfxrJ a&mufao;yg/ vTwaf wmf[mvnf; tckavmuf
yGiv
hf if;wuf<ujcif; r&Sad o;yg/ tckawmh a':atmifqef;pkMunf tyg
t0if trsKd ;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzGUJ csKyu
f ,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm; vTwaf wmfxJ ajccs
a&muf&SdaeygNyD/ vTwfawmfOu|rsm;eJY yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIawGvnf;
awGUae&ygNy/D a&SUvmr,fv
h w
T af wmftpnf;ta0;rSm ]]&yfuu
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aus;&Gmtkypf t
k yk cf sKyaf &;Oya'}} udk vTwaf wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm; jyefvnf
aqG;aEG;oH;k oyfNy;D vlxu
k kd olwu
Ydk t
kd eD;uyftyk cf sKyrf ,fh tkycf sKyaf &;rSL;ukd
wku
d f u
dk af &G;cs,cf iG afh y;zk?Yd vlx&k UJ vGwv
f yfpmG oGm;vmaexkid cf iG u
fh kd ruefY
owfzkdY jyifqifa&;qGJMuvdrhfr,fvkdY arQmfvihfrdyg&JU/
pmNy;D &uf - Zefe0g&D 2 ? 2013
jynfoaYl cwf*sme,f ? twGJ (3 )? trSwf (130) ? Zefe0g&D(24)? (2013)
atmif'if
54
"mwfyHk-pdk;BuD;(aejynfawmf)
vTwfawmfESifU w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;
w&m;pD&ifa&;ESifh Oya'a&;&maumfrwDacgif;aqmif
ol&OD;atmifu/kd
'Dru
kd a&pDpepfrmS tkycf sKyaf &;tmPm? Oya'jyKtmPm? w&m;pD&if
a&;tmPmqdkwJh tcsKyftjcmtmPmoHk;&yfukd cGJa0usihfoHk;Mu&mrSm
tmPmoH;k &yftMum; tjyeftvSef xde;f ausmif;yJjh yifzYdk (Check and
k yfovdk tmPmoH;k &yf [efcsun
f n
D D yl;aygif;aqmif&u
G zf Ydk
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vnf;vdt
k yfygw,f/ txl;ojzihf Rule of Law vdaYk c:wJh w&m;Oya'
pd;k rk;d a&;rSmyg/ Oya'jyKvw
T af wmfu rSeu
f efaumif;rGeNf y;D trsm;jynfol
twGuf trSew
f u,ftusKd ;&Sw
d hJ Oya'awGujdk y|mef;? tpd;k &tzGUJ u
tJ'OD ya'awG touf0ifvmatmif? vlxu
k av;pm;vku
d ef matmif
taumiftxnfazmf (Law Enforcement)? w&m;olBu;D rsm;u olwYkd
a&SUarSmufa&mufvmwJh trItcif;awGudk Oya'eJYtnD trSeftwkdif;
rQrQww pD&ifq;kH jzwfygrS w&m;Oya'pd;k rk;d Ny;D wnfNird af t;csr;f wJh vlt
Y zGUJ
tpnf;wpfcjk zpfvmrSmyg/ 'gaMumifrh v
Ykd Ykd w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k zkYd w&m;pD&ifa&;
pepfwpfcw
k nf;rSm wm0efr&Sb
d v
J w
T af wmfrmS a&m tpk;d &tzGUJ rSmyg tnD
trQ wm0ef&adS ewmyg/
jrefrmEkid if rH mS 2010 aemufyikd ;f tajymif;tvJw;dk wufraI wGtyk cf sKyf
a&;ydik ;f rSm? Oya'jyKa&;rSmawGUjrifae&ayrJh w&m;pD&ifa&;[m ajymif;vJ
atmif'if
vSeyf ;l aygif;aqmif&u
G rf eI YJ tjyeftvSeaf v;pm;rIrsm;[mvnf; r&Srd jzpf
vdt
k yfcsurf sm;yJjzpfygw,f/ usaemft
h jrifrmS awmh vTwaf wmfu w&m;
olBuD;rsm;udk zdwfac:Mo0g'ay;wm? w&m;Hk;rsm;udk0ifa&mufppfaq;
wmawG[m tjyeftvSef yJjh yifxed ;f ausmif;rIr[kwb
f J tay:pD;uae
0ifa&mufpGufzufwmyJjzpfygw,f/
56
atmif'if
58
w&m;Oya'pk d ; rk d ; zk d Y q d k & if
w&m;Oya'pk;d rk;d zkt
Yd wGuf ta&;tBu;D qH;k u ckid rf mtm;aumif;wJh
vGwv
f yfoef&Y iS ;f wJw
h &m;pD&ifa&;pepfukd wnfaqmufzjYdk zpfygw,f/ tkyf
csKyaf &;tmPm udik w
f ,
G w
f t
hJ pd;k &eJY Oya'jyKtmPmukid w
f ,
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f hJ vTwf
awmfwu
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k m if;wkYd tmPmydik t
f zGUJ tpnf;rsm;eJY
60
atmif'if
wef;wltzGUJ tpnf;qdw
k m vufczH ?Ydk todtrSwjf yKzYkd vdyk gw,f/ Ny;D awmh
tJ'w
D &m;pD&ifa&;pepfudk vGwv
f yfapzkv
Yd ykd gw,f/ w&m;olBu;D rsm;u
tpd;k &udak &m? vTwaf wmfuykd g aMumufrae&atmifzefw;D ay;zdv
Yk ykd gw,f/
orwuvnf; w&m;olBu;D avmif;rsm;udak &G;cs,&f mrSm taumif;qH;k ?
toef&Y iS ;f qH;k awGuakd &G;cs,zf v
Ydk ykd gw,f/ vTwaf wmfuvnf;taumif;qH;k ?
toef&Y iS ;f qH;k r[kw&f if jiif;y,fEidk w
f t
hJ mPm&S&d ygr,f/ vlxu
k vnf;
w&m; olBu;D avmif;tay: olw&Ydk UJ oabmxm;tjrifukd wifjycGi&hf &dS yg
r,f/ 'Dtqihaf wGudk jzwfausmNf y;D ceft
Y yfc&H wJw
h &m;olBu;D [m ol&Y mxl;
wnfNraJ &;twGuo
f rwudak &m vTwaf wmfuv
kd nf; rrScD akd e&oihyf gbl;/
vlxek YJ vlt
Y cGit
hf a&;a&SUaetzGUJ awG? owif;rD',
D mawGuv
kd nf; w&m;pD
&ifa&;pepf? w&m;pD&ifraI wGukd rsujf cnfrjywf avhvmoH;k oyfaezkYd
tm;ay;oifyh gw,f/ 'Dvrkd yS J uReaf wmfwEYkd idk if [
H m w&m;Oya'pk;d rk;d a&;eJY
eD;vmrSmyg/
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jynfoaYl cwf*sme,f ? twGJ (3 )? trSwf (131) ? Zefe0g&D(31)? (2013)
62
atmif'if
Akv
d cf sKyBf u;D ae0if;&JY
awmfveS af &;aumifpaD cwfupvdhk
ppftpd;k &tqufquf
jynfov
l x
l &k YJ tcGiUf ta&;awGudk
csKycf s,[
f efw
h m;zk?hd
Ekid if aH &;tjrifuv
JG o
GJ al wGukd
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f yG zf hdk zefw;D toH;k cscUJ wJU
Oya'awGtrsm;Bu;D [m
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touf0iftoH;k csaeqJyg/
atmif'if
64
atmif'if
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