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NGUYN TH MINH HIN

M PHNG CNG NGH HO HC

Nhm M phng Cng ngh Ha hc v Du kh Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni

LI GII THIU
Trong lnh vc cng ngh h o hc hin nay c rt nhiu phn mm m phng ca cc cng ty phn mm c pht trin v s dng rng ri trong thit k cng ngh, nh: PRO/II, D YNSIM (Simsci); HYSIM, HYSYS, HTFS, STX/ACX, BDK (AspenTech); UNISIM (Honeywell-UOP); PROSIM, TSWEET (Bryan Research & Engineering); Design II (Winsim); IDEAS Simulation; Simulator 42, , trong ph bin nht l PRO/II, DYNSIM (Simsci), HYSYS (AspenTech) v UNISIM (Honeywell-UOP). S pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh h o hc trong th k 21, i hi mi k s cng ngh cn phi hiu v s dng thnh tho t nht mt trong s cc phn mm m phng ph bin trn. Cc phn mm m phng u c c s nhit ng hc rt vng chc v y , kh nng thit k linh hot, cng vi mc chnh xc v tnh thit thc ca cc h nhit ng cho php thc hin cc m hnh tnh ton rt gn vi thc t cng ngh. Cc cng c m phng cng ngh rt mnh phc v cho nghin cu tnh ton thit k cng ngh ca cc k s trn c s hiu bit v cc qu trnh cng ngh h o hc, p ng cc yu cu cng ngh nn tng c bn cho m hnh h o v m phng cc qu trnh cng ngh t khai thc ti ch bin trong cc nh my x l kh v nh my lm lnh su, cho n cc qu trnh cng ngh lc h o du v cng ngh h o hc. mc c bn, vic hiu bit v la chn ng cc cng c m phng v cc cu t cn thit , cho php m hnh ho v m phng cc qu trnh cng ngh mt cch ph hp v tin cy. iu quan trng nht l phi hiu bit su sc qu trnh cng ngh trc khi bt u thc hin m phng, bi v m phng ch cung cp cc cng c phc v cho m phng tnh ton cng ngh, m khng th suy ngh thay cho cc k s . Trong s UNISIM v HYSYS l cc phn mm m phng cng ngh ha hc ang c s dng rng ri trong cc trng i hc cng ngh. Quyn sch ny s gii thiu cho sinh vin ln u tin s dng UNISIM v c t hoc cha c kinh nghim m phng trn my tnh, v cung l gio trnh dnh cho sinh vin nm th ba ca cc trng i hc cng ngh, ng thi quyn sch c th s dng nh mt ch dn cho cc kha hc cao hn trong cng ngh ha

hc, khi UNISIM nh mt cng c m phng gii quyt cc vn cng ngh. Hn na c th s dng quyn sch ny ng thi cho c sinh vin v k s thc hnh, nh mt ti liu hng dn hay mt quyn s tay cho cc kha hc UNISIM. Phn mm UNISIM chy trong mi trng Windows c giao din thn thin vi ngi s dng. UNISIM cung ging nh tt c cc phn mm khc lun lun c s pht trin phin bn mi, tuy nhin phn c bn hu nh khng thay i t phin bn ny n phin bn khc, quyn sch ny hng dn s dng UNISIM DESIGN, c cng ty Honeywell-UOP cung cp c bn quyn ti phng th nghim Cng ngh Lc H o du v Vt liu xc tc trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni. Sau khi ci t ngi s dng ch cn c hiu bit c bn v my tnh l c th s dng c. UNISIM l chng trnh m phng rt phc tp v v th trong mt cun sch khng th cp n tt c cc vn . Quyn sch ny t trng tm vo phn c bn ca UNISIM , nhm gip cho nhng sinh vin ln u tin lm quen vi m phng c th nm bt c v dn dn s dng thnh tho trong tnh ton thit k cng ngh. Trong phm vi quyn sch ny s nghin cu tm hiu cc thit b c m phng trong UNISIM, s dng cc cng c ca UNISIM m phng mt s qu trnh cng ngh ho hc n gin, nghin cu nh hng ca cc thng s cng ngh n cht lng sn phm. Chng 7 s a ra cc ng dng m phng trong vn dng cc kin thc c cung cp trong cc chng trc m phng mt s qu trnh cng ngh ho hc t n gin n phc tp. V vy i hi ngi s dng phi hc nghim tc v thc hnh thnh tho ton b cc chng trc th mi c th lm c cc bi ng dng trong chng ny, v khi s thy ht sc th v v hiu qu. c bit nm 2012 cc sinh vin K52 ngnh Cng ngh Ho Du tham gia cuc thi S dng phn mm UNISIM Design thit k m phng cng ngh do Honeywell t chc hng nm cho sinh vin Chu - Thi Bnh Dng, t gii nht v mt gii nh. C c sinh vin nm cui chuyn ngnh Cng ngh Hu c H o Du, trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni - cc tr ging - tham gia rt nhit tnh, lm vic rt nghim tc v c hiu qu gp phn rt quan trng ti liu ny c th hon thnh. Gio trnh ny c bin son ln u nn khng trnh khi thiu st, rt mong nhn c s gp ca nhng ngi s dng sa cha b sung cho nhng ln ti bn sau c tt hn. Xin chn thnh cm n. Tc gi

MC LC Chng 1.
1.1 1.2 1.3 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

GII THIU V M PHNG ...................................... 3

Mc ch ca m phng .................................................................... 3 Gii thiu cc phn mm m phng cng ngh ha hc ..................... 5 Phn mm m phng UNISIM DESIGN ........................................... 6

Chng 2.

PHNG TRNH TRNG THI ............................... 27

Phng trnh trng thi Cc biu thc ton hc............................. 28 Thc hin m phng ....................................................................... 28 Nhp thm bin trong Workbook ..................................................... 31 S dng Case Studies ...................................................................... 34 Thay i Fluid Package ................................................................... 37 Tm tt v n tp chng 2 ............................................................. 37 Bi tp ............................................................................................ 38

Chng 3.

CC THIT B PH TR ......................................... 39

Bm................................................................................................ 40 My nn.......................................................................................... 45 Tuc bin gin n kh (Expander) ..................................................... 51 Thit b trao i nhit ...................................................................... 55 Thp tch pha ................................................................................. 58 Cyclon ............................................................................................ 64 Ejector ............................................................................................ 68 Tm tt v n tp chng 3 ............................................................. 85 Bi tp nng cao.............................................................................. 86

Chng 4.

CC THIT B PHN NG ...................................... 87

Thit b phn ng chuyn ho ......................................................... 88 Thit b phn ng cn bng ............................................................. 96 Thit b phn ng Gibbs ................................................................ 106 Thit b phn ng khuy lin tc (CSTR) ...................................... 112 Thit b phn ng dng y (PFR)................................................. 127

Chng 5.
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 6.1 6.2

CC CNG C TNH TON .................................. 136

Cng c logic Adjust ..................................................................... 137 Cng c logic Set .......................................................................... 140 Cng c logic Recycle ................................................................... 144 Tnh ton thng s thp chng bng Shortcut Distillation .............. 147 Phn chia dng cc cu t bng Component Splitter ...................... 150 Bng tnh (Spreadsheet) ................................................................ 153 Ti u ho (Optimizer).................................................................. 161 Tm tt v n tp chng 5 ........................................................... 184

Chng 6.

CC M HNH PHN TCH .................................. 186

Thp hp th ................................................................................. 187 Thp chng luyn ......................................................................... 196

Chng 7.
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9

M PHNG MT S QU TRNH CNG NGH HO HC .............................................................. 215

Qu trnh dehydro ho n-Heptan sn xut Toluen .......................... 216 Qu trnh hydroclo ho etylen ....................................................... 218 Qu trnh oxi ho Etylen ............................................................... 221 Qu trnh chng tch hn hp hydrocacbon nh ............................ 223 Qu trnh tng hp Ethylene Glycol (EG) t Ethylene ................... 224 Qu trnh tng hp Maleic Anhydride (MA) t Benzene ............... 225 Qu trnh tng hp Styrene t Ethyl Benzene (EB) ........................ 227 Qu trnh tng hp Amoniac ......................................................... 228 Qu trnh c c dung dch ............................................................ 229

PFD Chng 7 ........................................................................................ 231

GII NGHA MT S CM T TING ANH TRONG M PHNG ................................................................................ 236 TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................. 238

Chng 1. GII THIU V M PHNG


1.1 Mc ch ca m phng
M phng Simulation l phng php m hnh ho da trn vic thit lp m hnh s, v vy cn c gi l Digital S imulation. y l mt cng c rt mnh gii cc biu thc ton hc m t cc qu trnh cng ngh h o hc. m phng mt qu trnh trong thc t i hi trc ht phi thit lp m hnh nguyn l ca qu trnh v mi lin h gia cc thng s lin quan. Tip l s dng cc cng c ton hc m t m hnh nguyn l, la chn cc thut ton cn thit. Cui cng l tin hnh x l cc biu thc vi cc iu kin rng buc. Trong thc t vic tnh ton gp hai kh khn. Th nht l gii h cc phng trnh i s phi tuyn (thng phi s dng phng php tnh lp). Th hai l php tnh tch phn ca cc biu thc vi phn (s dng cc biu thc vi phn hu hn ri rc xp x cc biu thc vi phn lin tc). Cc m hnh ton hc rt hu ch trong tt c cc giai on, t nghin cu trin khai n ci tin pht trin nh my, v ngay c trong nghin cu cc kha cnh thng mi v kinh t ca qu trnh cng ngh. Trong nghin cu cng ngh, da trn cc s liu nghin cu v c ch v ng hc ca phn ng trong phng th nghim hoc cc phn xng pilot, nh gi nh hng ca cc iu kin tin hnh qu trnh nghin cu ti u ho v iu khin qu trnh, bao gm c nghin cu tnh ton m rng quy m sn xut (scale-up). Trong nghin cu thit k, tnh ton kch thc v cc thng s ca thit b v ton b dy chuyn cng ngh, nh gi nh hng ca cc yu t ng hc, nghin cu tng tc nh hng ln nhau ca cc cng on trong cng ngh khi c s tun hon nguyn liu hoc trao i nhit tn dng ti u nhit ca qu trnh. M phng tnh ton iu khin qu trnh, khi ng, dng nh my, x l cc s c v cc tnh hung xy ra trong qu trnh vn hnh nh my. Mt qu trnh cng ngh h o hc trong thc t l mt tp hp gm rt nhiu yu t ht sc phc tp c nh hng ln nhau (cc thng s cng ngh nh nhit , p sut, lu lng dng, thnh phn hn hp phn ng, xc tc, cc qu trnh phn ng song song v ni tip, hiu ng nhit ca phn ng, cn bng pha trong h thng,). phc tp ca qu trnh tng ln, ng ngha vi s lng cc thng s lin quan, cc bin s, cc phng trnh, cc biu thc ton hc, cc iu kin rng buc tng ln. Gii quyt ng thi cc vn trn i hi mt khi lng tnh ton cc k ln, vic tnh ton bng tay i hi rt nhiu thi gian v hu nh l khng th thc hin c mt cch chnh x c v tin cy.

Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca cng ngh phn mm tin hc, s ra i ca cc phn mm m phng, vic nghin cu tnh ton thit k cng ngh bng phng php m phng ang ngy cng pht trin, tr nn ph bin v chim u th. M phng cng ngh bng cc phn mm m phng vi s tr gip ca my vi tnh l gii php hiu qu, ton din v cho kt qu tin cy. Trong ngnh cng ngh h o hc, m phng ng vai tr v cng quan trng trong vic nghin cu thit k cng ngh, phn tch, vn hnh v ti u ho h thng, iu khin cc qu trnh cng ngh gn vi cc qu trnh trong thc t, v c trong cc nghin cu tnh ton ti u h o v mt kinh t ca qu trnh cng ngh. Chng trnh m phng ni chung bao gm cc thnh phn sau:

Th vin c s d liu (cc h nhit ng, cc cu t bao gm cc tnh


cht vt l v ho l ca chng,) v cc thut ton lin quan n vic truy cp v tnh ton cc tnh cht h o l ca cc cu t v hn hp cu t, thit lp cc cu t gi. C th b sung cc cu t, hoc thay i cc h n v trong chng trnh p ng yu cu ca ngi s dng.

Cc cng c m phng cho cc thit b c th c trong h thng cng


ngh ho hc nh: bm, my nn, tucbin gin n kh, thit b tr ao i nhit, thp tch hai pha v ba pha, chng ct, hp th, trn dng, chia dng Phn ny c cha cc m hnh ton v thut ton phc v cho qu trnh tnh ton cc thng s ca thit b v cc thng s cng ngh ca qu trnh cng ngh c m phng.

Cc cng c logic phc v cho vic tnh ton tun hon nguyn liu,
thit lp cc thng s cng ngh, iu chnh cc thng s theo yu cu cng ngh, tnh ton cn bng vt cht v cn bng nng lng, tnh ton cn bng pha,

Cc cng c m phng cc qu trnh iu khin (iu khin nhit ,


iu khin p sut, iu khin lu lng dng, iu khin mc cht lng.. . ) trong qu trnh vn hnh quy trnh cng ngh h o hc.

Chng trnh iu hnh chung ton b hot ng ca cc cng c m


phng v ngn hng d liu.

Chng trnh x l thng tin: lu tr, xut, nhp, in d liu v kt


qu tnh ton c t qu trnh m phng.

H tr vic kt ni gia cc chng trnh m phng khc nhau, kt ni


vi cc module xy dng cc thit b c bit do ngi s dng to ra bng cc ngn ng lp trnh nh Visual Basic, Visual C++,

1.2

Gii thiu cc phn mm m phng cng ngh ha hc

M phng cc qu trnh cng ngh ha hc v cng ngh ch bin du kh, cng ngh tng hp hu c ha du c th c thc hin bng nhiu phn mm m phng khc nhau. Trong ph bin nht l PRO/II, DYNSIM (Simsci-Esscor), ASPEN HYSYS, ASPEN PLUS (AspenTech) v UNISIM DESIGN (Honeywell-UOP). Nm 1966 cng ty phn mm Simulation Science c tr s ti Los Angeles (M) a ra phn mm m phng thp chng luyn u tin, mang tn PROCESS l tin thn ca phn mm PROII sau ny. Ngy nay cng ty pht trin mnh m, Invensys Systems SimSci-Esscor division ( gi tt l SimSci), tr thnh mt trong ba cng ty cung cp phn mm m phng cng ngh mnh nht trn th gii, vi cc phn mm m phng cng ngh rt ph bin l PROII v DYNSYM. Nm 1969 cng ty ChemShare c tr s chnh ti Houston (M) a ra phn mm DESIGN, c tip tc pht trin thnh DESIGN II v WINSIM, ng dng trong lnh vc du kh. S pht trin ca cc ngnh cng nghip lc du v ho du thc y s ra i ca cc gi phn mm m phng cng ngh mi. Trong nhng nm 1970-80 c coi l thi k hong kim ca my tnh, ngn ng lp trnh FORTRAN tr thnh ph bin, nhiu phn mm m phng cng ngh ra i trong giai on ny. Nm 1976 V Nng lng ca M (US Dept. of Energy) v trng i hc MIT danh ting cng tham gia D n H thng nng cp cc qu trnh cng ngh (Advanced System for Process Engineering (ASPEN) Project), sau ny c i tn thnh ASPEN PLUS (ASPEN Tech). Cung trong nm 1976 cng ty Hyprotech c thnh lp , c tr s chnh ti Calgary, Canada, l cng ty con ca tp on AEA Technology . Hyprotech l cng ty chuyn pht trin v cung cp cc phn mm m phng v ti u ha ng dng trong cc ngnh cng nghip ho cht, dc phm v du kh. Hyprotech cung cp cc sn phm ca mnh cho 14 trong s 15 cng ty du kh ln nht th gii, 13 trong s 14 cng ty ha cht hng u, 8 trong s 10 cng ty dc phm hng u, tt c cc cng ty x l khng kh hng u th gii. Trong nm ti chnh 2002, Hyprotech c doanh thu khong $ 68.500.000. Nm 1981, cng ty AspenPlus c thnh lp trn c s d n ASPEN, c tr s ti Cambridge, Massachusetts (M) l mt cng ty chuyn cung cp phn mm v cc dch v lin quan nh t vn, bo tr v o to. Thng 10 nm 2002, AspenPlus hon thnh giao dch mua li cng ty Hyprotech t AEA, v

t i tn thnh AspenTech. AspenTech pht trin mt lot cc sn phm phn mm, bao gm c phn mm m phng cng ngh cung cp bn quyn cho 46 trong tng s 50 cng ty ha cht ln nht th gii, 23 trong s 25 cng ty du kh ln nht, 18 trong s 20 cng ty dc phm ln nht th gii. Trong nm ti chnh 2003, cng ty AspenTech c tng doanh thu $ 323.000.000. Nm 1982 nh du s ra i ca my tnh c nhn ( PC). Cung trong nm ny cng ty ChemStations pht trin phn mm ChemCAD, c ng dng rng ri trong lnh vc ho hc. Thng 12 nm 2004, cng ty Honeywell hon thnh giao dch mua li sn phm Hysys bn quyn t cng ty AspenTech bao gm c m ngun v c s d liu, v pht trin phn mm ca mnh vi tn gi l UniSim Design. Phin bn u tin l UniSim Design R350 c cng b vo thng 5 nm 2005. n nm 2006, Honeywell nng cp v cho ra i phin bn UniSim Design R360, c mt s ci tin lin quan n cc qu trnh vn chuyn v x l vt liu dng rn. Nhng phin bn u tin ny c h tr c cc case m phng bng Hysys. ng thi c th ghi li cc case m phng theo nh dng ca Hysys 2004.2 tr v trc. iu cho php c th thc hin chuyn i gia hai phn mm Hysys v Unisim Design. Cc tnh nng vn chuyn v x l vt liu dng rn tip tc c nng cp trong phin bn UniSim Design R370 ra i thng 3 nm 2007. Honeywell tip tc u t vo phn mm m phng cng ngh UniSim, s dng c hai i ngu nhn vin pht trin c kinh nghim t AspenTech v ca Honeywell c hiu bit su sc cc qu trnh cng ngh. n cui nm 2012 phin bn UniSim Design R410 c nng cp thm nhiu tnh nng h tr cho m phng cng ngh. Vi phin bn ny c th lu li case m phng theo nh dng ca Unisim hoc Hysys, thun tin cho ngi s dng c th lm vic tip tc bng phn mm Unisim hoc Hysys

1.3

Phn mm m phng UNISIM DESIGN

UNISIM DESIGN l sn phm ca cng ty Honeywell-UOP. UNISIM l phn mm chuyn dng tnh ton m phng cng ngh ch bin du kh v cng ngh ho hc. UNISIM l phn mm c kh nng tnh ton a dng, cho kt qu c chnh xc cao, ng thi cung cp nhiu thut ton s dng, tr gip trong qu trnh tnh ton cng ngh, kho st cc thng s trong qu trnh thit k v iu khin cc nh my ch bin du kh v tng hp h o du. Ngoi th vin c sn, UNISIM cho php ngi s dng to cc th vin ring hoc cho php lin kt vi cc chng trnh tnh ton hoc cc phn mm khc nh Microsoft Visual Basic, Microsoft Excel, Visio, C ++, Java Kh nng

ni bt ca UNISIM l t ng tnh ton cc thng s cn li nu thit lp thng tin do s trnh c sai st v c th thay i cc iu kin cung nh s dng cc d liu u vo khc nhau. UNISIM c thit k s dng cho hai trng thi m phng l m phng ng v m phng tnh. M phng tnh (Steady Mode) c s dng nghin cu thit k cng ngh cho mt qu trnh, ti u ho cc iu kin cng ngh. Vi mi mt b s liu ban u, mi iu kin cng ngh xc nh khi qu trnh tnh ton hi t, kt qu thu c tng ng vi cc iu kin , khng thay i theo thi gian. Khi thay i cc iu kin ban u hay cc ch cng ngh khc nhau th s thu c cc kt qu khc nhau tng ng. T c th xc nh c cc yu t nh hng ln qu trnh v mc nh hng ca tng yu t. Bng vic so snh cc kt qu s la chn v thit lp c iu kin ti u cho mt qu trnh no . M phng tnh c s dng nghin cu thit k mt qu trnh cng ngh mi hoc tnh ton ci tin, pht trin m rng quy m mt qu trnh cng ngh sn c, a ra cc phng n khc nhau so snh nh gi nhm tm ra gii php ti u. M phng ng (Dynamic Mode) dng m phng thit b hay qu trnh trng thi ang vn hnh lin tc c cc thng s thay i theo thi gian, kho st s thay i cc p ng ca h thng theo s thay i ca mt vi thng s cng ngh. Trng thi m phng ng cho thy s nh hng ca cc thng s cng ngh theo thi gian v c th thit lp cung nh khc phc cc s c c th xy ra khi vn hnh cng ngh trn thc t, tm ra cc nguyn nhn v bin php gii quyt cc s c . iu ny c ngha c bit quan trng trong o to cc k s vn hnh, hiu bit tng tn v cng ngh, thnh tho v c kinh nghim trc khi tham gia vn hnh nh my thc t, trong iu kin hin nay cc nh my h o cht v du kh vi k thut hin i, vn hnh ch t ng h o rt cao. S dng UNISIM gip gim chi ph cho qu trnh cng ngh do c th ti u cc thit b trong dy chuyn m vn m bo c yu cu v cht lng sn phm. UNISIM cho php tnh ton vn tn dng nhit, ti u c vn nng lng trong qu trnh sn xut, tun hon nguyn liu nhm tng hiu sut ca qu trnh. UNISIM c mt th vin m cc thit b, cc cu t v cung cp phng tin lin kt vi cc c s d liu khc , cho php m rng phm vi chng trnh v rt gn vi thc t cng ngh. UNISIM c mt s lng ln cc cng c m phng, h tr hiu qu trong nghin cu m phng, vi giao din thn thin v d s dng, c bit vi nhng ngi bt u lm quen vi chng trnh m phng.

Trnh t thc hin m phng theo cc bc sau y: 1. Xy dng c s m phng: Nhp cc cu t trong thnh phn nguyn liu . La chn h nhit ng ph hp . Khi to cc phn ng. 2. Xy dng lu trnh PFD : Khai bo cc t hng s v thnh phn ca dng nguyn liu. Xy dng s cng ngh vi cc thit b cn thit . Cung cp y cc thng s cng ngh cn thit cho thit b. 3. Chy chng trnh m phng : c kt qu . Nghin cu, nh gi nh hng ca cc thng s cng ngh. 1. Bt u vi UNISIM Khi ng UNISIM bng cch bm vo biu tng ca UNISIM, trn mn hnh my tnh s xut hin giao din nh trong hnh 1.1. Trc khi thc hin m phng, UNISIM cn phi bin i giao din ban u ny. Ti y s thc hin la chn cc cu t cn thit v h nhit ng ph hp cho m phng.

Hnh 1.1. Giao din m u xut hin khi khi ng UNISIM

2. Qun l c s m phng UNISIM s dng khi nim h nhit ng (Fluid Package) bao gm tt c cc thng tin cn thit tnh ton cc tnh cht vt l v cn bng pha ca hn hp nhiu cu t . Cch tip cn ny cho php xc nh tt c cc thng tin ( cc tnh cht nhit ng, cc cu t, cc cu t gi nh, cc h s tng tc bc hai, cc phn ng h o hc, cc s liu dng bng,) bn trong mt gi. C bn u im chnh ca cch tip cn ny: Tt c thng tin kt ni c xc nh ti mt ni cho php to ra hay sa i cc thng tin mt cch d dng. H nhit ng c th c lu li sau khi xc nh v c th s dng cho cc m phng khc khi cn n. Danh sch cc cu t trong hn hp c lu tr ring bn ngoi h nhit ng nn c th s dng c cho cc bi ton m phng khc khi cn n. C th s dng nhiu h nhit ng trong cng mt chng trnh m phng. Tuy nhin cc h nhit ng ny cng c xc nh trong Basis Manager. Simulation Basis Manager l giao din thuc tnh cho php thit lp v iu khin nhiu h nhit ng hoc danh sch cc cu t trong hn hp s dng trong m phng. 3. Bt u m phng S dng mt trong ba cch sau bt u mt bi m phng mi: chn File/new/case, hoc s dng phm tt Ctrl+N, hoc bm vo biu tng new case trn thanh cng c. Khi giao din Simulation Basis Manager s xut hin (hnh 1.2). Trong giao din ny c cc tab. Thng s dng cc tab sau: Components tab s dng khi nhp cc cu t Fluid Pkgs tab s dng khi chn H Nhit ng ( Fluid Package) Hypotheticals s dng khi thit lp cc cu t gi nh Oil Manager s dng khi thit lp cc cu t cho du th Reactions tab s dng khi thit lp cc phn ng ho hc

Menu chnh

Thanh cng c

Cc tab
Hnh 1.2. Giao din Simulation Basis Manager

4. Nhp cc cu t Bc u tin khi to c s m phng l nhp cc cu t (n cht v hp cht) s c mt trong chng trnh m phng. Trnh t tin hnh nh sau: 1. nhp cc cu t cho m phng bm vo phm Add trong giao din Simulation Basis Manager (hnh 1.2). 2. Sau khi bm phm Add s xut hin danh sch tt c cc cu t c trong th vin ca UNISIM (hnh 1.3). 3. Chn cc cu t cn thit cho chng trnh m phng t danh sch. C th tm cc cu t trong danh sch bng mt trong ba cch sau y: chn Sim Name, hoc chn Full Name, hoc chn Formula.

10

Hnh 1.3. Giao din Component List

4. Nhp tn hoc cng thc cn tm vo Match pha trn. V d khi chn Sim Name v nhp tn water vo Match, s nhn thy dng tng ng vi water c nh du. Nu khng tm thy, c th th s dng tn khc hoc th tm bng cc Full Name hoc Formula. 5. Khi chn c cng thc thch hp, nhp p vo cht va chn hoc bm vo phm Add Pure nhp cht vo danh sch cc cu t chn Selected Components . 6. pha di giao din ny c Name, c th t tn cho danh sch cc cu t va chn. 7. Khi hon thnh cc bc trn, ng ca s ny li, s tr li giao din Simulation Basis Manager. Sau khi nhp cc cu t cn thit vo danh sch, lu vo mt th mc xc nh trc khi tip tc qu trnh m phng. Chn File/Save as v chn th mc thch hp, khng lu vo th mc mc nh xut hin. 5. La chn H nhit ng (Fluids Package) Sau khi nhp cc cu t cho m phng, tip theo l la chn H Nhit ng (Fluid Package) cho m phng. Fluid Package c s dng tnh ton dng v cc tnh cht nhit ng ca cc cu t v hn hp trong qu trnh m phng (v d nh enthalpy, entropy, t trng, cn bng lng - hi, ). V th

11

vic la chn h nhit ng ph hp c ngha rt quan trng , l c s tnh ton m phng cho kt qu ng. 1. Ti giao din Simulation Basis Manager (hnh 1.2), chn Fluid Pkgs tab, s hin th ca s nh trn hnh 1.4.

Hnh 1.4. Giao din Fluid Package

2. Bm vo phm Add s hin th ca s nh trong hnh 1.5 chn mt fluid pkgs ph hp. Trong bng Property Package Selection bao gm cc h nhit ng c trong UNISIM. Bn cnh bng ny l cc phm chn cc loi h nhit ng c chia thnh 6 nhm: Cc phng trnh trng thi (EOSs), cc m hnh tnh ton khc nhau. Tu thuc vo thnh phn, tnh cht ca hn hp v cc thng s cng ngh m la chn h nhit ng ph hp. 3. T danh sch Fluid Package chn h nhit ng ph hp. Danh sch cc Fluid Package c th c rt gn bng cch c chn lc nh cc b lc pha bn phi danh sch (v d nh EOS, activity model , ...). 4. Khi chn c h nhit ng ph hp , nhp n chut vo (khng cn nh p p). V d trong hnh 1.5, la chn phng trnh trng thi Peng-Robinson.

12

5. C th t tn cho fluid package vo ca s nh Name pha di giao din. V d trong hnh 1.5 tn ca fluid package l Basis-1. 6. Sau khi kt thc bm vo du X mu gc trn bn phi ng giao din ny li.

Hnh 1.5. Giao din Fluid Package

6. Cc m hnh nhit ng Trong UNISIM c cc loi m hnh nhit ng khc nhau: EOS: bao gm cc phng trnh trng thi p dng ch yu cho h hydrocacbon, khng phn cc hoc phn cc yu. Trong tnh ton thit k cng ngh ch bin du, kh v ho du phng trnh trng thi Peng Robinson ni chung c ng dng ph bin, cho php nhn c kt qu chnh xc ng tin cy trong mt khong rng cc thng s cng ngh. bit chi tit hn c th c thm trong ti liu hng dn s dng UNISIM (UNISIM Simulation Basic Manual). Activity Models: bao gm cc m hnh Chien Null, Extended NRTL, General NRTL, Margules, Chao Seader, Grayson Streed p dng vi cc h cht lng khng l tng.

13

Chao Seader v Grayson Streed Models l cc phng php bn thc nghim. M hnh Grayson Streed l m rng ca M hnh Chao Seader khi c mt hydrogen. Nhng s liu tnh ton cn bng t cc biu thc ca cc phng php ny c s d ng trong Aspen HYSYS. Phng php Lee-Kesler c s dng tnh ton entanpy v entropy ca pha lng v pha hi. Vapour Pressure Models: bao gm cc m hnh Antoine, Braun K10, Esso Tabular, s dng cho cc hn hp kh l tng p sut thp nh hn hp cc hydrocacbon nh, hn hp keton v ru trong pha lng gn l tng. Miscellaneous Types : bao gm cc m hnh c bit, khc vi cc m hnh nu trn, v d nh Amine Pkg c ng dng trong tnh ton m phng cc nh my lm ngt kh bng amin, ASME Steam c ng dng trong tnh ton hi nc. Cc h nhit ng c trong UNISIM cho php d on c tnh cht ca cc hn hp t h cc hydrocacbon nh ti hn hp ca cc loi du phc tp, v h cc hp cht c hoc khng in ly. UNISIM cung cp cc phng trnh trng thi (PR hay PRSV) cho cc qu trnh x l hn hp hydrocacbon, cc m hnh bn thc nghim v p sut hi ca cc h hydrocacbon nng, cc hiu chnh hi nc cho cc d on chnh xc v tnh cht ca hi nc, v cc m hnh h s hot ca cc h ha hc. Tt c cc phng trnh u c gii hn phm vi ng dng, v vy cn xem xt phm vi ng dng ph hp ca mi phng trnh vi cc h gn ging nhau. La chn m hnh nhit ng ph hp rt quan trng, quyt nh n kt qu tnh ton ca ton b qu trnh. y l mt th tc u tin bt u thc hin m phng. Tu thuc vo thnh phn v tnh cht hn hp cu t, iu kin cng ngh (nhit , p sut,) c th p dng nhng m hnh nhit ng khc nhau nhn c kt qu tnh ton ph hp vi thc t cng ngh. Nm 1999, hai tc gi Elliott v Lira xut s hnh cy nh m t trn hnh 1.6 di y (BIP Binary Interaction Parameters ) la chn h nhit ng cn thit.

