NDI 06. Lin, Arnett, Burshteya INC Stuff INC 1 ink for All Shells INC Short Shell Impact INC Long Shell Links AmeriCorps Capitalism Citizenship Citizen Law Enforcement Civil Society Crime/Disetpline Courts Disciplinary Power — General Drait ‘conomy Education Governmentality/Conrol Institutions Knowle, Law Medical Discourse Military/Armed Forces National Serviee Peace Corps Police Productivity Recruiting Schools Sexuality Social Welfare state Testing Volunteerism Work Force Lear Impacts Eosielio Impact ~ INC Quality No Value to Life Genocide Violence” Murder Dehumanization urns Case- Voluntoerism Turns Case» War Ci 89 10 " 2 3 4 15-16 D 18-19 20-22 6 66 6 68-69 70 Steve/Ruby/Cyrus’Nict Reje Rejection ~ Volunteerism** Local Resistance New Relations/Pessimism Questioning/Pessitnism Specific Intellectualism Interpretive Analytics ‘Theory/Explanations Docile Bodies Geneolog Kill to Save Nortmalization Panoptican Power/K nowle 2NC Action ‘AUT We Still Solve/Make Things Better AVT Perms: Discourse = Reality AVT Taylor AIT We Escape Biopower AIT We're Different AIT Pragmatism AMT You're Pomo A/T We = Revolution "APE We = Liberalism AT Ulopian AIT Can't Solve Biopower Los FRIRMATIVE ANSWERS Perms A/T Government Links Democracy Solves No Alter AIT National Service LinksCONDE “66 Lin, Arnett, Burshteyn The call to perform national service people serving are insidious institutions of national service only farther the biop* iC Link For All Shells trast itieal project Eric Gorham, Professor of Political $cience at Loyola University. 1992. National Service, Citizenship and Politic "77 Historiealiy, par Edbcation pg. 112-113 and the service professions, ave been more than simplf institutionalized do-gooding. ‘The service profes Sions—for exampfs, GET work, rele? work—were constituted by the five charactefistics of service T mention above, As such they became part of the political economy of American suciety, More over, thay wore 4(teans af socglzetin’ designed to help people conform to‘cortalfs values sometimes at the’ expense of theif trad Gana} community practices. _ ‘dus account of sovial Work, Roy Lubove argues bed 2s 2 middle dass reszanse te caused by indusinialzation and incrgusing jon. Infhe Tate nineteenth century the “uly sclentifie charity” emerged as an instrument of urhan(Gucia) contsolS thie ‘Work depended upor scientific organization: functional specialize tion, centralized foordination and administrsfion, conporate man. echniguep, nd arapplication of bislogteal and secnorsic Tage, where the primary group exercised powerful social patrols. Thepharily society was an “artifice,” designed to restore the |‘natural relations” which the city had Aestroyed.”” Moreover, these “hatural relations” looked uneormonly ike a mid: dle -class utopia, J in her client less an equal or a potential ‘The visitor 5 ‘equal than af object of character reformation whose unfor tunate and Ibwly condition resulzed from ignorance or fm middle-class values and patterns of life doviations th organization, As the wonfi tury unfolded, though, this feeling of moral superionty was suptlanied by an thi of scientific exper tise.” “Friendly vigting” became “sncial diagnosis," and the charity ‘organizations becafne bureaueratic social work agencies. Servicers baktme experts on “family adjustment” svolaped "Fasework techniques.” Peychlacry was inleeduced inte social work, ag was the study of erimibology. & gubeulgare emerged, and Belesiona igen tins devon, hel, sal ea ken eratized) as the ganization shift function Y CiBiciency boeamne tbe key virtual on (and fias become mre 0 in our time), sd their activities more closely, a theory of fd and a supervisory function became delineat ration” movement further reinforced thes fessional tendencies. Service had become less and more q technical meats of therapy * ed. Finally a “fe Bureaucratic and merely a guise for extending the web of discipli ed into docile bodies ready for normalization. Bioperss SteverCyrus/Ruby NicCNDI+06 Lin, Arnett, Burshteyn StevelCyr ING bares Tmpacl ~ Slret She!! ‘The impact is extinction. We all will exentually be killed by the ever-changing, desires of the soverciga. The anly way to solve is to reject al! instances of biopolitical control. James W. Bernauer, Professor of Philospphy at Boston College. 1990, Michael Foucault's Force of Flight, Pg, (41-142 [This capacity of power 10 conoipl itself cannot cloak the uagedy of cre! implications contained in Foucault{s examination of its functioning. While liberals have fought to extend rights and Marxists have denounced the injustice of capicalisnt, 2 political Phacloy. acting in the interests of hater adminiteation of ile Fas|prqdueed 9 police dha places maw’ Gerstner a nt Beng n que see "The very period thar prodetined ide in having overthrown the giranay of Tmandey, that engaged nan ‘ills clamor for reform, that fonfidentin the vitkucs of its humanistic aids rriod’s politic? creadd « landscape dominaced_by history's Bloodiest warsSWhat comparison f possible Between a sovercign’sauthonity Totakea fe and a poorer chat, in tHe incerest oF procecting.a society s quality i pact adeclop {ie peste inplsnentation apy | dleutvally astured desraction bch a policy peter an abervavion ofthe fundamental ptinciples of modern politics nor an abandonment of our age's humans io favor of a more primpive right co kl; ci but dhe other side of 7 a power that is “si id exefcised at the level of life, che species, the race, and the large-scale phenomenp of Bopulaion”” The bie polis roi oF adpiosueag ae8 OpnTgiog We cloves oscil wah te re- | duction of the Bomb. ““The atomic situation is now a: the end point of this | process: the power'o expose a whole 3 power to guarantee ap individuals ‘ight have been expected from being able to gaze at scaffolds empry of the victims of tyrant's vengeance has begin stolen frome ws by che noose thas has tightened around each of our own nfoks SRUMENT FOR POLITICS swith the type of thinking thas has led litical action chat dissents from those paactees of agrmalizagoa dl ade us all potential victims. A preré- uisite for this break is the recogiition thar human being and thoughe inhabit the domain of knowledge-p4wer relations (sepoir-powvorr), a geall~ Eien thar 3S jp opposstion 10 waditlonal humanism. In the light of SP and VS, man—that invention of recent Gate—continued to gain sharper focus By means of that web of techniques of discipline and mechods of knowing that exists in modern society, by those minute steps of craining through which the body was made into a fi instrument, and by those stages of examining che mind’s growth, dhe “quan of modern humanism was born," ‘Thesame humanim that as inves such ene in developing asin man has foisted upon us the tihustorf that power is essentially repressive; in diag so, ras Ted ws taco the dead fad of segarding the pursuit and exteise | ob poset 1s binding the aeuley offhouehe ‘> a v Ge 2. THINKING AS AN I ‘Thar noose js loosened by breaking Biopons Ruby NieNDI 06 Biopow. SteverCyrus/Ruby Nic Lin, Ameit, Burshteyn | NC Long Shell The affirmatives conception of powef is flawed — Repression and liberation is not the issue, | inclusion into totalizing systents for the improvement of the quality of life These systems pre docile bodies through the operationsjof biopolitics. This power is everywhere — juridica! anai faits (0 grasp its essence. Huber L. Dreyfus, professor of philosophy: 41 UC Berkeley. ° “Being andl Power’ Revisited.” Foncinlt und Henk Critical Encowruers, 2003, p. 42-44 Fouealt Fel he tad co expose this sinister edpression and liberate the repressed, Later. however, Ne walizd that calling for liberation, was not the problem He rejected he idea that underneath poser with is gets oF vielen ve we should be abl s themselves in their primilive vivacily: behind the ass lin spontaneity of madness; through the penal kystem, the generous fewer BI delinguenee: wader che sesuat iertc Feshness of desired cunen oP exclusion, but & pervasive pressure owt exer ot For Foucault, pasimodern power is not an it ‘exclude, coerce, or punish. but rather to order and « lis disciplinary practices do not serve t0 obfect creates docile bodies and self-ghsorbed subjects, so as to produce ever greater weflire for all. Lhe rest embody what Foucauk calls bio-power. | tis power working to incite, reinfores..