Bridge Rating

ISO BRG083110M4 Version 15.0.
0
Berkeley, California, USA August 2010

CSiBridge

Bridge Rating

Copyright
Copyright Computers & Structures, Inc., 1978-2010
All rights reserved.

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THAT IS USED.

i
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Organization 1-2
1.2 Recommended Reading 1-2
2 Concrete Box Girder Bridges
2.1 Load Rating - Flexure 2-1
2.1.1 Rating Factor 2-1
2.1.2 Flexural Resistance 2-2
2.1.3 Flexural Resistance Algorithm 2-3
2.1.4 Rating Factor Algorithm 2-6

2.2 Load Rating Min Rebar for Flexure 2-7
2.2.1 Min Rebar for Flexure Algorithm 2-8
3 Multicell Concrete Box Girder Bridges
3.1 Load Rating - Flexure 3-2
3.1.4 Live Load Distribution into Girders 3-7

CSiBridge Bridge Rating

ii

3.3 Load Rating - Shear AASHTO-LRFD-2007 3-10
3.3.3 Shear Resistance 3-11
3.3.4 Shear Resistance Parameters 3-12
3.3.5 Shear Resistance Variables 3-13
3.3.6 Shear Resistance Algorithm 3-15
4 Precast Concrete Girder Bridges with
Composite Slabs
4.1 Load Rating Flexure 4-2

4.2.1 Live Load Distribution Into Girders 4-9

4.3 Load Rating - Shear AASHTO-LRFD-2007 4-10
4.3.3 Shear Resistance 4-12
4.3.4 Shear Resistance Parameters 4-12
4.3.5 Shear Resistance Variables 4-14
4.3.6 Shear Resistance Algorithm 4-16

Organization 1 - 1
Chapter 1 Introduction
CSiBridge is the ultimate integrated tool for modeling, analysis,
and design of bridge structures. The ease with which all of these
tasks can be accomplished makes CSiBridge the most versatile
and productive bridge design package in the industry. CSi-
Bridge offers an easy-to-use tool for load rating in accordance
with the AASHTO Manual for Condition Evaluation and Load
and Resistance Factor Rating (LRFR) of Highway Bridges Octo-
ber 2003 with 2005 Interim Revisions. This manual describes the
algorithms applied to concrete box, multicell, and precast I or U
girder deck superstructure bridge models.
In the case of concrete box bridges, CSiBridge applies an algo-
rithm that idealizes the superstructure as a torsionally stiff single-
spine beam, as defined in AASHTO LRFD Section 4.6.1.1.
In the case of a multicell concrete box bridge, CSiBridge analyzes
the superstructure on a girder-by-girder (web-by-web) basis while
ignoring the effects of torsion. The user has the option to use the
individual girder demands directly from the CSiBridge model
(available only for Area and Solid models) or use Live Load Dis-
tribution (LLD) factors. CSiBridge gives the user a choice of
methods to address distribution of live load to individual girders.
1 - 2 Organization
In the case of precast I or U girder bridges, CSiBridge analyzes
the superstructure on a girder-by-girder (beam-by-beam) basis
while ignoring the effects of torsion. The user has the option to
use the individual girder demands directly from the CSiBridge
model (available only for Area and Solid models) or use Live
Load Distribution (LLD) factors. CSiBridge gives the user a
choice of methods to address distribution of live load to individual
girders.
The evaluation and application of LLD factors is described in de-
tail in Chapter 3 of the Bridge Superstructure Design manual.
1.1 Organization
This chapter identifies the applicable code and describes addi-
tional sources of information about CSiBridges many features
and advantages. Chapter 2 describes the algorithms for concrete
box deck superstructures. Chapter 3 describes the algorithms for
multicell concrete box deck superstructures. Chapter 4 describes
the algorithms when the deck superstructure is comprised of pre-
cast I or U girders with composite slab.
1.2 Recommended Reading
It is strongly recommended that you read this manual and review
any applicable Watch & Learn Series tutorials, which are
found on our web site, http://www.csiberkeley.com, before at-
tempting to determine the bridge rating for a concrete box girder
or precast concrete bridge using CSiBridge. Additional informa-
tion can be found in the on-line Help facility available from
within the softwares main menu.
Also, other bridge related manuals include the following:
Defining the Work Flow - Provides an overview of the work
flow when using CSiBridge. That manual includes a descrip-
Chapter 1 Introduction
Recommended Reading 1 - 3
tion of the Bridge Wizard, a step-wise guide through the en-
tire model creation, analysis, and design process, and explains
the various tabs, panels, and commands of the user interface
that can be used independently of or in concert with the
Bridge Wizard.
Introduction to CSiBridge Introduces CSiBridge design
when modeling concrete box girder bridges and precast con-
crete girder bridges. The basic steps involved in creating a
bridge model are described. Then an explanation of how loads
are applied is provided, including the importance of lanes, ve-
hicle definitions, vehicle classes, and load cases. The Intro-
duction concludes with an overview of the analysis and dis-
play of design output.
Superstructure Design Describes using CSiBridge to
complete bridge design in accordance with the AASHTO
STD 2002 or AASHTO LRFD 2007 code for concrete box
girder bridges or the AASHTO 2007 LRFD code for bridges
when the superstructure includes Precast Concrete Box
bridges with a composite slab. Loading and load combina-
tions and well as Live Load Distribution Factors are de-
scribed. The manual explains how to define and run a design
request and provides the algorithms used by CSiBridge in
completing concrete box girder, cast-in-place multi-cell con-
crete box, and precast concrete bridge design in accordance
with the AASHTO code. The manual concludes with a de-
scription of design output, which can be presented graphically
as plots, in data tables, and in reports generated using the Ad-
vanced Report Writer feature.
Seismic Analysis and Design Describes the eight simple
steps needed to complete response spectrum and pushover
analyses, determine the demand and capacity displacements,
and report the demand/capacity ratios for an Earthquake Re-
sisting System (ERS).

Load Rating - Flexure 2 - 1
Chapter 2 Concrete Box Girder Bridges
This chapter describes the algorithm CSiBridge applies when load
rating concrete box deck superstructures in accordance with the
AASHTO Manual for Condition Evaluation and Load and Resis-
tance Factor Rating (LRFR) of Highway Bridges October 2003
with 2005 Interim Revisions.
This algorithm idealizes the superstructure as a torsionally stiff
single-spine beam, as defined in AASHTO LRFD Section 4.6.1.1.
For load rating of multicell concrete boxes using live load distri-
bution factors, see Chapter 3.
2.1 Load Rating - Flexure
2.1.1 Rating Factor
n DC DC DW DW P P
L LL IM
M M M M
RF
M

