Unal Turkey Earthquake Power Point Presentation

12th US/ICOMOS INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM March 11 - 15, 2009 in New Orleans, USA
PRESERVATION IN PERIL Disaster Preparedness, Rapid Response, and Sustainable Recovery in the 21st Century
New Approaches and Regulations in Cultural Heritage

and
Disaster Management after the 1999 Marmara Earthquake
Istanbul -Turkey Case
Dr. Z.Gül Ünal
Yildiz Technical University Faculty of Architecture Restoration Department

National Commitee Member of ICOMOS/TURKEY
1994 US/ICOMOS Intern
Member of GEA Search and Rescue Team - Turkey
1
New Approaches and Regulations in Cultural Heritage and Disaster Management after the 1999 Marmara Earthquake Istanbul -Turkey Case Z. GÜL ÜNAL – ICOMOS/TURKEY
Marmara Earthquake - 1999

2
Marmara Earthquake - August 17 1999

17,840 lost their lives and
43,530 were injured
Approximately 77,000 buildings were severely
damaged
The disaster affected directly or indirectly around
16 million people.
10-15 billion USD primary economy loss
3

4
Marmara Earthquake – 1999 photo. mehmet cansoy

5

6

7
Marmara Earthquake - 1999 photo. mehmet cansoy

8
9
Marmara Earthquake – 1999 photo. necmiye cansoy

10
Earthquake damage in Istanbul Historical Peninsula (illustration date unknown)

11
TURKEY and EARTHQUAKE in FIGURES
The frequency of an earthquake with a magnitude

of 5.5 in Richter scale: 0.76
(6th in the world)
Yearly average population living through the disaster :

2,745,757
(8th in the world)
Loss of life in ratio with population (million) : 15,58

(4th in the world)
12
A. Factors Increasing the Destructive Effects

of Marmara Earthquake `99
13
Unplanned and uncontrolled

development of
new settlement areas
14
Higher population density in these

large settlements with uncontrolled
development
15
Failure to apply the earthquake

regulations in constructions in
regions with a high risk of disaster
16
Failure to work on risk reduction on

present buildings, including the
historic buildings in the region,
17
Due to the fact that the works related

to disaster management are not
widely spread, local authorities and
NGOs are not equipped adequately
for disasters
18
Not having a national emergency

action plan and having problems in
distribution of actual roles
19
B. Disaster Management Problems

Faced After the Disaster
Marmara Earthquake
20
During the first few hours, the

communication with
the disaster area is disabled
21
Due to the problems in the main

transportation axes, search and
rescue teams and aids can not arrive
the disaster area fast enough
22
Incoordination of operations of different

search and rescue teams
23
Inefficiency in search and rescue

operations due to lighting
problems during nights
24
Delay in official procedures and

permissions for aid
25
Inadequate logistic supports

at the first phase
26
Completing legal procedures for aid

and rehabilitation in these areas;
coordinating,
organizing and auditing these, and
rehabilitation works after the disaster
27
A reliable inventory of loss of life and

property was not made because the
data of the situation before the
disaster was not efficient
28
LEGAL REGULATIONS REALIZED COUNTRYWIDE
Law of Mandatory Earthquake Insurance – law 587
Date - 1999
Aim - Authority of Natural Disasters Insurances is founded with

the support of the Turkish Government and The World Bank.
The aim is to solve the problem of earthquake insurance in
developing countries with a high risk of disaster, and to reduce
the loss through insurance.
Partner - The World Bank
29
Law of Professional Competency - law 601
Date - 2000
Aim - To audit the professional competency of civil engineers

and architects that work directly on construction through exams
30
Law of Building Inspection - law 4721
Date: 2001
Aim: Regulating the quality building production
31
Establishment of Disaster and

Emergency Management Directorate
Aim: It aims to gather all powers related to risk and crisis
management and reduction of damage during a disaster that
could take place in the country, under one institution.
Accordingly, it is suggested to establish the Disaster and
Emergency Management Directorate which joins three
important institutions on disasters in Turkey, under Prime
Ministry.
Date: The law is being voted in The Turkish Grand National Assembly
(TBMM)
32
PROJECTS REALISED FOR ISTANBUL
ISMEP - Istanbul Seismic Risk Mitigation and