| apie, ald organize dhe frses under it @ power bent an gee soaking them arom, and ordering thr, afr than one dedicated to impeding them, making thet subs Bem foveal, 7 3 vation on Vekeegers afount of research, sees tht Gut crepes: Sipps sciences such as sacial psychology, producd anomalies such as delingyents, and then Lgke every anonials evade them, as an occasion fe 7 selenrifie penmns, MM cis is ccaurse, for the anomaly’s owa 1 gladly accepts this intervention, Heidegger empl tendency toward total ordering in technicis| by calling i "to1al mobilization”: Foucault refers co the wai te disciplinary power as “normalization,” He speaks of “new methods of power whose operation is nat Gnsuted by ei: technique, not by law but by normalization, ot by: punishmen ber by canerot, Ht Normalization is, of course, more than speialization into norms. Socialization into norms is the universal understanding of being or power governs Jhe actions of the members of any society. In the nev aransenent ‘emerged more and more clearly since the essical age, however, norms ate provressively brought lu bear o all Apparently, what makes normalization different (and dangerous) for Foucault is thal expands to covcr all) Similarly, Heidepger, quoting Nietzsche, sys, “the wasteland yrows.” Both see thar there #8 something. new amd about the ay, fn modernity, thac individuagjon and totalizing wo hand in hand. Hleideguer notes Certainly the modem age has .. introduced) subjectivism and individualism. But it remains just as certain shas before this has the non-individual in the Fofm of the collective, come tw acceptance 2s having worth. Wis pre reciprocal conditioning of one by the other {hat points back to evens mote prodound.37 ‘And Foucault, after discussing the way pastpral power takes care of each individual, says [think thae the main characteristic of ouf politcal rationality is the fact that this i community of in a@ totality results frorp @ constant correlation between an increasing reinforcement ofthis toabity. 48 {n Discipline and Punish, Foucault explai power, whose exercise was top daven, cengatized, intermitient. fy ‘operating in the micro-practices, and Consianf(y on the move cola Foucault adds sought in the primary existence of 2 ent forms would emranate... Power is everywhere: sot be tt of de iiaivid individuatizaions Js the way postmodern power is something entirely mew, Unlike fly visible, extravagant, and stable: poster ental point, int wniuee Power's canditinn of creignty fom wh everything, but pec Ae O”A CN Woe aenera\NDI “06 Lin. Amett, Burshieyn Volume i: An trirodetion p. 135-137) For a long time, toe of the characteristic sense, it derived no doubt from the ancient of'the fife of his chiles ant his slaves; just and death was fratmed by the classical theo thal this power of the sovereign ayer his sul where the sovercign’s very exislence was ial «who sought to overthrow him or contest hi In the defense of he state; withou “directs avielded an “indiregt” power over them of lif and death, Sut if someone dared to rise up aains¢ fir aid ea then Ine could exercise a direct power aver fe offender's ltt: as punishment, the latter woul be put ds ova, the power of lie and death was aot a oon survival. Must we fallow Habbes in individual to defend his Jise even if this 1 manifested with the formation ofthat new limited —as in its ancient ant absolute Form) 1ightof life only by exercising his right 10 ‘he death he was capable of cequieing. Thal sight o take Jfe-or ler live. tts symbol, ater Perhaps this juridical form must be referred Aleduetion (prefevemen?), a subtraction me! services, labor and blood. levied on the su bodies, and ultimately life itselt teutmina age the Wost bas longer the major form of power but me ‘optimize, and oraize the forces under it than one dedicated to impeding them, makidg ath. oF at least a tendency tp align seit isda shal as based onthe right of th teense, taain on velop 6 Yet lings being equal sid death-=and ths perhaps a Sea limits now presents itseit as the gourtier ‘optimize, and multiply ii, subjecting name of a sovereign who must be defend Biopow Steve/Cyrus/tuhy Nis INC Long Shell #8 through juridical and disciplinary power per the interests of a better quality of life, ‘The p -g28 of sovereign power was the right to decide fife vin potesia that grahted he father uf the Roman family the #5 be had given them life. so he could take it away, By the ine ticians, st was in a considerably diminished form. (sas ao d ets could be exevcsed in ap absolute and unganditions! way, ba [jeqpardy: a sort of right of rejoinder. If he were threatened hy extern Fights, he could tien lesitinwiely wage wan. god roquire : ropesing (heir death,” he was etpasrered 1 "eapose tht i absolute privilege: t was conditioned by the defense ofthe ssnai> Jeeing i a8 che transfer €0 the prince of the natal ant the death of others? Or should it be regarded 98 9 specific figical being, the sovereign? in any cise, tts modern form the right oF ite and death isa dssymunetical onc The soverei il-or by reBaining from Killings he evidence his poner ney ht oe fic wich was formulated as the “power of life and, dea” 9.8 IL, was the sword. historical ype of society in wich power wa ovesstl mins as ists a right (0 appropriate a portion bfthe wealth ts of prac fees. Power inthis instance was essen right af sete: sh i he privilege wo seize hol oF life in order to suppres i. Since transformation of dese mechanisms of payer. "Deduction hs iy one element among offers, warking to incite, reinore. conte power bent on generating forces aking them prow and rds 2 them submit or destroying them. There hus fost g parle) ship ministering power and 1p define its resist 9 th the exigencies of a lik sovereign is now manifested as simply the reverse rs were never 6 bloody as they have een singe the nil fats ifs visit such holgeausts on their gx¥n populations, Pau this bordel for par ofits force and he cyateisnt with whieh Has so of a posver that exerts 2 positive jnflience on life, cise conirols aud comprebensise regulations, Wars ar hey are waued of behalf of she existence of ever yom pop uobilized for the purpose of wholesale daughter in the vame of life necessity; massacres have besieme >: manages of fe an suai of oie anh ch ttn en Ms en ble wee Dam wah many men to b¢ billed. And dicoagh 2 apr shat closes the circle, as the.technoloyy of wars hos cause th ereasinsly tomar all-out destin. the Gesison thet imiiges thin sa tone tine terminates. > increasingly infonmed bv the naked questich of survival The atomic situation is now atthe end point of thixy ower (0 expose » whole population to leath is the underside of the power to gusranter_gn indivivust s existence. The printiple underlying the tpties of butle-tfat one. tas (0.6¢ cupable of become he principle that defines the strarfay of states. Bul the existence in question is no longer the, ju Jace of a population. If enocide is indeed the dreans of moder jwver xd and esgrt “sosereigity at stake isthe bielowical exist because of a regent retum of the ancient ic Kill, é is because power is situared species, the race, and the large-scale phenofnena of population. Gal esbt thi levelBiopoy Steve/Cyrus'Ruby 'Nic CNDI “06 Lin, Amett, Bursbleyn | NC Long Shell The Alternative is a hyper-active ei ism of disciplinary power strategies that rejects the affirmative ysfeins af pt Hyper-active pessimism takes advantage of the inherent points of resistantee creating an impetus $0 unending actipn