+

= AASHTO LRFR eq. 6-1
RF = Rating factor calculated by CSiBridge
M
n
= Nominal moment resistance calculated by CSiBridge
2 - 2 Load Rating - Flexure
The following values are specified by the user in the Rating Re-
quest:
= Resistance factor for flexure; Default Value = 1.0,
Typical value(s): 1.0. The factor is specified in the
Rating Parameters form.
DC
M
DC
= Factored moment demand due to dead load of struc-
tural components and attachments. The
DC
factor
shall be included in the combo specified in the DC
Combo demand set.
DW
M
DW
= Factored moment demand due to dead load of wear-
ing surface and utilities. The
DW
factor shall be in-
cluded in the combo specified in the DW Combo de-
mand set.
P
M
P
= Factored moment demand due to permanent loads
other than dead loads. The
P
factor shall be included
in the combo specified in the P Combo demand set.
L
M
LL+IM
= Factored moment demand due to live load. The
L
fac-
tor shall be included in the combo specified in the
LL+IM Combo demand set.
2.1.2 Flexural Resistance
The flexural resistance is determined in accordance with ASHTO
LRFD 2007 paragraph 5.7.3.2. The resistance is evaluated only
for bending about horizontal axis 3. Separate resistance is calcu-
lated for positive and negative moment.
The moment resistance is based on bonded tendons and longitudi-
nal mild steel reinforcement defined in the Bridge Object. It is as-
sumed that all defined tendons in a section, stressed or not, have
f
pe
(effective stress after loses) larger than 0.5 f
pu
(specified tensile
strength). If a certain tendon should not be considered for the
flexural resistance calculation, its area must be set to zero.
Only reinforcement in the tensile zone of the section is assumed to
contribute to the moment resistance of the section; reinforcement
in the compression zone is ignored.
2.1.3 Flexural Resistance Algorithm
At each section:
All section properties and demands are converted from CSi-
Bridge model units to N, mm.
The equivalent slab thickness is evaluated based on slab area
and slab width assuming a rectangular shape.

slab
slabeq
slab
A
t
b
=
The equivalent web thickness is evaluated as the summation
of all web horizontal thicknesses.

web
webeq web
1
n
b b =

|
1
stress block factor is evaluated in accordance with 5.7.2.2
based on section
c
f '
if
c
f ' > 28 MPa, then
1
28
max 0 85 0 05 0 65
7
c
f
. . ; . |
' | |
=
|
\ .

else
1
0 85 . . | =
The tendon location, area, and material are read. Only bonded
tendons are processed; unbonded tendons are ignored.
The longitudinal rebar area and material are read.
Tendons and longitudinal reinforcement bars are split into two
groups depending on which sign of moment they resistnegative
or positive. A tendon or rebar is considered to resist a positive
moment when it is located outside of the top fiber compression
stress block and is considered to resist a negative moment when it
is located outside of the bottom fiber compression stress block. In
accordance with the code, the compression stress block extends
over a zone bounded by the edges of the cross-section and a
straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at the distance a =
1
c from the extreme compression fiber. The distance c is meas-
ured perpendicular to the neutral axis.
Since at the time of tendon and rebar sorting into positive and
negative groups the distance c is unknown, it is assumed to be
equal to the distance between the neutral axis and the extreme
compression fiber. The distance c is later revaluated in accordance
with the code equation, but rebar and tendons are not re-checked
for their positive or negative group assignments.
For each tendon group, an area weighted average of the following
values is determined:
sum of the tendon areas, A
PT

distance from the center of gravity of the tendons in the ten-
sile zone to the compression fiber, d
P

specified tensile strength of prestressing steel, f
pu

constant k (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
2 1.04
py
pu
f
k
f
| |
=
|
\ .

For each rebar group the following values are determined:
sum of rebar areas, A
S

distance from the center of gravity of the rebar in the tensile
zone to the compression fiber, d
s

specified minimum yield strength rebar, f
y

The distance c between the neutral axis and the compressive
face is evaluated in accordance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-4).

1 slab
0 85
PT pu s y
pu
c PT
PT
A f A f
c
f
. f b kA
y
|
+
=
' +

The distance c is compared to distance d
s
. If c > 0.6d
s
and A
s
> 0,
then stress in the rebar is recalculated

1 slab
0 6 0 85
pu
s c PT PT pu
PT
s
s
f
. d . f b kA A f
y
f
A
|
| |
' +
|
\ .
=
If f
s
< 0, then f
s
is set to zero.
Distance c is recalculated by substituting f
y
with f
s
.
The distance c is compared to the equivalent slab thickness to
determine if the section is a T-section or a rectangular section.
If
1 slabeq
, c t | > the section is a T-section.
If the section is a T-section, the distance c is recalculated in
accordance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-3).

( ) slab webeq slabeq
1
0 85
0 85
PT pu S y c
pu
c webeq PT
PT
A f A f . f b b t
c
f
. f b kA
y
|
' +
=
' +

s
. If c > 0.6 d
s
and A
s
> 0,
then stress in the rebar is recalculated as follows:
( )
1 webeq slab webeq slabeq
s
0 6 0 85 0 85
A
pu
s c PT PT pu c
PT
s
f
. d . f b kA A f . f b b t
y
f
|
' '
+
=
| |
(
|
\ .

If f
s
< 0, then f
s
is set to zero.
y
with f
s
.
The extent of compression block a is evaluated as a = c
1
. It
is limited to the end of the web where the web enters the ten-
sile flange/slab.
Average stress in prestressing steel f
ps
is calculated in accor-
dance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-1).

1
ps pu
pt
c
f f k
y
| |
=
|
\ .

Nominal flexural resistance M
n
is calculated in accordance
with (eq. 5.7.3.2.2-1)
If the section is a T-section,
( )
slabeq
slab webeq slabeq
0 85
2 2 2 2
n PT ps p s s s c
t
a a a
M A f d A f d . f b b t
'
= + +
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

else

2 2
n PT ps p s s s
a a
M A f d A f d
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .

Factored flexural resistance is obtained by multiplying M
n
by
|.
M
r
= |M
n
2.1.4 Rating Factor Algorithm
In case any of the user-defined combos for demands sets
DC
M
DC
,
DW
M
DW
, or
p
M
p
contain multiple StepTypes, the M3 demands
from Max and Min StepTypes are consolidated into one ABS
StepType. This is accomplished by selecting the maximum abso-
lute from the two StepType values while preserving the sign.
The rating factor is calculated for each StepType present in the
L
M
LL+IM
demand set. The StepType that produces the smallest rat-
ing factor is reported in the output table.
Load Rating Min Rebar for Flexure 2 - 7
For each StepType, one of the section flexural capacities (positive
or negative), to be used in the rating factor equation, is selected to
match the sign of the
L
M
LL+IM
moment. Then the sign of the sum
of the moments
DC
M
DC
+
DW
M
DW
+
p
M
p
is determined. If the sign
of the sum matches the sign of the
L
M
LL+IM
, the moment resistance
is reduced by the sum; if the sign of the sum is opposite, the mo-
ment resistance is increased by the sum.
2.2 Load Rating Min Rebar for Flexure
In this rating request, CSiBridge verifies if the minimum rein-
forcement requirement is satisfied in accordance with AASHTO
Section 5.7.3.3.2. The code states that the calculated flexural re-
sistance M
r
, based on the provided PT and longitudinal rebar,
must satisfy the following requirement:
M
r
> min(1.2M
cr
, 1.33M
u
)
where M
cr
= S
c
'
(f
r
+ f
cpe
) > S
c
f
r
(calculated by CSiBridge)
S
c
= section modulus for the extreme fiber of the section where
tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads. The
value is calculated by CSiBridge and reported in the output
table.
f
cpe
= compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress
force only (after allowance for all prestress losses) at the ex-
treme fiber of the section where tensile stress is caused by
externally applied loads. The user specifies the name of the
combo for the f
cpe
demand set in the definition of the Bridge
Rating Request.
f
r
= modulus of rupture. The user specifies this value in the Rat-
ing Parameters.
M
u
= factored moment required by the applicable strength load
combinations specified in AASHTO Table 3.4.1-1. The user
2 - 8 Load Rating Min Rebar for Flexure
specifies the name of the combo for the M
u
demand set in
the definition of the Bridge Rating Request.
2.2.1 Min Rebar for Flexure Algorithm
At each section, the resistances for both positive and negative
moments are determined using the procedure outlined in Section
2.1.2. The f
cpe
stresses at the top and bottom of the extreme fiber
are read, and M
cr
values for both positive and negative moments
are evaluated.
For each StepType present in the M
u
combo, the sign and magni-
tude of the M3 moment is read. If the M
u
sign is negative, the
minimum rebar equation is checked for negative flexural resis-
tance, and if the M
u
sign is positive, the minimum rebar equation
is checked for positive flexural resistance. If both StepTypes pre-
sent in the M
u
combo have the same sign, the minimum rebar for
the opposite sign moment is not checked and the note Not appli-
cable is reported in the output table.

Chapter 3 Multicell Concrete Box Girder Bridges
rating multicell concrete box deck superstructures in accordance
with the AASHTO Manual for Condition Evaluation and Load
and Resistance Factor Rating (LRFR) of Highway Bridges Octo-
ber 2003 with 2005 Interim Revisions.
This algorithm analyzes the superstructure on a girder-by-girder
(web-by-web) basis while ignoring the effects of torsion. For load
rating of concrete box bridges where the superstructure is ideal-
ized as a torsionally stiff, single-spine beam as defined in
AASHTO LRFD Section 4.6.1.1, see Chapter 2.
The user has the option to use the individual girder demands di-
rectly from the CSiBridge model (available only for Area and
Solid models) or use Live Load Distribution (LLD) factors. CSi-
Bridge gives the user a choice of methods to address distribution
of live load to individual girders. The evaluation and application
of LLD factors is described in detail in Chapter 3 of the Bridge
Superstructure Design manual.
It is important to note that to obtain relevant results, the definition
of a Moving Load case must be adjusted depending on which
method is selected. Refer to Chapter 3, Section 3.1 of the Bridge
Legend:
Girder = the web + the tributary area of the top and bottom slab
Section Cut = all girders present in the cross-section at the cut lo-
cation
3.1.1 Rating Factor
n DC DC DW DW P P
L LL IM
M M M M
RF
M

+

M
n
quest:
DC
M
DC
DC
factor
Combo demand set.
DW
M
DW
DW
factor shall be in-
mand set.
P
M
P
P
L
M
LL+IM
L
fac-
The flexural resistance of each girder is determined in accordance
with AASHTO LRFD 2007 paragraph 5.7.3.2. The resistance is
evaluated only for bending about horizontal axis 3. Separate resis-
tance is calculated for positive and negative moment.
f
pe
pu
(specified tensile
contribute to the moment resistance of the section; reinforcement
in the compression zone is ignored.
At each section and each girder:
and slab width assuming a rectangular shape.
slab
slabeq
slab
A
t
b
=
|
1
based on section
c
f '
If
c
f ' > 28 MPa, then
1
28
max 0 85 0 05 0 65
7
c
f
. . ; . |
' | |
=
|
\ .

else
1
0 85 . . | =
The tendon location, area and material are read. Only bonded
The longitudinal rebar area and material are read
groups depending on what sign of moment they resistnegative
stress block and is considered to resist a negative moment when it
is located outside of the bottom fiber compression stress block.
Per code the compression stress block extends over a zone
bounded by the edges of the cross-section and a straight line lo-
cated parallel to the neutral axis at the distance a =
1
c from the
extreme compression fiber. The distance c is measured perpen-
dicular to the neutral axis.
equal to the distance between the neutral axis and the extreme
compression fiber. The distance c is later revaluated in accordance
with the code equation, but rebar and tendons are not re-checked
for their positive or negative group assignments.
For each tendon group, an area weighted average of the following
values is determined:
PT

P

pu

constant k (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)
2 1.04
py
pu
f
k
f
| |
=
|
\ .

S

s

y

The distance c between neutral axis and the compressive face is
evaluated in accordance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-4).

1 slab
0 85
PT pu s y
pu
c PT
PT
A f A f
c
f
. f b kA
y
|
+
=
' +

s
. If c > 0.6d
s
and A
s
> 0,

1 slab
0 6 0 85
pu
s c PT PT pu
PT
s
s
f
. d . f b kA A f
y
f
A
|
| |
' +
|
\ .
=
If f
s
< 0, then f
s
is set to zero.
y
with f
s
.
The distance c is compared to the equivalent slab thickness to
determine if the section is a T-section or rectangular section.
If
1 slabeq
, c t | > the section is a T-section.
If the section is a T-section, the distance c is recalculated in ac-
cordance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-3).

1
0 85
0 85
PT pu S y c
pu
c webeq PT
PT
A f A f . f b b t
c
f
. f b kA
y
|
' +
=
' +

s
. If c > 0.6 d
s
and A
s
> 0, then
stress in the rebar is recalculated
( )
1 webeq slab webeq slabeq
s
0 6 0 85 0 85
A
pu
s c PT PT pu c
PT
s
f
. d . f b kA A f . f b b t
y
f
|
' '
+
=
| |
(
|
\ .

If f
s
< 0, then f
s
is set to zero.
y
with f
s
.
1
. It is
limited to end of web where the web enters the tensile flange/
slab.
ps
dance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-1).