Emergency Preparedness Project
Date: It went in effect in February 2006, and its application has begun.
Aim: To initiate the process of preparation of Istanbul for an earthquake
which is expected to happen within 10-20 years.
The project carries out studies with the major titles:
- Preparation for emergencies,
- Reduction of seismic hazards in public spaces,
- Reinforcement of building foundations.
It is aimed to execute risk reduction in heritage sites and historic
buildings, reinforcement for earthquake, development
of response plan in the context of this project.
Partner : JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency)

33
ISMEP
Istanbul Seismic Risk Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness Project
EMERGENCY INFRA-
INFRA- SUPER HISTORIC LEGISLATION-
LEGISLATION- EDUCATION &
MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE STRUCTURE BUILDINGS RESEARCHES PARTICIPATION
Law for Construction
Communicati Seaport, airport Public Zoning and Urban
on systems buildings Ministry of Culture Public
Development
Road, bridge awareness
Emergency Industrial Gen. Dir. of Bld Reinforcement
Information Natural gas estates Foundations Regulation Decision
System and makers
Electricity
buildings
Metropolitan Ground Rehabilitation
Water Municipality Regulation Civil servants
Development
of capacity of Houses-
Sewage TGNA Natural Disasters Private sector
interventions Offices Insurance Foundation
Private ownership
Other
Construction Zoning
Rights Transfer
• Inventory Law of Building

Inspection
• Priority
• Multi-disaster risk Condominium Law
evaluation
Researches
• Cooperation
(Historians,
• Socio-economical
architects, • Participation
applications abroad, Tendency
international • Environmental
agreements) Impact
• Pilot schemes 34
Earthquake Master Plan for Istanbul
Date: July 2003
Aim: It aims to create a strategic document in order to reduce physical,

social and public vulnerability in case of a probable earthquake in Istanbul.
Under the coordination of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, four major
universities of the country came together and created this plan. It is being
tested in Zeytinburnu, which houses Istanbul’s significant historic buildings.
Partners: Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Yıldız Technical University,

Istanbul Technical University, Middle East Technical University, Boğaziçi
University, JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency)
35
İstanbul Office of Governor,

Directorate of Istanbul Provincial Disaster Management Center
Aim - A unit which has been organised to operate non-stop for 24 hours, in
case of emergency, in order to coordinate teams which perform disaster
prevention legally, and following up and controlling these services.
Date - Founded in January 1st, 2000
36
To establish a new organisation, under

Ministry of Culture and Tourism,
which will serve in
disaster mitigation and management in
Cultural Heritage
37
The inventory of the historic buildings and sites

should be prepared without taking ownership
into consideration
38
All the data related to the historical buildings

should be gathered in an
“Information System for Disaster Mitigation of
Cultural Heritage”
generated in this institution, which is also kept in
an emergency data processing center in another
physical space
and
which can be activated from various physical
spaces in case of a disaster
39
The earthquake performance evaluation studies,

especially in historic buildings should be expedited
and the buildings with intervention priorities should
be determined
40
The condition of the buildings

should be controlled periodically
41
Special security precautions should be taken especially in

historic buildings with functions creating a
high risk of terror attacks and if possible the functions of
these buildings should be changed
42
Special interest groups of specialists

Who can evaluate the condition of the historic
buildings after the disaster, if possible international,
should be formed and these groups should be
coordinated in the case of emergency
43
Maps of traditional construction systems

according to regions in country
should be created in order to help the international
search and rescue teams, who are unfamiliar to the
region’s traditional construction system, during the
disaster response
44
Marmara Earthquake – 1999
“Disaster is virtue’s opportunity”