to combat ubiquitous peril. The alternative entaily 1 artistic perspective, a struggle for the establishing of conditions in which self-creation is mac possible. The will to struggle becomes the defining characteristic that allows us to live out ou aaresolved existence. j ‘Steven V. Hieks, professor and chair of phi “a hyperactive pessimist" who avi ‘of power, all forms of social and political ‘And ina manner reminiscent of the Russi nderscaring the agonal nature of his work, [Foucault shares with Niciasehe ap almost tragic alordication o! vs face of overwhelming forces (of mibilism)} Yet contra Nietsche. much of Foucault's analysis of the mechani arrangements of power-knowlege" unde et ea [As one commentator points out, Foucault’ imite-levels] below, and productive lee mere rid the most insidious their participant vietims. Modetn power mi definition ofits subject... [Afr eseape fo altemative... {There is 10 realm of freed positions on the web [like a captured Mh Hence, dhe only “ethico-pati i deter resistance in_the "nexus ceaseless Fouecauldian “recoil” from the Gbiguitous power perils of Formulating any defensible alternative position or successor ideals. And if Nietzsche is cosreet in chain prevailing human idea! 10 date fas been chclasceric (ea, then even Powcantdian resistance ill eeptipi to svivh stats Pop belie inabs ‘of power are shown to be productive forces ‘only restricts, it incites-and does so by means of administers {such} subjecttication is impossible. Resistance to its forces remit: in which we may escape power 10 asser! our nature: Ne mizht eh here is no jumping off. 71 we leave, one thot Foucault chinks we must make every dy. IX s agaved in the subyecd normalization” precludes, oF so it Wi hat of this ideal. atleast under one of is guises viz. the nihilism of nevativity. Certainly Poucauit’s distancins: ot kin all ideological commitments, his recoiling from all traditional values by which we know avn judge his Hutt ‘conventional answers vhat press themselvab upon us, and his Keeping in play the “pists” and "recoils" that qi usual concepis and habitual patterns of behavior, all seem a close approximation. in the ethicopolitieal spe {deavzation of ascetci¢m. ‘what may save Facault fom this charge ifthe following. Like Nietzsche and Heideguer. Foucault citzal s the ‘which itis onge more possible to shink" and tema in Devond which contemporars philosophy fap basin... again 40 T, 3-4 2), Having argued in & Nieteschean tishion hhumanity has no fixed essence or intrinsic fentity waiting to be malized, Laueaul rejects moralicing unis and thinks tha tie altemacive 6 passive nfilisin” ents dn “artistic perspective": political wraloaue vt tS) Nietasehw’s "philosophical and aesthetic lift of continual self-overeaming. 174 the neon 1s deemes not wort living. 1175 BULwh wrsee Sahn Continues| Biopow NDI “06 Lin, Amett. Burshteyn | SteverCyrusWuly !Nic | ANC Shel} Here Foucault seems less interested in det creativity": bringing into the strugsle "9s even our modern discourses. of liberati ing_a_ purpose for “incitation and sieusyle™ shan underscor g2ieiy. vedi and dotennivalion as possible 1176 Given his b rights. and humanism are alt deeply entangle in the inartient «of resist and Subjeciificayion presep) in the socigl and palical body. 71 Ach from a Nietzscliean perspective, & possibly suspect) nevative co: numerous forms of doy " the "pathos of struggle” has a strong (ani steugati s fram having "the possibility ofalteriag the ie" for the nes ial, and cultural conditions. that preclude the possi foucault Writes. “perhaps one must not be for consenstally. bul one gsle for” 56 lishing. of conditions in sich seltereagion és made. nossibe alierative ideals (oF ‘able "8| AS with Nietzsch Lus beforchara Lstrugele” remains undetermined. It cant ‘of_theit_conception and. articulation must remain. they should remain rooted in_pratiuude and « her than cesentaient avast it 82 Bux as with Nictrsch joe affirmative content as nel the doing of what is nesessany 10 m8 (wsithin the consi assertion 6f individuality and othemess 1s Power ts. fn ie Should_e_only tha (a) the_gondon ‘uohierarchical sreative, and sel (9 instill an “agonistic elyeation’s will co struggle Wi and manifes|, our creative treedom, [184 According (© Foucault. ti fat” are prompled by eontinuous acts of tesisignce-and political riees_of disciplinary power and technologies of the boxly that «) Hed8S AS Foucaol ‘sees it, dren BL Io stzvagle, an “nessbetir Asti fife “0 ears freedom and creation of the seif a8 "wor surve © loosen the hold of those va ‘overwhelte and homogenize us (cf HS, 2! becomes the defi ieandBiope: NDE “06 Steve/CyrusiRuby/N: Lin, Atmett, Burshteyn Lhe ~ dmeriverps | Americorps forces its participants under the coercive light of panoptic power, serutinizing their every acion in an endless display of bio-political fore Eric Gorham, Professor of Political Science at Loyola University. 1992, National vice, Citizenship and Political Education pg. 125-122 Similar terflencias ean be found in the federal youth work and service progrerps of the 1960s. As a number of supporters testified, nearly, unredlized version of VISTA, she National Service Corps, was designed to spontancously generate Voluntarism." It was not supposed to fe 2 “political” organization.” Nonetheless, domestic service progrins in the early 1960s placed poitieal and social li itations on participants. in both the Senate and House bills, ‘deemed employees ofthe federal government, who enyollees we swore require to undergo “security checks” in order to ensure that their onvoliment was “consistent with the natianal interest.™ The ing procedurts be implemented (or “aptitudes” and “attitudos”) by trained professionals. “Selection will continue throughout the iba: a Corpsmen’s [sic] performance will be assessed by ', by trained psychologists, and by the NSC and local checks and fingerprinting of all enrollees." Finally, the study advised thaile dossior be kept on each individual 1s will be invited to begin training on the basis of led questionnaire-application; responses to ref- eronce-ifquiries by those who have known them best in work, school, and community activities; the results of their aptitudd placement test, madieal examination, and civil service Heckground investigation” According tf the accoune given iy Miche} Foucault, the dossier is one itnportapt eriterion of the disciplinary society, for it brings the participanta under the gaze of the agency.NDI +06 Lin, Arnett, Burshteyn Capitalism causes societal represkio Dreyfus. Professor of Philosophy ii meneutis, pat } | itali iak Cogitel gn Links 128.9 ‘TRiared groadly, the repressive typatitesis ura. pean fistory we have how jative openness about our ABE SeVGenfh cenirs, oF $0 the sory Adee, lve Trarkness sill pevaited: Tt waa time of direct gestures, shameless discourse, and open transgressions, wher anutries were shown and intermingled at wily and knowing chien bing abovt ami the Tavahter of adults” 3). By. the middle jof the nineteenth century things had afered ‘rammicaly—and fof the worse. ‘The Jaughter was replaced BY the “monotonous nights pf the Victorian bourgeoisie.” Sexuality, of what was ist oft, was pw confined to the home, and even there i was Tesircted to the pafents” bedroom. A rile of silence was impose Censorship reigned. What sex there was became joyless and vita, (0 ‘he nuclear fanvly,i}vas geared only to reproduction, The exchision of allacts, speech, and desires which did not conform tow trict, repressive, anc Bypacatica! cous wus strict enforced. The law, repression, nd the basest of utltes hel sway. Thys lie obtained even atthe fringes of Vietorian society where concessions to licentiusness and debauchery weve gmidgingly made. Even there, or especially there, a policed and proiable ade was alowed tobe the exception which confirmed the rule The counter-Vietorags only reaPinmed the tranph ofthe daur