1
ps pu
pt
c
f f k
y
| |
=
|
\ .

n
is calculated in accordance with
(eq. 5.7.3.2.2-1)
( )
slabeq
slab webeq slabeq
0 85
2 2 2 2
n PT ps p s s s c
t
a a a
'
= + +
| |
| | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

else

2 2
n PT ps p s s s
a a
M A f d A f d
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .

n
by |.
M
r
= |M
n
3.1.4 Live Load Distribution Into Girders
The M3 demands on the section cut specified in the LL+IM de-
mand set are distributed into individual girders in accordance with
the Live Load Distribution method specified in the Rating Re-
quest. The evaluation and application of live load distribution fac-
tors is described in detail in Chapter 3 of the Bridge Superstruc-
ture Design manual.
M3 demands on the section cut specified in the DC, DW and P
Combo demand sets are distributed evenly to all girders unless
live load distribution Method 3 is used (CSiBridge reads the cal-
culated live load demands directly from individual girders --
available for Area and Solid models only). In that case, forces
from CSiBridge are read directly on a girder-by-girder basis.
In case any of the user defined combos for demands sets
DC
M
DC
,
DW
M
DW
, or
p
M
p
The girder rating factor is calculated for each StepType present in
the
L
M
LL+IM
demand set. The StepType that produces the smallest
rating factor is reported in the output table.
For each StepType, one of the girder flexural capacities (positive
or negative), to be used in the rating factor equation, is selected to
L
M
LL+IM
moment. Then the sign of the sum of
the moments
DC
M
DC
+
DW
M
DW
+
p
M
p
is determined. If the sign of
the sum matches the sign of the
L
M
LL+IM
, the moment resistance is
reduced by the sum; if the sign of the sum is opposite, the moment
resistance is increased by the sum.
In this rating request, CSiBridge verifies if minimum reinforce-
ment requirement is satisfied in accordance with AASHTO Sec-
tion 5.7.3.3.2. The code states that the calculated flexural resis-
tance M
r
, based on the provided PT and longitudinal rebar, must
satisfy the following requirement:
M
r
> min(1.2M
cr
, 1.33M
u
)
where M
cr
= S
c
'
(f
r
+ f
cpe
) > S
c
f
r
(calculated by CSiBridge)
S
c
= section modulus for the extreme fiber of the section where
tensile stress is caused by externally applied loads. The
value is calculated by CSiBridge and reported in the output
table.
f
cpe
= compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress
force only (after allowance for all prestress losses) at the ex-
treme fiber of the section where tensile stress is caused by
externally applied loads. The user specifies the name of the
combo for the f
cpe
demand set in the definition of the Bridge
Rating Request.
f
r
= modulus of rupture. The user specifies this value in the Rat-
ing Parameters.
M
u
= factored moment required by the applicable strength load
combinations specified in AASHTO Table 3.4.1-1. The user
specifies the name of the combo for the M
u
demand set in
the definition of the Bridge Rating Request.
3.2.1 Live Load Distribution into Girders
The M3 demands on the section cut specified in the M
u
demand
set are distributed into individual girders in accordance with the
Live Load Distribution method specified in the Rating Request.
The evaluation and application of live load distribution factors is
described in detail in Chapter 3 of the Bridge Superstructure De-
sign manual.
M3 demands on section cut specified in f
cpe
combo demand set are
distributed evenly to all girders unless live load distribution
Method 3 is used (CSiBridge reads the calculated live load de-
mands directly from individual girders -- available for Area and
Solid models only). In that case, forces from CSiBridge are not
read on a section-cut basis but directly on a girder-by-girder basis.
At each girder, the resistances for both positive and negative mo-
ments are determined using the procedure outlined in Section
3.1.2. The f
cpe
stresses at the top and bottom of the extreme fiber
are read, and M
cr
values for both positive and negative moments
are evaluated.
For each StepType present in M
u
combo, the sign and magnitude
of the M3 moment is read. If the M
u
sign is negative, the minimum
rebar equation is checked for negative flexural resistance and if
the M
u
sign is positive, the minimum rebar equation is checked for
positive flexural resistance. If both StepTypes present in the M
u

combo have the same sign, the minimum rebar for the opposite
sign moment is not checked and the note Not applicable is re-
ported in the output table.
3 - 10 Load Rating - Shear AASHTO-LRFD-2007
3.3 Load Rating - Shear AASHTO-LRFD-2007
3.3.1 Rating Factor
n DC DC DW DW p p
L LL IM
V V V V
RF
V

+

V
n
= Nominal shear resistance calculated by CSiBridge
The user specifies the values for the following in the Rating Re-
quest:
= Resistance factor for shear; Default Value = 0.9,
Typical value(s): 0.9 for normal weight concrete, 0.7
for light-weight concrete. The factor is specified in
the Rating Parameters form.
DC
V
DC
= Factored shear demand due to dead load of structural
components and attachments. The
DC
factor shall be
included in the combo specified in the DC Combo
demand set.
DW
V
DW
= Factored shear demand due to dead load of wearing
surface and utilities. The
DW
in the combo specified in the DW Combo demand set.
P
V
P
= Factored shear demand due to permanent loads other
than dead loads. The
P
factor shall be included in the
combo specified in the P Combo demand set.
L
V
LL+IM
= Factored shear demands due to live load. The
L
factor
shall be included in the combo specified in the
Load Rating - Shear AASHTO-LRFD-2007 3 - 11
3.3.2 Live Load Distribution Into Girders
The V2 demands on the section cut specified in the LL+IM and
M
u
demand sets are distributed into individual girders in accor-
dance with the Live Load Distribution method specified in the
Rating Request. The evaluation and application of live load distri-
bution factors is described in detail in Chapter 3 of the Bridge Su-
perstructure Design manual.
V2 demands on the section cut specified in the DC, DW and P
3.3.3 Shear Resistance
The shear resistance is determined in accordance with paragraph
5.8.3.4.2 (derived from the Modified Compression Field Theory).
The procedure assumes that the concrete shear stresses are dis-
tributed uniformly over an area b
v
wide and d
v
deep, that the direc-
tion of principal compressive stresses (defined by angle and
shown as D) remains constant over d
v
, and that the shear strength
of the section can be determined by considering the biaxial stress
conditions at just one location in the web. The user should select
for design only those sections that comply with these assumptions
by defining appropriate station ranges in the design request (see
Chapter 4 of the Bridge Superstructure Design manual).
The effective web width is taken as the minimum web width,
measured parallel to the neutral axis, between the resultants of the
tensile and compressive forces as a result of flexure. In determin-
ing the effective web width at a particular level, one-quarter of the
diameter of the grouted ducts at that level is subtracted from the
web width.
All defined tendons in a section, stressed or not, are assumed to be
grouted. Each tendon at a section is checked for presence in the
web and the minimum controlling effective web thicknesses are
evaluated.
The tendon duct is considered as having effect on the web effec-
tive thickness even if only part of the duct is within the web
boundaries. In such cases, the entire one-quarter of the tendon
duct diameter is subtracted from the element thickness
If several tendon ducts overlap in one web (when projected on
vertical axis), the diameters of ducts are added for the sake of
evaluation of the effective thickness. The effective web thickness
is calculated at the top and bottom of each duct.
Shear design is completed on a per-web (girder) basis; torsion is
ignored.
Transverse reinforcement specified in the Bridge Object is used to
verify if minimum shear reinforcement is provided. It is also used
to calculate the V
s
shear resistance component. The density (area
per unit length) of provided transverse reinforcement in a given
girder is averaged based on values specified in the Bridge Object
over a distance 0.5 d
v
cot measured down-station and up-station
from a given section cut.
3.3.4 Shear Resistance Parameters
The following parameters are considered during shear design:
Mu Combo Demand Set the forces in the specified combo are
used in the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) equa-
tions to determine shear resistance of the girder.
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 0.9, Typical
value(s): 0.7 to 0.9. The nominal shear resistance of normal
weight concrete sections is multiplied by the resistance factor to
obtain factored resistance.
PhiC (Lightweight) Resistance Factor for light-weight con-
crete; Default Value = 0.7, Typical value(s): 0.7 to 0.9. The
nominal shear resistance of light-weight concrete sections is
multiplied by the resistance factor to obtain factored resistance.
Check Sub Type Typical value: MCFT. Specifies which
method for shear design will be used: either MCFT in accor-
dance with 5.8.3.4.2; or the V
ci
/V
cw
method in accordance with
5.8.3.4.3 Currently only the MCFT option is available.
Negative limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal rein-
forcement in accordance with section 5.8.3.4.2; Default Value =
0.4x10
-3
, Typical value(s): 0 to 0.4x10
-3