14

Phn loi cc cu t c trong h: kh, cht khng phn cc, ngng t, solvat ha, in ly

Kh hoc cht khng phn cc? Sai Cht in ly? Sai

ng

Th chn PR, SRK, API

ng

Th chn NRTL, Pitzer, hoc Bromley


ng Th NRTL, UNIQUAC, FH, Winson, Van Laar Th UNIFAC, nu c th, gi nh BIP ca cc cu t thiu Th chn SAFT, ESD

Kh (NH3, CO2)? hoc P > 10 bars?

Sai

Bit BIP?
Sai

ng
ng Polimers? Sai ng P > 10 bars?

Th Henrys Law

Sai Th ESD, SAFT, MHW2, Wong-Sandler

Hnh 1.6. S la chn m hnh nhit ng

15

Bng 1. 1 a ra danh sch mt vi h tiu biu v nhng phng php tnh ton s dng h nhit ng ph hp c th p dng. Bng 1.1. Danh sch mt s h tiu biu v H nhit ng ph hp H tiu biu Sy kh bng TEG Nc chua X l kh nhit thp Tch khng kh Thp chng ct du th p sut kh quyn Thp chng ct chn khng Thp Ethylene H H2 p sut cao Cc thng cha c ch to hydrat Cc h ho hc Alkyl ho xc tc HF Sy bng TEG c mt cc hp cht thm Cc h hydrocacbon trong tan ca nc trong cc hydrocacbon l quan trng Cc h c mt vi kh v cc hydrocacbon nh PR PR, Sour PR PR, PRSV PR, PRSV PR, PR Options, GS PR, PR Options, GS (<10 mmHg), Braun K10, Esso K Lee Kesler Plocker PR, ZJ hoc GS Steam Package, CS hoc GS PR Activity Models, PRSV PRSV, NRTL PR Kabadi Danner H nhit ng ph hp c ngh s dng

MBWR

PR = Peng-Robinson; PRSV = Peng-Robinson Stryjek-Vera;; GS = Grayson Streed; ZJ = Zudkevitch Joffee; CS = Chao Seader; NRTL = Non Random Two Liquid; MBWR = Modified Benedict Webb Rubin

16

7. Vo mi trng m phng Sau khi hon thnh cc bc chun b cn thit bt u chng trnh m phng trong giao din Simulation Basis Manager nh trong cc mc 1.3, 1.4 v 1.5 trn, bm vo phm Enter Simulation Environment bn phi pha di giao din hoc bm vo biu tng mi trng m phng nh m t trn hnh 1.7. trn thanh cng c vo

Hnh 1.7. Enter Simulation Environment

a. Thao tc trong lu trnh m phng Khi vo mi trng m phng , s thy giao din nh hnh 1.8 di y. Trc khi bt u qu trnh xy dng lu trnh m phng cn ch vi c im ca ca s m phng : UNISIM khc vi phn ln cc gi m phng khc, s thc hin tnh ton lu trnh (flowsheet ) sau mi bc nhp hay thay i thng s ca lu trnh (flowsheet ). c im ny c th dng khi bm vo biu tng Solver Holding (phm en ) trn thanh cng c pha trn mn hnh. Khi UNISIM s khng tnh ton v s khng a ra kt qu. tip tc qu trnh tnh ton, phi bm vo biu tng Solver Active (phm en xanh ), chng trnh m phng bt u hot ng tr li. Khng ging vi mt s qu trnh m phng khc , UNISIM c kh nng tnh ton xui dng v ngc dng. V vy cn c bit ch khai bo

17

cc tham s cho lu trnh ( flowsheet ) phi m bo rng cc thng tin cung cp cho UNISIM khng mu thun vi nhau. Nu khng s b li v UNISIM s khng th tnh ton c.

Hnh 1.8. Giao din Simulation Environment

b. Tr li giao din c s m phng Khi phi thay i c s m phng, cn phi quay li giao din Simulation Basis Manager. Thao tc n gin bm vo biu tng c pha trn mn hnh . trn thanh cng

c. Nh tay ng lu trnh PFD i khi nh tay bm nhm vo biu tng X mu gc trn bn phi giao din. tr li lu trnh ch cn bm vo Tools trn thanh menu chnh, chn PDFs trong danh sch th xung, chn Case, sau bm vo phm View , hoc bm vo phm PFD trn thanh cng c.

d. Bng cc cng c m phng Trong hnh 1.9 c th nhn thy bng c cha cc cng c phc v cho vic xy dng lu trnh m phng PFD, gi l Object Palette, nm dc pha bn phi mn hnh. Nu v l do no khng nhn thy Object Palette, th c th a ra mn hnh bng cch bm vo Flowsheet trn thanh menu chnh, trong danh sch th xung chn Palette, hoc c th bm phm nng F4. T cc cng c trong bng ny c th nhp dng hoc cc cng c m phng khc cho lu trnh PFD.

18

Hnh 1.9. Giao din PFD vi Object Palette

8. Khi to dng vt cht Cc dng vt cht trong PFD c m phng bng Material Stream. Mt dng vt cht c khi to trong lu trnh bng mt trong ba cch sau: Bm vo biu tng mui tn mu xanh trong Object Palette. Chn Flowsheet trn menu chnh v chn Add Stream trong danh sch. Bm vo phm nng F11.

Hnh 1.10. Khi to dng vt cht trong PFD

19

Khi s dng mt trong cc phng php trn, c th khi to dng vt cht (mui tn mu xanh) vo lu trnh m phng nh m t trn hnh 1.10. UNISIM mc nh tn ca dng theo s th t tng dn (v d, dng u tin s t ng c t tn l 1). Tn ca dng c th thay i bt c khi no cn. a. Khai bo cc tham s ca dng khai bo cc tham s cho dng vt cht , nh p p chut vo dng (mui tn mu xanh nht) hin ra ca s nh hnh 1.11. Trong ca s ny ngi s dng s khai bo cc tham s cho dng. Nu l dng nguyn liu th cn c bn tham s. Trong mi trng UNISIM dng nguyn liu lun c bn bc t do. iu c ngha l phi cung cp y bn thng tin yu cu UNISIM c th thc hin tnh ton. Bn tham s cn khai bo cho dng nguyn liu l: Lu lng dng ( flowrate) Thnh phn dng (composition) v hai trong s cc tham s sau: nhit (temperature), p sut (pressure) hay phn mol pha hi (vapor/phase fraction) Trong hnh 1.11 c mt dng cnh bo li mu vng pha bn di ca s, cho bit thng tin cn phi thc hin. V d theo dng cnh bo trong trng hp ny, cn cung cp lu lng ca dng nguyn liu (flow rate). C hai chn la khc nhau hoc l lu lng dng mol (molar flow) hoc lu lng dng khi lng (mass flow) trong cng mt ca s. Trong trng hp ny nhp gi tr molar flow bng 100 kmol/h, nh trong hnh 1.12.

Hnh 2.11. Ca s khai bo cc tham s ca dng

Hnh 1.11. Ca s khai bo cc tham s ca dng

20

Hnh 1.12. Nhp gi tr lu lng dng trong ca s Conditions

Tip theo nhp thnh phn dng, chn Composition s hin th ca s c danh sch cc cu t nh trn hnh 1.13, ti y s khai bo thnh phn cc cu t trong dng nguyn liu . Lu rng ch c cc cu t c chn vo danh sch cu t (Components List) trong Simulation Basis Manager th mi hin th trong danh sch ny.

Hnh 1.13. Nhp gi tr thnh phn dng trong ca s Composition

21

C th xc nh composition theo nhiu cch khc nhau nh trong hnh 1.13. Hoc c th bm vo phm Basis... hin th bng chn vi cc dng biu din thnh phn dng khc nhau (hnh 1.14), sau nhp thnh phn cu t. UNISIM mc nh l mole fractions. T uy nhin c th thay i bng mass fractions , liquid volume fractions, hoc mole flow, mass flow cho tng cu t. Nu s dng fractions, tng tt c cc fractions c nhp vo dng phi bng 1. Nhp thnh phn ca dng 1 nh trong hnh 1.13 ch r phn mol ca H 2O bng 1, ngha l dng 1 ch c nc .

Hnh 1.14. La chn cc dng biu din thnh phn dng

Sau khi nhp lu lng v thnh phn dng, xut hin tin nhn cnh bo th hai (trong bng mu vng pha di ca s) cho thy rng cn nhp nhit cho dng. khai bo nhit cho dng bm vo Conditions ca s trong hnh 1.15. Nhp gi tr nhit ca dng ti ca s ny. Khi nhp gi tr cc tham s ca dng khng cn thit phi i sang n v mc nh. Khi nhp gi tr vo mt s xut hin hp danh sch th xung c tt c cc n v tng ng ngay bn cnh , c th la chn n v ph hp, sau UNISIM s t ng chuyn i n v. V d nhp s 25 vo ng vi nhit 25 oC (bng 77oF) nh trn hnh 1.16 Dng cnh bo (trn bng mu vng pha di ca s) trn hnh 1.16 ch ra rng cn phi nhp gi tr p sut ca dng. Cung trong ca s ny, nhp gi tr p sut cho dng 1 l 1 bar nh trong hnh 1.17.

22

Hnh 1.15. Cn nhp gi tr nhit dng

Hnh 1.16. Nhp gi tr nhit dng trong ca s Conditions

23

Hnh 1.17. Nhp gi tr p sut dng trong ca s Conditions

Sau khi hon thnh vic khai bo y tt c cc thng tin, UNISIM s t ng tnh ton cc tnh cht cn li ca dng v t cc thng tin cung cp bt u xy dng lu trnh m phng ( Flowsheet ). Khi dng nguyn liu c cung cp y thng tin th s xut hin mt thng bo mu xanh pha di ca s bo hiu l mi th hon tt OK (nh trn hnh 1.17). Nu khng th trong ca s s xut hin mt cnh bo mu vng, thng tin cung cp b li. c kt qu v tr li cu hi sau: Phn mol hi (vapor/phase fraction) ca dng bng bao nhiu? Nhng gi tr mu xanh l do ngi s dng nhp vo v v th c th thay i c, cn nhng gi tr mu en l do UNISIM tnh ton nn khng th thay i c. Nh trong hnh 1. 14 cc gi tr nhit , p sut, lu lng dng l do ngi s dng nhp vo nn c th thay i c, cn cc gi tr cn li l do UNISIM tnh ton. Nhn vo mu sc ca cc dng vt cht cung c th bit c dng y thng tin hay cha. Mu xanh m = Dng c cung cp y thng tin. Mu xanh nht = Thng tin cha y .

24

V th nu mui tn c mu xanh m c ngha l tt c cc tnh cht c tnh ton. Bt c khi no vic xc nh v tnh ton cc tnh cht ca dng c th xem v thay i bng cch n gin l nhp p vo dng. b. Lu vo th mc xc nh Lun nh lu case vo th mc xc nh. 9. Tm tt v n tp chng 1 Trong phn u tin ca chng gii thiu cch bt u UNISIM nh th no, lm quen c vi mi trng m phng v trnh by cch nhp thnh phn cc cu t trong m phng nh th no. Vic chn la chnh xc fluid/themodynamic package l rt quan trng v vy trong chng ny cung a ra mt s gi gip ngi s dng chn ng c h nhit ng ph hp . Phn tip theo ca chng ny ch cch lm th no vo v tr li mi trng m phng, lm quen vi simulation flowsheet, hn na trong phn ny ngi s dng c th rt ra c mt s im quan trng ca UNISIM. Trong phn cui ca chng ny cp n cc cch nhp v khai bo dng nguyn liu trong m phng. Cch khai bo cc tham s l mt bc rt quan trng trong m phng, cn hiu v thc hin ng trong t ng trng hp c th. Khi ngi s dng mun khai bo dng nguyn liu , cn xc nh y bn tham s th UNISIM c th tnh ton c cc tnh cht cn li . 10. Bi tp 1. Thit lp mt dng vt liu ch c H2O vi cc iu kin sau: Fluid Package Flowrate Pressure : Peng-Robinson : 100 kgmole/h : 1 atm

Vapor/phase fraction : 1.0 Nhit ca dng bng bao nhiu? 2. Lm li bi ton trn, thay p sut bng nhit l: 150C p sut ca dng bng bao nhiu? 3. Vi cng bi ton 2 nhng gim nhit xung 70C p sut ca dng by gi bng bao nhiu? 4. To mt dng mi ch c H 2O vi cc iu kin sau:

25

Fluid Package : Peng-Robinson Flowrate Pressure : 100 kgmole/h : 2 atm

Vapor/phase fraction: 1.0 Nhit ca dng ny bng bao nhiu? 5. Vi cng iu kin trn nhng tng p sut ti 5 atm Nhit ca dng lc ny bng bao nhiu? 6. Vi cng iu kin nh bi 4, gim p sut ti 0,5 atm Nhit ca dng mi bng bao nhiu? 7. C th rt ra c kt lun g t cc bi ton trn (t bi 2.1 bi 2.6).

26

Chng 2. PHNG TRNH TRNG THI

Ni dung Khi tnh ton cc phng trnh trng thi cho php xc nh c th tch ca hn hp kh ti iu kin nhit v p sut xc nh. Nu khng s dng cc phng trnh trng thi th hu nh khng th thit k c cc nh my ho cht. Bi v t vic xc nh th tch ny c th tnh ton c kch thc v hn na l gi thnh ca cc nh my . UNISIM c cc phng trnh trng thi nh Peng -Robinson (PR) v Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK). Trong , phng trnh Peng-Robinson c s dng trong khong bin i rng nht ca cc thng s cng ngh v vi cc h a dng nht . T cc phng trnh Peng-Robinson (PR) v Soave-RedlichKwong (SRK) trc tip tnh ton ra tt c cc tnh cht cn bng v cc tnh cht nhit ng ca h. Cc phng trnh PR v SRK c cha cc h s tng tc bc hai cho tt c cc cp hydrocacbon-hydrocacbon (tp hp cc tham s tng tc to lin kt v khng to lin kt) v hu ht cc cp bc hai hydrocacbon phi hydrocacbon. Trong chng ny s hng dn ngi s dng khai bo th tch ca hn hp kh ti iu kin nhit v p sut xc nh. ng thi s ch dn cch phn tch tnh cht ca cc cu t khi s dng Case Study Utility. Mc tiu Sau khi hc xong ngi s dng c th : Xc nh c th tch ca cc cu t ring bit hay hn hp cu t So snh kt qu vi cc phng trnh trng thi khc nhau Xem li kt qu bng Workbook Phn tch cc tnh cht bng case studies Yu cu Trc khi hc chng ny ngi s dng cn phi bit : Cch vo UNISIM Chn cu t Xc nh v chn fluid package Nhp v xc nh dng nguyn liu ( material stream)

27

2.1

Phng trnh trng thi Cc biu thc ton hc

Phng trnh trng thi th hin mi tng quan gia p sut nhit v th tch c th hin qua phng trnh cn bng :

V n Trong p l p sut tuyt i, V l th tch, n l s mol, R l hng s kh l tng, T l nhit tuyt i. n v ca R c la chn sao cho ph hp vi cc n v ca cc bin khc. Phng trnh ny ph hp khi p sut thp (v d 1 atm). Tuy nhin nhiu qu trnh h o hc li thc hin ti mt p sut rt cao. Trong iu kin th phng trnh ny khng ph hp tnh ton.
pV = nRT hoc pv = RT vi V th c nhiu phng trnh tr ng thi khc c pht trin nhm m t c cc qu trnh ho hc thc hin p sut cao. S m rng u tin nh lut kh l tng l phng trnh trng thi van der Waals:

RT a b

S m rng ny l bc ngot u tin, tuy nhin phng trnh ny cha th p ng c trong iu kin p sut rt cao. Phng trnh trng thi Redlich-Kwong (RK) l s bin i phng trnh trng thi van der Waals v sau tip tc c bin i bi Soave c mang tn l phng trnh trng thi Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK), c s dng rng ri trong cc qu trnh m phng. Mt dng khc ca phng trnh trng thi RK l phng trnh trng thi Peng-Robinson (PR) cung c s dng rt ph bin. Bng 2.1 di y a ra so snh cc cng thc s dng trong UNISIM ca cc phng trnh trng thi PR v SRK.

2.2

Thc hin m phng

Bi ton: Tm th tch ca n-butan ti 500 K v 18 atm, s dng cc phng trnh trng thi Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) v Peng-Robinson (PR). Trnh t thc hin nh sau: 1. Khi ng UNISIM 2. M new case s dng mt trong ba cch sau: Chn t thanh menu chnh File New Case Hoc s dng phm tt Crtl-N Hoc bm vo biu tng New trn thanh cng c

28

Bng 2. 1. So snh phng trnh trng thi SRK v PR Soave-Redlich-Kwong


P RT a b ( b)

Peng - Robinson RT a P b ( b) b( b)

Z 3 Z 2 ( A B B 2 ) Z AB 0 Z 3 (1 B) Z 2 ( A 2 B 3B 2 ) Z ( AB B 2 B 3 0

Trong : b= bi=
N N

xi bi
i 1

xi bi
i 1

0.08664

RTci Pci
N N

0.077796

RTci Pci

0.5 a = xi x j (ai a j ) (1 kij ) i 1 j 1

xi x j (ai a j ) 0.5 (1 kij )


i 1 j 1

ai = aci =

acii

acii
2

0.42748

( RTci ) Pci

0.457235

( RTci ) 2 Pci

i0.5

0.5 1 mi (1 Tri )

0.5 1 mi (1 Tri )

2 mi = 0.48 1.574i 0.176i

0.37646 1.54226i 0.26992i2


aP ( RT ) 2
bP RT

aP
A= B=

( RT )
bP RT

3. Thit lp c s m phng Trong giao din Simulation Basis Manager (xem trong chng 1 trnh by chi tit) in cc thng tin cho trong bng sau. Tab Property Package Components Chn Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) n-butane

29

Khi hon thnh, bm vo phm Enter Simulation Environment , by gi sn sng bt u m phng. 4. To lp dng vt cht C mt s cch khc nhau to mt Stream: bm phm nng F11, hoc bm vo biu tng Stream trn Object Palette, hoc chn Flowsheet trn menu chnh v chn Add Stream trong danh sch. Khai bo cc tham s ca dng Nhp vo Stream vi cc gi tr sau : Trong ny Name Temperature Pressure Compositions Molar Flow Nhp gi tr 1 500 K 18 atm n-butane 100% 100 kgmole/h

Lu v t tn EOS SRK. Khi hon thnh dng s c giao din nh hnh 2.1.

Hnh 2.1. Hon thnh thit lp dng vt cht

30

2.3

Nhp thm bin trong Workbook


c kt qu tnh ton trong Workbook: bm vo Tools trn thanh menu chnh, chn Workbook hoc bm phm nng Crtl+W (hnh 2.2).

Hnh 2.2. Thao tc m Workbook xem kt qu tnh ton

Trong ca s Select Workbook (hnh 2.3) bm phm View

Hnh 2.3. Ca s Select Workbook

31

Giao din Workbook xut hin nh trn hnh 2.4.

Hnh 2.4. Giao din Workbook

Trong UNISIM th tch c khai bo l Molar Volume nhng trong Workbook trn hnh 3.4 khng th hin Molar Volume, v vy cn phi nhp thm bin vo Workbook. nhp Molar Volume hay mt bin no khc: m Workbook, trn thanh menu chnh ca giao din Workbook chn Workbook, trong danh sch chn Setup, s xut hin ca s nh trn hnh 2.5.

Hnh 2.5. Ca s Setup nhp thm bin vo Workbook

32

Trong Variables Tab bm vo phm Add pha bn phi. Ca s chn bin s c hin th nh hnh 2.6.

Hnh 2.6. Ca s chn bin

Trong danh sch Variables cun dc theo danh sch cho n khi tm thy bin cn thm vo Molar Volume, bm phm OK hon tt vic b sung bin vo Workbook. ng ca s bng biu tng X mu gc trn bn phi ca s Select Variables for Main . Gi tr ca bin Molar Volume s hin th trong Workbook (hnh 2.7). Molar Volume ca n -butane bng bao nhiu?_______________

Hnh 2.7. Workbook hin th gi tr bin Molar Volume

33

2.4

S dng Case Studies

Sau khi hon thnh bi m phng, s dng Case Studies phn tch th tch mol ca n-butan khi nhit thay i. Trn thanh menu chnh, chn Tool, trong danh sch th xung chn Databook hoc bm phm nng Ctrl+D nh trn hnh 2.8.

Hnh 2.8. Cch m Databook

Bm phm Insert, s hin th giao din Variable Navigator nh hnh 2.9.

Hnh 2.9. Giao din Variable Navigator

34

Trong ct Object chn dng 1, trong ct Variable chn Molar Volume. Sau bm vo phm OK (nh biu din trn hnh 2.10).

Hnh 2.10. Nhp bin Molar Volume

Thc hin tng t nh trn nhp bin Temperature. Khi giao din Databook s xut hin nh hnh 2.11.

Hnh 2.11. Giao din DataBook sau khi nhp Variables

Chuyn sang Case Studies tab. in cc thng tin vo giao din nh trong hnh 2.12 di y.

35

Hnh 2.12. in thng tin vo Case Studies tab

Bm vo phm View v in thng tin vo bng trong giao din nh hnh 2.13 di y.

Hnh 2.13. in thng tin vo Independent Variables Setup

Bm vo phm Start phn tch kt qu. Khi qu trnh phn tch hon thnh, bm vo phm Result xem kt qu hin th nh trn hnh 2.14. C th rt ra c kt lun g t th trn hnh 2.14 ?___________ Lu Case vi tn l EOS SRK vo th mc xc nh.

36

Hnh 2.14. Kt qu phn tch

2.5

Thay i Fluid Package


Bm phm Enter Basis Environment trn thanh cng c tr v giao din Simulation Basis Manager ban u. Vo Prop Pkg tab, trong danh sch bn tri ca s, cun dc theo danh sch v chn Peng Robinson EOS. Bm vo mui tn mu xanh trn thanh cng c tr v PFD. Cc iu kin ca bi ton gi nguyn, lu Case vi tn mi EOS PR . Xem kt qu tnh ton trong Workbook v Case Study.

2.6

Tm tt v n tp chng 2

Trong Chng ny gii quyt vn tm th tch ring ca mt n cht bng UNISIM. Khi s dng UNISIM cc tham s c lu tr trong database (c s d liu) v vic tnh ton c lp trnh trc . V vy iu quan trng l bit cch s dng ng cc giao din, cc biu . Trong chng ny cung hng dn s dng Workbook xem kt qu, Workbook l cch tt nht hin th cc thng tin di dng bng. Workbook c thit k nhm mc ch v m rng ra cho vic nhp thng tin khi thc hin bi ton m phng. Thm vo , Workbook hin th thng tin ca cc

37

dng v cc thit b m phng trong UNISIM (streams, pipes controllers, separators, ). C th s dng Case Study phn tch tnh cht ca qu trnh. Case Study cn c s dng kim tra , nh gi khi thay i gi tr ca cc bin quan trng trong chng trnh m phng tnh. Sau khi Case Study hon thnh tnh ton, kt qu c biu din dng th . C th so snh c kt qu tnh ton t hai h nhit ng khc nhau l Peng-Robinson (PR) v Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK).

2.7

Bi tp

1. Tm Molar Volume ca kh amoniac 56 atm v 450 K s dng phng trnh trng thi Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK). 2. Tm Molar Volume ca kh metanol ti p sut 100 atm v 300 C s dng phng trnh trng thi Peng-Robinson (PR). So snh Molar Volume ca kh metanol khi s dng phng trnh trng thi Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK). 3. Cho mt hn hp kh i vo thit b chuyn h o kh bng hi nc (WGS) sn xut hydro: 630 kmol/h CO, 1130 kmol/h H 2 O, 189 kmol/h CO2, 63 kmol/h H2. p sut hn hp kh l 1 atm v nhit l 500K. S dng phng trnh trng thi Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) tnh th tch ring ca hn hp kh. 4. Cho mt hn hp kh gm 25% amon iac v phn cn li l nitro v hydro vi t l l 1:3 , ti 270 atm v 550 K. S dng phng trnh trng thi PengRobinson (PR) tnh th tch ring ca hn hp kh. 5. Cho hn hp kh ra khi thit b phn ng tng hp metanol c thnh phn nh sau: 100 kmol/h CO; 200 kmol/h H2; 100 kmol/h metanol. Hn hp kh p sut 100 atm v nhit 300C. Tnh ton th tch ring ca hn hp s dng phng trnh trng thi Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) v so snh vi kt qu tnh ton khi s dng phng trnh trng thi Peng-Robinson (PR).

38

Chng 3. CC THIT B PH TR
Ni dung Trong chng ny thc hin m phng cc thit b ph tr trong s cng ngh, lm quen vi cng c m phng trong UNISIM thc hin cc qu trnh trong c s dng bm, my nn, tuc bin gin n kh, thit b trao i nhit , cc thp tch hai pha/ba pha v Ejector. T nh nhit dng ra khi bit cng sut hiu dng ca bm, my nn, tuc bin gin n kh hoc ngc li. Tnh lu lng dng lnh qua thit b trao i nhit Thc hin m phng qu trnh phn tch pha kh - lng, kh - rn Lm quen vi Ejector, s dng khi pha trn cc dng kh c p sut v lu lng rt khc nhau, v gi tr p sut ca dng kh i ra khi Ejector s c tnh ton da trn p sut ca cc dng kh i vo . Mc tiu Sau khi hc xong chng ny ngi s dng c th: Thit lp c cc thit b ph tr trong UNISIM thc hin m phng cc qu trnh cng ngh. Kt ni cc dng vi thit b. Tnh ton cc qu trnh phn tch pha kh - lng, kh - rn Bit cch s dng cng c Ejector trong m phng kt hp hai dng kh ni ring v cc dng vt cht pha hi ni chung c p sut v lu lng rt khc nhau. c v phn tch kt qu tnh ton sau khi m phng Yu cu Trc khi hc chng ny ngi s dng cn phi bit: Bt u m phng trong UNISIM La chn cc cu t Xc nh v la chn h nhit ng ph hp cho fluid package Nhp v khai bo dng vt liu material stream

39

3.1

Bm

Bm c s dng tng p sut ca dng lng vo, vn chuyn cht lng trong ng ng dn. Ty thuc vo cc tham s c khai bo ban u, s tnh ton nhit , hoc p sut cha bit hoc cng sut hiu dng ca bm trong iu kin vn hnh. 3.1.1 Bi ton

Bm c dng vn chuyn dng nc. Nc vo bm c nhit 120C v p sut 3 bar c a vo bm hot ng vi cng sut hiu dng 10% nh mc. Lu lng ca dng nc l 100 kmol/h v p sut dng ra khi bm l 84 bar . S dng phng trnh trng thi Peng-Robinson (PR) cho fluid package, hy xc nh nhit ca dng nc ra khi bm. 3.1.2 Tin hnh m phng bm

1. Khi ng chng trnh UNISIM 2. M mt New Case 3. Xy dng c s m phng Trong giao din Simulation Basis Manager (xem trong chng 2 trnh by chi tit) Tab Property Package Components Chn Peng-Robinson (PR) H2 O

Khi hon thnh, bm vo phm Enter Simulation Environment , by gi sn sng bt u m phng. 4. Thit lp dng vt cht C mt s cch khc nhau to mt Stream: bm phm nng F11, hoc bm vo biu tng Stream trn Object Palette, hoc chn Flowsheet trn menu chnh v chn Add Stream trong danh sch. Nhp dng nguyn liu (Stream) vi cc gi tr cho trong bng sau:

40

Trong ny Name Temperature Pressure Compositions Molar Flow

Nhp gi tr Feed 120oC 3 bar H2 O 100% 100 kgmole/h

Nhp tip dng th hai (Stream) vi cc tham s sau: Trong ny Name Pressure Nhp gi tr Outlet 84 bar

5. Thit lp thit b C cc cch khc nhau to lp thit b trong UNISIM: S dng menu chnh, chn Flowsheet , trong danh sch th xung chn Add Operation hoc bm phm F12. Giao din cc thit b m phng UnitOps s xut hin. La chn thit b cn thit. M Workbook, vo UnitOps page, bm phm Add UnitOp. Giao din cc thit b m phng UnitOps s xut hin. La chn thit b cn thit. S dng Object Palette: t Flowsheet menu, chn Open, hoc bm phm F4. Nhp p vo biu tng thit b cn s dng. S dng phm phi chut bm vo biu tng thit b cn s dng t Object Palette v a vo PFD. S dng mt trong cc cch trn thit lp bm trong PFD. Khi giao din PFD s xut hin nh hnh 3.1.

41

Hnh 3.1. Khi to cc dng v bm trong PFD

6. Ni bm vi cc dng Nhp p vo biu tng bm Pump P-100 m giao din thuc tnh ca bm (Pump Window Property) nh hnh 3.2. Cc page

Cc tab
Hnh 3.2. Ca s thuc tnh ca bm

42

Trong Design tab, vo Connection page, trong Inlet chn Feed t danh sch v trong Outlet chn Outlet t danh sch nh hnh 3.3.

Hnh 3.3. Ni bm vi cc dng

Nh trn hnh 3.3, pha bn di ca s xut hin thng bo li (trong bng mu ) cho bit r ng cn nhp nng lng cho bm. nhp nng lng cho bm, vo Energy v thm ch Work nh trong giao din hnh 3.4.

Hnh 3.4. Khi to dng nng lng cho bm

43

Khi y thng tin s c thng bo OK mu xanh cho bit vic kt ni bm vi cc dng vt cht v dng nng lng hon t hnh (hnh 3.4). Bm yu cu cung cp 4 tham s ca dng vo, cn dng ra ch yu cu khai bo gi tr p sut 7. Khai bo tham s cng sut ca bm Cng sut hiu dng mc nh ca bm l 75% nh mc, theo u bi cng sut hiu dng ca bm ch c 10% nh mc, cn phi thay i gi tr ny. Trong giao din thuc tnh ca bm, trn Design tab vo Parameters page, trong Adiabatic Efficiency nhp gi tr 10% (nh trong hnh 3.5).

Hnh 3.5. Thay i cng sut ca bm

Khi thng tin y v bm c th c tnh ton. Vo Worksheet xem kt qu (hnh 3.6). Nhit ca dng ra l bao nhiu?___________________________

44

Hnh 3.6. Worksheet tab ca bm

8. Lu vo th mc xc nh Vo File Vo Save as t tn file l Pump v bm phm OK Qua bi ton ny nhn thy rng khi bm cht lng c th lm tng nhit dng. Trong trng hp ny, khi cng sut hiu dng ca bm ch c 10% lm nhit dng nc tng ln 18 oC. Cng sut hiu dng bm cng thp, nhit dng nc sau bm cng tng cao, v khi nng lng ca bm s dng phi ln hn a cht lng ra ngoi khi m p sut ca dng ra yu cu khng i. Nh th phn ln nng lng chuyn sang nhit nng lm tng nhit dng cht lng sau bm.