moralism represented by the upsmiling queen, For those who Holt it, the great attraction ofthis view of repression is that itis so-casiy i ‘le of ex and ns tral sally weaves The fal and the profound inio one only an appendage to the real story of power" for the wor“ production” in the above Quotation it would nt be an unjust characterization of Foucault's project. ‘Though Foucault is got attempting to uncover the laws of history, nor to deny Ie parang Of capitalism, he is wying to show as the itt Portance that sexuajity dined ur SIERO Ee 8.2 pach 0 ‘Specific forins of payer. HOW 10 develop a view of power that does” OC am aah uerving essence, m metaphysiah notion, oF an empty catchall is the central problem contionting Foucault's recent work, 4138-9 * a and is empirically linked to violent power i Berkeley. (982, Miche! Foucauit, besendt structs! Bivpows Steve/Cyrus/Ruby/Nic eeNDI +06 Biopos Steve/CyrusRuby:N Lin, Arnett, Burshteyn . Copitel © Capitalist and mi lary methods flepend on biopower. Dreyfus, Professor of Philosophy pt Berkeley, 1982, Michel Foucaut, beyond strsccuratsn wl hermeneutics, page 135 Disciplinary.control and the creation of docile bodies is u questionably connected. the rise of capitalism. But the economic Ehanges which resulted if the aecumulation of capital and the political changes which resulted ig the accumulation of power are not entirely separate. The two depend on each other for their spread and their suc- it" (DP 220), Foucault pices the two major alterations in a noncausal parallelism but clearly indigates thac the development of political technol: ogy, in his interpretation, pfeceded the economic. He contends that it was the disciplinary technologfes which underlay the growth, spread, and iriumph of capitalise as op economic venture. Without the insertion of disciplined, orderly individpals into the machinery of production, the new demands of capitalism wold have been stymied. In a parallel manner, ‘capitalism would have bees impossible without the fixation, control, aad rational distribution of popblations on a large scale. These technigues of discipline, Fowcaute argues, supported and underlay the grander and more visible changes in the prodgetion apparatus. At least in France, the slow growth of disciplinary technology preceded the rise of capitalism—in both 2 temporal and a logicpl sense. These technologies did not cause the rise of capitalism but were the technological preconditions for iis success. 13°NDE OS, | Lin, Amet, Bursbeyn sveicynsne om leverCyrus/Ruhy si Link- Gdren dng Citizen link- Power causes the jvill fo be and improve as a citizen of the state Digeser, Prof at UC Santa Barbra, Nov., 1992, Journal ofPoliies. Vol S4.,p3.977-1007. jst Us a conception of power that focuses upon the formation of subjects and knowledge, that eschews the necessity of intentionality; conflict, and harm, and that is inescapable, antitheoretical and pmdvetive of sesistance, “power”? in referring to bis wre use of the word, Foucault writes, “the word power is apt to lead to 2 number of misundesstandings—misunderstandings with respect ta it9 nature, ite form, and its unity” (Foucault 1980e, $2). In eed, power, has its own drgwbacks and attractions for the study of polities As the analysis up to this ppint makes clear, the central drawhack is that Foucault’s use of the word ppwer departs significantly from ordinary usage IF we want to understand payer, 5 contribution to the continuing debate over power and its value to the epnduct of pofitical inquiry, iis important £9 be aware of the departures that Foucault’ use of power entail. With this caveat in mind, we can turn to the possible attractions that power, has for the study: of politics, One contribution that follows from: the discussions above, is tha! power, directs inquiry toward che formation and transformation of the norms, practices, ad self 4nderstandings which compose polities. The se~ nealogical character of power, shifty the object of theoretical inguiry away from describing or darifying curren political practices and toward describ ing the mundane, violent, 6r fabulous beginnings and dynamic character of those practices. Not only does the idea of power, direct our attention to what sustains ordinary political practices, but it has also been used to study how governmental policies and getions forge and change the norms of other prac tices (e-g., the law, psychology, education, and sexuality), Foucault’ notion of power has served as a tgol for setting out the ways in which potitical ac tions and arrangements ergourage soine identities and margitialize others For example, one effect thit power, may have upon how we study polities is in the subdiscipline of poftical socialization. fusteac of focusing upon the ‘process by which individuals learn about politics” (Kavanagh 3983), the idea of power, wouid direct attention to how governments learn about and forge individuals. Instead of dipecting the study of pobtical socialization to the formation of political k Searing. 1987), Foucault ould have ws ask how does this kind of pursuit of the child ia the adult as9st the formation of a norm up to which people are expected to live? Power, but to the making of in¢bviduals capable of takiag on the re the responses af eitizenship. The fourth fg Fre dlevsed to bath Chit aed adaTe using tochnaquesthtare Doth palesCNDI “06 Biopos Ruby/Ni Lin, Amett, Burshteyn Citizens ac government, Marx, Professor Emeritas of Sociology at MIT, 2005 [ GT., Soft Surveillance: The Growth of Mandatory Volunteesism in Collecting Personal Information "Hey Buddy Can You Spare a ON The sof surveillance trend involves coxposptions more than government. Note the iinpicit bargain seen with « technologies of consumption in which te collection oF personally identifiable (and oon subsagucitly information is built into the very activity. We gladly, if fen barely consciously, sive up this information in ret ease of buying and communicating and the Feduetions of Frequent Flyer and other reward programs. Infaensstion ¢ is unseen and automated (in a favored engineering goal “the human is out ofthe loop") 2 tis “natueall™ tos routine activities such as driving a car or Psing a credit card, computer or telephone. Such information is thet profiling, social sorting and risk assessmedt (Lyons 2002), Consider also those who agree t© report their ea behavior and attitudes in more detail as |part of market rescaych. A new variant goes beyond the Widilie ing as law enforcement i “soft surveillance” extending panoptic gaze of the the providers of information «market haracteristics and experiences. 3, However no permissiot and valuntecring information on th benefits Row to the mass of persons the sponsoring agency learns about. There afe parallels 1o INA analysr ilormaion < ous ad hg individual who volunrarily offers his or tar i on fe analusis, also simufiancousty offers nvernbers who have not agreed W this. Wp lack an adequate conceptual, ethical and legnlfamewark fi spillover effect from voluntary @ jnvolunl losure involving third parties. Beyond difference: volusectonly on themselves or on themses and oie ws-se hate whe lle s[eitizens watching each olher as adjuncts tw_law enforcement. Re omsinent form of volunteerisi_ involve indional Neigbotood Watch sromams.ns can ole new, pos. 94 foo seh. a lice aponsne (Communiiy AnkicTerorism, Training programs encouraging iuokers, lily workers, [a> and detiv 1008 fo re 15 Fr cule toast Wo he eles personal information se! collection process is automatic and hassle-ffee. Let ws futher consider the role of technology in potentially by-ps need even to 23k for cansent or 1 afer rewatcs,NDE “06 Lin, Amett, Burshteyn Link — The idea of a “civil socie! it deems as fit. ivil Sociely Liv James W. Bernauer, Professor of]Philosophy at Boston College. 