Positive limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal rein-
6.0x10
-3
, Typical value(s): 6.0x10
-3

PhiC for N
u
Resistance Factor used in equation 5.8.3.5-1; De-
fault Value = 1.0, Typical value(s): 0.75 to 1.0
Phif for M
u
fault Value = 0.9, Typical value(s): 0.9 to 1.0.
sx = Maximum distance between layers of longitudinal crack
control reinforcement in accordance with AASHTO LRFD
5.8.3.4.2-5. This parameter is used only when a girder does not
contain the code-specified minimum amount of shear rein-
forcement.
ag = Maximum aggregate size, Eq 5.8.3.4.2. This parameter is
used only when a girder does not contain the code-specified
minimum amount of shear reinforcement.
3.3.5 Shear Resistance Variables
|
V
= Resistance factor for shear
|
P
= Resistance factor for axial load
|
F
= Resistance factor for moment
= Multiplier of sqrt f
c
for light-weight concrete in accor-
dance with 5.8.2.2
V
u
= Factored shear demand per girder excluding force in
tendons
N
u
= Applied factored axial force, taken as positive if tensile
M
u
= Factored moment at the section
V
2c
= Shear in section cut excluding force in tendons
V
2Tot
= Shear in section cut including force in tendons
V
p
= Component in the direction of the applied shear of the
effective prestressing force; if V
p
has the same sign as
V
u
, then the component is resisting the applied shear
a = Depth of equivalent stress block in accordance with
5.7.3.2.2. Varies for positive and negative moment.
d
v
= Effective shear depth in accordance with 5.8.2.9
d
girder
= Depth of girder
d
p
= Distance from compression face to center of gravity of
tendons in the tensile zone
d
s
longitudinal reinforcement in the tensile zone
b = Minimum web width
b
v
= Effective web width adjusted for the presence of
prestressing ducts in accordance with section 5.8.2.9
A
ps
= Area of prestressing steel on the flexural tension side of
the member
f
pu
= Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel
E
p
= Prestressing steel Youngs modulus
A
vl
= Area of nonprestressed steel on the flexural tension side
of the member at the section under consideration
E
s
= Reinforcement Youngs modulus
c
s
= Strain in nonprestressed longitudinal tension reinforce-
ment eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4
LimitPos LimitNeg
,
s s
c c = Max and min value of strain in nonprestressed
longitudinal tension reinforcement as specified in the
Design Request
E
c
= Youngs modulus of concrete
A
c
= Area of concrete on the flexural tension side of the
member
A
vprov
= Area of transverse shear reinforcement per unit length
as specified in the Bridge Object. The transverse rein-
forcement density is averaged over a distance 0.5 cot
measured up-station and down-station from the current
section cut.
A
VS min
= Minimum area of transverse shear reinforcement per
unit length in accordance with eq. 5.8.2.5
3.3.6 Shear Resistance Algorithm
All section properties and demands are converted from CSiBridge
model units to N, mm.
If the combo specified in the M
u
demand set contains envelopes, a
new force demand set is generated. The new force demand set is
built up from the maximum tension values of P and the maximum
absolute values of V2 and M3 of the two StepTypes (Max and
Min) present in the envelope COMBO case. The StepType of this
new force demand set is named ABS and the signs of the P, V2
and M3 are preserved. The ABS case follows the industry practice
where sections are designed for extreme shear and moments that
are not necessarily corresponding to the same design vehicle posi-
tion. The section cut is designed for all three StepTypes in the
COMBOMax, Min and ABSand the controlling StepType is
reported.
In the case when the demand moment
u u p v
M V V d , < two
new force demand sets are generated where
pos pos u u p v
M V V d =
and
neg neg u u p v
M V V d = . The acronyms -CodeMinMuPos
and -CodeMinMuNeg are added to the end of the StepType
name. The signs of the P and V2 are preserved.
The shear resistance is evaluated for every force demand set de-
scribed previously and the smallest value is used in evaluation of
the rating factor.
The component in the direction of the applied shear of the effec-
tive prestressing force, positive if resisting the applied shear, is
evaluated:

2 2Tot
girders
c
p
V V
V
n
=
Depth of equivalent stress block a for both positive and nega-
tive moment is evaluated in accordance with eq. 5.7.3.1.1. See
section 3.1.2
Effective shear depth is evaluated.

ps ps p vl y s
e
ps ps vl y
A f d A f d
d
A f A f
+
=
+

( )
girder
max 0 72 0 9 0 5
v e e
d . d , . d , d . a =
Evaluate numerator and denominator of (eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4)
numerator
0 5 0 7
u
s u u p ps pu
V
M
. N V V A . f
d
c = + +
denominator s p ps s vl
E A E A c = +
Adjust denominator values as follows
If
denominator
0
s
c = and
numerator
0
s
, c > then
LimitPos s s
c c =

If
numerator
0
s
c < then
denominator s p ps s vl c c
E A E A E A c = + +
Evaluate (eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4)
numerator
denominator
s
s
s
c
c
c
=
Check if axial tension is large enough to crack the flexural
compression face of the section.
If
girder
0 52
u
c
N
. f ' ,
A
> then 2
s s
c c =
Check against the limit on the strain in non-prestressed longitu-
dinal tension reinforcement specified in the Design Request
LimitNeg
max( , )
s s s
c c c = and
LimitPos
min( , )
s s s
c c c =
Evaluate the angle u of inclination of diagonal compressive
stresses as determined in Article 5.8.3.4
18 29 3500 45
s
c s + s (5.8.3.4)
Evaluate minimum transverse reinforcement density required in
accordance with the code
min
0 083
v
v c
y
b
A . f
f
' = (5.8.3.4)
Check if the provided girder transverse reinforcement density
A
vprov
averaged over distance 0.5 cot measured up-station and
down-station from the current section cut satisfies minimum
specified by code and evaluate the factor indicating the ability
of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit tension and shear, as
specified in Article 5.8.3.4
If A
vprov
A
vmin
, then
4 8
1 750
s
.
|
c
=
+