3.2

My nn

My nn c s dng tng p sut cho mt dng kh, ty thuc vo thng tin c cung cp, Compressor s tnh ton cc tnh cht ca dng (nhit hoc p sut) hay cng sut hiu dng ca my nn. 3.2.1 Bi ton My nn dng vn chuyn kh v lm tng p sut ca dng kh. C mt hn kh t nhin (gm C 1, C 2, C 3, n-C4, i-C4, i-C5, n-C 5, n-C6, C 7+ ) p sut 1 bar v nhit 100C c a vo my nn lm vic vi cng sut hiu

45

dng 30%. Lu lng dng kh l 100 kmol/h. p sut ra khi my nn l 5 bar. S dng phng tr nh PR. Xc nh nhit ca dng kh ra khi my nn. 3.2.2 Tin hnh m phng my nn 1. Khi ng chng trnh UNISIM. 2. M New Case. 3. Xy dng c s m phng. Trong giao din Simulation Basis Manager (xem trong chng 2 trnh by chi tit), nhp cc thng tin nh trong bng sau: Trong trang Property Package Components Chn Peng-Robinson (PR) C1, C2, C 3, n-C 4, i-C4, i-C5, n-C5, n-C6 , C7 +

Cu t C7+ khng tn ti trong danh sch cc cu t v th phi to mt cu t mi v s dng Hypothetical.

Hnh 3.6. Giao din chn cc cu t

4. To cu t mi Bm vo menu Hypothetical, sau bm phm Add Component thm cu t mi vo danh sch ( hnh 3.6). Bm vo phm Quick Create Hypo Component to mt cu t gi mi. Cu t gi c th s dng m hnh cc cu t khng c trong danh sch, mt hn hp bit hoc cha bit, hoc mt cht 46

rn. Trong trng hp ny c th s dng cu t gi xc nh hn hp kh bao gm cc cu t nng hn hexan . Trong giao din va xut hin ( hnh 3.7), bm vo ID tab v t tn cho cu t va to ra l C 7+.

Hnh 3.7. Giao din to C7+

Hnh 3.8. Giao din to C7+

Khi khng bit cu trc ca cu t gi nh v ang xy dng m hnh hn hp, s khng s dng phm Structure Builder . Chuyn sang Critical tab (hnh 3.8). Ch cn cung cp thng tin cho cu t C7 + trong Normal Boiling Pt l 110C (230o F). Bm vo phm Estimate Unknown Props c tnh tt c cc tnh cht cn li v cu t gi nh hon ton c xc nh. Ti thiu cn cung cp xc nh cu t gi nh l Normal Boiling Pt hoc Molecular Weight v Ideal Liq Density Khi cu t gi c xc nh, ng ca s giao din to C 7 + quay tr v giao din Fluid Package. 47

Nhp thm cu t gi vo danh sch Select Component bng cch chn C7 + trong danh sch Available Hypo Component , sau bm vo phm Add Hypo (hnh 3.9).

Hnh 3.9. Giao din nhp thm cu t gi nh C7+

Mi cu t gi nh l mt phn ca Hypo Groups. Cu t mi to thnh c mc nh a vo HypoGroup1. C th nhp thm cc Groups mi v di chuyn cc cu t gia cc nhm. iu ny c thc hin trong Hypotheticals tab ca Simulation Basis Manager . So snh cc tnh cht ca C 7+ vi C7 v C8 C7 + Normal Boiling Point Ideal Liquid Density Molecular Weight Nhp thm cc cu t C7 v C8 vo danh sch so snh tnh cht vi cu t gi nh. Sau khi so snh phi xa C7 & C8 bt u m phng. Khi hon thnh, bm vo phm Enter Simulation Environment , by gi sn sng bt u m phng. 5. Khi to dng ( Installing a Stream) C mt vi cch khi to dng: Bm phm F11. Hin th giao din thuc tnh ca dng . Hoc nhp p vo biu tng Stream trong Object Palette Khi to dng vt liu vi cc thng tin cho trong bng sau: 48 C7 C8

Trong ny Name Temperature Pressure Molar Flow Component Mole Fraction C1 C2 C3 i-C4 n-C4 i-C5 n-C5 n-C6 C7 + 6. Thit lp my nn

Nhp thng tin Natural Gas 100o C 1 bar 100 kgmole/h 0.330 0.143 0.101 0.098 0.080 0.069 0.059 0.078 0.042

C mt vi cch khi to thit b m phng (xem chi tit chng 4): Bm phm nng F12. Chn thit b cn s dng trong nhm thit b Available Unit operations group . Hoc nhp p vo biu tng thit b trong Object Palette. Trong Connection page ca Design tab trn giao din thuc tnh ca my nn ( Compressor) nhp cc thng tin cho trong bng sau : Trong ny Name Feed Outlet Energy Nhp thng tin Compressor Natural Gas Comp Out Work

49

Giao din nhn c nh trong hnh 3.10.


Cc page

Cc tab

Hnh 3.10. Giao din Compressor Design tab Connections page

Chuyn sang Parameters page. i Adiabatic Efficiency l 30%

Hnh 3.11. Giao din Compressor Design tab Parameters page

50

Chuyn sang Worksheet tab. Trn Conditions page, in thng tin nh trong hnh 3.12. Nhp gi tr Pressure ca dng Comp Out bng 5 bar.

Hnh 3.12. Giao din Compressor Worksheet tab Conditions page

Nhit dng kh ra khi Compressor l bao nhiu? _________ 7. Lu vo th mc xc nh Vo File Vo Save as t tn file l Compressor v bm phm OK Qua v d ny nhn thy rng Compressor c th lm tng nhit ca dng kh. Trong trng hp ny Compressor ch hot ng 30% cng sut nh mc, lm tng nhit dng kh ln 165,3oC. Cng sut hiu dng ca Compressor cng nh, khi phn ln nng lng s chuyn sang nhit nng lm nhit ca dng kh nn tng ln cng ln. 3.3 Tuc bin gin n kh (Expander)
Expander c s dng lm gim p sut ca dng kh vo c p sut cao v to dng kh sn phm ra c p sut thp v tc cao. Qu trnh gi n n l qu trnh chuyn i ni nng ca kh thnh ng nng v sinh cng. Expander s tnh ton hoc l tnh cht ca dng hoc l cng sut gin n. Gii quyt bi

51

ton tm nhit u ra ca expander khi bit cng sut. Thc hnh vi expander trong UNISIM m phng qu trnh gin kh. Xc nh nhit u ra khi bit cng sut v ngc li . Ty vo thng tin c cung cp, c mt vi phng php tnh ton. Ni chung, tnh ton s ph thuc ca lu lng dng, s thay i p sut, nng lng, v cng sut. Expander tnh ton rt linh ng ty theo cc thng tin c khai bo ban u. Cn phi m bo khng c qu nhiu thng tin hoc thng tin mu thun. My nn nhn cng cn Tuc bin gin n kh sinh cng, v vy trong thc t thng c kt ni thnh mt cm tn dng nng lng. 3.3.1 Bi ton

Hn hp kh gm metan, etan, v propan nhit 25C , p sut 20 bar , c a v o expander vi cng sut hiu dng 30% nh mc. Lu lng dng kh l 100 kgmol/h, p sut ra khi expander l 5 bar. S dng phng trnh Peng-Robinson. Xc nh nhit u ra ca hn hp kh. 3.3.2 Tin hnh m phng tuc bin gin n kh

1. Xc nh fluid package theo cc thng tin cho trong bng. Trong trang Property Package Components Chn Peng-Robinson (PR) C 1, C 2, C 3

Bm vo phm Enter Simulation Environment 2. Thit lp dng vt liu Trong Name Temperature Pressure Molar Flow Component Mole Fraction C1 C2 C3 0.500 0.300 0.200 Nhp thng tin Natural Gas 25oC 20 bar 100 kgmole/h

52

3. Thit lp Expander Nhp p vo Expander trong Object Palette Trong Connections page nhp cc thng tin cho trong bng di Trong Name Feed Outlet Energy Nhp thng tin Expander Natural Gas Out Work

Giao din thuc tnh ca Expander, trong Design tab Connections page nh trong hnh 3.13.

Hnh 3.13. Expander Design tab Connections page

Chuyn sang Parameters page, thay i Adiabatic Efficiency l 30% (nh trong hnh 3.14).

53

Hnh 3.14. Expander Design tab Parameters page

Chuyn sang Worksheet tab, trong Conditions page nhp gi tr p sut cho dng ra l 5 bar. Khi hon thnh khai bo cc thng tin ban u, giao din Worksheet nh trong hnh 3.15.

Hnh 3.15. Giao din Worksheet

N hit dng ra khi expander l bao nh iu?__________________ 4. Lu vo th mc xc nh (Save) Vo File Vo Save as t tn file l Expander v bm phm OK

54

Khi thc hin gin n kh bng Expander c th lm gim nhit ca dng kh. Trong trng hp ny, cng sut hiu dng ca Expander l 30% nh mc th nhit dng kh t nhin gim 31oC. Nu cng sut hiu dng ca Expander cng nh th nhit dng kh c gin n s gim cng t.

3.4

Thit b trao i nhit

T hit b trao i nhit dng ng v v trong UNISIM c s dng m phng qu trnh trao i nhit . Heat Exchanger thc hin tnh ton cn bng vt cht v cn bng nng lng. Heat Exchanger l mt thit b rt linh hot, c th tnh ton vi nhit , p sut, dng nhit (bao gm c tn tht v mt mt nhit), lu lng cc dng vt cht hoc h s trao i nhit UA . Gii quyt bi ton n gin nht l tm lu lng dng lnh qua thit b trao i nhit iu kin cho. Trong UNISIM , c th la chn Heat Exchanger Model (m hnh trao i nhit) phn tch. Cc m hnh bao gm: m hnh End Point Model , m hnh trao i nhit ngc chiu l tng Ft = 1 , Weighted Design Model , phng php Steady State Rating , v phng php Dynamic Rating c s dng trong m phng ng. Phng php Dynamic Rating cung c coi nh phng php c bn v c th c s dng trong m phng tnh nh gi qu trnh trao i nhit. 3.4.1 Bi ton Nc nng 250 oC v p sut l 1000 psi c s dng gia nhit dng nc lnh trong thit b trao i nhit Heat Exchanger . Dng nc lnh vo vo c nhit 25 oC v p sut l 130 psi. Nhit dng lnh v dng nng ra khi thit b ln lt l 150 oC v 190oC. Nu lu lng dng nng l 100 kg/h, tnh lu lng dng lnh i qua thit b trao i nhit. 3.4.2 Tin hnh m phng qu trnh trao i nhit S dng thit b trao i nhit dng ng v v (shell and tube Heat Exchanger ) m phng qu trnh. Khai bo cc tham s dng vo, dng ra c nu trong bi ton. Tnh lu lng khi lng dng lnh. Xc nh cu t v phng trnh trng thi s dng trng fluid package Thit lp dng v thit b Heat Exchanger 1. Xc nh c s m phng Nhp cc cu t v phng trnh trng thi nh cho trong bng sau:

55

Giao din Components page Property Package page 2. Thit lp dng vt cht

La chn H2 O Peng-Robinson

Bm phm Enter Simulation Environment . Thit lp hai dng vt cht vi cc thng s sau: Trong Name Temperature Pressure Mass Flow Compositions Nhp thng tin Tube in 250 C 1000 psi 100 kg/h H2 O 100%
o

Shell in 25oC 130 psi <empty> H2 O 100%

3. Thit lp Heat Exchanger Heat Exchanger thc hin tnh ton cn bng vt cht v cn bng nng lng, v th c th tnh ton vi nhit , p sut, dng nhit (bao gm c tn tht v mt mt nhit), lu lng cc dng vt cht v h s trao i nhit UA. Bm vo biu tng Heat Exchanger trong Object Palette Trong Connections page, nhp cc thng tin nh trong hnh 3.16

Hnh 3.16. Heat Exchanger Design tab Connections page

56

Tng t vi Parameters page (in cc thng s nh hnh 3.17). gim p Delta P ca Tube and Shell sides (ng v v thit b) l 0 psi.

Hnh 3.17. Heat Exchanger - Design tab- Parameters page

Vo Worksheet tab, trong Conditions page, nhp cc thng tin nh hnh 3.18. Nhit ca Tube out v Shell out ln lt l 190oC v 150o C.

Hnh 3.18. Heat Exchanger- Worksheet tab- Conditions page

57

L u lng khi lng ca dng lnh l bao nhiu? ________ 4. Lu Case Vo File menu . Chn Save As. t tn file l Heat Exchanger sau bm phm OK. Ti iu kin cho v lu lng dng nng l 100 kg/h, lu lng dng lnh qua thit b trao i nhit l 55.21 kg/h.

3.5

Thp tch pha

Trong m phng tnh, Flash Separator phn chia hn hp hai pha trong thp thnh pha lng v pha hi. Hai pha lng v hi c phn tch trong thp sau khi t trng thi cn bng Flash Separator thc hin tnh ton xc nh cc tham s sn phm v thnh phn pha. p sut ca qu trnh tch l p sut thp nht ca nguyn liu tr i gim p qua thp tch. Entanpy bao gm entanpy ca dng nguyn liu v dng nng lng (gi tr mang du cng nu c un nng, mang du tr nu c lm lnh). Separator c kh nng tnh ton kt qu ngc li. Ngoi vic p dng tnh ton theo tiu chun (dng nguyn liu vo thp khai bo thng tin y , c tch ti p sut v entanpy ca thp tch), Separator cn c th s dng thnh phn bit ca mt dng sn phm tnh ton thnh phn ca d ng sn phm cn li v da trn cn bng vt cht ca dng nguyn liu vo. 3.5.1
o

Bi ton

Dng vt cht bao gm 15% etan, 20% propan, 60% i-butan, 5% n-butan 50 F v p sut kh quyn, lu lng 100 lbmol/h. Nn dng n 50 psi sau lm lnh n 32 oF. Sn phm l dng hi v dng lng c tch ra. Tnh lu lng v thnh phn ca hai dng sn phm ny. 3.5.2 Thc hin m phng qu trnh tch pha

1. Xy dng c s m phng Nhp cc cu t v phng trnh trng thi: Trong giao din Property Package page Components page La chn Peng-Robinson Ethane, propane, i-butane, n-butane

58

Bm phm Enter Simulation Environment khi sn sng thc hin m phng 2. Thit lp dng vt cht Thit lp dng vt cht vi cc gi tr sau: Trong Name Temperature Pressure Molar Flow Compositions Nhp thng tin Gas 50o F 1 atm 100 lbmole/h Ethane-15% Propane-20% i-butane-60% n-butane-5% 3. Thit lp Compressor Bm vo biu tng Compressor trong Object Palette.

Trong Connections page, nhp cc thng tin nh trong hnh 3.19.

Hnh 3.19. Compressor Design tab - Connections page

59

Trong Worksheet tab, Conditions page, nhp cc thng tin nh hnh 3.20. p sut ca dng Comp Gas l 50 psi (344.7 kPa).

Hnh 3.20. Compressor - Worksheet tab - Conditions page

4. Thit lp Cooler Bm vo biu tng Cooler trong Object Palette.

Trong Connections page, nhp cc thng tin nh trong hnh 3.21.

Hnh 3.21. Cooler - Design tab Connections page

60

Chuyn sang Parameters page. gim p l 0 psi nh trong hnh 3.22.

Hnh 3.22. Cooler - Design tab Parameters page

Chuyn sang Worksheet tab, Conditions page, nhp thng s nh hnh 3.23. Nhit dng Cool Gas l 32oF (0oC).

Hnh 3.23. Cooler - Worksheet tab Conditions page

5. Thit lp Flash Separator Bm vo biu tng Separator trong Object Palette.

61

Trong Connections page, nhp cc thng s nh trong hnh 3.24.

Hnh 3.24. Separator Design tab Connections page

Chuyn sang Worksheet tab xem kt qu (hnh 3.25 v 3.26):

Hnh 3.25. Separator Worksheet tab Conditions page

62

Hnh 3.26. Separator Worksheet tab Composition page

in kt qu nhn c vo bng sau:

Stream:
Flowrate: Composition:

Top ________________ Ethane: ___________ Propane: ___________ i-Butane: ___________ n-Butane: ___________

Bottom _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ ______________

6. Lu Case Vo File menu . Chn Save As t tn file l Flash sau bm OK Khi hon thnh m phng qu trnh tch hai pha nhn c s PFD nh trong hnh 3.27.

63

Hnh 3.27. Lu trnh PFD vi thp tch pha

3.6

Cyclon

Thit b Cyclon c s dng ph bin trong cc nh my ho cht, c th thng c s dng trong qu trnh lm sch s b dng kh khi bi, tp cht rn do c cu to n gin, hiu sut n nh v c th iu chnh thng qua vn tc ca dng kh nguyn liu v kch thc ca Cyclon. Thit b Cyclone c s dng tch ring nhng cht rn t dng kh v c khuyn co ch s dng tch nhng ht c kch thc ln hn 5 . Cyclone bao gm mt hnh tr thng ng c y hnh cn, mt u vo tip tuyn vi thn hnh tr gn u thit b, v mt u ra cho cc cht rn di cng ca y hnh cn. Di tc dng ca lc ly tm xut hin trong dng kh chuyn ng xoy lm cc ht rn b vng v pha thnh thng Cyclone. Cc ht rn va p vo thnh thit b, ri xung y hnh cn, v do b tch ra khi dng kh. Cc cht rn cn tch ra phi c xc nh trc v c thit lp nh l cc thnh phn trong dng kh. ci t Cyclone hot ng, bm phm F12 v chn Cyclone t Unit Ops hoc chn biu tng Cyclone trong Object Palette (trc tin cn phi bm vo biu tng Solids Ops ). b qua Cyclone trong qu trnh tnh ton, chn Ignored, UNISIM s hon ton b qua nhng thao tc lin quan n Cyclone cho n khi khi phc li bng cch b la chn Ignored.

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3.6.1

Bi ton

Hn hp kh sn phm ca qu trnh chy c a qua thit b Cyclon lm sch khi bi c hc v bi than cha chy ht. y l cng on in hnh sau qu trnh kh ho than, hay qu trnh lm sch khi thi t cc nh my nhit in s dng nguyn liu than, kh. Hiu sut lm sch kh bng Cyclon khng ch ph thuc vo cu to ca Cyclon, m cn ph thuc vo kch thc ca ht bi, trong thc t, gi tr ny c th t t 70 - 80% hoc ln hn ty thuc vo kch thc ht bi. Trong bi ton ny, Cyclon s c m phng cho qu trnh phn tch gn nh trit bi ra khi dng kh vi gi thit kch thc ht bi ln. Hn hp dng nguyn liu i vo Cyclon gm c CO, CO2, SO2, NO2, N2, O2, H2O (hi), Carbon (m phng cho bi c hc v bi than cha chy ht ). Dng nguyn liu c a vo Cyclon iu kin 120 oC, 1 atm. 3.6.2 Thc hin m phng

1. Thit lp c s m phng Bc u tin cn phi thc hin trc khi bt u mt qu trnh m phng l la chn phng trnh trng thi thch hp v nhp cc cu t cn thit. Nhp cc thng tin sau: Trong page Property Package Components 2. Khi to dng nguyn liu Cc thng s ca dng Feed c khai bo nh trong bng sau: Trong Name Temperature [C] Pressure [atm] Molar Flow [kgmole/hr] Nhp thng tin Feed 120 1 100 La chn Peng- Robinson CO, CO2, SO2, NO2, N2, O2, H2O, C

65

Compositions, mole fraction CO CO2 SO2 NO2 N2 O2 H2 O C 3. Khi to thit b Cyclon T Object Palette, chn biu tng Solid Ops, tip n chn Cyclone v a vo PFD. Trong Connection page ca Design tab, t tn thit b l X-100, kt ni vi dng nguyn liu l Feed. Dng sn phm hi l Clean Gas, dng sn phm rn l Solid (nh trn hnh 3.28). 0.125 0.156 0.056 0.0021 0.31 0.056 0.1609 0.134

Hnh 3.28. Design tab Connections page

Chuyn sang Parameters page ca Design tab.

66

Trong nhm Configuration , c th chn High Efficiency hoc High Output. Trong bi ny chn High Efficiency v yu cu lm sch bi vi mc cao ti 98.5%, ngha l 98.5% cc ht bi rn s c loi khi dng kh. N hp gi tr Particle Efficiency bng 98.5% . Trong nhm Efficiency Method c hai la chn: Lapple hoc Leith/Licht method , phng php sau tnh ton cht ch hn v c tnh n nh hng ca kch thc ht rn khc nhau. Trong bi ton ny s chn Leith/Licht method (hnh 3.29).

Hnh 3.29. Design tab Parameters page

Chuyn sang Solids page, chn Solid Name l Carbon (hnh 3.30).

Hnh 3.30. Design tab Solids page

67

4. c kt qu tnh ton Chuyn sang Worksheet tab, c th la chn page tng ng c kt qu tnh ton ca thit b Cyclone . in kt qu vo bng sau. in cc gi tr sau: Molar flow (Solid): ________________________________ Mole fraction ca ht rn cn li trong kh sch (C- Clean Gas): _______________ 5. Lu case vo th mc xc nh Vo File menu. Chn Save As. t tn file l Cyclone sau bm phm OK. Hon thnh m phng nhn c lu trnh PFD nh trong hnh 3.31.

Hnh 3.31. Lu trnh vi Cyclone

3.7

Ejector

Ejector l mt cng c mi ca UNISIM v bt u c a vo t phin bn UNISIM Design R410. Xut pht t nhu cu tnh ton thc t, cng c Ejector gip m phng qu trnh st vi thc t hn. Ejector l thit b cho php trn hai dng kh c p sut v lu lng khc nhau, v d khi thc hin m phng qu trnh cng ngh ha lng kh t nhin trong nh my sn xut LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas ) Trn thc t, thit b Ejector c s dng ph bin trong cc nh my kh, cc dng kh i vo Ejector c p sut v lu lng rt khc nhau, v gi tr p

68

sut ca dng kh i ra khi Ejector s c tnh ton da trn p sut ca cc dng kh i vo. tm c cng c Ejector trong UNISIM c th lm theo mt trong hai cch sau: Bm phm nng F12, chn Ejector Trn thanh Menu chnh chn Flowsheet , sau chn Add Operation, chn tip Ejector ct bn phi Available Units Operations khi to Ejector .

Hnh 3.32. Design tab - Connections page

Trn giao din Connections tab ca Ejector (hnh 3.32), c th kt ni cc dng vo Ejector, trong , dng ti v tr Suction Stream c vai tr l dng ht, do vy dng ny phi c p sut ln hn, dng Motive Stream l dng c p sut nh hn. Ti giao din ny, cung c th la chn ch lm vic cho Ejector: Steam : cho php trn hai dng hi nc c p sut chnh lch nhau. Gas-Gas: cho php trn hai dng kh c p sut chnh lch nhau.

Cc tab cn li ca Ejector s c gi nguyn theo mc nh. p sut ca dng kh i ra khi Ejector s c UNISIM tnh ton da vo p sut ca hai dng kh nguyn liu.

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3.7.1

Bi ton

Trong nh my sn xut kh t nhin ha lng, LNG c to ra bng cch ha lng kh t nhin ( qua cng on ch bin s b: tch nc, lm ngt t n gii hn yu cu) nhit thp. Trong cng ngh ha lng kh, Ejector c s dng trn dng kh p sut cao vi dng kh p sut thp c tun hon tr li t cc thp tch pha (V -1 v V-2), dng kh i ra y s c a vo my gin n ngng t kh v a vo thp tc h pha. Dng nguyn liu a vo qu trnh iu kin nhit 310 K v p sut 6,765 MPa.
My nn dng nguyn liu

A-1
Nguyn liu

A-2 Freon V-1

A-3

E-1

My nn dng tun hon E-2 V-2 A-1 v A-3: Thit b trao i nhit Shell & Tube A-2: Thit b lm lnh bng Freon E-1 v E-2: Ejector V-1 v V-2: Thp tch pha

Hnh 3.33. S nguyn l cng ngh sn xut LNG

LNG

3.7.2

Thc hin m phng

1. Thit lp c s m phng Bc u tin cn phi thc hin trc khi bt u mt qu trnh m phng l la chn phng trnh trng thi thch hp v nhp cc cu t cn thit. Nhp cc thng tin sau: Trong page Property Package Components 2. Khi to dng nguyn liu La chn Peng- Robinson C1, C2, C3, iC4, nC4, iC5, nC5, nC6

70

Cc thng s ca dng Feed c khai bo nh trong bng sau: Conditions Name Temperature Pressure Molar Flow Compositions, mole fraction C1 C2 C3 iC4 0.9056 0.0508 0.0252 0.0072 nC4 iC5 nC5 nC6 0.0060 0.0020 0.0013 0.0019 Feed 310 K 6.765 MPa 80 kgmole/hr

3. Khi to ln lt cc thit b sau Khi to my nn Comp -1 T Object Palette, chn Compressor a vo PFD. Tab [page] Design tab [Connections page] Trong Name Inlet Outlet Energy Worksheet tab Pressure (comp-1 out) Nhp thng tin Comp-1 Feed Comp-1 out Q- comp 1 20 MPa

Sau khi nhp xong cc thng s, my nn Comp-1 s c giao din nh hnh 3.34.

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Hnh 3.34. Design tab Connections page

Chuyn sang Conditions page ca Worksheet tab, nhp gi tr p sut cho dng comp-1 out l 20 MPa (hnh 3.35).

Hnh 3.35. Worksheet tab Conditions page

Khi to thit b lm mt (giao din nh trn hnh 3.36).

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Design tab [Connections page]

Name Inlet Outlet Energy

Cooler-1 Comp-1 out To mixer Q-cooler- 1 0 kPa 313 K

[Parameters page] Worksheet tab

Delta P Temperature (to mixer)

Hnh 3.36. Design tab Connections page

Khi to thit b trn dng MIXER (giao din nh trn hnh 3.37). Design tab [Connections page] Name Inlet Outlet Design tab [Parameters page] Automatic Pressure Assignment Mixer To Mixer M-1 out Equalize All

73

Hnh 3.37. Design tab Connections page

Khi to thit b trao i nhit A -1 Design tab [Connections page] Name Tube side Inlet Shell Side Inlet Tube side outlet Shell side outlet Design tab [Parameters page] Worksheet tab Delta P (Tube side, Shell side) Heat Exchanger Model Temperature (To A-2) A-1 M-1 out Rec to A-1 To A-2 To rec-Comp 0 kPa Weighted 300 K

Giao din thuc tnh ca thit b trao i nhit A-1 hin th nh trn cc hnh 3.38, 3.39 v 3.40.

74

Hnh 3.38. Design tab Connections page

Hnh 3.39. Design tab Parameters page

75

Hnh 3.40. Worksheet tab Conditions page

Khi to thit b lm lnh A -2 Khai bo cc thng s ca A-2 nh trong bng sau: Design tab [Connections page] Name Inlet Outlet Energy Design tab [Parameters page] Worksheet tab Delta P Temperature (to A-3) A-2 To A-2 To A-3 Q- A-2 0 kPa 290 K

Giao din hin th nh trong hnh 3.41.

76

Hnh 3.41. Design tab Connections page

Khi to thit b trao i nhit A -3 Design tab [Connections page] Name Tube side Inlet Shell Side Inlet Tube side outlet Shell side outlet Design tab [Parameters page] Worksheet tab Delta P (Tube side, Shell side) Heat Exchanger Model Temperature (To TEE) A-3 To A-3 Rec to A-3 To TEE Rec to A-1 0 kPa Weighted 285 K

Khi to thit b chia dng TEE Design tab [Connections page] Name Inlet Outlet Design tab [Parameters page] TEE to TEE To E-1 To E-2 0.5

Flow Ratios

77

Khai bo dng Rec to E-1 vi cc thng tin cho trong bng sau: Conditions Name Temperature [K] Pressure [MPa] Molar Flow [kgmole/hr] Compositions, mole fraction C1 C2 0.9993 0.0007 Rec to E-1 140.4 0.6 2

Khi to thit b Ejector E -1 (giao din nh trn hnh 3.42). Design tab [Connections page] Name Suction Stream Motive Stream Operation Mode Discharge stream E-1 to E-1 rec to E-1 Gas-Gas to Ex-1

Hnh 3.42. Design tab - Connections page

78

Khi to my gin n kh Ex -1 (giao din nh trn hnh 3.43). Design tab [Connections page] Name Inlet Outlet Energy Worksheet tab Pressure ( to A-4) Ex-1 to Ex-1 To V-1 Q-Ex-1 1.2 MPa

Hnh 3.43. Design tab - Connection page Khi to thp tch pha V-1 (giao din nh trn hnh 3.44).

Design tab [Connections page]

Name Inlet Vapour outlet Liquid outlet

V-1 To V-1 Rec to A-3 To RV-1

79

Hnh 3.44. Design tab - Connection page

Khi to van gim p RV-1 Design tab [Connections page] Name Inlet Outlet Worksheet tab Pressure ( to V-2) RV-1 To RV-1 To V-2 0.6 MPa

Khi to thp tch pha V-2 Design tab [Connections page] Name Inlet Vapour Outlet Liquid Outlet V-2 To V-2 To rec-1 to RV-2

Khi to cng c Recycle thc hin tun hon dng kh a vo Ejector: REC-1 (giao din nh trn hnh 3.45). Design tab [Connections page] Name Inlet Outlet REC-1 To rec-1 Rec to E-1

80

Hnh 3.45. Connections tab - Connections page

Khi to van gim p RV-2 Design tab [Connections page] Name Inlet Outlet Worksheet tab Pressure ( to Tank) RV-2 To RV-2 to Tank 0.4 MPa

Khi to thng cha sn phm Tank Design tab [Connections page] Name Inlet Vapour outlet Liquid outlet Tank to Tank to rec-2 LNG

Khi to cng c Recycle thc hin tun hon dng kh a vo Ejector 2: REC-2 Design tab [Connections page] Name Inlet Outlet REC-2 To rec-2 Rec to E-2

81

Khi to thit b Ejector E -2 Design tab [Connections page] Name Suction Stream Motive Stream Operation Mode Discharge stream E-2 to E-2 rec to E-2 Gas- Gas to Ex-2

Khi to thit b gin n kh Ex -2 (giao din nh trn hnh 3.46). Design tab [Connections page] Name Inlet Outlet Energy Worksheet tab Pressure ( out from Ex-2) Ex-2 To Ex-2 Out from Ex-2 Q- Ex-2 0.6 MPa

Hnh 3.46. Design tab Connections page

Dng Out from Ex-2 i ra khi Ex-1 c a vo thp tch pha V-2, sau khi hon thnh, giao din ca thp tch V-2 s hin th nh trong hnh 3.47.