1990, Michael Foucault's Force of Flight, Pg. 124 Coles required i 130 T Discipline is the nfajor eneans for the procucuon ot peace and order) within a society, and the best guarantee of their preservation. Discipline is not an abstract value bur a mechanism in which different powers are placed in relation to one anpther in order to produce a certain type of human conduct. Perhaps in Jearlier times a soldier's suitability was announced through the possessioh of natural qualities such as strength, bearing, and so. forth; in the moder period, suitability could be constructed through a procedure of military training. The feasibility of producing a soldier fit for ‘the machine in which he will function is linked t the operation of four distinct powers. A “cdllular” power was required, one that would distribure the individual membets of groups into manipulable series. Individuals are to be located in specifi¢ spaces defined in terms of rankings and possible transitions from rank|to rank, The functioning of an “organic” power was also needed. The body had © be mastered, and its movements and oper tions mapped and osdered. Through a rigorous definition of the body's proper movements, 4 system of training could be established to provide guidance for precise and regulated exercise of the body. Third, chere is a “genetic” power that pperates by determining the stages through which the trained body must pdss to achieve the specific abilicy demanded of it; the isciplining of the body is put within a movement of time that never reaches its limit. Finally, therg is a “combinatory power” that subjects che body to a precise system of commadds that are articulated an relation to the variety of multistgmented machine.) |3q -D= Biopow SteverCyrus‘Ruby/Ni ” allows the sovereign to shape society into the wayCNDI-+06 Biopor Steve/Cyrus/Ruby:Ni Lin, Amett, Burshteyn | I Link -| Crime /diserplin @ Representation of “crime” anjl necessary disciptine teads to human object Dreyfus, Professor of Philosophy at Berkeley. 1982, Mickel Foucault, beyond stewstiysls9» one hermeneutics, page 149 But clearly, forall this to funetfon correctly, it had o be based ona precise knowledge. The reformers fn the eighteenth century souzht so ledge i 5 apploprialg punishment would find fis exact place. The remedies had 29 Ebrouthttopether ina code Slaw {The various species of erinals bad nine Clear Tia Tete classifications to be classified in great detil, It bes Prue ate ere could have sob was demanded: “Individuatization dppears as the wltimate aim of a pre cisely adapted code" (DP 99). At the same time this wards in, Yividuation Jed lowards the gbjectilfeation of criny imingls. The {propriate upplcation oFcomect pufishmen Tequred an object who Was fixed as an individual and known in great detail. We have here an impo lant step in the growth of the scienkes of society and of the discipling Thich will ter wear menas CBjecg] VR ation, ferent character structures, Hence Ti the classification oF criminalsCNDI ‘06 Lit Link ~ By allowing the courts to make rulings, you are giving control of the Amett, Burshteyn @® | courts | population to a small sou ee Sounds like biopower to me. Miche! Foucault, Chair at th College de Pra of the Prison, Pg, 177-178 1 At the orphanagd of the Chevalier Paulet, the sessions of the tribunal chat met eath morning gave rise © 4 whole ceremonial: ‘We found all the pupils drawn up as if for battle, in perfect align- rent, immobility ad silence. The major, 2 young geatleman of sixqeen years, stood [outside che ranks, sword in hard; at bis com- mand, the troop broke ranks at the double and formed a circle. The ntre; each officer made 2 report of his troop for the preceding enaty-four hours, The accused were allowed 10 defend themselves; vitnesses were heard; the council deliberated and, when agreement was reached, the major announced the number of guilty, the naeurd of the offences and the punishmenrs ordered. The troop then matthed off in the greatest order’ (Pictet). At the heart ofall disciplinry systems fianetions a small penal mechanism. council met ja the Trenjoys a kind of judicial privilege with its own laws, its specific ofences, ies pactichlar forms of judgement. The disciplines esteb- lished an “infra-pedality’; they partitioned an area that the laws had lefe empty; they defined and repressed a mass of behaviour that the relative indiflerench ofthe great systems of punishment had allowed to escape. ‘On enttring, the companions will greet one another ‘on leaving, they mist lock up the materials and tools that they have deen using and allo make sure thot their lamps are extinguished’; ons by gestutes Orin aay anyone who is abjent for more than five minutes without warning M. Oppenheim will be ‘marked down for a half-day’; and in order and his companiogs' (Oppenheim, 29 September 18:9). The work- shop, the school, fhe army were subject to a whole micro-penality of time {latenesses, absences, interroprions of rasks), of activity (inatcention, negligence, lack of zeal), of behaviour (impoliteness, dinobedience), of] speech (idle chatter, insolence), of the body Cincosrect” atsinsdes, irregular gestures, lack of cleanliness), of sexuality (impurity, indecency). Ar the same time, by way of punish ment, a whole sefies of subtle proceduses was used, fom bight physical punishmdat to toinor deprivations and petty humiliations. Tt was a question both of making the slightest departures from cos rect behaviour subject to punishment, and of giving a punitive function t0 the agparently indifferent elements of the disciplinary apparatus: to thag if necessary, everything might serve to punish the slightest ching} each subject nd Aimself caugh in a punishable, punishing universality. ‘By the word punishment, one must under- stand everything that is capable of making children feel the offence they have committed, everything that is capable of hunsitiacins rem, ‘of confusing them: -.. a certain coldness, a certain indifference, a qutstion, a humilfation, a removal from office’ (La Salle, Conduice si 2043) SO Biopos SteverCyrus/Ruiy/Ni c. 1977, Discipline & Punish: The Birth 1 CRCNDI ‘06 | Biopos Lin, Arnett, Burshteyn — ___ StevelCyrustute Ns Link - Disciplinary tach s | Disciplinary taetics used in the ary are an example of pervasive biopolitical contra: Dreyfus, Professor of Philosophy all Berkeley, 1982, Michel Foucault. beyond structuralism and Fermencutics, page 153-4 : Secon Tie SGT TAG MENTION piseressvely ignored, mini mized, and silenced. During the Classical Age, while 30 much atiention ‘was being devoted to the corfeet manipulation of represeatations, while the public confession sill Fapped the rituals of sovereign power disciplines—notably the army/and the schooly—were quiedy developing techniques and tactics to treaghuman beings as objects to be molded, not subjects to be heard oF signs tp be circulated and read. Ne longer did the cater of sigifeation. For instance, the ifs 4 bo ic of honour’ge earliest [Ora Of such exercises to the jore generalized in the eighteenth century. mas army, they were far Exercise of came ah integral part of the workings af power Because it concentrated prmafIy of the Econoriy of Tarernal coordinatio Psten ert 59 ers" bothies. The Pole at work here might well red: ‘ip Them PY all signifying dimensions, formallze the tr yelate tbese nits, apply them on a lange scale.) 