Ministry of Education of Republic of Moldova Technical University of Moldova Radioelectronics and Telecommunications Faculty English Chair

REPORT
Theme: From The istory Of The Phone

Made by student of !ER "#$ group: %erified by :

Bogdan Viorel

urcanu Viorica

Chisinau $""&
The inhabitants of the earth have long communicated at a distance, e.g., shouting from one hilltop or tower to another. A combination of two Greek words, 'tele' (meaning far off) and 'phone' (meaning voice or sound) became the term for 'far-speaking'. istance communication b! means other than voice had earl! associations with music, dating to the earl! "#$$s. %harles &heatstone, co-inventor of the telegraph, applied the term 'telephonic' to describe his invention, an 'enchanted l!re' which transmitted music from one room to another. 'peaking tubes were used on steamships and trains and in office walls and households to carr! on conversations between parties in distant rooms. (ictorian children pla!ed with string telephones (small tin c!linders with paper drumheads attached b! a string).)t was onl! to be a matter of time before the application of electricit! to the concept of the string telephone would be reali*ed. +onetheless, agreement was finall! reached and the trio received ,' -atent +o. "./,/01, issued on 2arch 3, "#.0 for Improvements in Telegraphy, which is now considered to be the most valuable patent ever issued. 4ell considered his invention's greatest advantage over ever! other form of electrical apparatus to be the fact that it could be used b! an!one, as... 5all other telegraphic machines produce signals which re6uire to be translated b! e7perts, and such instruments are therefore e7tremel! limited in their application, but the telephone actuall! speaks, and for this reason it can be utili*ed for nearl! ever! purpose for which speech is emplo!ed5 AG 4ell, "#.#, as cited in 8oung, "99", p.0. 4ell was nearl! beaten to the patent office b! :lisha Gra!, who had independentl! developed a ver! similar invention. Gra! arrived ;ust hours after 4ell at the -atent <ffice, filing a 'caveat' a confidential report of an invention that was not !et perfected. &estern :lectric, cofounded b! Gra!, became one of the 4ell '!stems' ma;or competitors. &estern ,nion was another ma;or competitor, alread! having established itself as a communications provider with the telegraph s!stem. Another famous inventor, Thomas :dison, took advantage of 4ell's failure to secure a patent in 4ritain for the 4ell receiver, and received a patent for a new receiver, the 'electro-motograph', which re6uired continuous cranking, else the conversation would end. =owever, b! "##$, the 4ell transmitter and the :dison receiver were combined and used throughout 4ritain. The first permanent outdoor telephone wire, strung in "#.., covered a distance of three miles. 4ell could be credited with the anticipation of fiber optics - he worked on a 'photophone', which could actuall! transmit sound for a short distance over a beam of light. %ommercial telephone service began in the ,nited 'tates in "#... The workable e7change, developed in "#.#, enabled calls to be switched among an! number of subscribers rather than re6uiring direct lines. :7changes were handled manuall!, first b! bo!s, then b! the now-famous women operators in their bustles. )n "#.9, telephone subscribers began to be designated b! numbers rather than names, as a result of an epidemic of measles. A >owell, 2assachusetts doctor,