82

Hnh 3.47. Design tab Connections page

Khi to my nn tng p cho dng kh tun hon Rec -comp Design tab [Connections page] Name Inlet Outlet Energy Worksheet tab Pressure (to cooler-2) Khi to thit b lm lnh Cooler -2 Design tab [Connections page] Name Inlet Outlet Design tab [Parameters page] Worksheet tab Delta P Temperature (to rec-3) Cooler-2 To cooler-2 To rec-3 0 kPa 313 K Rec-comp To rec-comp To cooler-2 Q- rec-comp 20 MPa

Khi to cng c Recycle REC -3 Design tab [Connections page] Name Inlet Outlet REC-3 To rec-3 Rec to mixer

83

Sau dng Rec to mixer c a vo MIXER . Giao din ca MIXER s hin th nh trong hnh 3.48.

Hnh 3.48. Design tab Connections page

Hon thnh m phng nhn c lu trnh PFD nh trong hnh 3.49.

Hnh 3.49. S PFD m phng cng ngh ha lng kh t nhin

84

Chuyn sang Worksheet tab, c th la chn page tng ng c kt qu tnh ton ca Ejector. in kt qu vo bng sau.

in cc gi tr sau: Molar flow of to Ex-1: ______________________________ Mole fraction of to Ex-1: ____________________________

4. Lu case vo th mc xc nh Vo File menu Chn Save As t tn file l Ejector sau bm phm OK

3.8

Tm tt v n tp chng 3
Tm c nhit dng ra khi bit cng sut hiu dng ca bm, my nn, tuc bin gin n kh Kt ni cc dng vi thit b. Xc nh nhit u ra khi bit cng sut hiu dng ca thit b v ngc li.

Bm dng vn chuyn cht lng. Trong chng ny s dng m hnh bm m phng qu trnh bm cht lng. Bit cch khai bo cc tham s ca bm Kt ni compressor v expander tn dng nng lng. My nn ni chung dng vn chuyn kh. Trong chng ny s dng Compressor m phng qu trnh nn. Bit cch khai bo cc tham s ca mt Compressor.
Trong chng ny, s dng Heat Exchanger tnh ton v tm lu lng dng lnh i qua thit b trao i nhit iu kin cho, s dng phng php tnh ton End Point Model. Separator trong UNISIM c s dng m phng qu trnh tch hai pha lng v hi. thc hin tnh ton lu lng ca dng lng v dng hi ra khi thp tch khi bit lu lng dng hai pha vo thp.

85

Dng hi v dng lng trong thp tch t trng thi cn bng trc khi c tch ra. Thit b Cyclon c s dng ph bin trong phn tch hai pha khng ng nht rn kh. T kt qu nhn c c th thy hiu qu phn tch ca Cyclon, v vai tr ca Cyclon trong cng nghip s dng phn tch cc ht rn. i vi cc qu trnh yu cu tch trit , hiu sut tch cao hn khi c mt cc ht bi kch thc nh (<5 m) th cn thm cc phng php tch khc, v d nh s dng thit b lc in Khc vi Mixer c s dng trong trng hp trn hai dng kh c p sut gn bng nhau, tnh ton gn ng bng cch tnh p sut dng ra bng p sut ca dng c p sut nh hn hoc tnh cn bng p sut hai dng, trong chng ny lm quen vi Ejector , thit b c s dng ph bin trong cc nh my x l v ch bin kh, cho php trn hai dng kh c p sut v lu lng chnh lch nhau rt nhiu vi kt qu tnh ton chnh xc, ph hp vi thc t. m phng phng phn xng ha lng kh sn xut kh t nhin ha lng LNG, trong c s dng Ejector.

3.9

Bi tp nng cao

Khi nhit u ra ca bm l 200C th cng sut hiu dng ca bm l bao nhiu? Nu nhit dng ra l 400C th cng sut hiu dng ca my nn

l bao nhiu?
Cng sut hiu dng ca expander l bao nhiu khi nhit dng kh u ra l 30 oC? Nu lu lng dng lnh l 100 kg/h, xc nh lu lng dng nng. Nhit lng trao i gia hai dng l bao nhiu? Nu nhit dng Cool Gas l 10oF, th lu lng v thnh phn ca hai dng l bao nhiu?

86

Chng 4. CC THIT B PHN NG

Ni dung Trong c hng ny gii quyt nhng vn lin quan n cc m hnh thit b phn ng c bn trong cng ngh ho hc: phn ng chuyn ho , phn ng cn bng, phn ng Gibbs, thit b phn ng khuy lin tc (CSTR), v t hit b phn ng dng y (PFR). Thng qua m phng cc qu trnh phn ng c th, a ra cch thit lp phn ng v nhm phn ng, cch la chn m hnh phn ng ph hp trn c s thng tin bit v qu trnh phn ng. Mc tiu Sau khi hc xong c th: M phng qu trnh phn ng trong UNISIM Thit lp cc phn ng Thit lp nhm phn ng (Reaction Set ) Gn Reaction Set ci t vi h nhit ng Fluid Package La chn m hnh phn ng ph hp In cc thng tin ca dng v d liu Workbook Yu cu Trc khi hc chng ny ngi s dng cn phi bit: iu chnh PFD Thm cc dng trong PFD hoc Workbook Khi to v ni cc dng v thit b trong PFD S dng Case Study

87

4.1

Thit b phn ng chuyn ho

Loi phn ng chuyn ho khng yu cu cc thng tin v nhit ng hc. Vic phi lm l nhp h s t lng phn ng v chuyn ho ca cht phn ng c bn. chuyn ho lun lun di 100%. Phn ng tin hnh cho n khi t gii hn hoc ht cht phn ng. Vic nhm cc phn ng khc loi vi nhau l khng th thc hin, tuy nhin, c th nhm cc phn ng Conversion li thnh mt nhm v phn loi cc phn ng (phn ng ni tip hay song song). Phn ng c bc thp nht s xy ra u tin (c th bt u hoc l 0 hoc 1). Cung nh cc phn ng n l, tng chuyn ho cu t c bn trong nhm cc phn ng khng c qu 100%. Cc phn ng Conversion khng c s dng trong cc thit b phn ng y l tng ( PFR) hoc khuy l tng ( CSTR). Ni chung, cc phn ng Conversion ch c thc hin trong thit b phn ng Conversion Reactor. Ngoi ra cung c th s dng thp tch hai pha Separator thc hin phn ng chuyn ho. Trong chng ny s pht trin m hnh sn xut kh hydro t metan bng phn ng oxi ho . Phng php oxi ho khng hon ton da trn phn ng ca metan vi khng kh sn xut oxit cacbon v kh hydro. Thc hin khai bo cc phn ng chuyn ho ( Conversion) v thit lp nhm cc phn ng vo thit b phn ng trong UNISIM 4.1.1 Bi ton

Cng ngh sn xut kh hydro t hydrocacbon c nhng bc pht trin ng k trong thp k qua. Hiu qu ca cng ngh sn xut hydro c lin quan trc tip n cc thit b chuyn ho nng lng nh pin nhin liu ( fuel cell ). S chuyn ho nhin liu thnh hydro c thc hin bng qu trnh oxi ho khng hon ton. Phng php ny da vo phn ng ca nhin liu v d nh metan vi khng kh to ra oxit cacbon v hydro. CH4 + 1/2 O2 CH4 + O2 CO CO2 + + 2H 2 2H2

Pht trin m hnh i din cho qu trnh oxi ho khng hon ton metan sn xut hydro.

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4.1.2

Thc hin m phng

Bc u tin m phng qu trnh sn xut hydro l chn phng trnh trng thi thch hp. Nhp cc thng tin nh sau: Trong Property Package page Components page 1. Thit lp cc phn ng Cc phn ng trong UNISIM c khi to theo cch tng t nh thm cc cu t khi bt u xy dng c s m phng. Bm vo Reaction tab trong Simulation Basis Manager . Lu rng tt c cc cu t chn c hin th trong danh sch Rxn Components. La chn Peng-Robinson CH4, O2, N2, CO, CO2 , H2

Hnh 4.1. Giao din Reaction tab

Bm phm Add Rxn, s hin th ca s nh c cha danh sch cc phn ng, chn phn ng Conversion t danh sch. Nhp cc thng tin nh trong giao din hnh 4.2 sau y:

89

Hnh 4.2. Giao din Conversion Reaction Rxn-1 Stoichiometry tab

Chuyn sang Basis tab v nhp cc thng tin nh trong giao din hnh 4.3 sau y:

Hnh 4.3. Giao din Conversion Reaction Rxn-1 Basis tab

Vi phn ng th 2, tng t nhp cc thng tin sau:

90

Hnh 4.4. Giao din Conversion Reaction Rxn-2 Stoichiometry tab

Tng t Basis tab, nhp cc thng tin sau:

Hnh 4.5. Giao din Conversion Reaction Rxn-2 Basis tab

91

2. Thit lp nhm cc phn ng Khi hai phn ng ny c khai bo y cc thng tin, cn phi thit lp Reaction Set cho thit b phn ng chuyn ho Conversion Reactor . Vn ang Reaction tab (nh hnh 4.1), bm phm Add Set . t tn cm phn ng l Oxidation Rxn Set, v nhp hai phn ng Rxn-1, Rxn-2 vo. Cc phn ng c nhp bng cch chn cc phn ng cn thit t danh sch th xung trong Active List. Giao din s hin th nh trong hnh 4.6 di y khi hon thnh.

Hnh 4.6. Giao din to Oxidation Rxn Set

3. Thit lp cc phn ng ni tip Cc phn ng chuyn ho c th c nhm li v phn loi phn ng (ni tip hoc song song). Phn ng no c xp hng thp nht s xy ra u tin (c th bt u hoc l 0 hoc 1). thit lp cho cc phn ng xy ra ni tip, trong Oxidation Rxn Set (hnh 4.6), bm vo phm Ranking v nhp cc thng tin cho phn ng Rxn1 c Rank l 0, phn ng Rxn-2 c Rank l 1, nh trong hnh 4.7 di y. iu c ngha l cc phn ng Rxn -1 v Rxn-2 l cc phn ng ni tip, phn ng Rxn-1 s xy ra trc, phn ng Rxn-2 xy ra sau.

92

Hnh 4.7. Thit lp cho cc phn ng ni tip

4. Lin kt nhm phn ng vo Fluid Package Sau khi thit lp nhm phn ng (Reaction Set), cn phi nhp vo h nhit ng la chn trong UNISIM s dng. Chn Reaction Set v bm phm Add to FP. Chn Fluid Package v bm phm Add Set to Fluid Package. Nu cn, c th save Fluid Package kem theo cc phn ng gn vo. Nh vy c th m li FP ny bt k bi ton m phng no khc trong UNISIM khi FP ny ph hp. Khi cc phn ng ci t c gn vo Fluid Package, c th vo mi trng m phng v bt u xy dng PFD. 5. Thit lp cc dng vt cht Thit lp dng vt cht th nht vi cc thng tin cho trong bng sau. Trong ... Name Temperature Pressure Molar Flow Component Mole Fraction C1 1.000 Nhp thng tin Methane 25oC 2 bar 100 kgmole/h

93

Tng t vi dng th hai Trong Name Temperature Pressure Molar Flow Component Mole Fraction N2 O2 6. Thit lp thit b phn ng chuyn ho T Object Palette, bm vo biu tng General Reactor , chn Conversion Reactor v a vo PFD. t tn thit b l Oxidation Reactor v ni vi hai dng nguyn liu thit lp trn l Methane v Air. t tn dng sn phm hi l Ox_Vap, mc d trong trng hp ny khng c sn phm lng nhng vn phi t tn l Ox_Liq (hnh 4.8). 0.79 0.21 Nhp thng tin Air 25oC 2 bar 260 kgmole/h

Hnh 4.8. Oxidation Reactor Design tab Connections page

94

Trong Details page ca Reaction tab, chn nhm phn ng Oxidation Rxn Set ci t, cc phn ng s t ng c kt ni vi thit b phn ng (hnh 4.9).

Hnh 4.9. Oxidation Reactor Reactions tab Details page

Chuyn sang Composition page ca Worksheet tab, phn tch thnh phn ca dng sn phm Ox_Vap, in kt qu vo bng di y. Lu lng mol ca cc cu t bng bao nhiu? Methane: _____________ Oxygen: ______________ CO2: _________________ 7. Lu Case Vo File menu . Chn Save As. t tn file l Conversion sau bm phm OK. Lu trnh hon thnh nh trong hnh 4.10. Nitrogen: ________________ CO: _____________________ Hydrogen: ________________

95

Hnh 4.10. Lu trnh PFD vi thit b phn ng chuyn ho

4.1.3

Tm tt v n tp

Trong phn ny gii thiu m hnh sn xut hydro t metan bng phng php oxi ho khng hon ton. Phng php ny da trn nhng phn ng ca metan vi khng kh to ra cacbon oxit v hydro. Qua hc c cch thao tc thit lp cc phn ng chuyn ho ( Conversion) v nhm cc phn ng (Reactions Set ) trong UNISIM, sau nhp cc nhm phn ng vo h nhit ng. Khi thc hin m phng, cc phn ng s c lin kt vi thit b phn ng, UNISIM s thc hin tnh ton cc phn ng ny.

4.2

Thit b phn ng cn bng

Equilibrium Reactor l thit b m phng trong thc hin cc phn ng cn bng (equilibrium reactio n). Dng ra khi thit b t trng thi cn bng ho hc v vt l. Reaction Set c gn cho Equilibrium Reactor bao gm khng gii hn cc phn ng cn bng, c din ra song song hoc ni tip. Khng c cc cu t v qu trnh l tng, UNISIM c th tnh ton hot tnh ho hc ca mi cu t trong hn hp phn ng da trn fugat ca cc cu t n cht v hn hp. Pht trin m hnh i din l ph n ng chuyn ho kh (Water Gas Shift WGS). Vai tr ca ph n ng WGS l tng hiu su t H2 v gi m nng CO p ng yu c u ca pin nhin li u, khng gy ng c anot v gi m hiu su t s dng ca pin. C th kim tra chuyn ho thc t, thnh phn cu t c bn, hng s cn bng v bc phn ng i vi tng phn ng c ci t trong Reaction Set . chuyn ho, hng s cn bng v cc thng s tnh ton khc, tt c c tnh ton da trn nhng thng tin c cung cp khi thit lp Reaction Set.

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4.2.1

Bi ton

Mt ng dng mi ca hydro s n xu t pin nhin li u cho ng c ( PEM fuel cell ). Pin nhin li u i hi nng CO thp hn 10 20 ppm, trnh gy ng c anot v lm gim t ngt hiu su t nhin li u. Cc pin nhin li u (fuel cell ) bin i nng l ng ho hc ca nhin li u hydro tr c tip thnh nng l ng in. Khng ging nh pin ho c c quy, pin nhin li u khng b mt in v cung khng c kh nng tch in. Pin nhin li u hot ng lin t c khi nhin li u l hydro v ch t oxi ho l oxy c a t ngoi vo. Do , nu hydro c s n xu t t qu trnh reforming hydrocacbon ho c ru, vi c tinh ch lm gi m nng CO l v cng c n thit. Cng ngh ph bin nh t hin nay l chuy n ho kh bng hi nc (WGS) theo ph n ng sau: CO + H 2O CO 2 + H2

Ph n ng ny c s dng trong cng nghi p t hn 50 nm trc s n xu t hydro t cc hydrocacbon lng v kh. Vai tr ca ph n ng WGS l tng hiu sut hydro v lm gi m nng CO trnh gy ng c xc tc. Xy dng m hnh ph n ng WGS. 4.2.2 Thc hin m phng qu trnh phn ng cn bng S s dng tip case ph n ng chuyn ho lm trn, c b sung thm c u t, H2 O. M case lu trn v i ph n ng Conversion

Hnh 4.11. M case Conversion

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B m vo bi u tng Enter Basis Environment trn thanh cng c vo giao din Simulation Basis Manager. Trong Components tab, vo giao di n Component List-1 thm c u t. Thm c u t H2 O vo danh sch, nh m t trong hnh 4.12.

Hnh 4.12. B sung cu t H2O

1. Thi t lp cc phn ng Cc ph n ng trong UNISIM c nhp vo theo cch tng t nh nh p c u t thc hin m phng. B m vo Reaction tab trong Simulation Basis Manager. Lu rng t t c cc c u t c hin th trong danh sch Rxn Components .

Hnh 4.13. Thit lp phn ng

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B m vo phm Add Rxn, chn ph n ng Equilibrium t danh sch hi n th. Nh p cc thng tin c n thi t nh sau:

Hnh 4.14. Nhp h s t lng cho phn ng

Trong Basis tab, cc thng s mc nh v vy khng cn khai bo, giao din nh sau:

Hnh 4.15. Giao din Basis tab

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2. Nhp Reaction Sets Khi ph n ng ny c khai bo y cc thng tin, c th ci t cho thit b ph n ng cn b ng Equilibrium Reactor. Trong Reaction tab, b m vo phm Add Set. t tn nhm ph n ng ny (Reaction Set ) l WGS Rxn Set, v nh p ph n ng Rxn-3 vo. Cc ph n ng c nh p vo b ng cch la chn cc ph n ng trong danh sch ca nhm Active List . Kt thc s c giao di n nh m t trong hnh 4.16 di y:

Hnh 4.16. Thit lp Reaction Set

3. Lin k t Reaction Set vo Fluid Package Sau khi thi t l p nhm ph n ng (Reaction Set ), cn phi a vo Fluid Package UNISIM c th s dng trong tnh ton. Chn Reaction Set v b m phm Add to FP. Chn Fluid Package v b m phm Add Set to Fluid Package. Khi cc ph n ng c ci t c lin kt vo Fluid Package, b m phm Return to the Simulation Environment quay tr li mi trng m phng v bt u xy dng m phng PFD. Lu r ng phm Solver c b t (biu tng en mu xanh trn thanh cng c). 4. Thi t lp dng nguyn li u Thit l p dng v t ch t vi cc thng tin sau:

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Trong ... Name Temperature Pressure Molar Flow Component Mole Fraction H2 O 5. Thi t lp Equilibrium Reactor

Nhp thng tin Steam 100oC 2 bar 100 kgmole/h 1.000

T Object Palette, b m vo vo bi u tng General Reactor, trong s bn lo i thi t b ph n ng xu t hin: Gibbs, Equilibrium, Conversion v Yield, chn Equilibrium Reactor v a vo PFD. t tn thi t b l WGS Reactor v ni vi hai dng nguyn li u l Ox_Vap v Steam. t tn dng s n phm hi l WGS_Vap, v m c d trong trng hp ny khng c s n ph m lng nhng vic t tn l b t buc WGS_Liq. Hon thnh k t ni hai dng nguyn li u v t tn cc dng s n ph m, nhn c giao di n nh trong hnh 4.17

Hnh 4.17. Kt ni cc dng vo thi t b phn ng

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Trong Details page ca Reactions tab, chn WGS Rxn Set ci t, cc ph n ng s t ng c kt ni vi thit b ph n ng.

Hnh 4.18. Reaction tab - Details page

Trong Composition page ca Worksheet tab, phn tch thnh ph n ca dng kh s n ph m WGS_Vap. Lu lng mol ca cc cu t sau bng bao nhiu? Methane: ____________ Oxygen: _____________ CO2: ________________ Nitrogen: ____________ CO: ________________ Hydrogen: ___________

Tnh ton phn trm ca cc cu t (so snh vi kt qu trong chng 10) CO gim: __________________________ Hydrogen tng: ____________________ 4.2.3 In s liu tnh ton cc dng v thit b

Trong UNISIM c th in b ng s liu ca cc dng, thi t b v Workbook.

M Workbook b ng cch b m vo biu tng trn thanh cng c . Ho c b m vo phm Tools t menu chnh r i ch n Workbook (ho c s dng phm nng Ctrl+W). Giao di n Workbook s hi n th nh hnh 11.9.

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Hnh 4.19. Giao din Workbook

Trong giao di n cha hin th thnh ph n ph n mol ca cc cu t. C n ph i b sung thm bi n vo Workbook. Giao di n Workbook ang m, trn thanh menu chn Workbook, trong danh sch th xung chn Setup (hnh 4.20).

Hnh 4.20. B sung thm bin vo Workbook

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Trong Variables group, b m phm Add s hin th giao di n nh trong hnh 4.21. Trong danh sch cc bi n Variable, chn Master Comp Molar Flow v trong danh sch Variable Specifics, chn Methane. B m phm OK.

Hnh 4.21. Chn bin nhp thm vo Workbook

L p li nh trn vi t t c cc c u t cn l i. Khi kt thc ki m tra l i giao din Workbook nh hnh 4.22.

Hnh 4.22. Giao din Workbook nhp thm lu lng cc c u t

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Nh p chut phi vo i tng kim tra trn thanh cng c Workbook. Print Datasheet s xu t hin nh trong hnh 4.23.

Hnh 4.23. Hin th Print Datasheet

Chn Print Datasheet. Giao din Select Datablock to Print for Workbook s xut hin (hnh 4.24).

Hnh 11.14. Giao di n Select Datablock to Print for Workbook

T danh sch, c th chn in (Print ) ho c xem l i ( Preview ) bt k b ng d liu no. C th sa i nh d ng trang in, la chn my in, ho c cch thc hi n th ca b ng s liu trong trang in, b ng cch s dng cc phm Format/Layout ho c phm Print Setup

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Lu Case Vo File menu . Chn Save As. t tn file l Equilibrium sau b m phm OK. Khi hon thnh m phng PFD nhn c nh trong hnh 4 .25.

Hnh 4.25. Lu trnh vi Conversion v Equilibrium Reactor

4.2.4

Tm tt v n tp

Pht trin m hnh chuy n ho kh bng hi nc. Vai tr ca ph n ng WGS l tng hiu su t hydro v gi m nng CO p ng yu c u s dng trong pin nhin li u, trnh ng c anot v gi m hiu su t ca pin nhin li u. Qua , hiu thm v cc ph n ng cn b ng (Equilibrium Reaction ) v cch thit l p ph n ng cn b ng, nhm ph n ng v thi t b ph n ng cn b ng trong UNISIM. ng th i cung lm quen v i cch in s liu kt qu tnh ton cc dng v thit b trong lu trnh.

4.3

Thit b phn ng Gibbs

Thc hin tnh ton h phn ng t cn bng tho mn iu kin ti thiu nng lng t do Gibbs bng cng c Gibbs Reactor trong UNISIM. Nng lng t do Gibbs ca h phn ng t gi tr ti thiu trng thi cn bng, c s dng tnh ton thnh phn hn hp sau phn ng. Cung nh Equilibrium Reactor, cc cu t tinh khit v hn hp phn ng c gi s trng thi l tng. Thit b phn ng Gibbs c s dng khi c rt t thng tin v h phn ng, khng yu cu khai bo h s t lng cc cu t ca phn ng, c th c hoc khng thit lp phn ng cn bng trong Reaction Set .

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4.3.1 Bi ton Cng ngh cracking hi nc Etan sn xut Etylen, vi phn ng chnh: C 2H 6 C2H4 + H2 Qu trnh xy ra nhit 350 oC, p sut 1 atm, t l hi nc/etan l 1/2. 4.3.2 Thc hin m phng 1. Thit lp c s m phng Bc u tin m phng qu trnh sn xut etylen l la chn phng trnh trng thi thch hp. Nhp cc thng tin sau: Trong page Property Package Components 2. Thit lp phn ng Bm vo Reactions tab trong Simulation Basis Manager. Trong tab ny cho php thit lp cc phn ng xy ra trong lu trnh. Trong Reactions group, bm vo phm Add Rxn, s xut hin ca s cc thuc tnh ca phn ng Reactions property . Trong danh sch, chn Equilibrium Reaction , sau bm vo phm Add Reaction. Giao din thuc tnh ca Equilibrium Reaction xut hin, m Stoichiometry tab. in thng tin nh hin th trong hnh 4.26. di y. La chn Peng Robinson Ethane, Ethylene, H2 , H2 O

Hnh 4.26. Equilibrium Reaction Stoichiometry tab

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Trong giao din thuc tnh ca Equilibrium Reaction , chuyn sang Basis tab. Chn thng tin trong danh sch th xung nh hin th trong hnh 4.27 di y. Tip theo chn Gibbs Free Energy trong bng Keq Source pha bn phi cho thit b phn ng Gibbs. Bc tip theo l to Reaction Set : trong Reaction tab ca Simulation Basis Manager , b m vo phm Add Set . Nhp Rxn-1 vo Global Rxn Set.

Hnh 4.27. Equilibrium Reaction Basis tab

Bc cui cng l lin kt Reaction Set vo Fluid Package, c th thc hin tnh ton trong flowsheet . Thm Reaction Set vo Fluid Package. Sau khi thm phn ng vo Fluid Package, bm phm Enter the Simulation Environment v bt u xy dng m phng. 3. Khi to dng nguyn liu Cc thng s ca dng Feed c khai bo nh trong bng sau:

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Name Temperature [C] Pressure [kPa] Molar Flow [kgmole/hr] Ethane [Mole Flow] H2O [Mole Flow] 4. Khi to thit b phn ng Gibbs

Feed 350 101.3 3.000 2.000 1.000

T Object Palette, chn Gibbs Reactor, v a vo PFD. Trong Connection page ca Design tab, t tn thit b phn ng l GBR-Reactor, ni vi dng nguyn liu l Feed. Dng sn phm hi l Vap Prod, dng sn phm lng l Liq Prod. Dng nng lng l Q.

Hnh 4.28. Design tab Connection page

Chuyn sang Parameters page ca Design tab, nhp gi tr Delta P bng 40 kPa, Duty bng 5e+5 kJ/h.

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Hnh 4.29. Design tab Parameterpage

Chuyn sang Reaction tab, chn Gibbs Reaction Only (hnh 4.30). Nu chn Specify Equilibrium Reactions th cn phi nhp Global Reaction Set nh trong hnh 4.31.

Hnh 4.30. Reaction tab Gibbs Reaction Only

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Hnh 4.31. Reaction tab Specify Equilibrium Reactions

5. c kt qu tnh ton Chuyn sang Worksheet tab, c th la chn page tng ng c kt qu tnh ton ca Gibbs Reactor. in kt qu nhn c. in cc gi tr sau: Product Temperature: ________________________________ Vapour Product Molar Flow: ________________________ Chuyn sang Composition page ca Worksheet tab, phn tch thnh phn ca dng sn phm Product, in kt qu nhn c. Lu lng mol ca cc cu t bng bao nhiu? Ethane: ____________________ Ethylene: ____________________ Hydrogen:___________________ 6. Lu case vo th mc xc nh Vo File menu . Chn Save As. t tn file l GBR sau bm phm OK .

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Hon thnh m phng nhn c lu trnh PFD nh trong hnh 4.32.

Hnh 4.32. Lu trnh vi Reactor Gibbs

4.3.3

Tm tt v n tp

Gibbs Reactor l cng c tnh ton phn ng tho mn yu cu ti thiu nng lng t do Gibbs khi phn ng t cn bng. tnh ton vi thit b phn ng Gibbs c th khai bo phn ng hoc khng cn phi khai bo phn ng khi khng c y thng tin v phng trnh phn ng cn bng. 4.3.4 Bi tp nng cao

Hn hp kh c lu lng 100 kg - mol/hr cha 50 mol% Nitrogen v 50 mol% Hydrogen 1 atm v 50 oC a vo thit b phn ng tng hp amoniac. Phn ng pha kh s dng h nhit ng Peng -Robinson. Gibbs Reactor lm vic ch ng nhit. Xc nh lu lng sn phm amoniac to thnh.

4.4

Thit b phn ng khuy lin tc (CSTR)

Thc hin m phng quy trnh sn xut propylen glycol vi m hnh thit b phn ng khuy lin tc . Dng nguyn liu l oxit propylen v nc c trn Mixer, dng hn hp ra l nguyn liu cho phn ng. Oxit propylen phn ng vi nc trong thit b phn ng l thng khuy lin tc (CSTR) , vi iu kin p sut kh quyn propylen glycol c to thnh. 4.4.1 Thit lp mt Session Preference mi

Khi ng UNISIM v to mt case mi. Vic u tin l thit lp Session Preference.

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T Tools trn thanh menu chnh chn Preference. Giao din thuc tnh ca Session Preference s xut hin nh hnh 4.33.

Hnh 4.33. Giao din thuc tnh ca Session Preference

Trn Simulation tab, chn Options page. Phi chc chn l khng kch hot Use Modal Property Views . Chuyn sang Variables tab, chn Units page, xut hin ca s nh hnh 4.34. 4.4.2 Khi to H n v o mi

Cng vic u tin cn thc hin khi xy dng m phng l phi chn h n vi o (Unit Set ). UNISIM khng cho php thay i ba h n v o mc nh c lit k trong danh sch unit sets, tuy nhin c th to mt unit set mi. Trong chng ny, s to mt unit set mi da trn h n v Anh ca UNISIM (Field set ), sau hiu chnh theo yu cu. Trong danh sch Available Units Set, chn Field (hnh 4.34). Tham s Liq.Vol.Flow c n v mc nh l barrel/day; s thay i n v ca Liq.Vol.Flow thnh n v USGPM.

113

Hnh 4.34. Session Preference - Variables tab - Units page

Preference file c tn mc nh l UNISIM.prf. Khi thay i cc thng s ca Preferences , c th lu li nhng thay i ny trong file mi, bng cch bm vo phm Save Preference Set bn tri pha di giao din thuc tnh ca Session Preferences . UNISIM s nhc nh khai bo tn cho Preference file mi, khi cn n c th m li file ny cho case m phng mi no , bng cch bm vo phm Load Preference Set bn phi pha di giao din thuc tnh ca Session Preferences Bm vo phm Clone. S sut hin mt h n v o mi c tn l NewUser trong danh sch Available Unit Sets . Trong Unit Set Name , thay i tn thnh Field-USGPM . C th thay i cc n v o cho cc bin khc trong h n v ca file mi ny. Tm Liq.Vol.Flow . Bm vo barrel/day bn cnh (hnh 4.35). m danh sch cc n v o c th, bm vo mui tn i xung, hoc bm phm nng F2 sau bm vo phm mui tn i xung di chuyn. T danh sch chn USGPM. H n v mi c xc nh. ng ca s giao din thuc tnh ca Session Preferences .

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Hnh 4.35. To h n v mi Field-USGPM

4.4.3

Thc hin m phng

1. Thit lp c s m phng. Nhp cc thng tin sau: Trong page Property Package Components La chn UNIQUAC Propylene Oxide, Propylene Glycol, H2 O

2. Cung cp h s tng tc bc hai Cng vic tip theo s thc hin trong Fluid Package l cung cp cc h s tng tc bc hai. Bm vo Binary Coeffs tab trong ca s thuc tnh Fluid Package nh trong hnh 4.36. Trong nhm Activity Model Interaction Parameters , c bng cc h s tng tc bc hai mc nh Aij. UNISIM s t ng a ra cc h s tng tc cho cc cp hai cu t trong thnh phn hn hp t th vin. C th thay i cc h s m UNISIM cung cp nu ngi s dng c s liu. Trong trng hp ny, cha bit h s tng tc ca mt cp bc hai l 12C3Oxide/12-C3diol. Trong trng hp ny, s t nhp s liu nu ngi s dng c s liu, nu khng s s dng theo phng php c tnh ca UNISIM.