3 ‘The Affirmative's use of ¢ and order to ensure life increases the scope of power. Drevfus, Professor of Philosophy af Berkeley, 1982, Michel Foucault. beyond sicutorslis and hosmenoutics. page 136-7 (F thivd development in pothical thought, usally referred to as the theory of raison d'état, differentiated itself from the other two. Althoush the eaallest of these theoripts appeared at the same time as Machiavelli and are often grouped together with him, Foucault sees them in a de cisively diferent light, fof he looks particularly to the authors of the fs ane ae Mie po Tat thee Te police and technical mam whose Mates are not famullar 10 Most of us, [aid down policies for actual application gLLOTNGK Tt shange in potinea) philoso concerned with the sta hem, polities Talios- fe nor merely 19.46 the prise,NDI 06 | Biopes Lin, Amett, Burshteyn StevelCytus/Ruby!Ni Link - Discs plinavy tacaves astitutions increase the scope of biopowe ‘The disciplinary techniques of state Drevfus, Professor of Philosophy at Berkeley. $982, Wier Pouca, son sewtartiny and Termeneutics, page 193 FPanoptic technofory was designed to generalize the various disci- plines Which had emérged during the sévenieenth and eighteenth cen: ies. At first highly localized and isolaced in functionally specific set- 4, in admittedly Sof Insitutions, and these efteren populations — re 1s a partivular rationality, top, which goes alone with the Panoptic technology one which is self-contained, nontheoretical efficient, and productive, The Pynopicon seme 1 poss paendar of judgment, only an effigient technique for dividuals, knowing Tom, owlering them alone 2 graded seale in any of a number of ine {Lovert violence, with as much insividuae ion posible, “ag and suceessfilly. ~The Paiiapricon ‘rangement provides(the formula for is generalization, Tis progtams, at the level of an Glemepiary and easily transferable methantsm, the basic ‘and through with aselplinary”| iow Steve/Cyrus/Ruby/Ni ‘CNDI 06 Lin, Amett. Burshteyn | Draft lanes he th any Rat eanser the sovercign, For the vate. military service is basically arms”, which meant popular armament. niltaty service was the means to do sta, expression of a collective will, and on the of of the citizens, From there on, thiee levels of the analys discipline, ie. the produstion of a "s socc a uole. led saa bod the individual's bo peadustion of igions fan ivan knowledve”, ie. in the form of a socially or political answer (0 the problem of the French Revolution. 62 thy exists only if it effectively controls the use of violence 01 uintain the idea of the nayion armée and 1, the control of the central state funeion lies in the hands at she ¢ of the processes of subjectivation should be dis ty" AS well as the sem ified “fhtinw ‘of these processes of discipline. Ip this respect, it wan be Passat oie hinBiope I ENDI +06 | | Steve!Cyrus/Ruby:Ni | Lin, Amett, Burshteyn Education - Inc Quits Education and the teaching system agts as a disciplinary mechanism that extends bio-power the participants Jota ®. Covaleskie, Associate Professor of Education at Nomter Michigan Universite, BBR. Mer Gnesi Sel Teachers, Students, and Discipline (nxps:/wwe ed viye.edn FLS:PES-Vearhook.¥3_doesCOVALLSK. ITM) While these teachers were aware that they Were making decisions to dilute their material inellectualy, the fore them to that decision were invisible, were so deeply and pervasively in the very staan I which they work, forces which themselves dre embedded in the broader society. In serving the social contol func ied 0» by power, herame port of dhe provess by hich J ieachers, themscliss both transmisting anil bein . re dis ul-they ¢ re[coatrolled by the same forces. The social consol MeNeil pois & edged; the students are coe th seschers and gun 5 are Controlled and shaped in snore subtle and difficult to derect. wer in its disciplinayy form. Conibeni is not the ert fave dt wibly bens he wl of tps subjer ae open artonade nas a invisible conseaints that being us al oward the Some “normal range oF practices and bells. BU the posi 0! avi . te ‘ they are also among the fast srongholis of sovereign pore. 1 Lis nonetheless ue that ue ioe form, A tenihegrade social sludips teacher, uo less ha Me ® eselalive of power. As such, and fromthe shidens? poi, o! view, by the student, wields power in its s Nottingham, isa visible and identifiable Th th cigit pron: heis) ever more firmly in the grip of the disciplinary payer tnt busy as they are fulfilling theit roles within the paradigms Resisting (and exercising) the sovereignty that belongs fo the teacher blinds all even more surely tu the uiss poner that operates on ull concerned. Iv is the sleight of hand by which diseiphinary power diverts atientionBiopos NDI +06 Steve/Cyeus’Ruby’ Lin, Amett, Burshteyn, ( D) = Educa tien/ Milttarr, the military and school system. the group. & Panis: The Birth | Link — The enclosures are the ultimate tool ; Enclosing others allows for definitive contro! over those withi Michel Faucault, Chair ac the College qe France, 1977, Discipline of the Prison, Pg. 141-143 Thi Discipline somedimes requires enelocure, the specification of 3] place heterogeneous to all fen and closed in upon itself [isthe provecred place of disciplinary monotony. There was the great Confinement’ of vagabonds and paupers; there were other more Aisereet, but insidious and qffecive ones. There were the colléges, ot secondary schools: the hoarding, appeared as the educational régime; it becarte obligatory’ at Low ier the departure of che Jeduits ic was turned into # model school (ef. Asis, 08-15 and Sayplers, 35-41). There were the military barracks: the army, that vpgabond Wass, has to be held in places looting and violence must|be prevented; the fears of local inhabi tants, who do nor care fe troops passing through their towns, rust be calmed; conflicts with the civil authorities must be avoided; desertion must be stopped| expenditure controlled. The ordinance fof 171g envisaged the comstruction of several hundred barracks, fon the model of those alrepdy sex up in the south of the country; there would be strict configements: “The whole will be enclosed by ‘an outer wall ten feet high] which will surround the said houses, 22 a distance of thirty feet fm all che sides’; chis will have the effect of maineaining the cops ih ‘order and discipline, so that an ofcer ‘ill be in a position co anwer for them’ (L’Ordonnance militaire IXL, 25 September 1719)| In 174s, there were barracks in about jga0 towns; and it was estimated thatthe tora! capacity of the bar- Jacks in 1795 26 approxjmately 200,000 men (Daisy, 201-95 an anonymous memoir of 17ps, in Dépdt de la guerre, 3689, f #96: Navereau, 132-1). Side by/side with the spread of workshops, there also developed great manufacturing spaces, both homogeneous and well defined: frst, te conjpined manufactories, then, in the second half of the eighteenth century, the works or factories proper (the Chaussade ironworks ocdupied almost the whole of the Médine peninsula, between Nigvrd and Loite; in order to set up the Tndret Faccory in 1777, Wileinsop, By means of embankments and dikes, constructed an island on the Loire; Toufait buile Le Creusot in the valley of the Charbonniéte, which he transformed, and he had Workers’ accommodation usin the factory itself; ic a8 a change Of scale, bue ie was also fnew type of control. The factory was expliidly compared with dhe monastery, the fortress, a walled towns the guardian “will open tp gates only on che return of the sorkers, nd after the bell that anqounces the resumption of work has been tung’ a quaeer of an hr later noone will be admitced at the end cq) gone sig ve ssesSoud sayy SEE ‘eur mip sasnge Apawiou pus 3ue023d aBeUEU! 943 Yaz PHISN.DVE sf O44 JOD (661 ‘urge Buowe ase Bh 4 “cthogunu ojo ‘edo os aes st pom pecans yom fe = 3 a 3 y a 3 cof the day, the workshops! heads will hand back the keys t0 the Swiss Sg fzuard of the factory, wllo will then open the gates (Ambois, &