else

4 8 51 25 4
1 750 39 25 4
s xe
. .
. s
|
c

=
+ +

where
35
16
x
xe
g
s
s
a
=
+
(eq. 5.8.3.4)
Evaluate nominal shear resistance provided by tensile stresses in
the concrete (eq. 5.8.3.3-3)
0 083
c c v
V . f ' b d | =
the transverse reinforcement (eq. 5.8.3.3-4)
prov
cot
s v y v
V A f d u = (eq. 5.8.3.3-4)
Evaluate total factored shear resistance and check against a
maximum specified in 5.8.3.3-2
( ) min 0 25
r v c s c v v
V V V ; . f b d ' = +
Note: The shear resistance evaluated here purposely ignores the
effect of the component in the direction of the applied shear of the
effective prestressing force V
p
. This is to ensure that the prestress-
ing effect is not double counted when evaluating the load rating
factor. The name of the combo that contains the prestressing loads
is specified in the Demand Set P Combo in the Rating Request.
DC
V
DC
,
DW
V
DW
, or
P
V
P
contain multiple StepTypes, the V2 demands from
Max and Min StepTypes are consolidated into one ABS Step-
Type. This is accomplished by selecting the maximum absolute
from the two StepType values while preserving the sign.
the
L
V
LL+IM
The sign of the sum of shear demands
DC
V
DC
,
DW
V
DW
, or
P
V
P
is de-
termined. If the sign of the sum matches the sign of the
L
V
LL+IM
;
the shear resistance is reduced by the sum; if the sign of the sum is
opposite, the shear resistance is increased by the sum.

Chapter 4 Precast Concrete Girder Bridges
with Composite Slabs
rating deck superstructures comprised of precast I or U girders
with composite slabs. The load rating is in accordance with the
AASHTO Manual for Condition Evaluation and Load and Resis-
tance Factor Rating (LRFR) of Highway Bridges October 2003
with 2005 Interim Revisions.
This algorithm analyzes the superstructure on a girder-by-girder
(beam-by-beam) basis while ignoring the effects of torsion. The
user has the option to use the individual girder demands directly
from the CSiBridge model (available only for Area and Solid
models) or use Live Load Distribution (LLD) factors. CSiBridge
gives the user a choice of methods to address distribution of live
load to individual girders. The evaluation and application of LLD
factors is described in detail in Chapter 3 of the Bridge Super-
structure Design manual.
It is important to note that to obtain relevant results, the definition
of a Moving Load case must be adjusted depending on which
method is selected. Refer to Chapter 3 Section 3.1 of the Bridge
Legend:
Girder = beam + tributary area of the top of the slab
Section Cut = all girders are present in the cross-section at the cut
location
4.1.1 Rating Factor
n DC DC DW DW P P
L LL IM
M M M M
RF
M

+

M
n
quest:
DC
M
DC
DC
factor
Combo demand set.
DW
M
DW
DW
factor shall be in-
mand set.
P
M
P
P
Chapter 4 Precast Concrete Girder Bridges with Composite Slabs
L
M
LL+IM
L
fac-
The flexural resistance of each girder is determined in accordance
with AASHTO LRFD 2007 paragraph 5.7.3.2. The resistance is
evaluated only for bending about horizontal axis 3. Separate resis-
tance is calculated for positive and negative moment.
f
pe
pu
(specified tensile
contribute towards the moment resistance of the section; rein-
forcement in compression zone is ignored.
At each section and each girder:
and slab width assuming rectangular shape.
|
1
based on section
c
f '
If
c
f ' > 28 MPa, then
1
28
max 0 85 0 05 0 65
7
c
f
. . ; . |
' | |
=
|
\ .

else
1
0 85 . | =
The tendon location, area, and material are read. Only bonded
The longitudinal rebar area and material are read
groups depending on what sign of moment they resistnegative
stress block and is considered to resist a negative moment when
it is located outside of the bottom fiber compression stress
block. In accordance with code, the compression stress block
extends over a zone bounded by the edges of the cross-section
and a straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at the dis-
tance a =
1
c from the extreme compression fiber. The distance
c is measured perpendicular to the neutral axis.
equal to a distance between the neutral axis and the extreme
compression fiber. The distance c is later re-evaluated in accor-
dance with the code equation, but rebar and tendons are not re-
checked for their positive or negative group assignments.
For each tendon group, an area weighted average of the follow-
ing values is determined:
PT

P

pu

constant k (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-2)

2 1.04
py
pu
f
k
f
| |
=
|
\ .

S

s

y

Positive moment resistance first it is assumed that the equiva-
lent compression stress block is within the top slab. The dis-
tance c between neutral axis and the compressive face is evalu-
ated in accordance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-4).
1 slab
0 85
PT pu s y
pu
c PT
PT
A f A f
c
f
. f b kA
y
|
+
=
' +

s
. If c > 0.6d
s
and A
s
>
0, then stress in the rebar is recalculated
1 slab
0 6 0 85
pu
s c PT PT pu
PT
s
s
f
. d . f b kA A f
y
f
A
|
| |
' +
|
\ .
=
If f
s
< 0, then f
s
is set to zero.
y
with f
s
.
The distance c is compared to the slab thickness. If the distance
to the neutral axis c is larger than the composite slab thickness,
the distance c is re-evaluated. For this calculation, the beam
flange width and area are converted to their equivalents in slab
concrete by multiplying the beam flange width by the modular
ratio between the precast girder concrete and the slab concrete.
The web width in the equation for c is substituted for the effec-
tive converted girder flange width. The distance c is recalcu-
lated in accordance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-3).


1
0 85
0 85
PT pu S y c
pu
c webeq PT
PT
A f A f . f b b t
c
f
. f b kA
y
|
' +
=
' +

The distance c is again compared to distance d
s
. If c > 0.6ds and
A
s
> 0, then stress in the rebar f
s
is recalculated. If f
s
< 0, then f
s
is
set to zero.
y
with f
s
.
If the calculated value of c exceeds the sum of the deck thickness
and the equivalent precast girder flange thickness, the section is
designated as a T-section. The program assumes the neutral axis is
below the flange of the precast girder and recalculates c. The term
( ) 0.85
c w
f b b ' in the calculation is broken into two terms: one
refers to the contribution of the deck to the composite section
flange and the second refers to the contribution of the precast
girder flange to the composite girder flange.
s
. If c > 0.6 d
s
and A
s
> 0,
If f
s
< 0, then f
s
is set to zero.
y
with f
s
.
1
. It is
limited to the end of the web where the web enters the tensile
beam flange
ps
dance with (eq. 5.7.3.1.1-1).
1
ps pu
pt
c
f f k
y
| |
=
|
\ .

n
is calculated in accordance with
(eq. 5.7.3.2.2-1)
( )
slabeq
slab webeq slabeq
0 85
2 2 2 2
n PT ps p s s s c
t
a a a
'
= + +
| |
| | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

else

2 2
n PT ps p s s s
a a
M A f d A f d
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .