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Hnh 4.36. Ca s hin th h s tng tc bc hai Aij v Bij

S dng phng php UNIFAC VLE c tnh h s cha bit. Bm vo phm Unknowns Only . UNISIM cung cp gi tr cc h s tng tc bc hai cha bit. Khi hon thnh bng Activity Model Interaction Parameters vi cc gi tr h s Aij ca cc cp i tng ng s hin th nh hnh 4.37 di y:

Hnh 4.37. H s tng tc bc hai Aij

116

Chuyn sang bng h s tng tc Bij, chn phm B ij. Trong trng hp ny, tt c cc h s Bij c mc nh bng 0. 3. Thit lp phn ng Phn ng gia nc v propylene oxide to thnh propylene glycol: H2O + C 3H6O C3H8O2 Quay tr li Simulation Basis Manager Bm vo Reactions tab. Trong tab ny cho php thit lp cc phn ng xy ra trong lu trnh. Trong Reactions group, bm vo phm Add Rxn, s xut hin ca s cc thuc tnh ca phn ng Reactions property . Trong danh sch, chn Kinetic Reaction, sau bm vo phm Add Reaction. Giao din thuc tnh ca Kinetic Reaction xut hin, m Stoichiometry tab. in thng tin nh hin th trong hnh 4.38. di y.

4.38. Kinetic Reaction Stoichiometry tab

UNISIM s khng cung cp gi tr mc nh ca cc thng s bc ca phn ng thun Forward Order v bc ca phn ng nghch Reverse Order da trn h s t lng ca phn ng ( reaction stoichiometry ). Cc d liu ng hc ca qu trnh, trong trng hp ny lng nc d, v vy phn ng l bc mt vi propylen oxit , v bc 0 i vi nc . Trong Fwd Order v Rev Order, nhp cc gi tr c hin th nh hnh 4.39. Nhp gi tr trong Fwd Order theo H2 O l 0 biu th l d nc.

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Hnh 4.39. Kinetic Reaction Stoichiometry tab

Trong giao din Kinetic Reaction, chuyn sang Basis tab. Trong Basis, gi nguyn gi tr mc nh Molar Concn. Vo Base Component . Theo mc nh, UNISIM chn cu t u tin c lit k trong danh sch trn Stoichiometry tab l cu t c bn. Trong trng hp ny Propylene oxide l cu t c bn. Trong Rxn Phase, chn CombinedLiquid t danh sch th xung. Hon thnh Basis tab nh trong hnh 4.40.

Hnh 4.40. Kinetic Reaction Basis tab

118

Chuyn sang Parameters tab. Trong giao din ny s khai bo cc thng s Arrhenius parameters cho phn ng ng hc. Trong trng hp ny, khng xy ra phn ng nghch ( Reverse Reaction), v vy ch phi khai bo cc thng s cho phn ng thun Forward Reaction parameters. Trong Forward Reaction, A nhp gi tr 1.7e13. Trong Forward Reaction, E (nng lng hot ho), nhp gi tr 3.24e4 (Btu/lbmole). Trn thanh trng thi pha di bn phi ca giao din Kinetic Reaction s thay i t Not Ready thnh Ready. Nh vy vic thit lp phn ng hon thnh. Giao din Parameters tab s nh h nh 4.41.

Hnh 4.41. Kinetic Reaction Parameters tab

Bc tip theo l to Reaction Set cha cc phn ng mi. Trong danh sch cc Reaction Set ca UNISIM cung cp Global Rxn Set bao gm tt c cc phn ng c xc nh. Trong trng hp ny, ch c duy nht mt phn ng, nhp Rxn-1 vo Global Rxn Set. Bc cui cng l lin kt Reaction Set vo Fluid Package, c th thc hin tnh ton trong flowsheet . Thm Reaction Set vo Fluid Package. Sau khi thm phn ng vo Fluid Package, bm phm Enter the Simulation Environment v bt u xy dng m phng. 4. Khi to hai dng nguyn liu Nhp dng nguyn liu th nht vi cc gi tr nh trong bng sau:

119

Name Temperature Pressure Molar Flow Component Mole Fraction 12C3Oxide Nhp thm dng nguyn liu th hai Name Temperature Pressure Mass Flow Component Mole Fraction H2 O 5. Khi to thit b trn hn hp

Prop Oxide 75o F 1.1 atm 150 lbmole/h 1.000

Water Feed 75o F 16.17 psi 11,000 lb/h 1.000

Mixer, s dng trn hai dng nguyn liu. in cc thng tin nh trong hnh 4.42.

Hnh 4.42. Kt ni cc dng vi Mixer

120

6. Khi to thit b phn ng T Object Palette, chn CSTR, v a vo PFD. t tn thit b phn ng l CSTR, ni vi dng nguyn liu l Mix_Out. Dng sn phm hi l CSTR Vent , dng sn phm lng l CSTR Product, dng nng lng l Coolant (hnh 4.43)

Hnh 4.43. Kt ni cc dng vi Reactor

Chuyn sang Details page ca Reactions tab, chn Global Rxn Set .

Hnh 4.44. Lin kt Reaction Set vi Reactor

121

Bc tip theo l khai bo tham s cho thit b phn ng Vessel Parameters. Trong trng hp ny thit b phn ng c th tch l 280 ft 3 v in y l 80%. Chuyn sang Dynamics tab, sau chn Specs page (hnh 4.45). Trong Model Details group, bm vo Vessel Volume. Nhp gi tr 280 (ft3). Trong Liq Volume Percent, nhp gi tr 80.

Hnh 4.45. Khai bo cc tham s cho thit b phn ng

Chuyn sang Worksheet tab (hnh 4.46). Ti thi im ny, dng sn phm v dng nng lng lm mt cha bit bi v thit b phn ng ch c mt bc t do. Lc ny c th khai bo hoc l nhit dng ra hoc l nng lng lm lnh. Thit b phn ng c gi thit lm vic trong iu kin ng nhit, do nhit dng sn phm ra bng nhit dng nguyn liu vo bng 75o F. Trong ct CSTR Product , nhp gi tr Temperature l 75oF, nh trong hnh 4.46. Khng c thay i pha trong thit b phn ng Reactor iu kin ng nhit, dng sn phm hi CSTR Vent bng 0. Ngoi ra, yu cu nng lng lm mt c tnh ton biu din qua Heat Flow ca dng tc nhn lnh ( Coolant stream). Tip theo kim tra chuyn ho trong thit b phn ng ph thuc vo nhit phn ng. Chuyn sang Reactions tab, sau chn Results page. chuyn ho s hin th trong bng Reactor Results Summary nh hnh 4.47.

122

Hnh 4.46. Ca s nhp nhit dng sn phm

Hnh 4.47. Kt qu tnh ton chuyn ho ca phn ng

Vi nhit phn ng gi thit l 75oF, chuyn ho ca phn ng Actual Percent Conversion (Act.% Cnv. ) trong thit b phn ng l 44.27%. Cn phi iu chnh nhit sao cho chuyn ho t 85 95%? in cc gi tr sau: Reactor Temperature: ________________________________ Actual Percent Conversion: ____________________________

123

7. Lu case vo th mc xc nh Vo File menu . Chn Save As. t tn file l CSTR sau bm phm OK . Hon thnh m phng nhn c lu trnh PFD nh trong hnh 4.48.

Hnh 4.48. PFD cng ngh sn xut propylen glycol t propylen oxit v nc

4.4.4 Tnh cn bng vt cht v cn bng nng lng S dng tin ch ca UNISIM tnh ton cn bng vt liu v cn bng nng lng ca tng thit b hoc ton lu trnh. Trnh t thc hin nh sau. Bm vo phm Tools trn thanh cng c, chn Utilities trong danh sch th xung, hoc bm phm nng Ctrl+U. Trong ca s cc tin ch Available Utilities, chn Property Balance Utility, ri bm vo phm Add Utility, s xut hin giao din nh hnh 4.49.

Hnh 4.49. Giao din Property Balance Utility

124

Bm vo phm Scope Objects s xut hin giao din nh trong hnh 4.50. Chn thit b (UniOps) hoc ton b lu trnh cng ngh (FlowSheetWide) tnh cn bng vt cht v cn bng nng lng.

Hnh 4.50. Giao din la chn i tng tnh cn bng vt cht v cn bng nng lng

Bm phm Accept List, tr v giao din tnh cn bng, chn Insert Variable add bin Mass Flow

Hnh 4.51. Chn bin Mass Flow

125

Tr v giao din tnh cn bng, chn Insert Formula, trong ct Variable Type chn Mass Flow

Hnh 4.52. Insert Fomula

xem kt qu bm nt chn Balance Results , sau chn tab Material Balance hin th kt qu tnh cn bng vt liu ca ton b lu trnh (hnh 4.53).

Hnh 4.53. Kt qu tnh cn bng vt cht cho ton b lu trnh

126

Chn tab Energy Balance hin th kt qu tnh cn bng nng lng ca ton b lu trnh (hnh 4.54).

Hnh 4.54. Kt qu tnh cn bng nng lng cho ton b lu trnh

4.4.5 Tm tt v n tp Thc hin xy dng lu trnh PFD m phng cng ngh sn xut propylen glycol. Propylen oxit phn ng vi nc to thnh propylen glycol trong thit b phn ng loi thng c khuy lin tc ( CSTR ). Propylen oxit v nc c trn trong Mixer. Hn hp sau khi trn c a vo thit b phn ng khuy lin tc, trong iu kin p sut kh quyn propylen glycol c to thnh. T hc hin tnh cn bng vt cht v cn bng nng lng ca ton b lu trnh vi cng c Property Balance Utility.

4.5

Thit b phn ng dng y (PFR)

S dng m hnh thit b phn ng dng y trong UNISIM m phng thit b phn ng dng ng hoc ng chm, loi thit b phn ng ph bin trong cng ngh ho hc v ho du.

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4.5.1 Bi ton Dng aceton c nhit 761,85 oC, p sut 162 kPa, lu lng 137,9 kmol/h. Phn ng cracking pha hi aceton thnh keten v metan xy ra trong thit b phn ng PFR: CH3COCH3 CH2CO + CH4 Phng trnh ng hc ca phn ng:
34222 k 8.2 1014 exp T

Trong : k - hng s tc phn ng, sec -1; T - nhit , K. Phng trnh ng hc tng qut c dng k = Aexp(-E/RT). C th nhn thy rng, trong trng hp ny E/R = 34222 (th nguyn l nhit Kenvin, K). Do E = 34222 R. Trong h n v SI, gi tr hng s kh l tng R = 8 ,31 kJ/kmol. T ta c: E = 34222 x 8,31 = 2,85 x 105 kJ/kmol 4.5.2 Thc hin m phng 1. Thit lp c s m phng Nhp cc thng tin sau: Trong trang Property Package Components 2. Thit lp phn ng Bm vo Reactions tab. Trong tab ny cho php thit lp cc phn ng xy ra trong lu trnh. Trong Reactions group, bm vo phm Add Rxn, s xut hin ca s cc thuc tnh ca phn ng Reactions property . Trong danh sch, chn Kinetic Reaction, sau bm vo phm Add Reaction. Giao di n thuc tnh ca Kinetic Reaction xut hin, m Stoichiometry tab. in h s t lng theo phng trnh phn ng. Lu cc cu t bn v tri phng trnh phn ng (cc cht phn ng), h s mang du m, cc cu t bn v phi phng trnh phn ng (sn phm phn ng) c h s mang du dng. Chn PRSV Acetone, Methane v Ketene

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Vi phn ng Kinetic, phi nhp thng s bc ca phn ng thun v nghch, nu khng nhp UNISIM mc nh bng 0. Trong giao din Kinetic Reaction, chuyn sang Basis tab. Trong Basis, gi nguyn gi tr mc nh Molar Concn. Vo Base Component . Theo mc nh, UNISIM chn cu t u tin c lit k trong danh sch trn Stoichiometry tab l cu t c bn. Trong trng hp ny Acetone l cu t c bn. Trong Rxn Phase, chn Vapour Phase t danh sch th xung. Hon thnh Basis tab nh trong hnh 4.55. Chuyn sang Parameters tab. Trong giao din ny s khai bo cc thng s Arrhenius Parameters cho phn ng ng hc. Trong trng hp ny, khng xy ra phn ng nghch ( Reverse Reaction), v vy ch phi khai bo cc thng s cho phn ng thun Forward Reaction Parameters .

Hnh 4.55. Kinetic Reaction Basis tab

Trong Forward Reaction, A nhp gi tr 8.2e+14. Trong Forward Reaction, E (nng lng hot ho), nhp gi tr 2.85e+5 (kJ/kgmole). Trn thanh trng thi pha di bn phi ca giao din Kinetic Reaction s thay i t Not Ready thnh Ready. Nh vy vic thit lp phn ng hon thnh. Giao din Parameters tab s nh hnh 4.56.

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Hnh 4.56. Kinetic Reaction Parameters tab

Bc tip theo l to Reaction Set cha cc phn ng mi. Trong danh sch cc Reaction Set ca UNISIM cung cp Global Rxn Set bao gm tt c cc phn ng c xc nh. Trong trng hp ny, ch c duy nht mt phn ng, nhp Rxn-1 vo Global Rxn Set. Bc cui cng l lin kt Reaction Set vo Fluid Package, c th thc hin tnh ton trong flowsheet . Bm phm Add Set to Fluid Package. Sau khi thm phn ng vo Fluid Package, bm phm Enter the Simulation Environment v bt u xy dng m phng. 3. Khi to dng nguyn liu Thit lp dng nguyn liu Feed, vi cc tham s nh trong bng di y: Trong Name Temperature Pressure Molar Flow Component Mole Fraction Acetone Ketene Methane Nhp thng tin Feed 761.85o C 162 kPa 137.900 kgmole/h 1.0000 0 0

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4. Khi to thit b phn ng PFR S dng mt trong cc cch sau to lp thit b trong UNISIM: S dng menu chnh, chn Flowsheet , trong danh sch th xung chn Add Operation hoc bm phm F12. Giao din cc thit b m phng UnitOps s xut hin. La chn thit b cn thit. M Workbook, vo UnitOps page, bm phm Add UnitOp. Giao din cc thit b m phng UnitOps s xut hin. La chn thit b cn thit. S dng Object Palette: t Flowsheet menu, chn Open, hoc bm phm F4. Nhp p vo biu tng thit b cn s dng. S dng phm phi chut bm vo biu tng thit b cn s dng t Object Palette v a vo PFD. t tn thit b phn ng l PFR Reactor, ni vi dng nguyn liu l Feed. Dng sn phm l Product. Bc tip theo l khai bo tham s cho thit b phn ng. Trong Parameter page ca Design tab, nhp gi tr Pressure Drop l 0 kPa. Tip theo vo Heat Transfer chn Direct Q Value khai bo Duty bng 0 kJ/hr, iu c ngha thit b phn ng lm vic iu kin on nhit. Chuyn sang Rating tab, in cc s liu kch thc ca thit b phn ng: th tch thit b phn ng l 1.271 m3, chiu di 2.28 m, s ng l 1000. ng knh ng v chiu dy thnh thit b s c tnh ton (hnh 4.57).

Hnh 4.57. Khai bo cc tham s cho thit b phn ng

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Trong Overall page ca Reaction tab, chn Global Rxn Set cho thit b phn ng PFR. Ngay lp tc PFR Reactor thc hin tnh ton phn ng.

Hnh 4.58. La chn Reaction Set cho Reactor PFR

Tip theo kim tra chuyn ho trong thit b phn ng. Chuyn sang chn Results page ca Reactions tab. chuyn ho s hin th nh hnh 4.59. Trong trng hp ny, chuyn ho ca phn ng t 18,9%.

Hnh 4.59. Kt qu tnh ton chuyn ho ca phn ng

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Chuyn sang Worksheet tab, s c cc thng s ca dng sn phm phn ng nh trong hnh 4.60.

Hnh 4.60.Cc thng s ca dng sn phm phn ng

in cc gi tr sau: Product Temperature: ________________________________ Actual Percent Conversion: ____________________________ Chuyn sang Composition page ca Worksheet tab, phn tch thnh phn ca dng sn phm Product, in kt qu vo bng di y. Lu lng khi lng ca cc cu t bng bao nhiu? Acetone: ________________ Ketene: _________________ Methane: ________________ 5. Lu case vo th mc xc nh Vo File menu . Chn Save As. t tn file l PFR sau bm phm OK . Hon thnh m phng nhn c lu trnh PFD nh trong hnh 4.61.

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Hnh 4.61. Lu trnh vi Reactor PFR

4.5.3

Quan st bin thin cc i lng dc theo ng phn ng

S dng Performance tab, bm phm Plot, s hin th ng cong bin thin nhit dc theo ng phn ng nh trong hnh 4.62. C th la chn cc bin khc (pressure, enthalpy, entropy, duty, vapour fraction ) hin th bng cch bm vo phm chn trong nhm Type bn tri. C th la chn bt k trong s cc page ca Performance tab (Conditions, Flow, Rxn Rates, Transport hoc Compositions ) hin th cc s liu tnh ton khc nhau, tu theo yu cu ca ngi s dng, di dng bng (hnh 4.63), c th bm vo phm Plot gc pha di bn tri hin th dng th .

Hnh 4.62. Bin thin nhit dc theo ng phn ng

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Hnh 4.63. Giao din Performance tab vi cc page

4.5.4 Tm tt v n tp Thc hin xy dng lu trnh PFD m phng qu trnh cracking pha hi aceton thnh keten v metan bng m hnh thit b PFR. Phn ng cracking pha hi aceton xy ra trong thit b phn ng dng y ( PFR). Thit b phn ng loi ng chm c 1000 ng, lm vic iu kin on nhit. Quan st bin thin cc i lng dc theo chiu di thit b phn ng PFR hin th di dng bng hoc th vi giao din Performance tab.

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Chng 5. CC CNG C TNH TON

Ni dung Trong chng ny gii quyt vn s dng cc cng c tnh ton trong UNISIM . Nh rng y ch l cc cng c tnh ton m khng phi l cc thit b trong lu trnh cng ngh. Lm quen vi cc cng c logical trong UNISIM thc hin tnh ton. Hc cch tnh ton cc thng s c bn ca thp chng luyn bng cng c Shorcut Distilation. Phn chia dng cc cu t bng Component Splitter. Mc tiu Sau khi hc xong chng ny ngi s dng c th: S dng cc cng c logical ph hp trong tnh ton. T nh ton cc thng s c bn ca thp chng luyn. Xc nh dng cu t sau Component Splitter . Yu cu Trc khi hc chng ny ngi s dng cn phi bit: Thc hin iu chnh PFD. Thm cc dng trong PFD hoc Workbook . Khi to v ni cc dng vo thit b trong PFD.

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5.1
5.1.1

Cng c logic Adjust


Chc nng ca Adjust

Cng c Adjust khi a vo lu trnh s lm thay i gi tr ca mt bin qu trnh (c coi l bin c lp) ph hp vi gi tr xc nh ca bin mc tiu (c coi l bin ph thuc) trong mt dng khc hoc mt thit b khc. Cng c Adjust s t ng thc hin cc vng lp trong qu trnh tnh ton. Bin c lp phi c xc nh t ban u. Adjust c th thc hin cc chc nng: Hiu chnh bin c lp cho n khi bin ph thuc tha mn gi tr mc tiu. Hiu chnh bin c lp cho n khi bin ph thuc bng gi tr ca mt bin tng t cho i tng khc, cng thm lch cho php. C th thit lp cng c Adjust theo mt trong hai cch sau: Chn Add Operation t Flowsheet Menu, v chn Adjust. Chn biu tng Adjust trong Object Palette. 5.1.2 Bi ton ng dng Adjust

Mt ng dng n gin ca Adjust s dng thut ton Secant. Dng nguyn liu Feed a vo thp tch (V-100), hai dng sn phm ra l SepLiq v SepVap. Adjust s c s dng iu chnh nhit ca dng nguyn liu Feed cho n khi lu lng ca dng lng SepLiq t gi tr yu cu l 100 lbmole/hr. M Case mi vi h nhit ng Peng Robinson Nhp cc cu t sau: Methane, Ethane, Propane, i-Butane, n-Butane, i-Pentane, n-Pentane, n-Hexane, n-Heptane v n-Octane. Thit lp dng nguyn liu Feed, vi cc tham s c cho trong bng di y.

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Trong ny... Temperature Pressure Molar Flow Methane Ethane Propane i-Butane n-Butane i-Pentane n-Hexane n-Octane Mole Fraction Mole Fraction Mole Fraction Mole Fraction Mole Fraction Mole Fraction Mole Fraction Mole Fraction

Nhp thng tin 60o F 600 psi 144 lbmole/hr 0.4861 0.1389 0.0694 0.0625 0.0556 0.0486 0.0417 0.0486 0.0278 0.0208

n-Pentane Mole Fraction n-Heptane Mole Fraction

Khi to thit b tch V-100, giao din Connections page ca Design tab nh trong hnh 5.1 di y:

Hnh 5.1. Giao din thuc tnh ca thp tch V-100

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Khi to Adjust bng cch chn Add Operation t Flowsheet menu, tip theo chn Adjust. Nhp cc thng tin cho Connections page v Parameters page ca Design tab nh bng di: Trong ny Design tab [Connections page] Adjusted Variable Target Variable Spec. Target Variable Design tab [Parameters] Method Tolerance Step Size Maximum Interations Nhp thng tin Feed Temperature SepLiq Molar Flow 100 lbmole/hr Secant 1 lbmole/hr 20o F 10

Ch rng gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca bin c lp khng c nhp vo. Bm phm Start , UNISIM bt u qu trnh tnh ton. Monitor tab s hin th cc gi tr ca bin c lp v bin ph thuc trong qu trnh tnh ton cc vng lp. Qu trnh lp c th hin nh hnh 5.2.

Hnh 5.2. Giao din thuc tnh ca Adjust hin th s vng lp

139

Adjust thc hin tnh ton t n gi tr lu lng dng yu cu trong 7 vng lp. Cc thng s mi ca dng Feed s c hin th nh trong bng sau: Name Vapour Fraction Temperature [F] Pressure [psi] Molar Flow [lbmole/hr] Mass Flow [lb/hr] Liq Vol Flow [barrel/day] Heat Flow [Btu/hr] Feed 0.3064 -16.68 600 144 5438 788.6 -7.321e+06

Nhit ca nguyn liu Feed hin th gi tr hi t l -16.68oF. Gi tr lc u xc nh l 60oF. Adjust tnh ton nghim hi t cho bin c lp tho mn yu cu ca bin mc tiu cn phi t c lu lng dng lng SepLiq ra khi thp tch pha l 100 lbmole/hr.

5.2

Cng c logic Set

5.2.1 Chc nng ca Set Set l mt cng c tnh ton c s dng thit lp gi tr cho mt bin qu trnh (Process Variable PV) trong mi lin quan n mt bin khc. Quan h gia hai bin ging nhau, v d, nhit ca hai dng, hoc UA ca hai thit b trao i nhit. Cng c ny c s dng trong c m phng ng v m phng tnh. Bin ph thuc, cn gi l bin mc tiu ( target ), c xc nh theo bin c lp, cn gi l bin ngun ( source), theo biu thc tuyn tnh sau: Y = MX + B Trong : Y - Bin ph thuc (target) ; X - Bin c lp (source); M - H s nhn; B - lch. thit lp Set, chn Add Operation t Flowsheet menu , v chn Set. Ngoi ra, c th chn phm Set trong Object Palette.

140

5.2.2 Bi ton ng dng Set Dng nguyn liu a vo Reactor s c thit lp h s t lng hp thc bng cch s dng Set . H nhit ng s dng phng trnh trng thi Peng-Robinson. Nhp bn cu t: CO, Hydrogen, Methane v H2 O. M phng phn ng metan ho sau y: CO + 3 H2 CH4 + H2O Khi to phn ng Conversion v in cc h s t lng ca phn ng nh trong giao din hnh 5 .3.

Hnh 5.3. Giao din Conversion Reaction Stoichiometry tab

Trong Basis tab ca giao din Conversion Reaction nhp Base Component l CO, v Conversion l 80% (hnh 5.4). Thit lp Reaction Set, v gn Conversion Reaction vo Reaction Set . Tip theo gn Rxn Set vo Fluid Package (bm vo phm Add to PF ). Vo mi trng m phng.

141

Hnh 5.4. Giao din Conversion Reaction Basis tab

Hai dng nguyn liu vo Reator, mt dng l CO tinh khit, mt dng l H2 tinh khit. Cc dng nguyn liu c cc thng s nh trong bng di y. STREAMS Name Vapour Fraction Temperature [C] Pressure [kPa] Molar Flow [kgmole/hr] Comp Mole Fraction CO Comp Mole Fraction H2 Comp Mole Fraction H2O Comp Mole Fraction Methane CO Feed 1 550 1000 100 1 0 0 0 H2 Feed 1 055 1000 <empty> 0 1 0 0

142

Thit lp Separator vi cc thng tin sau: SEPARATOR [SEP-100] Tab [Page] Worksheet [Conditions] Design [Parameters] Trong ny... Inlets Vapour Outlet Liquid Outlet Pressure Drop Nhp thng tin CO Feed, H2 Feed Product Liquid 0 kPa

M giao din thuc tnh thp tch pha. Trn Reaction tab nhp Reaction Set c Conversion Reaction thit lp trn. Thp tch pha trong trng hp ny c s dng nh mt thit b phn ng chuyn ho. By gi s dng Set t lu lng dng H2 c t l vi dng CO theo h s t lng, nh trong hnh 5.5.

Hnh 5.5. Giao din Set Connections tab v Parameters tab

UNISIM s tnh ton. Kt qu tnh ton c hin th trong Worksheet . Cng c Set rt c ch khi ng dng cho nhng vn phc tp. V d, trong Flowsheet c cc dng n Reactor c tun hon, Set c th m bo chc chn rng t l gia lu lng cc dng lun lun theo ng h s t lng theo phng trnh phn ng.

143

5.3
5.3.1

Cng c logic Recycle


Chc nng ca Recycle

Tun hon nhit c th c tnh ton khng cn s dng cng c Recycle. Nhng vi bi ton tun hon vt liu, trong dng vt liu i ra c tun hon tr v trn ln vi dng nguyn liu ban u, cn phi s dng cng c Recycle tnh ton. Recycle l mt cng c tnh ton, khng phi l thit b. ci t Recycle vo trong Flowsheet, chn Add Operation t Flowsheet menu, v chn Recycle. Ngoi ra, c th chn phm biu tng Recycle trong bng chn (Object Palette). 5.3.2 Bi ton ng dng Recycle Dng nguyn liu hai pha Feed c trn vi dng tun hon Recycle v i vo thp tch pha V-100. Hi t thp tch V-100 c gin n trong tuc bin gin n kh E-100 v sau li a vo thp tch pha V-101. Mt na cht lng t thp tch V-101 i vo bm P-100 tun hon li v trn vi dng nguyn liu mi ti u vo. Lu trnh chung th hin trong hnh 15.6.

Hnh 5.6. Lu trnh c s dng Recycle

H nhit ng s dng phng trnh trng thi Peng-Robinson. Cc iu kin v thnh phn ca dng Feed c a ra trong cc bng sau.

144

Tab [Page] Worksheet [Conditions]

Trong ny... Temperature Pressure Molar Flow Nitrogen CO2 Methane Ethane Propane Mole Fraction Mole Fraction Mole Fraction Mole Fraction Mole Fraction Mole Fraction Mole Fraction Mole Fraction

Nhp thng tin 60o F 600 psi 1 MMSCFH

0.0069 0.0138 0.4827 0.1379 0.0690 0.0621 0.0552 0.0483 0.0414 0.0345
0.0276 0.0206

Worksheet [Compositions]

i-Butane n-Butane i-Pentane

n-Pentane Mole Fraction n-Hexane n-Octane Mole Fraction Mole Fraction

n-Heptane Mole Fraction

Ln lt khi to cc thit b sau: Tab [Page] SEPARATOR [V-100] Inlet Design [Connections] Design [Parameters] EXPANDER [K-100] Inlet Design [Connections] Worksheet [Conditions] Outlet Energy V-101 Feed Pressure V-100 Vap V-101 Feed K-100 Duty 300 psi Vapour Outlet Liquid Outlet Pressure Drop Feed V-100 Vap V-100 Liq 0 psi Trong ny... Nhp thng tin

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Tab [Page] SEPARATOR [V-101]

Trong ny...

Nhp thng tin

Inlet Design [Connections] Design [Parameters] TEE [TEE-100] Inlet Design [Connections] Design [Parameters] PUMP [P-100] Inlet Design [Connections] Design [Parameters] Worksheet [Conditions] Product Energy Efficiency P-100 Out Pressure Outlets Flow Ratio Vapour Outlet Liquid Outlet Pressure Drop

V-101 Feed V-101 Vap V-101 Liq 1.45 psi V-101 Liq TEE-100 Prod P-100 Feed 0.5 P-100 Feed P-100 Out P-100 Duty 75% 600 psi

Khi to dng Recycle t dng P-100 Out bng cch chn phm Define from other Stream bn di ca giao din thuc tnh ca dng. T hp danh sch Available Streams trn giao din Spec Stream As chn dng P-100 Out. Lin kt dng Recycle ny vo thp tch pha V-100. Ton b lu trnh chnh hon thnh. By gi s khi to cng c Recycle tnh ton dng tun hon tr li thp tch pha ny. RECYCLE [RCY-1] Tab [Page] Design [Connections] Trong ny... Feed Product Nhp thng tin P-100 Out Recycle

Cc thng s gi nguyn tt c cc gi tr mc nh. UNISIM s thc hin tnh ton, v Recycle s hi t mt cch nhanh chng.

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5.4
5.4.1

Tnh ton thng s thp chng bng Shortcut Distillation


Chc nng ca Shortcut Distillation

Shortcut Distillation (Shortcut Column) thc hin tnh ton cc thng s c bn ca thp chng luyn c hi lu theo Fenske -Underwood. Cng c Shortcut Distillation tnh s a l thuyt ti thiu Fenske v ch s hi lu nh nht Underwood, v tr a nhp liu ti u. Shortcut Distillation ch dng c tnh cc thng s ca thp chng c hi lu. c kt qu ph hp vi thc t cn phi tnh ton bng Column. Bm phm F12 v chn Shortcut Distillation t Unit Ops View khi to Shortcut Distillation hoc chn Shortcut Distillation trong Object Palette. 5.4.2 Bi ton s dng Shortcut Distillation Xy dng Shortcut Distillation tnh ton cc tham s c bn cho thp tch propan c dng nguyn liu vo thp Feed vi thnh phn v cc tham s dng c cho di y. M New Case: Fluid Package: Peng Robinson Components C2, C3, i-C4, n-C4, i-C5, n-C5, C6 To dng nguyn liu vi cc tham s sau: MATERIAL STREAM [ Feed] Tab [Page] Trong ny Temperature [F] Pressure [psia] Molar Flow [lbmole/hr] Ethane Mole Frac Worksheet [Conditions] Propane Mole Frac i-Butane Mole Frac n-Butane Mole Frac i-Pentane Mole Frac n-Pentane Mole Frac n-Hexane Mole Frac Nhp thng tin 207.37 100.0000 1271.5190 0.0148 0.7315 0.0681 0.1462 0.0173 0.0150 0.0071

Khi to Shortcut Distillation. Ti Connections page ca Design tab, in cc thng tin vo cc v tr tng ng .