concerned about the inabilit! of replacement e7change operators to put calls through because the! would not be familiar with the names associated with all the ;acks on the switchboards, suggested the alpha-numeric s!stem of identif!ing customers b! a two- letter and five-digit s!stem. 4ecause of the largel! monopolistic power of the American 4ell %ompan!, profits were held high, reaching levels of ?" million in revenue while pa!ing out ?0$$,$$$ in dividends in "##@. %ompetition remained a ma;or threat, as the 4ell, &estern ,nion, and &estern :lectric s!stems were incompatible and not connected. As man! as three or more independent telephone companies battled in a given area for customers. -roblems with the telephone occurred when other applications of electricit! flourished, particularl! trolle! cars and street lamps. +atural electricit! also interfered with the s!stem, as lightning wreaked havoc on the lines. >ong-distance service was established and grew in the "##$s using metallic circuits. The common-batter! s!stem, developed b! Hammond V. Hayes in "###, permitted a central batter! to suppl! all telephones on an e7change with power, rather than rel!ing upon each unit's own troublesome batter!. The first automatic dialing s!stem was patented in "#9" b! a Aansas %it! undertaker who believed that crooked operators were sending his business elsewhere, with his main ob;ective being to eliminate the operators. The first coin telephone was installed in =artford, %onnecticut in "9$$. -art! lines were soon developed to lower the cost of the telephone for individual families, especiall! those in rural locations. The impact of the telephone has been described as both positive and negative. <n the negative side, wars are waged more easil!, the scope of human conflict has been e7tended along telephone lines, the multi-generational household has been broken-up as living alone is no longer an e7periment in isolation, and the time-space continuum seems to be compressed faster than previousl! thought possible (4rooks, "9.0). <n the other hand, the invention of the telephone has resulted in the rapid and diffuse dissemination of technical and scientific information, saved lives through links to emergenc! services, made possible the modern cit! through telephonic connections, increased the speed and ease with which information changes place, and accelerated the rate of scientific and technological change and growth in industr! (4rooks, "9.0). )t is curious in contrast to now consider the musings of =erbert %asson ("9"$, p. @99), who ended his book with a 6uestion, 5&ho could have foreseen what the telephone bells have done to ring out the old wa!s and to ring in the newB to ring out dela! and isolation and to ring in the efficienc! and friendliness of a trul! united people5 The future combination of various means of telecommunications, with the personal computer and recent inventions such as the facsimile machine, could never have been foreseen !et the! hold the potential for vast changes in the global environment for societ!, business and industr!, and governments.

Summary:
Ale7ander Graham 4ell ("#/.-"9@@) invented the first practical telephone. 4ell, a phonetics e7pert, conducted research into telecommunications and on 2arch "$, "#.0, made the world's first phone call (using his e7perimental phone) when he held a conversation with his assistant, who was in a separate room. 4ell's telephone was successfull! used in <ctober "#.0 to make the first long distance, two-wa! telephone conversation between 4oston and %ambridge, 2assachusetts, a distance of 3 km. )t was put on displa! at the %entennial :7hibition in -hiladelphia the same !ear and became instantl! famous. :lectrical engineers at the time were unaware that comple7, high-fre6uenc! oscillations could be converted into electronic signals, making telecommunication possible. 4ell's advisor 2oses Carmer ("#3.-"#93), who also discovered two-wa! electronic signal communication s!stem, once claimed that the telephone might never have been invented b! 4ell had he been a full-fledged electric engineer instead. )n "#0$, German scientist -hilip Deiss ("#3/-"#./) created a receiver and a transmitter that could transmit voices with the help of electricit!. =e created the transmitter b! carving a beer cask into the shape of an ear, and used part of a pig's intestine to create an 5eardrum.5 The vibrations of the eardrum were converted into electrical currents. The receiver was made of a electromagnet (sewing needle with a coil wrapped around it)B when electricit! passed through the coil, the electromagnetic currents passed through a violin string, creating sound. This device was named 5telephone5 from the Greek words 5tele5 (distant) and 5phone5 (voice). The device could onl! transmit e7tremel! short words and phrases, and was therefore not practical.

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Bibliography:
American Telephone and Telegraph (ATJT). ("9.9). Events in telecommunications history. +ew 8orkK Author. 4rooks, L. ("9.0). Telephone: the first hundred years. +ew 8orkK =arper J Dow.

%asson, =. ("9"$). The history of the telephone. %hicagoK A. %. 2c%lurg. %ompton's )nteractive :nc!clopedia. ("99/). The Telephone, software version @.$$ (& for % -D<2. +ew 8orkK %omptonMs +ew 2edia. u 2oncel, T. ("9./). The telephone the microphone and the phonograph. +ew 8orkK Arno -ress. Deprinted from the "#.9 edition printed b! =arper, +ew 8ork. Cischer, %. ("99@). !merica calling: a social history of the telephone to "#$%. 4erkele!, %AK ,niversit! of %alifornia -ress. 8oung, -. ("99"). &erson to person: the international impact of the telephone. %ambridgeK Granta :ditions.

'in(s )sed:
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