not just 8 toNDI “06 Biopo Lin, Amett, Burshteyn @ ~ dou Conbo| Steve/Cyrus!Ruby/N ink — The savercign will ultimately try apd control our lives. The military proves. Miche! Foueauft. Chair at the College de Frpnice, 1977, Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Pg. 149-151 TF The time-table is an old ineritjnce. The strict model was nof_ doubt suggested by the monastic dommunities. It soon spread. Irs three great methods ~ establish rhythms, impose particular occups tions, regulate the cycles of repetiion were soon to be found in schools, workshops and hospitals, The new disciplines had no difi- tly in taking up their place in the pl forms; the schools and poor- houses extended the life and the dezularty of the monastic com= Imutties 10 which they were ofign auached. The rigours of the industrial period long retained a feligious air; in the seventeench century, tie regulacions of che erat manwfactories lid down the txercises that would divide up the working day: ‘On arrival in the morning, Before beginning their work, ali persons shall wash their hands, off up theit work to ele make the sign of the cross’ (Goin Maur, article 1); but even inthe nineveenth century, when the rural populations were needed inj industry, they were sometimes formed into ‘congregations’, in arf attempt to inure them to work ithe workshops; she Srameseok) of the ‘Tacrory-monastery’ was imposed upon the workers. In the Protestant armies of Maurice of — FE eg Orange and Gustavus Adolphus, military discipline was achieved ~E = through a rhythmics of time punchuated by pious exercises; army | a fife, Boussanelfe was later 0 say, should have some of the ‘perfec~ a tions of che cloister itself" (Boussanell, a; on the religions character of discipline in che Swedish army, cf. The Sweats Discipline, London, 1632). For centuries, the rligious orders had been masters of discipline: they were the specalfts of time, the great rechnicians of shythm and regular activities. Bur the disciplines akered chese methods of temporal regulation for which they derived. They sleced cher fst by refining chert, One Began co count in quarter hhours, in minutes, in seconds. This happened in the army, of course: Guibert systematically implemented the chronometrie measurement ‘of shooting that had been suggested eatlier by Vauban. In the ele- mentary schools, the division oft ‘Bly minute; iiesp jo sonia jena M108 2241 WOL) Si>yom a ydde por vowinaig “9103039 51 cyuaape ‘s9ls038 Jo Buy eresuoa s Apoq aig wryes moyBnoxp “Kuen poss Si6t ae pains apc) ang ‘sum Areu) indus anoysu® SwA ¥ aq ose asm! pred UE pamseous aw] “CF afan “sou p) sdousyzo% ayy th su pue Aucioeynuews ay owt aus Butaq on Sxaraud Aue aa Aue 20} Uappiquoy Apssaudsr sy ' B ¥ ‘yons 334 z 3 : a 2 their arm crossed and their eyes loWered. Whea the prayer has been said, she reacher wil surike the signtl once co indicate chat the pupils should get up, a second time as sign that they should salute Christ, and a chind chac they should sie down’ (La Salle, Conduite. .., 27-8). Tn the early nineteenth century, tf following time-table was sug- gested for the oles muruelés, of “mutual improvement schodls B45 entrance of the monitor, 8.5 the monitor's summons, 8.56 entzance of the children and prayet, 9.09 the children go 10 ther benches, 9.0 fist slate, 9.08 end of dictation, 9.12 second slat, ete. (Tronchot, 221). The gradual exttnsion of the wage-earning class brought with it a more detailed partitioning of time: ‘If workers arrive later than 2 quarter of an hour after the ringing of the bell...” (Amboise, article 2); “if any one |of ce companions is asked for during work and Joses more than five minutes -..”, ‘anyone whois | not at his work at the correct tim...“ (Oppenheim, article 7-8). pt e 1h 3s9a¢au 949 JOU si ‘epuny a4p ‘Kuanjaa yas ‘ase woney on panda ses 34CNDI ‘06 Lin, Amett, Burshteyn ®- vk Leno} ‘The reason the sovereign tooks for power is to control. The abili sy manipulation of Michel Foucault, Chair at the College de F allows €: s citizens, of the Prison, Pg. 218-219 “G+. Generally speaking, ir might be said that the disciplines arf) echniques for assuring the ordering of human multiplicities. is true chat there is nothing exceptional or even characteristic in this: every system of power is preserted with the same problem. But the peculiarity of the disciplines is that they «ry to define in relation to the muleiplicites a tactics of pofver chat fulfils three criteria Sirs, obtain the exercise of power af the omest possible cost (economic ally, by the low expenditure ic ipvolves; politically, by is diseretion, tts Iow exteriorizanion, its relate invisibly, the litle resistance i arouses); secdndly, t0 bring theleects of tis social power to cheie ‘maximum intensity and to extedd them 25 fie as possible, without either filuze oF intervals thirdly to link this ‘economic’ growth of power with the output of the pppararuses (edacational, military, industrial or medical) within hich it is exercised; in’ short, 26 increase bath the docility and the wail’ of all che elements of the system. This triple objective of the disciplines corresponds to 3 weeli-enown Kistorial conjunctixe, One aspect of this conjuncture was the large demographic thrfst of the eighteenth century; an increase in the floating populatipn (one of the primary objects of discipline is to fix; it is aa antifnomadic technique); a change of _quaatitative seale in the groups, to be supervised or manipulated (from the beginning, of the seventeenth century 10 the eve of the French Revolution, the schooll population had been increasing, rapidly, as had no doubs che Hospital population; by the end of the figheeenth century, the peacestitne army exceeded 200,000 men). The other aspect ofthe conjunctuke was the growth in the apparatus of production, which was becompng more and more extended and complex; it was also becoming mpre costly and its profirability had 10 Be increased. The development of the disciplinary methods corresponded to these rwo pracesfes, or rather, no doubt, tothe new need to adjust their correlation. Neither the residual forms of feudal power nor the structures of che 4dministrative monarchy, nor the Jocal mechanisms of supervision] nor the unstable, tangled mass they all formed together could] carry out this role: they were hindered from doing so by the irrqgular and inadequare extension of their nerwork, by cher offen conflicting functioning, but above a by the ‘costly’ hature of the powfr that was exercised in them. Ic ‘was costly in several senses: becauke divectly it cost a great deal the Treasury; because the system $f earrupe offices and farmed-out taxes weighed indirectly, but very heavily, on the population; because the resistance it encounteded forced i into a eyele of per~ petual reinforcement; because it qeaceeded essentially by levying (levying on money or products by royal, seigniorial, ecclesiastical taxation; levying on men or tite [by corvées of press-ganging, by locking up or banishing vagabond). The development of the disci plines matks the appearance of elednentary techniques belonging «o a quite different economy: mechanfsms of power which, instead of proceeding by deduction, are integrated into the productive effi- ciency of the apparatuses from Biapo steverCyrusRuby:N to control life 2 wt ao20f) uuonanposd pajmouy Jo wononpad stp Ose ‘haute ea § bre~Bt & sonpord ay ‘ananaisap jo w nce, 1977, Discipline & Punish: The Birth : i 5 4 a yo Suioueas ayy pauIa0d yom Sous|oia-Bukazy, JO ius 2yt asnipe oF a1qissod 2¢ 24eus ev sombre sd-vononpord-ssaupius, $0 9flyoulad ay anny -onposd jo sasnaeuedde aig yo word ain uamodCNDI ‘06 Lin, Amett, Burshteyn Link - Controlling activitigs biopolitical control. When the sover Biopo Steve/Cyrus'luby/N © + gov't Cantrel humans become objects. Miche] Foucault, Chair at the College de France, 1977, Discipline & Punish: the Biett of the Prison, Pg. 159-160 [itis this Sicily time that was gradually imposed on peda ogical practice ~ sptciaizing the time of training and detaching it from the adult time, from the time of mastery; arranging difierent stages, separated fron} one ancther by gaded examinations; drawing, up programmes, eac{ of which must akA place during a particular stage and which involves exercises of incresting difficulty; qualifying individuals according to the way in which they progress through these series. For the ‘hitiatory’ time of traditional eaining (an over- alll rime, supervised by the master alone, authorized