147

SHORTCUT COLUMN [Depropanizer] Tab [Page] Trong ny Feed Distillate Design [Connections] Bottoms Condenser Duty Reboiler Duty Top Product Phase Nhp thng tin Feed Distillate Bottoms Cond Q Reb Q Liquid

Nhp cc thng tin sau trn Parameters page ca Design tab: SHORTCUT COLUMN [Depropanizer] Tab [Page] Trong ny Light Key in Bottom Heavy Key in Distillate Condenser Pressure Reboiler Pressure External Reflux Ratio Nhp thng tin Component - Propane Mole Fraction - 0.025 Component - i-Butane Mole Fraction -0.020 100 psia 103 psia 1.5

Design [Parameters]

Hon thnh m phng nhn c cc s liu th hin trn hnh 5.7

Hnh 5.7. Lu trnh Shortcut Distillation

148

UNISIM s t ng tnh ton gi tr Minimum Reflux Ratio l 0.985 nh trn hnh 5.8.

Hnh 5.8. Kt qu tnh ch s hi lu ti thiu

Vi gi tr Reflux Ratio nhp vo ban u l 1.5 cc kt qu tnh ton nhn c s hin th trn Performance tab (hnh 5.9):

Hnh 5.9. Kt qu tnh cc thng s cho thp chng

149

5.5
5.5.1

Phn chia dng cc cu t bng Component Splitter


Chc nng ca Component Splitter

Dng nguyn liu vo c Component Splitter chia lm hai dng ring bit da trn nhng thng s c khai bo ban u. y l cng c tnh ton cc qu trnh phn chia c bit v khng tiu chun, ch c trong UNISIM. Khi to Component Splitter bng mt trong hai cch sau: Bm phm F12 v chn Component Splitter t Unit Ops view Hoc chn biu tng Component Splitter trn Object Palette. Component Splitter tnh ton da trn c s cn bng vt liu vi mi cu t: fi = ai + bi Trong : fi - Lng mol cu t i trong dng nguyn liu ; ai - Lng mol cu t i trong sn phm nh; bi - Lng mol cu t i trong sn phm y. Lng mol cu t trong dng sn phm nh v y c tnh ton theo cc biu thc sau: ai = xifi bi = (1-xi)fi Trong : xi - P hn cu t i trong sn phm nh. Tng cu t, phn on hi v p sut dng ra khi thit b bit, cn P-VF ca cc dng tch c tnh ton theo gi tr nhit v nhit lng ca cc dng. Cn bng nhit lng tng cng trong Component Splitter c tnh ton theo biu thc sau: h E = h F h O hB Trong : hE - Enthalpy ca dng nng lng cha bit gi tr hF - Enthalpy ca dng nguyn liu hO - Enthalpy ca sn phm nh hB - Enthalpy ca sn phm y. 5.5.2 Bi ton s dng Component Splitter Dng 1 l dng nguyn liu; dng 2 l dng sn phm nh, v dng 3 l dng sn phm y. Dng nng lng l Q-100. M New Case: Fluid Package: Peng Robinson Components: Ethane, Propane, i-Butane, n-Butane, i-Pentane, n-Pentane, n-Hexane
Hnh 5.10. Component Splitter

150

Dng 1 l dng nguyn liu c cc thng s sau: MATERIAL STREAM [1] Tab [Page] Trong ny Temperature [F] Pressure [psia] Molar Flow [lbmole/hr] Ethane Mole Frac Propane Mole Frac Worksheet [Conditions] i-Butane Mole Frac n-Butane Mole Frac i-Pentane Mole Frac n-Pentane Mole Frac n-Hexane Mole Frac Nhp thng tin 200.0000 500.0000 1000.0000 0.0148 0.7315 0.0681 0.1462 0.0173 0.0150 0.0071

Khi to Component Splitter . Nhp cc thng tin sau : COMPONENT SPLITTER [X-100] Tab [Page] Trong ny Nhp thng tin Feeds 1 Overhead Product 2 Design [Connections] Bottoms Product 3 Energy Streams Q-100 COMPONENT SPLITTER [X-100] Tab [Page] Trong ny Nhp thng tin Overhead Pressure [psia] 100 Ovehead Vapour Fraction 1 Design [Parameters] Bottoms Pressure [psia] 103 Bottoms Vapour Fraction 0 Ethane 1 Propane 0.98 i-Butane 0.01 Design n-Butane 0.01 [Split-2] i-Pentane 0.1 n-Pentane 0 n-Hexane 0

151

Cc thng s ca cc dng nguyn liu v sn phm c th xem trong Worksheet tab ca Component Splitter. Conditions page nh trong hnh 5. 11.

Hnh 5.11. Component Splitter Worksheet tab Conditions page

T cc thng tin trn Composition page (hnh 5.12), cc phn on sn phm nh c th c kim tra bng cch so snh phn mol cc cu t trong dng sn phm. V d phn on propan nh l: Propane Overhead Fraction= a3 = x3 f3 = 731.50 x 0.977 = 714.68

Hnh 5.12. Component Splitter Worksheet tab Compositions page

152

5.6

Bng tnh (Spreadsheet)

Cc cng thc ton hc phc tp c th c thit lp, s dng trong Spreadsheets : cc hm i s, logarit, lng gic, cc biu thc logic. S dng cc hm s ca Spreadsheet m hnh ho Flowsheet tnh ton cc bin ca qu trnh. Vi kh nng truy cp vo tt c cc bin qu trnh, vic tnh ton c thc hin t ng, cc ca Spreadsheet s c cp nht s liu khi cc bin ca Flowsheet thay i. V vy Spreadsheet l cng c rt mnh v c rt nhiu ng dng trong UNISIM. Spreadsheet trong UNISIM bao gm cc hm ton hc v logic ph bin. xem cc hm v cc biu thc c trong Spreadsheet , chn phm Function Help. Ch rng ca s ny c ba tab: Mathematical Expressions, Logical Expressions v Mathematical Functions. Tt c cc hm phi c bt u bng + (vi hm ton hc) hoc @ (vi cc hm c bit nh cc hm logarit, hm lng gic, hm logic,). V d nh +A4/B5 v @ABS (A4 -B5). 5.6.1 Chc nng ca Spreadsheet

1. Cc hm ton hc thng thng Spreadsheet c cc hm ton hc sau: Cc hm s Php cng (Addition ) Php tr (Substraction ) Php nhn (Multiplication ) Php chia (Division ) Gi tr tuyt i (Absolute Value) Hm luy tha (Power) Cn bc hai (Square Root ) Pi Giai tha (Factorial ) Cch s dng Dng du + Dng du - Dng du * Dng du / @Abs Dng du ^ @SQRT hoc @RT +pi !

153

Th t thc hin cc php tnh nh thng thng (trong ngoc trc, ngoi ngc sau, hm mu, nhn v chia trc, cng v tr sau). V d php tnh: +6+4/2 = 8 Php chia thc hin trc php cng. Nhng nu nh c ngoc n th php tnh trong ngoc thc hin trc ri mi n php chia: +(6+4)/2 = 5 2. Cc hm logarit logarit t nhin (ln) logarit c s 10 (log) Hm mu (Exponential) Hm Hyperbol (Hypebolic) 3. Cc hm lng gic Tt c cc hm lng gic u c thc hin trong Spreadsheet, bao gm c hm lng gic ngc v hm hyperbol. Cc hm lng gic Hm chun (Standard) Hm ngc (Inverse) Cch s dng @sin, @cos, @tan @asin, @acos, @atan @ln @log @exp @sinh, @cosh, @tanh

Hm lng gic c th tnh ton bng n v Radian, Degree hoc Grad, bng cch chn n v ph hp t danh sch Angle in th xung trong nhm Current Cell. Ch l du ngoc n l bt buc vi tt c cc hm logarit v hm lng gic. Khng phn bit ch in hay ch thng trong cc hm. V d: @log(1000) = 3 @cos(pi) = 1

154

4. Cc ton t Logic (Logical Operations) Spreadsheet h tr Boolean logic. V d, gi s A1 c gi tr 5, A2 c gi tr 10. Cn A3 nhp cng thc (+A1<A2) Spreadsheet s tr v gi tr l 1 cho A3, khi trng thi l ng (A1 nh hn A2). Nu gi tr hoc l A1 hoc l A2 thay i sao cho trng thi l sai, A3 s nhn gi tr 0. C th s dng cc ton t Boolean sau: Bng (Equal to) Khng bng (Not Equal to ) Ln hn (Greater than ) Nh hn (Less than ) Ln hn hoc bng ( Greater than or Equal to ) Nh hn hoc bng (Less than or Equal to ) 5. Cc cu lnh IF/THEN/ELSE Cu trc chung ca cu lnh ny l: @if (iu kin) then (if true) else (if false) iu kin l cc biu thc logical, nh B1==15. V d, gi s A3 c s 6. Cu lnh: @if (A3>10) then (10) else (A3/2) Kt qu gi tr l s 3 s hin th trong tng ng: Lun lun phi c ELSE trong cu lnh. Du ngoc n l bt buc cho cu lnh ny. 5.6.2 Bi ton == != > < >= <=

S dng Spreadsheet tnh ton ch s Reynold cho dng nc chy trong ng. Dng nc c nhit 30 o C v p sut 101,325 kPa. Lu lng dng l 400 kg/h. Ch s Reynold c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Re

du

155

trong :

d - ng knh ng u - vn tc dng lu th trong ng - t trng ca cht lng - nht ca cht lng

5.6.3

Thc hin m phng

1. Thit lp c s m phng Nhp cc thng tin sau: Trong trang Property Package Components 2. Thit lp dng nc Khai bo cc tham s ca dng Feed nh trong bng sau: Tab [page] Worksheet [Conditions] Trong ny Temperarure Pressure Mass Flow Worksheet [Compositions] 3. Thit lp Spreadsheet C hai cch thit lp Spreadsheet: Chn Add Operation t Flowsheet menu, sau chn Spreadsheet. Hoc c th chn biu tng Spreadsheet t Object Palette. Nhp p m bng tnh Spreadsheet, i tn mc nh SPRDSHT -1 thnh Reynold. Giao din Spreadsheet nh trong hnh 5.13 di y. H2 O Mol Frac Nhp gi tr 30 o C 101.325 kPa 400 kg/h 1 Chn PR H2 O

156

Hnh 5.13. Giao din Spreadsheet

Chuyn sang tab Spreadsheet nhp s liu v cc cng thc tnh. 4. Thc hin tnh ton trong Spreadsheet Nhp ng knh ng dn Trong A1 l tn i lng Diameter . ng knh ng dn l 2 cm. Trong B1, ghi gi tr 0.02. Chn n v bng cch a con tr chut vo B1, chn Length t danh sch Variable Type th xung (hnh 5.14). Trong trng hp ny h n v l SI, do n v mc nh ca chiu di l met. Nhp cng thc tnh din tch ng dn Din tch ng dn c tnh theo cng thc sau:

d 2
4

Nhp cng thc vo D1, theo ng cc quy tc a ra phn trn: +0.25*pi*b1^2

157

Kt qu tnh ton ca cng thc ny (0.000314159 m2 ) s hin th trong D1. Lm tng t nh trn hin th n v tnh din tch. ng knh hin th ch s mu xanh c ngha l gi tr c khai bo. Din tch hin th mu , ngha l gi tr tnh t cng thc.

Hnh 5.14 .Chn n v chiu di

Nhp lu lng dng lu th chy trong ng Thc hin nhp gi tr lu lng dng t dng Feed trong lu trnh PFD. C hai cch Import t PFD: - Drag t giao din dng Feed vo Spreadsheet. - Import s dng Navigator . Bm phm Add Import trn Connections tab, hoc bm phm phi chut vo B2 v chn Import Variable. Khi nhp xong lu lng dng, gi tr s hin th trong B2. Trong nhm Curent Cell , UNISIM s ch r bin ny l Mass Flow v c Imported t dng Feed. Lu lng dng hin th ch s mu en c ngha l gi tr c nhp t lu trnh vo B2.

158

Nhp t trng dng lu th Thc hin nhp gi tr t trng dng nc. Import Density vo B3 tng t nh Import Mass Flow . T trng ph thuc vo cc tham s ca dng (nhit v p sut) v do khng phi l gi tr c khai bo ban u. Gi tr ny c hin th bng cc ch s mu en, s khng c thay i. Nhp cng thc tnh vn tc dng lu th Vn tc dng lu th chy trong ng c tnh theo cng thc sau: u = m / (A) trong : m - lu lng dng theo khi lng; - t trng; A - din tch thit din ng. Nhp cng thc tnh sau y vo B4: +(B2/3600)/(B3*D1) Cn phi chia lu lng dng cho 3600 i n v o thi gian t gi sang giy. Nhp nht dng lu th Gi tr nht ca dng lu th c nhp vo Spreadsheet t lu trnh PFD. Thc hin Import gi tr Viscosity t Feed vo B5, tng t nh nhp lu lng dng trn. Viscosity l gi tr tnh ton (ch s c mu en) khng th thay i c. Nhp cng thc tnh ch s Reynold Ch s Reynold ca dng lu th c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Re

du

Nhp cng thc tnh ch s Reynold vo B7: +(B1*B4*B3)/(B5/1000) Trong trng hp ny phi chia cho 1000 chuyn i n v tnh cho ph hp.

159

Ch s Reynold bng 8873, c hin th trong B7 (hnh 5.15). Kt qu tnh ton cho thy rng ch dng chy trong ng l chy ri.

Hnh 5.15. Kt qu tnh ch s Reynold

kim tra cc cng thc tnh nhp vo c th m tab Formula. Trong bng lit k tn ca cc c cng thc ti ct Cell , cc cng thc ti ct Formula v kt qu tnh ton ca cng thc ti ct Results (hnh 5.16). 5. Lu case vo th mc xc nh Vo File menu . Chn Save As. t tn file l Reynold sau bm phm OK.

160

Hnh 5.16. Giao din Spreadsheet Formula tab

5.7

Ti u ho (Optimizer)

Thit k hng i tng ca UNISIM to ra b ti u ha a bin cc k mnh, c th xc nh cc iu kin vn hnh cho php ti thiu (hoc ti a) mt hm mc tiu, v d nh ti a li nhun, ti thiu cc h thng ph tr, hay ti thiu nng lng tiu th, Optimizer ch thc hin vi cc tnh ton trong m phng tnh, m s khng hot ng trong m phng ng. 5.7.1 Phng php tnh 1. Cc thut ng c s dng trong Optimizer - Cc bin c s (Primary Variables ) y l cc bin c nhp t bng tnh m gi tr ca chng c iu chnh nhm mc ch ti thiu (hoc ti a) hm mc tiu. Phi t cc cn trn v cn di cho tt c cc bin c s, c s dng thit lp khong tm kim, cung nh thc hin chun ha.

161

- Hm mc tiu (Objective Function ) y l hm s c ti thiu hay ti a. Cc bin c s c th c nhp vo v cc hm cung c thit lp trong bng tnh Optimizer, trong c y cc tnh nng ca bng tnh trong lu trnh cng ngh chnh. - Cc hm lin kt (Constraint Functions ) Cc ng thc v bt ng thc c th c a vo trong bng tnh Optimizer. V d c mt ng thc c to ra t hai bin tho mn bt phng trnh ( -A*B < K). Cc phng php BOX, Mixed v SQP ph hp cho tnh ton ti thiu cho cc biu thc bt ng thc. Ch c phng php SQP c th x l cc biu thc ng thc. Cc phng php Fletcher-Reeves v Quasi-Newton c th tnh ton ti u ha vi cc hm khng lin kt. 2. Cc phng php tnh ton trong Optimizer - Thit lp hm Optimizer iu khin cc gi tr ca mt b cc bin c s nhm mc ch ti thiu (hoc ti a) mt hm mc tiu ( Objective Function) thit lp, c xy dng t s bt k cc bin qu trnh. min f(x1, x2, x3, ..., xn) Trong : x 1, x2, x3, , xn l cc bin qu trnh. Mi bin c s x 0, s c iu khin trong mt khong xc nh: x0 i cn di < x0 i < x0 i cn trn vi i = 1, , j Cc lin kt ng thc v bt ng thc chung l: ci(y1 , y2, y3, ..., yn)= 0, ci(y1 , y2, y3, ..., yn 0, ci(y1 , y2, y3, ..., yn 0, vi i = 1, ..., m1 i = m1 + 1, ..., m2 i = m2 + 1, ..., m

Cc hm lin kt ni chung khng nn s dng cc bin c s. Tt c cc bin c s c chun ha t cn di n cn trn. Do , phi cung cp gi tr cc cn di v cn trn hp l. Nn trnh thay i qu thp hoc qu cao gi tr cc cn, v chng c th gy ra mt s vn chia t l khi

162

tnh ton. Phi cung cp mt im khi u v phi nm trong khong chp nhn c. Nu UNISIM dng tnh ton hm mc tiu hay bt k hm lin kt no, Optimizer s lm gim bc tng ca bin c s cui cng xung mt na. Lu trnh cng ngh sau c tnh ton li. Nu vic tnh ton hm vn khng thnh cng, s ti u ha s b dng. Theo mc nh, Optimizer thit lp nh nht hm mc tiu. Phm Maximize trn Functions tab, c th la chn khi cn tnh ton cc i hm mc tiu. Bn trong Optimizer thc hin i du mt cch n gin. - Phng php BOX Phng php BOX l k thut tm kim lin tc gii quyt cc vn vi cc hm mc tiu phi tuyn, ph thuc vo cc quan h bt ng thc phi tuyn, khng i hi o hm. Trong phng php ny gii quyt cc lin kt bt phng trnh m khng gii quyt lin kt phng trnh. Phng php ny khng hiu qu trong cc bi ton i hi cc tnh ton cc hm, yu cu mt s ln cc bc lp ng quy nghim. - Phng php SQP Phng php lp trnh bc hai ni tip ( Sequential Quadratic Programming - SQP) tnh ton vi cc lin kt ng thc v bt ng thc. SQP c s dng nhiu v y l phng php hiu qa nht tnh ton ti thiu ha vi cc lin kt tuyn tnh v phi tuyn tnh ni chung, cn cung cp mt im khi u hp l c s dng trong tnh ton v mt s t cc bin c s. Chng trnh thc hin ti thiu mt tim cn bc hai ca hm Lagrangian ph thuc vo cc tim cn tuyn tnh ca cc lin kt. Ma trn o hm cp hai ca hm Lagrangian c c tnh mt cch t ng. - Phng php hn hp Phng php ny bao gm u im ca cc c tnh hi t ton h thng ca phng php BOX v hiu qu ca phng php SQP. Bt u tnh ton ti thiu vi phng php BOX s dng sai s hi t ri rc (gp 50 ln sai s cho php). Sau khi hi t, phng php SQP c s dng xc nh nghim cui cng vi sai s cho php.

163

- Phng php Fletcher Reeves Phng php ny c bin i da trn phng php Polak Ribiere gradient lin hp Fletcher - Reeves. Nhng bin i cho php cc bin c cc cn thay i cao hn v thp hn. Phng php ny hiu qu i vi tnh ton ti thiu ha ni chung khng gii hn. Phng php c s dng cho tm kim mt chiu. - Phng php Quasi Newton Phng php Quasi Newton ca Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) trong phm vi gii hn, phng php ny tng t vi phng php Fletcher Reeves ni trn. Bng sau y tm tt ng dng ca cc phng php. Phng php Cc vn khng rng buc
X X X X X

Cc vn c rng buc: bt ng thc


X X X

Cc vn c rng buc: ng thc

Cc php tnh o hm

BOX SQP Mixed Fletcher-Reeves Quasi-Newton

X X X X

Bt u lm vic vi Optimizer C hai cch m Optimizer : - Bm vo Simulation trn thanh cng c, trong danh sch th xung chn Optimizer. - Hoc bm phm F5. Giao din thuc tnh ca Optimizer nh trn hnh 5.17. Giao din c 5 tab:

Configuration tab: cha

cc thng tin cn thit la chn m hnh tnh

ton Original, Honeywell SQP, DataRecon hoc Selection Optimization .

164

Hnh 5.17. Optimizer Configuration tab

Variables tab: nhp cc bin c s ti thiu hay ti a hm mc tiu (hnh 5.18). Bt k bin qu trnh no c th thay i (do ngi thit k thit lp) c th c s dng nh l mt bin c s. Cc bin mi c thm vo thng qua Variable Navigator. Tt c cc bin phi c cho cn trn v cn di, c s dng chun ha bin c s:

xnorm

x xlow xhigh xlow

Cn trn v cn di cho mi bin c s nn c chn sao cho s nhn c mt gii php cng ngh hp l trong khong . V d, bin c s l lu lng mol ( molar flow) ca mt dng vt liu ang c a vo cc ng bn trong ca mt thit b trao i nhit. Nu lu lng mol dng ny qu nh, th c th xy ra hin tng chng cho nhit trong thit b trao i nhit, s lm dng qu trnh tnh ton ca Optimizer. Trong trng hp ny cn di nn c chn ln sao cho hin tng chng cho nhit khng xy ra.

165

Hnh 5.18. Optimizer Variables tab

Functions
tiu.

tab: c th xc nh r tnh ton ti thiu hay ti a hm mc

Functions tab bao gm hai nhm, c t tn l Objective Function v Constraints Functions (hnh 5.19). Ch rng Optimizer c mt bng tnh ring c s dng pht trin cc hm Objective Function v Constraints Functions . Bng tnh ca Optimizer ng nht vi bng tnh trong lu trnh cng ngh; cc bin qu trnh c th c a vo bng tnh bng cch ko th, hoc s dng bng chn Variable Navigator . Khi cc bin qu trnh cn c kt ni ti bng tnh, c th xy dng cc hm mc tiu ( Objective Function) v bt k biu thc quan h no theo ng c php chun. Trong nhm Objective Function, ch r Objective Function trong phm vi Objective Function Cell. Gi tr hin ti ca Objective Function phi c cung cp. Thm vo , nhm Objective Function l khu vc c th xc nh r

166

(thng qua cc nt chn) tnh ton ti thiu hay ti a hm mc tiu (Objective Function) .

Hnh 5.19. Optimizer Functions tab

Trong Constraints Functions c th nh r v bn tri v v bn phi ca cc biu thc quan h (trong cc ct LHS Cell v RHS Cell ). nh r mi quan h gia cc bn tri v bn phi ( LHS > RHS, LHS < RHS, LHS = RHS ) trong ct Cond hm Constraint Function c nhn vi Penalty Value trong cc tnh ton ti u ha. Nu mt biu thc quan h khng tha mn, th s tng gi tr ca Penalty Value; Penalty Value cng cao, th biu thc quan h cho c gi tr cng ln. Penalty Value c mc nh bng 1.

Parameters tab
Parameters tab c s dng cho vic la chn s ti u ha v xc nh cc tham s lin quan (xem trn hnh 5.20). - Scheme: la chn phng php tnh ton ti u ha. - Maximum Function Evaluations : thit lp s ln nht ca cc hm tnh ton (khc vi s ti a cc bc lp). Trong mi php lp, t l thch hp ca lu

167

trnh cng ngh c tnh ton vi ln, ph thuc vo phng php tnh ton ti u ha, v s cc bin c s. - Tolerance (sai s cho php): UNISIM s xc nh s thay i trong hm mc tiu (objective function ) gia cc bc lp, cung nh nhng thay i trong chun ha cc bin c s. S dng cc thng tin ny, UNISIM s a ra kt qu tnh ton ti u ha nu sai s cho php ban u tha mn. Bin c s c chun ha theo biu thc sau: xnorm = (x-xlow) / (xhigh -xlow) Tt c cc phng php s dng biu thc ny, tr phng php BOX dng o hm. - Maximum Iterations : S ti a cc bc lp. Cc tnh ton s dng li khi t n s ti a cc bc lp.

Hnh 5.20. Optimizer Parameters tab

- Maximum Change / Iteration : S thay i ti a cho php khi thc hin chun ha cc bin c s gia cc bc lp. V d, gi s s thay i ti a cho php trn mt bc lp l 0.3 (gi tr mc nh). Nu dng mol l mt bin c s

168

thay i trong khong t 0 n 200 kmol/h, th s thay i ti a trong mt bc lp s l 200*0.3 = 60 kmol/h. - Shift A / Shift B : o hm ca hm mc tiu v cc hm lin kt theo theo cc bin c s, ni chung c tnh ton t vi phn i s. o hm c tnh ton t biu thc sau: xshift = ShiftA*x + ShiftB Trong : x - bin b nhiu ( chun ha) xshift - khong dch chuyn ( chun ha) Shift B m bo gi tr ca xshift s lun lun c gi tr khc 0. Ni chung khng cn thit thay i gi tr mc nh ca ShiftA v ShiftB. C nhng phng php thay i ng thi gi tr ca cc bin c s, trong kh li c nhng phng php thay i ln lt cc bin c s. Cc o hm c tnh ton t biu thc:

y/x = (y1 y2)/xshift


Trong : y2 - gi tr ca bin b nh hng tng ng vi x + xshift y1 - gi tr ca bin b nh hng tng ng vi x. Trc mi bc, Optimizer cn xc nh chnh lch ca b mt ti u ha ti vng hin ti. Optimizer di chuyn mi bin c s bng mt gi tr ca xshift (lm cho kch thc mi bc ca Shift A v Shift B s l rt nh). o hm sau c tnh cho tt c cc hm ( Objective v Constraint ) s dng cc gi tr ca y ti hai v tr ca x. T thng tin ny v cc gi tr trc ca Optimizer, kch thc v nh hng bc tip theo s c chn.

Monitor tab (hnh 5.21)


Trong giao din ca Monitor tab hin th cc gi tr ca Objective Function, cc bin c s v Constraint Function trong sut cc tnh ton ca Optimizer. Thng tin mi ch c cp nht khi c s thay i gi tr ca Objective Function. Cc gi tr lin kt l dng nu cc hm quan h bt ng thc c tho mn v l m nu khng tho mn.

169

Hnh 5.21. Optimizer Monitor tab

Trong giao din Optimizer c 3 phm, gm c: - Delete: xa tt c thng tin hin ti khi Optimizer v bng tnh ca n - Spreadsheet : truy cp vo bng tnh ring ca Optimizer. - Start / Stop : khi ng hoc kt thc cc tnh ton ca Optimizer. Mt hm mc tiu phi c xc nh trc khi bt u cc qu trnh tnh ton. Cc im chnh cn lu ca Optimizer - Xc nh gi tr cc cn di v cn trn mt cch hp l l cc k quan trng. iu ny cn thit khng nhng ngn chn cc iu kin bt li cho lu trnh cng ngh (v d chng cho nhit trong thit b trao i nhit) m cn v cc bin c chia t l gia 0 v 1 trong cc thut ton ti u ha s dng cc cn ny. - i vi cc phng php BOX v hn hp, Maximum change / Iteration ca cc bin c s (thit lp trn Parameters tab ) cn phi gim. Gi tr 0.05 hoc 0.1 l ph hp hn. - Phng php hn hp ni chung yu cu t nht s cc hm tnh ton (tc l hiu qu nht).

170

- Nu cc phng php BOX, SQP, hoc hn hp khng thc hin tnh ton cc hm quan h c thit lp, th tng Penalty Value trn Functions tab gp 3 hay 6 ln (ti gi tr tng t vi gi tr mong mun ca hm mc tiu). Mt khc, iu cung hu ch trong qu trnh tnh ton t ti gi tr ca hm mc tiu v hn ch s bt li n mc c th (c bit khi s dng phng php BOX). - Theo mc nh Optimizer ti thiu hm mc tiu. C th ti a hm mc tiu bng cch chn Maximize trn Functions tab. Ch , Optimizer nhn vi hm mc tiu bng - 1 khi tnh ton ti a hm mc tiu. 5.7.2 Bi ton

Tnh ton UA ca 3 thit b trao i nhit c lp. S dng Optimizer tnh ton ti u ho t s dng qua b chia dng sao cho UA ton phn l ti thiu. Dng Feed c dn vo vng lm lnh s b, sau c chia thnh hai dng. Vic lm lnh ca dng nguyn liu phn chia c thc hin bng cch trao i nhit vi cc thit b trao i nhit t song song. Mt dng c lm lnh bng dng sn phm nh t thp tch metan dng E-100 Cool In v dng kia c lm lnh nh chu trnh lm lnh bng propane Valve In v thit b trao i nhit bn sn thp tch metan E-102 Cool In. Tnh ton cc thit b trao i nhit n hoc a UA l mt tnh hung thng gp, trong c cc thit b trao i nhit c s dng vi cc iu kin vn hnh khc nhau hoc vi cc ng dng khc nhau. Trong nhng trng hp ny, ngi k s phi xc nh c iu kin trao i nhit nh th no l ph hp nht t cc thit b trao i nhit ang c m cng sut vn hnh b gii hn bi cc nh thit k. 5.7.3 Thc hin m phng Thit lp c s m phng

Nhp cc thng tin sau: Trong trang Property Package Components Chn PR Methane, Ethane, Propane, i-Butane, n-Butane

171

Bm phm Enter Simulation Environment thc hin m phng. Thit lp cc dng nguyn liu v dng qu trnh M Workbook thit lp 4 dng Material Stream vi cc thng s k thut a ra trong bng sau. Giao din Workbook nh trn hnh 5.22. Tab [page] Input Area Temperature, o F Worksheet [Conditions] Pressure, psia Molar Flow, lbmol/hr Methane Ethane Worksheet [Compositions] Propane Mole Fraction i-Butane n-Butane Feed 20 1000 2745 0.7515 0.2004 0.0401 0.0040 0.0040 E-100 Cool In - 142 250 1542 0.9073 0.0927 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Valve In 120 350 <empty> 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 E-102 Cool In <empty> 251 1640 0.2828 0.2930 0.1414 0.1313 0.1515

Hnh 5.22. Workbook Material Streams

172

Thit lp ln lt cc thit b

Thit lp b chia dng Tee-100. Giao din hin th nh trn hnh 5.23. Tab [Page] Design [Connections] Trong Name Inlet Outlets Nhp thng tin TEE-100 Feed E-100 Feed E-101 Feed

Hnh 5.23. TEE-100 Design tab Connections page

Khi ny cha c thng s v t l chia dng nn cha tnh ton c dng ra, trn bng trng thi mu vng hin th dng ch Unknow Splits. Thit lp b trn dng Mix-100. Giao din hin th nh trn hnh 5.24. Tab [Page] Design [Connections] Trong Name Inlet Outlets Nhp thng tin MIX-100 E-100 Out E-101 Out Mixer Out

173

Khi ny cc dng vo MIX-100 cha c cc thng s nn cha tnh ton c dng ra, trn bng trng thi mu vng hin th dng ch Not Solved.