n
by |.
M
r
= |M
n
The process for evaluating negative moment resistance is analo-
gous.
The M3 demands on the section cuts specified in the LL+IM de-
mand set are distributed into individual girders according to the
sign manual.
M3 demands on the section cut specified in the DC, DW and P
available for Area and Solid models only). In that case, the forces
DC
M
DC
,
DW
M
DW
, or
p
M
p
the
L
M
LL+IM
For each StepType, one of the girder flexural capacities (positive
or negative) to be used in the rating factor equation is selected to
L
M
LL+IM
moment. Then the sign of the sum
of moments
DC
M
DC
,
DW
M
DW
, or
p
M
p
is determined. If the sign of
the sum matches the sign of the
L
M
LL+IM
, the moment resistance is
reduced by the sum; if the sign of the sum is opposite, the moment
resistance is increased by the sum.
In this rating request, CSiBridge verifies if the minimum rein-
forcement requirement is satisfied in accordance with AASHTO
Section 5.7.3.3.2. The code states that the calculated flexural re-
sistance M
r
based on the provided PT and longitudinal rebar must
satisfy the following requirement:
M
r
> min(1.2M
cr
, 1.33M
u
)
where
( )
1
c
cr c r cpe dnc c r
nc
S
M S f f M S f
S
| |
= + >
|
\ .
(calculated by
CSiBridge)
S
c
= Section modulus for the extreme fiber of the composite
girder where tensile stress is caused by externally applied
loads. The value is calculated by CSiBridge and reported
in the output table.
S
nc
= Section modulus for the extreme fiber of the noncompo-
site beam where tensile stress is caused by externally ap-
plied loads. The value is calculated by CSiBridge and re-
ported in the output table.
f
cpe
= Compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress
force only (after allowance for all prestress losses) at the
extreme fiber of the girder where tensile stress is caused
by externally applied loads. The user specifies the name
of the combo for the f
cpe
demand set in the definition of the
Bridge Rating Request.
f
r
= Modulus of rupture. The user specifies in this value in the
Rating Parameters.
M
dnc
= Total unfactored dead load moment acting on the non-
composite beam. The user specifies the name of the
combo for the M
dnc
demand set in the definition of the B-
ridge Rating Request.
M
u
= Factored moment required by the applicable strength load
combinations specified in AASHTO Table 3.4.1-1. The
user specifies the name of the combo for the M
u
demand
set in the definition of the Bridge Rating Request.
The M3 demands on the section cut specified in the M
u
demand
set are distributed into individual girders according to the Live
Load Distribution method specified in the Rating Request. The
evaluation and application of live load distribution factors is de-
scribed in detail in Chapter 3 of the Bridge Superstructure Design
manual.
M3 demands on the section cut specified in the f
cpe
and M
dnc
combo
demand set are distributed evenly to all girders unless live load
distribution Method 3 is used (CSiBridge reads the calculated live
load demands directly from individual girders -- available for
Area and Solid models only). In that case, forces from CSiBridge
are not read on a section-cut basis but directly on a girder-by-
girder basis.
When evaluating min rebar for negative moment, the M
dnc
is set to
zero, since it is assumed that the composite slab is never a non-
composite section.
At each girder, the resistances for both positive and negative mo-
ments are determined using the procedure outlined in this Section
3.1.2. The f
cpe
stresses at the top and bottom extreme fiber are read,
and the M
cr
values for both positive and negative moments are
evaluated.
For each StepType present in the M
u
combo, the sign and magni-
tude of the M3 moment is read. If the M
u
sign is negative, the
minimum rebar equation is checked for negative flexural resis-
tance, and if the M
u
sign is positive, the minimum rebar equation
is checked for positive flexural resistance. If both StepTypes pre-
sent in the M
u
combo have the same sign, the minimum rebar for
the opposite sign moment is not checked, and the note Not appli-
cable is reported in the output table.
4.3 Load Rating - Shear AASHTO-LRFD-2007
4.3.1 Rating Factor
n DC DC DW DW p p
L LL IM
V V V V
RF
V

+

V
n
= Nominal shear resistance calculated by CSiBridge
The user specifies the values for the following in the Rating Re-
quest:
= Resistance factor for shear; Default Value = 0.9,
Typical value(s): 0.9 for normal weight concrete, 0.7
for light-weight concrete. The factor is specified in
the Rating Parameters form.
DC
V
DC
= Factored shear demand due to dead load of structural
components and attachments. The
DC
factor shall be
included in the combo specified in the DC Combo
demand set.
DW
V
DW
= Factored shear demand due to dead load of wearing
surface and utilities. The
DW
in the combo specified in the DW Combo demand set.
P
V
P
= Factored shear demand due to permanent loads other
than dead loads. The
P
factor shall be included in the
combo specified in the P Combo demand set.
L
V
LL+IM
= Factored shear demands due to live load. The
L
factor
shall be included in the combo specified in the
The V2 demands on section cut specified in the LL+IM and M
u

demand set are distributed into individual girders according to the
sign manual.
V2 demands on the section cut specified in the DC, DW and P
4.3.3 Shear Resistance
The shear resistance is determined in accordance with paragraph
5.8.3.4.2 (derived from Modified Compression Field Theory). The
procedure assumes that the concrete shear stresses are distributed
uniformly over an area b
v
wide and d
v
deep, that the direction of
principal compressive stresses (defined by angle and shown as
D) remains constant over d
v
, and that the shear strength of the sec-
tion can be determined by considering the biaxial stress conditions
at just one location in the web. The user should select for design
only those sections that comply with these assumptions by defin-
ing appropriate station ranges in the design request (see Chapter 4
of the Bridge Superstructure Design manual).
It is assumed that the precast beams are pre-tensioned, and there-
fore, no ducts are present in webs. The effective web width is
taken as the minimum web width, measured parallel to the neutral
axis, between the resultants of the tensile and compressive forces
as a result of flexure
Shear design is completed on a per-web (girder) basis; torsion is
ignored.
Transverse reinforcement specified in the Bridge Object is used to
verify if minimum shear reinforcement is provided. It is also used
to calculate V
s
shear resistance component. The density (area per
unit length) of provided transverse reinforcement in a given girder
is averaged based on values specified in the Bridge Object over
distance 0.5 d
v
cot measured down-station and up-station from a
given section cut
4.3.4 Shear Resistance Parameters
The following parameters are considered during shear design:
M
u
Combo Demand Set the forces in the specified combo are
used in the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) equa-
tions to determine shear resistance of the girder
PhiC Resistance Factor; Default Value = 0.9, Typical
value(s): 0.7 to 0.9. The nominal shear resistance of normal
weight concrete sections is multiplied by the resistance factor to
obtain factored resistance.
PhiC (Lightweight) Resistance Factor for light-weight con-
crete; Default Value = 0.7, Typical value(s): 0.7 to 0.9. The
nominal shear resistance of light-weight concrete sections is
multiplied by the resistance factor to obtain factored resistance.
Check Sub Type Typical value: MCFT. Specifies which
method for shear design will be used: either MCFT in accor-
dance with 5.8.3.4.2; or the V
ci
/V
cw
method in accordance with
5.8.3.4.3 Currently only the MCFT option is available.
Negative limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal rein-
0.4x10
-3
, Typical value(s): 0 to 0.4x10
-3

Positive limit on strain in nonprestressed longitudinal rein-
6.0x10
-3
, Typical value(s): 6.0x10
-3