Seneca
45
Selected Bibliography
Bayer J.L., Varí , “Afet Sigortası Tasarımında Model Temelli Bir Sosyal Paydaş Yaklaşımı”, pp: 117-118, Afet Risk
Yönetimi, Marmara Üniversitesi Kent Sorunları ve Yerel Yönetimler Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi & World Bank
Yayını, Istanbu 2007.
Donaldson, M.W., “The Firs Ten Days: Emergency Response and Protection Strategies for the Preservation of
Historic Structures”, pp: 25-28, Disaster Management Programs for Historic Sites, Editors; Spennemann,H.R. D.,
Look W.D., Digital Edition 2004.
Keleş, R., “Afet Yönetimi Açısından Türkiye’de Merkezi ve Yerel Yönetim”, pp: 18-22, Afet Risk Yönetimi,
Marmara Üniversitesi Kent Sorunları ve Yerel Yönetimler Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi & World Bank Yayını,
Istanbu 2007.
Ekin-Erkan, N., Güner A., Demeret Katerin., “Risk Azaltılmasında Yerel Yönetimlerin Rolü”,pp: 3-5, Afet Risk
Yönetimi, Marmara Üniversitesi Kent Sorunları ve Yerel Yönetimler Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi & World Bank
Yayını, Istanbu 2007.
Yazıcı Çakın o., İlkışık O.M., Aslaner E., İmer P., Tolak E., Yelkenci S., “Dünya Büyükşehirleri’nden Bazıları İle
İstanbul’un Risk ve Afet Yönetim Sistemlerinin Karşılaştırılması – A Comperison of Disaster Risk Management
Systems Between Selected Mega Cities and Istanbul”, pp: 723-724, International Earthquake Symposium Kocaeli
22- 26 October 2007, TURKEY.
www.tepav.org.tr/tur/admin/dosyabul/upload/istanbulsismikriskinazaltilmasiveacildurumhazirlik.ppt
46

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12th US/ICOMOS INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM March 11 - 15, 2009 in New Orleans, USA

New Approaches and Regulations in Cultural Heritage

Dr. Z.Gül Ünal

Yildiz Technical University Faculty of Architecture Restoration Department

Marmara Earthquake - 1999

Marmara Earthquake - August 17 1999

Marmara Earthquake - 1999

Marmara Earthquake – 1999 photo. mehmet cansoy

Marmara Earthquake - 1999

Marmara Earthquake - 1999

Marmara Earthquake - 1999 photo. mehmet cansoy

Marmara Earthquake – 1999 photo. necmiye cansoy

Earthquake damage in Istanbul Historical Peninsula (illustration date unknown)

TURKEY and EARTHQUAKE in FIGURES

The frequency of an earthquake with a magnitude

Yearly average population living through the disaster :

Loss of life in ratio with population (million) : 15,58

A. Factors Increasing the Destructive Effects

Unplanned and uncontrolled

Higher population density in these

Failure to apply the earthquake

Failure to work on risk reduction on

Due to the fact that the works related

Not having a national emergency

B. Disaster Management Problems

During the first few hours, the

Due to the problems in the main

Incoordination of operations of different

Inefficiency in search and rescue

Delay in official procedures and

Inadequate logistic supports

Completing legal procedures for aid

A reliable inventory of loss of life and

LEGAL REGULATIONS REALIZED COUNTRYWIDE

Law of Mandatory Earthquake Insurance – law 587

Aim - Authority of Natural Disasters Insurances is founded with

Partner - The World Bank

LEGAL REGULATIONS REALIZED COUNTRYWIDE

Law of Professional Competency - law 601

Aim - To audit the professional competency of civil engineers

LEGAL REGULATIONS REALIZED COUNTRYWIDE

Law of Building Inspection - law 4721

Aim: Regulating the quality building production

LEGAL REGULATIONS REALIZED COUNTRYWIDE

Establishment of Disaster and

PROJECTS REALISED FOR ISTANBUL

ISMEP - Istanbul Seismic Risk Mitigation and

Partner : JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency)

• Inventory Law of Building

PROJECTS REALISED FOR ISTANBUL

Earthquake Master Plan for Istanbul

Date: July 2003

Aim: It aims to create a strategic document in order to reduce physical,

Partners: Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, Yıldız Technical University,

PROJECTS REALISED FOR ISTANBUL

İstanbul Office of Governor,

Date - Founded in January 1st, 2000

To establish a new organisation, under

The inventory of the historic buildings and sites

All the data related to the historical buildings

The earthquake performance evaluation studies,

The condition of the buildings

Special security precautions should be taken especially in