Hnh 5.24. MIX-100 Design tab Connections page

Thit lp Valve VLV-100. Giao din hin th nh trn hnh 5.25. Tab [Page] Design [Connections] Trong Name Inlet Products Nhp thng tin VLV-100 Valve In E-101 Cool In

Khi ny cc dng vo VLV-100 cha c cc thng s nn cha tnh ton c, trn bng trng thi pha di giao din c dng ch Not Solved.

174

Hnh 5.25. VLV-100 Design tab Connections page

Thit lp 3 thit b trao i nhit vi cc thng s nh trong cc bng di y. Giao din thuc tnh E-100 hin th nh trn cc hnh 5.26, 5.27 v 5.28. Tab [Page] Trong Name Design [Connections] Tubeside Inlet Tubeside Outlet Shellside Inlet Shellside Outlet Tubeside Delta P Shellside Delta P Design [Parameters] Heat Loss/Leak Heat Exchanger Model Interval (E-100 Feed) Interval (E-100 Cool In) Dew/Bubble Pt (E-100 Cool In) Nhp thng tin E-100 E-100 Feed E-100 Out E-100 Cool In E-100 Cool Out 10 psia 10 psia None Weighted 10 10 Inactive

175

Cn lu khi nhp thm thng s UA, UNISIM t ng tnh ton theo UA cn phi chuyn sang Specs page v active vo bin UA nh trong hnh 5.28.

Hnh 5.26. E-100 Design tab Connections page

Hnh 5.27. E-100 Design tab Parameters page

176

Hnh 5.28. E-100 Design tab Specs page

Thit lp cc thit b trao i nhit E-101 v E-102 tng t nh thit lp thit b trao i nhit E-100 trn, vi cc thng s k thut cho trong bng di y. Trong Name Tubeside Inlet Design Tubeside Outlet [Connections] Shellside Inlet Shellside Outlet Tubeside Delta P Shellside Delta P Heat Loss/Leak Design Heat Exchanger [Parameters] Model Interval Interval Dew/Bubble Pt Tab [Page] Nhp thng tin E-101 E-101 Feed E-102 Feed E-101 Cool In E-101 Cool Out 5 psia 1 psia None Weighted E-102

5 psia 5 psia None Weighted

(E-101 Feed) 10 (E-102 Cool In) 10 (E-101 Cool In) 10 (E-102 Cool Out) 10 Inactive Inactive

177

Nhp thm cc thng s sau cho cc dng. Khi ny cung cp y cc thng s, vic tnh ton hon thnh, case hi t. Kt qu tnh ton cc dng hin th trong Workbook (hnh 5.29). Stream E-102 Out E-101 Cool Out E-100 Out E-101 Cool Out Specs Temperature, o F Vapour Fraction Temperature, o F Pressure, psia Value - 40 1.00 - 65 20

Hnh 5.29. Kt qu tnh ton trong Workbook

Tnh ton ti u ha

Trong bi ton ny s s dng cng c Optimizer tnh ton t l chia dng ti b chia dng TEE-100 sao cho h s trao i nhit ton phn UA l ti thiu. Trc ht cn xa cc tham s UA ca cc b trao i nhit v b active trong Specs page, thay vo l cc tham s mi sau:

178

- Nhit ca dng E-102 Cool In l -85oF - Lu lng dng Valve In l 495 lbmole/hr - Lu lng dng E-101 Feed l bin s dng ti u ha, s nhp gi tr tnh ton ban u l 1668 lbmole/hr. Sau khi nhp ba thng s trn, lu trnh s hi t, vic tnh ton lu trnh cng ngh hon thnh. By gi s bt u tnh ton ti u ha. M Optimizer, vo Variable tab, nhp bin c s v cc thng tin nh trong bng sau: Object E-101 Feed Primary Variable Molar Flow Low Bound 1450 High Bound 1800

Hnh 5.30. Nhp Primary Variable

Bm vo phm Spreadsheet s m ra giao din nh trong hnh 5.31.

179

Hnh 5.31. Giao din Spreadsheet

Bm vo phm Spreadsheet Only v Import cc gi tr UA ca ba b trao i nhit t lu trnh chnh theo nh bng sau. Bng tnh trong giao din Optimizer Spreadsheet nh trong hnh 5.32.

Cell... A1 A2 A3 A4

Import UA E-100 E-101 E-102 +A1+A2+A3

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Hnh 5.32. Giao din Optimizer Spreadsheet Spreadsheet tab

C th kim tra cc cng thc c nhp vo bng tnh bng cch chuyn sang Formulas tab. Trong bng lit k tn ca cc c cng thc ti ct Cell, cc cng thc ti ct Formula v kt qu tnh ton ca cng thc ti ct Results (hnh 5.33). Chuyn sang Function tab ca Optimizer, la chn bin cn ti u ha v la chn ch tnh ton Maximize hay Minimize ph hp. Trong bi ton ny cn tnh Minimize UA tng ca ba b trao i nhit, v vy s chn bin cn tnh ton l biu thc trong A4, ch tnh ton Minimize (hnh 5.34). Chuyn sang Parameters tab, chn phng php tnh ton ph hp cho Optimizer , trong bi ton ny la chn phng php Mixed (hnh 5.35). Bm phm Start bt u tnh ton, kt qu c hin th trong Current Value trong Functions tab. Chuyn sang Monitor tab quan st qu trnh tnh ton ti u ha ca Optimizer (hnh 5.36).

181

Hnh 5.33. Giao din Optimizer Spreadsheet Formulas tab

Hnh 5.34. Optimizer - Functions tab

182

Hnh 5.35. Optimizer Parameters tab

Hnh 5.36. Optimizer Monitor tab

So snh kt qu nhn c trc v sau khi Optimizer ?___________

183

Lu case vo th mc xc nh Vo File menu . Chn Save As. t tn file l Optimizer sau bm phm OK. Lu trnh PFD hon thnh nh trn hnh 5.37.

Hnh 5.37. Lu trnh PFD

5.8

Tm tt v n tp chng 5

Trong phn u ca chng ny lm quen vi cc cng c tnh ton logic: - Adjust iu chnh gi tr ca mt bin dng (bin c lp) sao cho bin ph thuc ca dng hoc thit b khc t gi tr mc tiu. - Set: thit lp mi quan h ca hai bin ging nhau ca hai dng hoc hai thit b khc nhau. - Recycle: l khi l thuyt tnh ton cho dng vt liu tun hon. T ip theo tm hiu hai cng c tnh ton c bit:

184

- Shortcut Distilation : tnh ton cc thng s c bn cho thp chng luyn c ngng t nh thp v un si y thp . - Component Splitter : y l cng c tnh ton trong UNISIM, s dng tnh ton phn chia dng vt liu theo t l cc cu t. Phn cui ca chng s dng hai cng c tnh ton rt mnh trong UNISIM: - Spreadsheet c chc nng tnh ton vi cc hm i s, logarit, lng gic, cc biu thc logic, thc hin nhp s liu v cng thc tnh vo Spreadsheet tnh ton ch s Reynold ca dng nc chy trong ng dn. - Optimizer : c kh nng tnh ton ti u ho cc thng s cng ngh, bc u lm quen s dng cng c Optimizer tnh ton ti thiu ha h s trao i nhit tng cng ca h thng ba thit b trao i nhit: xut nhp bin, thit lp hm, la chn phng php tnh ton ph hp.

185

Chng 6. CC M HNH PHN TCH

Ni dung Hp th v chng luyn l cc qu trnh ph bin trong cng ngh ho hc v du kh phn tch hn hp nhiu cu t Trong chng ny gii thiu cch s dng UNISIM m phng qu trnh phn tch hn hp nhiu cu t bng hp th v chng luyn. Trong UNISIM c bn loi m hnh thp khc nhau: - Thp hp th (Absorber) - Thp c hi lu nh (Refluxed Absorber) - Thp c un si y thp (Reboiled Absorber) - Thp chng luyn (Distillation Column) Tu theo yu cu cng ngh cn la chn loi thp c cu hnh ph hp. iu kin cng ngh, thnh phn ca dng nguyn liu, p sut lm vic s xc nh s hi t ca thp. Khi tnh ton thp hi t, kt qu nhn c bao gm thnh phn, tnh cht ca cc dng sn phm hi v sn phm lng. Mc tiu Sau khi hc xong ngi s dng c th: S dng thp hp th trong UNISIM m phng qu trnh hp th Xc nh c cc thng s thit k thp hp th Thit lp thp chng s dng Input Experts Khai bo cc tham s cho thp chng luyn Yu cu Trc khi hc chng ny ngi s dng cn phi bit: Thc hin cc thay i trong PFD Thm cc dng trong PFD hoc Workbook. Khi to v ni cc dng vo thit b trong PFD

186

6.1

Thp hp th

M phng qu trnh hp th kh lin tc trong thp m. Thit b hp th mc nh trong UNISIM l loi thp a ( Tray Section ), c dng sn phm hi t nh thp, v dng sn phm lng t y thp. Khng c sn cc thng s cho thp hp th, m da trn cu hnh chung ca thp. 6.1.1 Bi ton Propylen carbonat hp th CO 2 trong thp m. Dng kh nguyn liu c 20% mol CO 2 v 80% mol M etan. Lu lng dng l 2 m 3/s v iu kin lm vic ca thp l 60oC v 60,1 atm. Lu lng dng dung mi l 2000 kmol/h. S dng UNISIM xc nh hm lng CO 2 (% mol) trong dng kh ra, chiu cao thp (m) v ng knh thp (m). 6.1.2 Thc hin m phng qu trnh hp th

1. Xy dng c s m phng Nhp cc thng tin sau trong giao din Simulation Basis Manager Trong ca s ca tab Property Package Components Chn Sour PR CH4, CO2, Propylene Carbonate

Bm phm Enter Simulation Environment m phng. 2. Thit lp cc dng nguyn liu Thit lp dng dung mi vi cc thng tin sau. Trong ny.... Name Temperature Pressure Molar Flow Component Mole Fraction CO2 Methane C3=Carbonate 0.000 0.000 1.000 Nhp thng tin... Solvent In 60oC 60.1 atm 2000 kgmole/h

187

Thit lp dng kh nguyn liu vi cc thng tin sau.

Trong ny... Name Temperature Pressure Molar Flow Component Mole Fraction CO2 Methane C3 = Carbonate

Nhp thng tin... Gases In 60oC 60.1 atm 7200 m3/h

0.200 0.800 0.000

3. Thit lp thp hp th Bm vo biu tng Absorber trn Object Palette, nh hnh bn Vo Connection page, nhp cc thng tin sau. Giao din nh hnh 6.1. Trong ny... Name Top Stage Inlet Bottom Stage Inlet Ovhd Vapour Outlet Bottom Liquid Outlet Nhp thng tin... Absorber Solvent In Gases In Gases Out Liquid Out

188

Hnh 6.1. Giao din Absorber Connections page (1 of 3)

Bm vo phm Next , v tip tc nhp cc thng tin nh trong hnh 6.2.

Hnh 6.2. Giao din Absorber Connections page (2 of 3)

Bm vo phm Next , v tip tc nhp cc thng tin nh trong hnh 16.3.

189

Hnh 6.3. Giao din Absorber Connections page (3 of 3)

Sau bm vo phm Done... s xut hin ca s nh hnh 6 .4. thc hin tnh ton, bm vo phm Run pha di ca s. Hp trng thi mu vi ch Unconverged s chuyn sang mu xanh vi ch Converged nu ton b qu trnh thc hin chnh xc nh hng dn trn. Tuy nhin kt qu tnh ton nhn c l cho thp hp th loi thp a, cn phi chuyn sang thp m.

Hnh 6.4. Giao din Absorber Connections page hon thnh

190

Trnh t thao tc chuyn t thp a sang thp m nh sau: Bm vo Tools trn thanh menu chnh, chn Utilities. Trong ca s Available Utilities di chuyn xung di v chn Tray Sizing nh trong hnh 6.5.

Hnh 6.5. Ca s Available Utilities

Bm phm Add Utility s xut hin ca s Tray Sizing nh hnh 6.6. t tn trong Name l Packing.

Hnh 6.6. Ca s Tray Sizing

Bm vo phm Select TS... pha trn bn phi ca s Tray Sizing, s xut hin ca s Select Tray Section nh hnh 6.7. Bm phm chn All trong Object Filter, la chn Absorber trong Flowsheet , sau chn TS-1 trong Object , sau bm phm OK .

191

Hnh 6.7. Ca s Select Tray Section

Tr v ca s Select Tray Section . Bm vo phm Auto Section... , s xut hin ca s nh Auto Section Information , trong nhm Internal Type chn Packed, trong hp Packing Type c danh sch cc loi m c th xung, cun xung chn loi m Raschig Rings (Ceramic) 1_4 inch nh hnh 6.8.

Hnh 6.8. ca s Auto Section Information

192

Sau khi la chn xong, bm phm Next>, hin th ca s nh trong hnh 6.9, bm phm Complete AutoSection. Sau khi bm phm Complex AutoSection, s xut hin ca s Tray Sizing. ng ca s ny li v tr v giao din PFD. Nhp p vo Absorber m giao din thuc tnh ca thp, bm vo phm Run chy chng trnh m phng tnh ton li vi thp m.

Hnh 6.9. Ca s Tray Section

4. Cc thng s thit k thp Trn thanh menu chnh, bm vo Tools, trong danh sch chn Utilities Ca s Available Utilities s xut hin, di chuyn xung di danh sch chn Packing v bm vo phm View Utility . Trong ca s mi hin th, bm phm Auto Section v thay i trong nhm Internal Type chn Packed. Khng cn phi chn li loi m na. Bm phm Next> v sau bm phm Complete AutoSection, s xut hin ca s Tray Sizing nh hnh 6.10. By gi m Performance tab, chn Packed. Trong Results page, c th c gi tr ng knh v chiu cao ca thp.

193

Hnh 6.10. Ca s Tray Sizing: Packing

ng ca s ny li tr v giao din PFD, nhp p vo dng Gases Out v c hm lng CO 2 trong dng kh ra. Ghi cc kt qu tnh ton nhn c vo bng. Section Diameter (m)___________________________ Section Height (m)_____________________________ CO2 composition______________________________ 5. Lu vo th mc xc nh Vo File Chn Save as t tn file l Absorber, sau bm phm OK Hon thnh m phng nhn c lu trnh PFD nh trong hnh 6.11. Lu trnh con (trong mi trng con - subflowsheet ) ca thp nh trong hnh 6.12.

194

Hnh 6.11. PFD qu trnh hp th CO2 bng propylen carbonat

Hnh 6.12. Thp hp th (subflowsheet)

195

6.1.3 Tm tt v n tp Thc hin m phng qu trnh hp th CO 2 bng P ropylene Carbonate trong thp hp th loi thp m, s dng cng c Absorber trong UNISIM m phng qu trnh hp th. Xc nh nng CO 2 cn li trong dng kh sn phm ra khi thp hp th, chiu cao thp (m) v ng knh thp (m). 6.1.4 Bi tp nng cao

Tng lu lng dng dung mi Solvent In t 2000 kmol/h ln 2500 kmol/h. Chy li chng trnh m phng, xem kt qu c g thay i, in kt qu mi nhn c vo bng sau: Section Diameter (m)___________________________ Section Height (m)_____________________________ CO2 Composition______________________________

6.2
6.2.1

Thp chng luyn


Bi ton

Thu hi pha lng t kh t nhin ( Natural-Gas Liquids NGL) l qu trnh x l hn hp kh t nhin kh ph bin. Mc ch ca qu trnh tch pha lng khi hn hp kh l: Khng cn cc hydrocacbon nng l cc cu t thng b ngng t trong ng ng, m bo vn chuyn kh an ton bng ng ng. p ng cc tiu chun ca kh thng phm. Thu hi ti a sn phm lng (sn phm lng c gi tr cao hn kh) UNISIM c th m hnh ho nhiu cu hnh thp chng luyn khc nhau. Trong bi ny s s dng ba thp m phng nh my NGL : Thp tch metan s dng thp c un si y thp ( Reboiled Absorber ). Thp tch etan s dng thp chng luyn c hi lu nh ngng t mt phn v un si y thp ( Distillation Column ). Thp tch propan s dng thp chng luyn c hi lu nh ngng t hon ton v un si y thp ( Distillation Column ).

196

S cng ngh PFD

Hnh 6.13. S m phng cng ngh NGL trong UNISIM

197

Thp tch metan DC1

Hnh 6.14.Thp tch metan DC1

198

Thp tch etan DC2

Hnh 6.15. Thp tch etan DC2

199

Thp tch propan DC3

Hnh 6.16. Thp tch propan DC3

200

6.2.2

Thc hin m phng

M new case. Chn h nhit ng Peng Robinson EOS . Nhp cc cu t: N2, CO2, C 1 C8. Bm phm Enter Simulation Environment 1. Thit lp cc dng vt cht Thit lp hai dng vt liu theo cc thng tin trong bng sau: er

Trong ny Nhp thng tin


Name Temperature Pressure Flowrate Component N2 CO2 C1 C2 C3 i-C4 n-C4 i-C5 n-C5 C6 C7 C8 Feed1

Nhp thng tin Feed2

95oC (140o F)
2275 kPa (330 psia)

85oC (120o F)
2290 kPa (332 psia)

1620 kgmole/h (3575 lbmole/hr) 215 kgmole/h (475 lbmole/hr) Mole Fraction 0.0025 0.0048 0.7041 0.1921 0.0706 0.0112 0.0085 0.0036 0.0020 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 Mole Fraction 0.0057 0.0029 0.7227 0.1176 0.0750 0.0204 0.0197 0.0147 0.0102 0.0037 0.0047 0.0027

201

2. Thit lp thp tch metan Thp tch metan c m phng bng thit b Reboiler Absorber, vi hai dng nguyn liu, mt dng nng lng vo gia nhit y thp. Thit lp dng nng lng theo cc thng tin sau: Trong ny Name Energy Flow Nhp thng tin Ex Duty 2.1e+06 kJ/h (2.0+06 Btu/hr)

Nhp p vo biu tng Reboiled Absorber trong Object Palette Xut hin giao din Input Expert u tin. Nhp cc thng tin nh trong hnh 6.17 di y.

Hnh 6.17. Giao din Input Expert (1 of 4)

Bm phm Next> chuyn sang trang tip theo. Nhp cc thng tin p sut nh trong hnh 6.18. Trong h n v field, nhp gi tr p sut nh thp l 330 psi v p sut y thp l 335 psi.

202

Hnh 6.18. Giao din Input Expert (2 of 4)

Bm phm Next> chuyn sang trang tip theo. Nhp cc gi tr nhit gi nh nh trong hnh 6.19, trong h n v field, nhp gi tr nhit nh thp l -125o F, nhit reboiler l 80o F.

Hnh 6.19. Giao din Input Expert (3 of 4)

203

Bm phm Next> chuyn sang trang tip theo. Trong trng hp ny khng cn thm thng tin trong trang cui ny, hnh 6.20. Bm phm Done

Hnh 6.20. Giao din Input Expert 4 of 4

Sau khi bm phm Done, UNISIM s m y giao din thuc tnh ca thp. M Monitor page trong Design tab ca giao din Column DC1 nh hnh 6.21. Trc khi cho tnh ton thp, phi chc chn rng khai bo y cc thng tin nh hng dn trn. T Monitor page (hnh 6.21) nhn thy rng thp c th tnh ton c cn phi nhp thm tham s lu lng sn phm nh Ovhd Prod Rate l 1338 kgmole/h (2950 lbmole/hr ). Sau khi nhp thm tham s ny, bm phm Run bt u tnh ton thp v qu trnh s hi t, nh hnh 6.22.

204

Hnh 6.21. Giao din thuc tnh thp Design tab Monitor page

Hnh 6.22. Qu trnh tnh ton thp hi t

205

Phn mol metan trong sn phm nh l bao nhiu?______________ Mc d thp hi t, nhng trong thc t khng phi lc no cung c s liu v lu lng dng sn phm nh. Tham s ny c th l kt qu tnh ton ca thp, thp c th khng hi t ( Unconverged) hoc dng sn phm s c nhng tnh cht khng p ng yu cu nu nh thay i iu kin dng nguyn liu vo thp. C cch tip cn khc khai bo thng tin cho thp hoc l thnh phn cu t hoc l thnh phn cc dng sn phm ca thp. M Specs page ca Design tab trong giao din thuc tnh thp nh hnh 6.23. Bm vo phm Add trong nhm Column Specifications .

Hnh 6.23. Giao din thuc tnh thp Design tab Specs page

Ca s Add Specs xut hin nh hnh 6.24. Chn Column Component Fraction t trong danh sch. Sau bm phm Add Spec(s) pha bn di ca s.

206

Hnh 6.24. Ca s Add Specs

in cc tham s nh trong hnh 6.25. Sau ng ca s ny li.

Hnh 6.25. Ca s Component Fraction Spec

207

Trong ca s Monitor page ca giao din thuc tnh thp, mc d va b sung thm tham s, nhng bc t do ( Degrees of Freedom ) vn bng 0. iu cho thy trn thc t tham s thm vo cha c kch hot. By gi tin hnh b kch hot tham s Ovhd Prod Rate, v kch hot Com Fraction va c b sung, trong trng hp ny l C1 in Overhead nh trong hnh 6.26.

Hnh 6.26. Kch hot tham s C1 in Overhead

Lu lng sn phm nh thp DC1 Ovhd bng bao nhiu?___________ Khi thp hi t, c th xem kt qu tnh ton trong Performance tab nh hnh 6.27.

208

Hnh 6.27. Kt qu tnh ton thp DC1

3. Thit lp bm Bm c s dng vn chuyn sn phm y thp tch metan DC1 sang thp tch etan DC2. Thit lp bm vi cc thng tin sau. Trong ny Connections tab Inlet Outlet Energy Worksheet tab DC2 Feed Pressure 2790 kPa (405 psi) DC1 Btm DC2 Feed P-100-HP Nhp thng tin

4. Thit lp thp chng luyn tch etan DC2 Thp chng luyn tch etan c m phng trong UNISIM bng thp chng luyn c hi lu nh ( condenser ) v un si y thp ( reboiler ), tng

209

cng c 16 a, trong thp c 14 a v condenser, reboiler . Thp lm vic p sut 2760 kPa (400 psi). Trong sn phm y t l etan/propan l 0.01. Nhp p vo biu tng Distillation Column trn Object Palette. Nhp cc thng tin sau: Trong ny Connections Name No. of Stages Feed Stream/Stage Condenser Type Overhead Vapour Product Overhead Liquid Product Bottom Product Reboiler Duty Condenser Duty Pressures Condenser Condenser Delta P Reboiler Temperature Estimates Condenser Reboiler Specifications Overhead Vapour Rate Distillate Rate Reflux Ratio 320 kgmole/h (700 lbmole/hr) 0 kgmole/h 2.5 (Molar) -4o C (25o F) 95oC (200o F) 2725 kPa (395 psia) 35 kPa (5 psi) 2792 kPa (405 psia) DC2 14 DC2 Feed/6 Partial DC2 Ovhd DC2 Dist DC2 Btm DC2 Reb Q DC2 Cond Q Nhp thng tin

Bm phm Run thc hin tnh ton. Lu lng C2 v C 3 trong sn phm y ca DC2 bng bao nhiu?____

210

T s C2 /C 3 bng bao nhiu?___________________________________ Trn Specs page, bm phm Add b sung thm tham s mi Column Component Ratio, sau nhp cc thng tin nh sau vo ca s hin th. Trong ny Name Stages Flow Basis Phase Spec Value Numerator Denominator Nhp thng tin C2/C3 Reboiler Mole Fraction Liquid 0.01 Ethane Propane

Trn Monitor tab, khng kch hot Ovhd Vap Rate v chuyn sang kch hot tham s C2 /C3 mi c b sung. Lu lng sn phm nh ca thp DC2 l bao nhiu?______________ 5. Thit lp van Van c s dng lm gim p sut dng sn phm y ca thp tch etan DC2 Btm trc khi a vo thp tch propan cui cng. Nhp cc thng tin sau cho van: Trong ny Connections Feed Stream Product Stream Worksheet DC3 Feed Pressure 1690 kPa (245 psi) DC2 Btm DC3 Feed Nhp thng tin

6. Thit lp thp chng luyn tch propan Thp chng luyn tch propan c m phng trong UNISIM bng thp chng luyn c 25 a, trong thp c 24 a v Reboiler . Lu rng trong trng hp ny Condenser ngng t hon ton khng tnh l mt a. p sut

211

lm vic trung bnh trong thp l 1620 kPa (235 psi) . Thp tch propan c hai sn phm. Sn phm nh c cha khng qu 1.5% mol ca i-C4 v n-C4 . Nng propan trong sn phm y phi nh hn 2.0% mol . Nhp cc thng tin cho thp chng luyn tch propan nh trong bng sau. Khi hon thnh, bm phm Run thc hin tnh ton thp. Thp hi t, c kt qu. Trong ny Connections Name No. of Stages Feed Stream/Stage Condenser Type Overhead Liquid Product Bottom Product Reboiler Duty Condenser Duty Pressures Condenser Condenser Delta P Reboiler Temperature Estimates Condenser Reboiler Specifications Distillate Rate Reflux Ratio 100 kgmole/h (240 lbmole/hr) 1.0 (Molar) 38oC (100o F) 120oC (250o F) 1585 kPa (230 psia) 35 kPa (5 psi) 1655 kPa (240 psia) DC3 24 DC3 Feed/11 Total DC3 Dist DC3 Btm DC3 Reb Q DC3 Cond Q Nhp thng tin.

212

Phn mol C 3 trong sn phm nh v sn phm y bng bao nhiu______ Khi to thm hai tham s thnh phn cu t cho thp. Trong ny i-C4 and n-C4 in Distillate Name Stages Flow Basis Phase Spec Value Components C 3 in Reboiler Name Stages Flow Basis Phase Spec Value Components C3 Reboiler Mole Fraction Liquid 0.02 C3 i-C4 and n-C4 Condenser Mole Fraction Liquid 0.015 i-C4 and n-C4 Nhp thng tin...

B kch hot Distillate Rate v Reflux Ratio. Kch hot cc tham s i-C4 and n-C4 v C3 mi khi to b sung. 7. Lu vo th mc xc nh Vo File menu Chn Save as t tn file l Separation Column, sau bm phm OK

213

6.2.3

Tm tt v n tp

Trong bi ny thc hin m phng qu trnh chng luyn tng thu hi sn phm lng t kh t nhin (NGL). s dng Absorber trong UNISIM, loi thp chng tch ch c Column v Reboiler m phng thp tch metan. Thp chng luyn tch etan c m phng bng Distillation Column, vi Condenser ngng t mt phn v Reboiler. Thp chng luyn tch propan c m phng bng Distillation Column , vi Condenser ngng t hon ton v Reboiler .

214

Chng 7. M PH NG M T S QU TRNH

CNG NGH HO H C

Ni dung Trong chng ny s kim tra s hiu bit v kh nng s dng UNISIM m phng cc qu trnh cng ngh. UNISIM l mt chng trnh m phng c quan h cht ch vi cc qu trnh cng ngh . y l mt chng trnh rt mnh c th s dng gii quyt ton b cc vn lin quan n qu trnh cng ngh. Tuy nhin, khi cung cp cc iu kin khc nhau v cc la chn gii quyt vn , nu khng hiu bit v qu trnh v cc trnh t tin hnh m phng s khng th s dng UNISIM mt cch c hiu qu trong tnh ton qu trnh cng ngh . Mc tiu Sau khi hc xong ngi s dng c th: Thao tc trn cc giao din ca UNISIM v xy dng lu trnh PFD t m t trong ti liu dng vn bn. Nghin cu la chn cc phng n cng ngh trong qu trnh m phng. nh gi tc ng ca cc h nhit ng chn n kt qu m phng. Rt ra mt cch chn lc kt qu tnh ton cc tnh cht vt l t UNISIM. Yu cu Trc khi thc hnh m phng cc bi trong chng ny, phi nm vng, thnh tho cc ni dung hc v hon thnh tt c cc bi tp nng cao ca cc chng trc.

215

7.1

Qu trnh dehydro ho n-Heptan sn xut Toluen

Toluen c sn xut t n-heptan bng phn ng dehydro h o trn xc tc Cr 2O3 theo phn ng sau: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 C6H5CH3 + 4H2 Ban u n-heptan c gia nhit t 65 ln 800 oF trong thit b gia nhit. Sau c a vo thp phn ng c xc tc vn hnh trong iu kin ng nhit v chuyn h o 15% mol n-heptan thnh toluen. Sn phm ra khi thit b phn ng c lm mt xung 65 oF v dn vo thp tch pha. Ton b dy chuyn cng ngh lm vic p sut kh quyn, xc nh lu lng ca cc dng. Trnh t m phng 1. Khi ng UNISIM v m File/New/Case 2. Giao din Simulation Basis Manager xut hin. M Fluid Package tab. Bm phm Add. Chn Peng-Robinson. ng ca s. 3. M Component page v Add: toluene, n-heptane, v hydrogene. ng ca s. 4. Bm phm Enter Simulation Environment bn di giao din Simulation Basis Manager. 5. Bm vo biu tng Heater trong Object Palette v sau bm vo Process Flow Diagram (PFD) . Bm vo biu tng General Reactor , s xut hin bn loi Reactor khc nhau, chn Conversion Reactor v bm vo PFD. Tng t vi Cooler v Separator. 6. t tn cc dng vo v cc dng ra v cc thit b ca ton b qu trnh nh trong hnh 7.1.

Hnh 7.1. S PFD ban u

216

7. Lu rng Reactor c mu vi dng thng bo Need Reaction Set . Bm vo Flowsheet trn thanh cng c, chn Reaction Package trong danh sch th xung. Add Global Rxn Set. Sau bm Add Rxn v chn Conversion. Add components (n-heptane, toluene, hydrogen) v h s t lng tng ng ( -1, 1, 4). Chuyn sang Basis tab v nhp gi tr 15 vo Co (y l chuyn h o ). ng ca s, tr v mn hnh PFD. 8. Nhp p vo Reactor. M Reaction tab trong giao din thuc tnh ca Reactor. Chn Global Reaction Set vo Reaction Set . ng ca s. 9. M Worksheet, nhp cc iu kin bit cho cc dng. Lu rng ch v s c mu xanh l cc gi tr c ngi s dng khai bo. Nu cung cp nhiu hn tham s yu cu, th s xut hin thng bo li. T kt qu tnh ton ca bi tp trn nhn thy rng nhit lm mt c gi tr tng ng nhit un nng. Nh vy c th lm gim nng lng gia nhit dng nguyn liu u bng cch tn dng nhit ca dng sn phm. Tin hnh ci tin quy trnh bng cch thm thit b trao i nhit. Trnh t thc hin trong PFD: 1. Bm vo Heater trong PFD v thay i tn ca dng thnh Pre-Heat . ng ca s. 2. Bm vo dng R-Prod trong PFD. Worksheet dng ra s xut hin. i tn dng thnh R-Prod1. 3. Bm vo Cooler trong PFD v i tn dng thnh R-Prod2. 4. Thit lp thit b trao i nhit v t tn l Pre-Heater, vi cc dng Feed v Pre-Heat l dng vo v dng ra tube-side, cc dng R-Prod1 v R-Prod2 l dng vo v dng ra shell-side. M Parameter page. Khai bo gi tr Delta P bng 0 cho c tube side v shell side. Chn Model Weighted Exchanger . ng ca s. 5. Cn phi xc nh thm mt tham s na. M Worksheet v thay i nhit ca dng Pre-Heat thnh 600o F. 6. C th thay i nhit ny xem nh hng ca n ti Heat Duty v UA. Tng nhit Pre-Heat c th lm gim H-Duty, nhng nu tng UA, c ngha l cn lng nhit ln hn vi cng din tch b mt trao i nhit . R rng s c gii hn trn i vi Pre-Heater nh th no

217

l tt cho qu trnh trao i nhit ny. C th thy c iu ny bng cch thay i nhit v ghi li s thay i ca cc thng s khc. iu ny c th thc hin c bng cch s dng Databook, trnh t theo cc bc sau: a. M Tools/Databook. Bm vo phm Insert v chn Pre-Heat trong Object, chn Temperature trong Variable v bm phm Add. Lm tng t cho Heat-Duty trong Object , chn Heat Flow trong Variable v bm phm Add. Tng t chn Heat Exch trong Object , chn UA trong Variable v bm phm Add. ng ca s. b. Chuyn sang Case Studies v bm phm Add. Chn Ind (Independent Variable ) cho Pre-Heat v chn Dep (Dependent Variable) cho Heat-Duty v Heat Exch. Bm phm View . Nhp gi tr 500 cho Low Bound, 620 cho High Bound, v 10 cho Step Size. c. Bm Start. Sau vi giy bm vo Results xem kt qu.