PhiC for N
u
Phif for M
u
sx = Maximum distance between layers of longitudinal crack
control reinforcement in accordance with AASHTO LRFD
5.8.3.4.2-5. This parameter is used only when a girder does not
contain the code-specified minimum amount of shear rein-
forcement.
ag = Maximum aggregate size, Eq 5.8.3.4.2. This parameter is
used only when a girder does not contain the code-specified
minimum amount of shear reinforcement.
4.3.5 Shear Resistance Variables
|
V
= Resistance factor for shear
|
P
= Resistance factor for axial load
|
F
= Resistance factor for moment
= Multiplier of sqrt f
c
for light-weight concrete in accor-
dance with 5.8.2.2
V
u
= Factored shear demand per girder excluding force in
tendons
N
u
= Applied factored axial force, taken as positive if tensile
M
u
= Factored moment at the section
V
2c
= Shear in section cut excluding force in tendons
V
2Tot
= Shear in section cut including force in tendons
V
p
= Component in the direction of the applied shear of the
effective prestressing force; if V
p
has the same sign as
V
u
, then the component is resisting the applied shear
a = Depth of equivalent stress block in accordance with
5.7.3.2.2. Varies for positive and negative moment.
d
v
= Effective shear depth in accordance with 5.8.2.9
d
girder
= Depth of girder
compslab
d Depth of composite slab (includes concrete haunch t2)
d
p
tendons in the tensile zone
d
s
longitudinal reinforcement in the tensile zone
b = Minimum web width
A
ps
= Area of prestressing steel on the flexural tension side of
the member
f
pu
= Specified tensile strength of prestressing steel
E
p
= Prestressing steel Youngs modulus
A
vl
= Area of nonprestressed steel on the flexural tension side
of the member at the section under consideration
E
s
= Reinforcement Youngs modulus
c
s
= Strain in nonprestressed longitudinal tension reinforce-
ment eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4
LimitPos LimitNeg
,
s s
c c = Max and min value of strain in nonprestressed
longitudinal tension reinforcement as specified in the
Design Request
E
c
= Youngs modulus of beam concrete
A
c
= Area of concrete on the flexural tension side of the
member
A
vprov
= Area of transverse shear reinforcement per unit length
as specified in the Bridge Object. The transverse rein-
forcement density is averaged over a distance 0.5 cot
measured up-station and down-station from the current
section cut.
A
VS min
= Minimum area of transverse shear reinforcement per
unit length in accordance with eq. 5.8.2.5
4.3.6 Shear Resistance Algorithm
All section properties and demands are converted from CSiBridge
model units to N, mm.
If the combo specified in the M
u
demand set contains envelopes, a
new force demand set is generated. The new force demand set is
built up from the maximum tension values of P and the maximum
absolute values of V2 and M3 of the two StepTypes (Max and
Min) present in the envelope COMBO case. The StepType of this
new force demand set is named ABS and the signs of the P, V2,
and M3 are preserved. The ABS case follows the industry practice
where sections are designed for extreme shear and moments that
are not necessarily corresponding to the same design vehicle posi-
tion. The section cut is designed for all three StepTypes in the
COMBOMax, Min and ABSand the controlling StepType is
reported.
In the case when demand moment
u u p v
M V V d , <
two new
force demand sets are generated where
vpos p u upos
d V V M =

and
vneg p u uneg
d V V M =
. The acronyms -CodeMinMuPos
and -CodeMinMuNeg are added to the end of the StepType
name. The signs of the P and V2 are preserved.
The shear resistance is evaluated for every force demand set de-
scribed previously. and the smallest value is used in evaluation
of the rating factor.
The component in the direction of the applied shear of the effec-
tive prestressing force, positive if resisting the applied shear, is
evaluated:

2 2Tot
girders
c
p
V V
V
n
=
Depth of equivalent stress block a for both positive and nega-
tive moment is evaluated in accordance with eq. 5.7.3.1.1. See
section 4.1.2.
Effective shear depth is evaluated.

ps ps p vl y s
e
ps ps vl y
A f d A f d
d
A f A f
+
=
+

( )
girder
max 0 72 0 9 0 5
v e e
d . d , . d , d . a =
Evaluate numerator and denominator of (eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4)
numerator
0 5 0 7
u
s u u p ps pu
V
M
. N V V A . f
d
c = + +
denominator s p ps s vl
E A E A c = +
Adjust denominator values as follows
If
denominator
0
s
c = and
numerator
0
s
, c > then
LimitPos s s
c c =

If
numerator
0
s
, c < then
denominator s p ps s vl c c
E A E A E A c = + +
Evaluate (eq. 5.8.3.4.2-4)
numerator
denominator
s
s
s
c
c
c
=
Check if axial tension is large enough to crack the flexural
compression face of the section.
If
girder
0 52
u
c
N
. f ' ,
A
> then 2
s s
c c =
Check against the limit on the strain in non-prestressed longitu-
dinal tension reinforcement specified in the Design Request
LimitNeg
max( , )
s s s
c c c = and
LimitPos
min( , )
s s s
c c c =
Evaluate the angle u of inclination of diagonal compressive
stresses as determined in Article 5.8.3.4
18 29 3500 45
s
c s + s (5.8.3.4)
Evaluate minimum transverse reinforcement density required in
accordance with code

min
0 083
v
v c
y
b
A . f
f
' = (5.8.3.4)
Check if the provided girder transverse reinforcement density
A
vprov
averaged over distance 0.5cot measured up-station and
down-station from the current section cut satisfies the minimum
specified by code and evaluate the factor indicating the ability
of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit tension and shear, as
specified in Article 5.8.3.4
If A
vprov
A
vmin
, then
4 8
1 750
s
.
|
c
=
+
else

4 8 51 25 4
1 750 39 25 4
s xe
. .
. s
|
c

=
+ +

where
35
16
x
xe
g
s
s
a
=
+
(eq. 5.8.3.4)
the concrete eq. 5.8.3.3-3
0 083
c c v
V . f ' b d | =
the transverse reinforcement eq. 5.8.3.3-4
prov
cot
s v y v
V A f d u = (eq. 5.8.3.3-4)
Evaluate total factored shear resistance and check against a
maximum specified in 5.8.3.3-2
( ) min 0 25
r v c s c v v
V V V ; . f b d ' = +
Note: The shear resistance evaluated here purposely ignores the
effect of the component in the direction of the applied shear of the
effective prestressing force V
p
. This is to ensure that the prestress-
ing effect is not double counted when evaluating the load rating
factor. The name of the combo that contains the prestressing loads
is specified in the Demand Set P Combo in the rating request.
DC
V
DC
,
DW
V
DW
, or
P
V
P
contain multiple StepTypes, the V2 demands from
Max and Min StepTypes are consolidated into one ABS Step-
Type. This is accomplished by selecting maximum absolute from
the two StepType values while preserving the sign.
the
L
V
LL+IM
The sign of the sum of shear demands
DC
V
DC
,
DW
V
DW
, or
P
V
P
is de-
termined. If the sign of the sum matches the sign of the
L
V
LL+IM
,
the shear resistance is reduced by the sum; if the sign of the sum is
opposite, the shear resistance is increased by the sum.

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ISO BRG083110M4 Version 15.0.

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