Hnh 7.2. Giao din PFD qu trnh sn xut toluen

7.2

Qu trnh hydroclo ho etylen

Etyl clorua c sn sut t HCl v etylen, phn ng thc hin trong pha kh trn xc tc clorua ng mang trn silica: C 2H4 + HCl C2H5Cl Dng nguyn liu c thnh phn gm 50 % mol HCl, 48% mol C 2H4, v 2% mol N2 vi lu lng dng 100 kmol/h, nhit 25 oC, v p sut 1 atm. Phn

218

ng t chuyn h o 90% mol, etyl clorua c tch khi hn hp kh cha phn ng, v sau c tun hon li. Qu trnh tch sn phm s dng thp chng luyn, gi nh l qu trnh tch trit . Qu trnh tin hnh p sut kh quyn, v gim p c b qua. ngn nga s tch t ca kh tr trong h thng, dng kh thi W c lu lng l 10 kmol/h. nh gi nh hng ca lu lng dng kh thi W n dng tun hon R v thnh phn hn hp kh phn ng. Trnh t m phng y l hng dn ngn. S kh hiu nu cha hon thnh cc phn trc. 1. Khi ng UNISIM , chn Peng Robinson EOS cho Fluid Package. M Component tab chn components ( ethylene hoc ethene), hydrogen_chloride, ethyl_chloride, v nitrogen). ng ca s. 2. Bm phm Enter Simulation Environment. Chn Mixer trong Object Palette v a vo Process Flow Diagram (PFD) . Lm tng t vi Conversion Reactor, Component Splitter, Tee , v Recycle nh trn hnh 18.3. 3. t tn tt c cc dng nh trn hnh 7.3. 4. Bm Flowsheet/Reaction Package . Add Global Rxn Set . Sau bm phm Add Rxn, v chn Conversion. Add Components (ethylene, hydrogen_chloride, v ethyl_chloride) v Stoich Coeff (-1, -1, 1). Chuyn sang Basis tab, v nhp gi tr 90 cho Co vi Ethylene l cu t c bn (basis). ng ca s. Tr v giao din Reaction Package, bm phm Add Set. ng ca s. Tr v PFD. 5. Nhp p vo Conversion Reactor. Chn Global Rxn Set trong Reaction Set. ng ca s. 6. Nhp p vo Recycle v t cc tham s trong Parameter/Tolerance tt c bng 1. 7. Trong u bi gi s rng qu trnh tch l trit , ethyl_chloride thu c trong sn phm y thp c tinh khit 100%, cn ba cu t khc trong sn phm nh thp. Trong trng hp ny s s dng Component Splitter . khai bo thng tin ny, nhp p vo

219

Component Splitter chn Splits page ca Design tab, in gi tr 0 cho ClC 2 v 1 cho ba cu t cn li. 8. M Workbook . Kim tra h n v o ang hin th l h n v SI. Nu khng, c th thay i h n v o bng cch bm v o Tools/Preferences/Variables. Chn h SI, bm phm Clone v thay i cc n v trong h nu thy cn thit thun tin cho vic tnh ton. 9. in vo Workbook cc iu kin u bi cho, bt u t Feed Stream: temperature (25 o C), pressure (1 atm) , v molar flow (100 kgmole/hr). Nhp p vo 100 (molar flow rate), in thnh phn cc cu t. ng ca s. 10. Tip tc in vo Workbook dng R* c lu lng dng bng 0, cc iu kin v thnh phn cu t nh dng nguyn liu feed, khi ng tnh ton qu trnh. in cc gi tr temperature (25o C) cho cc dng S3, S4, v P. in gi tr pressure (1 atm) cho cc dng S4 v P. 11. Khai bo gi tr molar flow rate cho dng W l 10 kgmole/hr . 12. By gi c th m Workbook c kt qu tnh ton.
R

R*

Hnh 7.3. PFD qu trnh sn xut etyl clorua t etylen v HCl

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7.3

Qu trnh oxi ho Etylen


Qu trnh sn xut etylen oxit c thc hin theo cc bc sau:

Dng nguyn liu bao gm kh etylen (63 % mol) v O2 tinh khit (37 % mol) 20oC v 303 kPa, c a vo h thng thit b phn ng oxi h o vi lu lng dng l 120 kmol/h cng vi dng hi lu kh/dng hi (c xc nh bi UNISIM). Phn ng c tin hnh vi xc tc rn v trong iu kin ng nhit 230oC. Dng nguyn liu phi c gia nhit pre-heated ti 230oC trc khi a vo thit b phn ng oxi h o. Phn ng c tnh chn lc kh cao, nhng li i kem vi phn ng ph t chy etylen trn xc tc. H s t lng ca cc phn ng nh sau: Phn ng chn lc Phn ng ph C2H4 + 0,5O2 C 2H 4 + C2H4O + 2H2O 3O2 2CO2

Trong phn ng chn lc, oxy l cht phn ng chnh ( key reactant ) c s xc nh chuyn h o , l 80%, trong khi phn ng ph th chuyn h o ca oxy ch c 19%. gim p trong thit b phn ng l 70 kPa. Dng sn phm nng c lm lnh ti -1o C (trong thc t s chnh lch nhit rt ln nh th ny ch c th c c bng cch trao i trc tip, tc l bng h thng ti). gim p ti Condenser l 50 kPa. Vi iu kin nh vy, dng sn phm c phn hi (vapour fraction ) l 0.8 v bt u c thu hi bng cch ngng t etylen oxi t. Dng sn phm lnh c a ti thp tch 3-phase separator v pha lng nh c tch ra khi cht lng nng v pha hi. UNISIM thng nc trong pha lng nng, cn cc dng khc khng c nc. Pha hi giu etylen nhng vn cha mt t etylen oxit. V vy hi d ny s c tip tc lm lnh ti 30o C lm gim phn hi ( gim p khi qua lm lnh l 10 kPa) v dng lnh c dn ti thp tch 2 phase separator (flash drum). Dng lng giu etylen oxit c trn vi dng hu c -nc (organic-aqueous) t y thp tch 3-phase separator (p sut ca dng tng ly theo dng c p sut thp nht) v hn hp c a ti thp chng luyn. Thp chng luyn c ngng t mt phn (Partial Condenser ) v sn phm l dng etylen oxit tinh khit (>99% mol). Dng hi t nh thp tch hai pha (flash drum) c qua van iu chnh gim ti 101 kPa trc khi a ti Component Splitter (l thp m c m alumina c bit hp ph CO 2/O2

221

t dng kh, cn ethylene v ethylene oxide khng b hp ph s tip tc c dn i. Trong thc t thit b ny l thp hp ph c van xoay, ti CO 2/O2 c ra sch khi nh hp ph nhit cao v p sut thp). Dng kh hu c giu etylen c nn ti 303 kPa v c tun hon li trn vi dng nguyn liu phn ng. Trong UNISIM yu cu s dng cng c Recycle m phng qu trnh c tun hon hn hp kh cha phn ng. Cng c ny s tnh to n lu lng dng tun hon. Thng thng khi Recycle c ci t, ban u lu lng dng bng 0 v cha bit. Sau UNISIM s tnh ton gi tr chnh xc bng php tnh lp. Thc hin m phng S dng UNISIM to flowsheet m phng qu trnh. i vi bi tp ny s dng cc thng tin sau kt hp vi cc thng tin c cung cp trn: 1. S dng NRTL activity model cho pha lng v SRK EOS cho pha hi. 2. S dng Conversion Reactor trong UNISIM m phng 3. Column c partial condenser v 12 a, a tip liu l a th 6. 4. Column c p sut condenser 101 kPa v reboiler 160 kPa. 5. Tnh ton thp theo phng php ln lt theo tng a, khai bo cc tham s ban u nh sau: a. Ton b nc trong sn phm lng ( mole fraction bng 1) b. Trong sn phm lng nh thp c 90% etylen oxit (0.9 mol frac). y l sn phm chnh ca cng ngh. c. Trong sn phm kh nh thp c 90% etylen (0.90 mol frac). Kim tra chc chn rng degree of freedom bng 0. 6. Vi component splitter, s dng cc thng tin sau: a. Overhead Pressure 101 kPa b. Overhead Vapor fraction 1 c. Bottoms Pressure 101 kPa d. Bottoms Vapor fraction 1. 7. Vi Recycle, flowrate ban u bng 0. UNISIM s tnh ton gi tr chnh xc bng php tnh lp. 8. M Workbook c kt qu tnh ton.

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7.4

Qu trnh chng tch hn hp hydrocacbon nh

Chng tch hn hp c 5 parafin thnh phn on nh v phn on nng bng cch s dng thp chng c 12 a l thuyt, ngng t hi lu hon ton, v c reboiler. Dng nguyn liu c lu lng 1000 lbmol/h, cha (%mol) 3% etan, 20% propan, 37% n-butan, 35% n-pentan, v 5% n-hexan, 225 oF v 250 psi, c a vo thp chng ti a s 7 tnh t trn nh xung. p sut condenser l 248 psi, p sut reboiler l 252 psi. Tnh ton s b yu cu t s hi lu l 6 . 06 v sn phm hi nh thp l 226 lbmol/h. Yu cu trong sn phm nh propan 191 lbmol/h, trong sn phm y butan 365 lbmol/h. Thc hin m phng 1. Khi ng UNISIM v chn SRK cho Fluid Package. M ca s Component v nhp cc cu t. ng ca s Fluid Package. 2. Bm phm Enter Simulation Environment v chn Distillation Column trong Object Palette v a vo Process Flow Diagram (PFD). Nhp p vo Distillation Column, v in tn cc dng nng lng Condenser l C-Duty, nng lng Reboiler l R-Duty, cho dng nguyn liu l F , cho dng Distillate l D v cho dng Bottom l B. in s a l 12, a np liu l a 7. Chn Condenser type l Full Reflux. Bm phm Next>. 3. in p sut Condenser v Reboiler nh u bi cho. Bm Next>. 4. in nhit gi nh cho Condenser l 100oF, cho Reboiler l 240oF, UNISIM s tnh ton gi tr nhit chnh xc. Bm phm Next>. 5. in gi tr u bi cho Vapour Rate l 226 lbmole/h v Reflux Ratio l 6.06. Bm phm Done. 6. Chuyn sang Worksheet tab v in gi tr tham s ca dng F nh u bi cho. ng ca s ny li. 7. Nhp p vo biu tng thp chng trong PFD. Bm phm Run. Nu cc bc trn thc hin ng thp s hi t. c kt qu tnh ton. 8. Trong u bi yu cu bo m thu hi propan trong sn phm nh phi l 191 lbmole/h v butan trong sn phm y l 365 lbmole/h. By gi m Monitor page v bm phm Add Spec pha di ca s. Chn Column Component Flow v in gi tr cho dng sn phm nh D

223

vo ca s hin th. ng ca s. Lp li tng t cho dng sn phm y B. 9. Sau khi thm cc tham s cho dng, danh sch cc tham s c kch hot c cp nht trong Monitor page, hai tham s mi c kch hot v hai tham s khc c b kch hot, m bo bc t do bng 0. 10. M Workbook c kt qu tnh ton.

7.5

Qu trnh tng hp Ethylene Glycol (EG) t Ethylene


Qu trnh tng hp Ethylene Glycol t Ethylene xy ra qua hai giai on . Giai on 1: to Ethylene Oxide: CH2=CH2 + 1/2O2 CH2OCH2 vi chuyn ha theo Ethylene l 60%.

Ngoi ra cn c phn ng chy ca Ethylene vi chuyn ha theo Ethylene l 30%. Giai on 2: to Ethylene Glycol t Ethylene Oxide: CH2OCH2 + H2O C 2H4(OH)2. Nng lng hot ha ca phn ng l E=5e4 kJ/kgmole. Hng s Arrhenius l 5e6. Coi nh khng xy ra cc phn ng to Di, TriEthylene Glycol. Hn hp Ethylene ( tinh khit 98%, cn li Methane), khng kh ( 21%O2 , 79%N2 ) ti 25oC, 2MPa vi lu lng Ethylene 150 kgmole/h v lu lng khng kh 10 tn/h, c gia nhit s b ln 150oC ri a vo thit b phn ng. Thit b phn ng on nhit c duy tr trong khong nhit t 200 300oC, p sut 2 MPa. Mt phn hn hp sau phn ng c tun hon vo thit b phn ng. Phn hn hp cn li cung c gim p, lm lnh xung 200 kPa, 30o C ri vo thit b tng hp Ethylene Glycol loi thng c khuy. Dng nc 30o C, 200 kPa, lu lng nc 980 kgmole/h, cung c a vo thit b phn ng loi khuy lin tc vi th tch 5m3 , in y 80%, lm vic ti 65oC, 200 kPa. Sn phm nh a qua thit b tch hon ton thnh 3 dng: Ethylene, Ethylene Oxide v nc cha phn ng, kh thi. Kh nng phn tch ca thit b ny cho dng Ethylene l 99% C 2H4 ; cho dng Ethylene Oxide l 98% Ethylene Oxide, 89% nc. Thit b lm vic p sut 200 kPa. Sn phm phn ng t y CSTR c chuyn vo thp chng ct. Thp chng

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ct lm vic p sut nh v y l 20 v 30 kPa. Sn phm thu c c tinh khit 99.9% c chuyn v thng cha. Trnh t m phng 1. S dng fluid package UNIQUAC. 2. Giai on 1 s dng thit b phn ng Conversion. 3. Sn phm phn ng a qua b chia dng. Mt phn tun hon tr li thit b phn ng Conversion, mt phn qua Expander, qua Cooler ri a vo thit b tng hp EG. S dng Adjust khng ch t l chia dng tun hon m bo nhit phn ng c duy tr trong khong 200 300o C. 4. Giai on 2 s dng thit b phn ng loi thng khuy lin tc CSTR. Dng sn ph m sau phn ng c Ethylene Oxide cng vi dng nc c a vo thit b CSTR . 5. S dng cng c Component Splitter tch thnh 3 dng: dng Ethylene cho tun hon v thit b phn ng Conversion, dng EO v nc cha phn ng cho tun hon v thit b phn ng CSTR, cn li l dng kh thi Vent cha ch yu l nit. 6. Sn phm phn ng t y thit b phn ng CSTR a sang chng ct nhn sn phm. 7. Xc nh cc thng s c bn ca thp chng bng cng c Shortcut Distillation theo cc s liu u bi cho. 8. Thc t, dng nguyn liu ban u c gia nhit s b bng phn sn phm ra khi thit b phn ng Conversion. Xy dng lu trnh c tn dng nhit. 9. Thc hin tun hon li hn hp cha phn ng. 10. Tnh cn bng vt liu v cn bng nng lng ton cng ngh.

7.6

Qu trnh tng hp Maleic Anhydride (MA) t Benzene

Benzene, khng kh (21%O 2, 79%N2) ban u 25oC, 1 atm vi lu lng ln lt l 2 v 200 kgmole/h c nng nhit, nng p n 700o C, 1.5 bar ri i vo thit b phn ng dng lin tc PFR. ng hc cc phn ng xy ra trong thit b phn ng c a ra trong bng di y :

225

Phn ng C6H6 + 9/2O2 C4H2O3 + 2CO2 + 2H2O C4H2O3 + 3O2 4CO2 + H2O C6H6 + 15/2O2 6CO2 + 3H2O

Hng s Arrhenius 4300 70000 26

Ea (kcal/kgmole) 25000 30000 21000

Thit b phn ng PFR c dng ng c ng knh 1 3m, chiu di ng trong khong 5 15m. Hn hp sn phm sau phn ng c lm lnh v a sang thp tch pha tch trn 95% MA dng lng. Sn phm nh thp tch pha c chuyn sang thp hp th bng nc, thp c 10 a, lm vic 25o C, 1.45 bar. Sn phm lng t y thp tch pha cha trn 95% MA a vo a 19 thp chng ct. Sn phm lng t y thp hp th a vo a 12 thp chng ct. Thp chng gm 24 a , p sut nh 7 kPa; p sut y thp 10 kPa. a np liu 12 v 19. Sn phm t tinh khit trn 99%. MA thu c chuyn v thng cha. Kh t nh thp chng v nh thp hp th c a sang thp tch hon ton benzene v tun hon li benzene cha phn ng. Thp tch lm vic p sut 1 at, nhit y 90o C. Sn phm y thp tch cha benzene v H2O c a vo thp chng ct tch nc khi benzene. Thp gm 5 a, np liu a 2, p sut nh 1 bar, y thp 1.013 bar. tinh khit Benzene thu c 99% c tun hon tr v. Trnh t m phng 1. S dng h nhit ng Antoine. Ch th t u tin xy ra cc phn ng trong thit b phn ng. 2. Thit lp thit b phn ng loi dng y PFR c chiu di l 14 m, ng knh 2 m. 3. nh gi cc yu t nh hng n lng MA trong hn hp nhn c sau phn ng. 4. S dng cng c Adjust iu chnh nhit lm lnh hn hp sau phn ng. Xc nh nhit lm lnh hn hp sn phm sau phn ng sau thp tch thu c phn lng cha 96% MA . 5. S dng cng c Adiust iu chnh lu lng nc cn thit a vo thp hp th loi hon ton CO 2 khi hn hp kh t thp tch pha

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(trong sn phm y thp hp th khng c n CO2 ). Xc nh lng nc cn thit ti vo thp hp th . 6. Thp chng c Condenser hi lu hon ton v Reboiler c s dng tinh ch sn phm MA trn 99%, vi cc tham s cho trong bi. 7. S dng cng c Component Splitter thc hin tch hon ton benzene cha phn ng t hn hp kh t nh thp chng v nh thp hp th. 8. Thp chng c Condenser hi lu hon ton v Reboiler c s dng tch nc khi benzene, vi cc tham s cho trong bi. 9. Tnh cn bng vt liu v cn bng nng lng ton cng ngh. 10. Tun hon li Benzene cha phn ng, m bo t l benzene vo thit b phn ng chim 3% khi lng. S dng cng c Adjust iu chnh lu lng Benzene b sung.

7.7

Qu trnh tng hp Styrene t Ethyl Benzene (EB)

Dng EthylBenzene nguyn liu c nhit 310K, p sut 137.8kPa, lu lng 500 kgmole/h, c gia nhit ln 780K ri i vo thit b phn ng PFR. Trong thit b phn ng xy ra phn ng Dehydro ha. C 6H 5C 2H 5 C6H5CH=CH2 + H2

Cc tham s ng hc ca phn ng A=4.2e3, E=9.1e4kJ/kgmole Basis: Partial, Rxn Phase: Vapour, Rate Units: gmole/L-s Cc thng s ca thit b phn ng PFR nh sau: DeltaP = 15kPa, Diameter = 0.5m, Length = 3.0m. Thit b phn ng lm vic ch ng nhit. Trnh t m phng 1. S dng h nhit ng Peng - Robinson 2. Thit lp thit b phn ng PFR , lu thc hin iu kin ng nhit. 3. Xc nh chuyn ha ca phn ng bng bao nhiu? 4. nh gi nh hng ca nhit phn ng, chiu di ng phn ng n chuyn ha ca phn ng.

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5. Tinh ch sn phm v tun hon EB cha phn ng: tch H 2 khi hn hp sau phn ng, sau tng p ln 400kPa v gim nhit ti 80o C, ri a vo thp chng luyn tch EB cha phn ng.

Tnh ton cc thng s ca thp chng vi p sut Pnh=380kPa, Py=420kPa, yu cu tinh khit ca sn phm Styrene thu c phi t trn 99%.

Tnh ton nhit ca dng trc khi vo thp tch pha sao cho trn nh thp ch thu c H2

6. Tnh cn bng vt liu v cn bng nng lng ca ton qu trnh.

7.8

Qu trnh tng hp Amoniac

Thit b phn ng PFR c ng knh 3m gm 3 r xc tc ni tip nhau c chiu di ln lt l: 1 m, 1.2 m, 1.3 m. Dng nguyn liu c nhit 300o C, p sut 1.6e4kPa, lu lng 1.86e6 kg/h, thnh phn mole: Methane 0.02 Hydrogen 0.72 Nitrogen 0.24 Argon 0.02

Dng nguyn liu c chia ra thnh 3 dng c lu lng bng nhau ri i vo cc r xc tc ca thit b phn ng. Tng tn tht p sut ca thit b phn ng l 45kPa c chia u cho 3 r xc tc. Khi i vo thit b phn ng, xy ra phn ng tng hp NH 3: N2 + 3H2 2NH3

vi A = 10000, E = 91000 kJ/kgmole, A' = 1.3e10, E' = 1.41e5 kJ/kgmole. Hn hp thu c sau phn ng c nhit 553.9oC, p sut 1.496e4kPa c tng p ln 1.65e4kPa ri lm lnh xung ti -39.95oC v i vo thp tch pha thu NH3. Trnh t m phng 1. S dng h nhit ng EOS Peng - Robinson. 2. S dng ba thit b dng y PFR m phng ba r xc tc.

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3. nh gi nh hng ca nhit dng nguyn liu v chiu di r xc tc u tin ti chuyn ha ca phn ng xy ra trong r xc tc u tin 4. nh gi nh hng ca t l chia dng tun hon phn ng ti hiu sut ca qu trnh theo Nitrogen. 5. nh gi nh hng ca nhit dng nguyn liu ti hiu sut qu trnh tnh theo N2 6. Ti u ha nhit , p sut dng nguyn liu, t l chia dng nguyn liu, t l chia dng tun hon hiu sut ca qu trnh l ln nht. 7. Tnh cn bng vt liu v cn bng nng lng ton cng ngh.

7.9

Qu trnh c c dung dch


H thng c c c s dng rt ph bin trong cng ngh ho hc. Hn

hp cht tan khng bay hi (v d ng, mui,) ho tan trong dung mi d bay hi (v d nc) c c c bng cch cp nhit. Trong h thng c c nhiu ni, dung mi bay hi t ni c c th nht s c ngng t, nhit ngng t c s dng cp nhit cho ni c c tip theo. iu c ngha l ni c c th hai phi lm vic nhit v p sut thp hn ni th nht. Dung dch ng sucrose trong nc c nng 30% theo khi lng. Lu lng dng dung dch a vo h thng c c l 50 kg/h. H thng c c gm c ba ni c c, lm vic p sut 101,3 kPa. Dung dch sn phm c nng sucrose yu cu l 85%. Xy dng lu trnh cng ngh v xc nh nng lng cn cung cp cho h thng. Trong lu trnh cng ngh c s dng cc cng c m phng sau: 3 ni c c c m phng bng 3 Separator 3 thit b lm lnh c m phng bng 3 Cooler 2 cng c logic Set iu chnh nhit dng sn phm 1 cng c logic Adjust iu chnh lng nhit cp cho ni c c th nht m bo dng sn phm cui cng ca h thng c c t nng sucrose yu cu l 85% theo khi lng.

229

Sau khi hon thnh m phng, lu trnh cng ngh ca qu trnh c c ng sucrose s c chuyn sang dng template c th s dng trong m phng cc h thng c c khc. Trnh t m phng 1. La chn h nhit ng l Wilson/Ideal. Mt iu cn lu l Wilson/Ideal equation s khng ph hp trong trng hp tnh ton cn bng lng - lng. 2. Chuyn sang Binary Coefficients page. Khi ny cc h s tng tc bc hai Aij v B ij u cha c gi tr c th, trong cc u l < empty>. Cn phi xc nh cc h s ny nhn gi tr 0 bng cch tr li OK vi thng bo c hin th, gi tr 0 s t ng c in vo bng cc h s tng tc bc hai. 3. Thit lp dng nguyn liu Feed c thnh phn 30% theo khi lng sucrose trong nc, p sut 101.3 kPa, lu lng 50 kg/h. 4. Thit lp dng hi nc Stream gia nhit cho ni c c u tin , Vapour Fraction = 1 , p sut dng hi nc 275 kPa. 5. Khi to thp tch pha Effect-1 m phng ni c c th nht , dng Feed a vo thp v nhn c dng sn phm hi t nh l V1 v dng sn phm lng l L1. 6. Khi to thit b lm lnh Cooler-1 c Delta P = 0 kPa, dng nng lng q1, dng hi nc Stream qua Cooler-1 ngng t thnh Condensate c Vapour Fraction = 0 , gi tr q1 = 2.42e4 kJ/h c s dng gia nhit cho ni c c th nht Effect-1. 7. Tng t, khi to thit b lm lnh Cooler-2 c Delta P = 0 kPa , c s dng ngng t dng hi nc V1 t nh ni c c th nht Effect-1, nhn c dng dng nng lng q2. Gi tr ca dng nng lng q2 bng bao nhiu? 8. Tng t, khi to thp tch pha Effect-2 m phng ni c c th hai, nguyn liu vo thp l dng lng t thp th nht L1, dng sn phm l V2 v L2. Nng lng cp cho thp l dng q2. Lu : xo Delta P ca thp. Ti sao cn xo Delta P, lm g?

230

9. Khi to Set-1 thit lp mi quan h gia nhit dng L2 phi thp hn nhit dng Condensate sau Cooler-2 l C2 l 3oC c th s dng q2 cp nhit cho ni c c th hai Effect-2. 10. Tng t, khi to Cooler-3, Effect-3 (nh xo Delta P) v Set-2. 11. Khi to Adjust thc hin iu chnh dng nng lng q1 cp cho Effect-1 sao cho dng sn phm cui cng L3 cn 15% nc (theo khi lng). S dng Method Secant vi Step Size l 2000 kJ/h. 12. Sau khi hon thnh m phng, c kt qu tnh ton: Nng lng cn phi cp cho Effect-1 l bao nhiu nng Sucrose trong sn phm t 85%? C th thu c dung dch c nng Sucrose cao nht l bao nhiu? Trng hp no th UNISIM khng tnh ton c, case khng hi t? Ti sao?

PFD Chng 7
7.3 Qu trnh oxi ho Etylen

231

7.4 Qu trnh chng tch hn hp hydrocacbon nh

232

7.5 Qu trnh tng hp Ethylene Glycol (EG) t Ethylene

7.6 Qu trnh tng hp Maleic Anhydride (MA) t Benzene

233

7.7 Qu trnh tng hp Styrene t Ethyl Benzene (EB)

7.8 Qu trnh tng hp Amoniac

234

7.9 Qu trnh c c dung dch

235

GII NGHA MT S CM T TING ANH


TRONG M PH NG

Binary Interaction Parameters (BIP) - H s tng tc bc hai Case tn gi chung mt bi m phng. Case Studies cng c c s dng nghin cu cc thng s cng ngh, cc tnh cht ca dng nguyn liu, Converged hi t, thng bo cho bit qu trnh tnh ton hon thnh. Databook bng tm tt cc d liu. Dynamic Modelling m phng ng, m phng thit b hoc cng ngh ang trong qu trnh vn hnh lin tc c s thay i ca cc thng s cng ngh theo thi gian. Flowsheet lu trnh, biu din s cng ngh c m phng trong PFD. Fluid Package h nhit ng. Heat Exchanger Design (End Point Model ) M hnh thit k m phng thit b trao i nhit tuyn tnh, U = const, C p = const. Heat Exchanger Design (Weighted Model) M hnh thit k m phng thit b trao i nhit phi tuyn, ngc chiu. Heat Exchanger Duty Q = UADT LMF t Nhit nng trao i trong thit b trao i nhit c tnh theo cng thc, trong : U Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient - h s truyn nhit chung; A Surface Area available for Heat Transfer - din tch b mt truyn nhit; UA the proportionality factor - tch s UA l h s t l (h s trao i nhit); DTLM log mean temperature difference (LMTD) - logarit chnh lch nhit . Ft LMTD correction factor - h s hiu chnh. Hypothetical Component cu t gi c xy dng theo cc gi thit. Object Palette bng c biu tng cc cng c m phng. Process Flow Diagram (PFD) s cng ngh c m phng trong mi trng m phng. Pressure Drop gim p.

236

Reactor Continuously Stirred Tank (CSTR) thit b phn ng khuy lin tc (thit b phn ng khuy l tng). Reactor Plug Flow (PFR) thit b phn ng dng y (thit b phn ng y l tng). Simulation Basis Manager Giao din qun l c s m phng, c s dng khi la chn cu t, h nhit ng, h phn ng, n v o, Simulation Enviroment mi trng thc hin m phng PFD. Steady State Modelling m phng tnh, nghin cu m phng qu trnh cng ngh. Subflowsheet lu trnh con (ca thp chng luyn, thp hp th,). Water Gas Shift (WGS) phn ng chuyn ho CO thnh CO 2 bng hi nc. Workbook bng tm tt cc tham s ca dng (tng t Worksheet). Worksheet bng tm tt cc tham s ca dng (tng t Workbook).

237

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. J.R.Elliott and C.T.Lira. (1999) Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics . Prentice Hall. 2. R. Perry, (2005) Engineers Handbook of Chemical Engineering, Mc. Graw Hill Book Company Inc . 3. Seider W.D., Seader I.D., Lewin D.R. (2003) Product and Process Design Principles. Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation . Second Edition. WileyVCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 4. A.C. Dimian and C.S Bildea (2008) Chemical Process Design - ComputerAided Case Studies. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 5. Anu Maria (1997) Introduction to Modeling and Simulation. Proceeding of the 1997 Winter Simulation Conference ed. S. Andradottir, K.J. Healy, D.H. Withers, and B.L. Nelson. NY:IEEE. 7-13. 6. UNISIM Steady State Modeling Documents. 7. Mohd Kamarudin Abd Hamid. (2007) HYSYS: An Introduction to Chemical Engineering Simulation. Jonor, Malaysia.

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