by a single ‘exdmination), discipbnary time had substiruted its muleiple and rogresive series. A whole analytical pedagogy was being formed, ‘precufous in ts decal! (i broke down the subjece being tought inte its simplest element, hierarchized each stage of development into smal steps) and also Yery precocious ih its history (it largely antici pated the genetic analyses of the /dologues, whose technical model stappears to have beep). At the beginning. ofthe eighteenth century, Demia suggested a dlvsion of the process of learaing to read i seven levels: the first for those who are beginning to learn the fetes, the second for those fuho are learning 10 spel, the third for those ‘who are learning to|join syllables together to make words, the fourth for tose who are reading Latin in sentences or from punc~ tuatin to punctuatiog, the Ath for chose who are beginning, o read French, the sixth for he best readers, the seventh for chose who can read manuscripts. Bu where there are a great many pupils, further subdivisions would ifave to be introduced; the first class would coubprise four stream: one for those who are learaing, the ‘simple lens"; a second for fhose who are learning the “mixed” lstersy a third for those who dre learning the abbreviated letters (4, 2. a fourth for those whp aze learning the double leters (ff 22, 1) “The second class woul be divided into three streams: for those who “count each lever aloxfi before spelling the syllable, D.O., DO'; for those ‘who spell the fnose dificult syllables, sucl as dene, Sand, spine’, etc. (Demia, 19-20). Each stage in the combinatory of e- ements muse be inscrfed within a great remporal series, which i both angtural progress of the mind and 2 code for educative proceduics. nd creating hierarchies are the f¥o key aspects to n can have power over time and us, peCNDI ‘06 Steve/ Lin, Amett, Burshieya Link} Cust itrbion’> n decides what we see tions produce power relations, The panopticos we deal it. | Ronmelzer, professor of Engi a $t Joseph's Universite, 1993 [Panopicism and Posumodern Pedazogy. Foueaulgand the Citi of tnsiutions 127-128 1 ranopticon, the BEnthamite prison machine, an ‘architecture transparent the admnistratpn of power, made st possible to substitute for force oF tp 4 other violent constraints the gentle efficiency of total surveillance. age ecwhe an efficient means of control by authorities From & WE central vantage pint, inspection of prisoners was continuous, general "82 and facile The pafopticon allowed relatively few officials to control large & numbers of prisongrs by foregrounding both hierarchy and visibility The Ay REAL o ganopticism | addtess here foregrounds neither, it does, howeves enable © retculous contro over the network of power relations that produce and WX SERN Mersin the truth flaims of 3” institution by means of an economic "ee faiveillance. Kt muftiplies and mystifies che visible and cenvered #a7¢ of In: le opetation is distributfd to every body in a system of power relations that constitute an institufion, It works percasivel Every works perasively and invisibly Every fin thr spam becomes anf tat ses ahora ns toe that itis often litle more than subliminal echo ers the machine into the oo instances of observation of a mechanism ina reais so nature "anoptitism blinds to other ways of seeing and controls gazes lemon Binds abe vo foun cbeciston tof hauing become st ae a ql zht line. Moreover, panopticism seems to work most efficiently en bes are set in opposition" Biopo rus'tuby’S. nd bowNDI “06 Lin, Amett, Burshteyn € ) Know ledno Link - Knowledge is the internal are able to have power over those Michel Foucault, Chair at the Colle of the Prison, Pg. 224 3-|Taken one by of history behind them. B was that, by being co at which the formato regularly reinforce one the Hisciplines cross hospital, then the schol ply ‘reordered? by the apptpatuses such thar used in hem as a8 in power could give rise it wes this link, prog possible within the di meilcine, psychiatry, the racionalieation off (and cumulation of a ‘moldgical ‘thaw” thr a Of the [fens of pomer sheough the foration ‘ho do not. Biop. Steve/Cyrus:Ruby ink to power. Those who have the most knowledge Je de France, 1977, Discipline & Punish: The Birth 1 what was new, i the eighteenth century, ined and generalized, they attained a level of knowledge and the increase of power nother ina eireuar process. At this point, the “echnological” threshold, First the 1 chen, later, she workshop were not sie disciplines; they became, thanks to them, any mechanism of objectification could be rument of subjection, and any growth of them to possible branches of krowledges to the technological systems, thar made iplinary element ehe formation of clinical ld. psychology, educational psychology, ue. Its double proves, then: an epise= igh a refinement of power relations; a forms of keowledge:). Beh Y fe, most of these techniques have a long /CNDE 06 Bion. Steve/Cyrus'Ruby? Lin, Amett, Burshteyn Affirmative’s use of the law to create change reinforces the domination of power. Link-| Law Dreyfus, Professor of Philosophy at Berkeley. 1982, Michel Foucaul, hessond stctetisny ane hermeneutics. page 130 Wiew of power the juridico discursive” (HS 82). power aind truth are entirely external co each “limit and lack." It ays down the law se then limits and cireumscribes. Punishinent far It is thoroughly negati other. Power produces dothing but and the juridical discou disobedience is always ucavlt offers twp additional reasons why this view of power has been so readily accepted into our discourse. First, there is what he calls sthe eke (AS 6), Jn. the pose of the univers intellectual ty. the speaker solemnly Tus, will sh y ‘Afterall, “wouter. truths and promise bliss ior fromm which to speak “The waLeTestaal SBokeSman for conscie’ce_and consciousness ‘paviléged Yor He is loutside of power and within the eich. His Sermgns—statements ofjonpression and promises of a new order—are pleastrable to pronounce and easy to accept. Of course, this could be taken 2 @ description of Foucault's own privileged stance and to some extent he is not exempt fom this charge. However, as genealogist he is certaily not claiming to be outside of power, nor to promise us a path 10 utopid or lis The ease of acceptgnee is Foucault's second point. He argues that smodiemn power is tolerable on the condition that it mask iselt—which it has dgue very effectivelf. If truth is outside of and opposed to power then the speaker's benef is merely an incidental plus. But iC uth and gowerare not eterna ach oer as Eau obvi wi of A FGUEATIT paRe-A, “Power a6 a pure Tibi set oh freedom is, at Teast in ouf soctely; The getieral form of iis accentabiliy™ SWI ABS ==CNDI ‘06 Biope sus!Ruby!S Lin, Amett, Burshteyn Link- Law - Power inherently acts through hy any law reform only masks this. Dreyfus, Professor of Philosophy t Berkeley. 1982, Miche! Foucault. beyond strvcturabism sol ics, page 130-1 {The r00t of thisis historical. Accoxding to Foucault, before iLtcok sel ywcin fact acted through prohitition and festiant. Te major instiutiongof power—The monarch and teWeN=—arose oR 4 80a of focal and confficting forces. Out of myriad local Bonds and battles the rise of monarchy operated, grosso modo, to regulate, arbitrate, and deareate. At the sa ine i Sought to break the bond of feudal tradi tioh and custom. 11 forked (0 establish a more centralized order from these multifocal fefigns. “Faced witha muriad of glashing forces. these ‘a principle of Fight that ra ca eet of Seer, of cous. bundnany sonics. Given the ecem work of cores Buby and hi tidents on th prod an piven the cenaliy cf hese themes we dupest sch eabraton of thse poten er volumes. One of Foucault matin foun ‘opponent of a de itself Boring The Classical Aue, criticism of We French Fone unontacad aaetan tie moerche tabiaeaT hee er riigal critiques of the aie tried 10 demystify the way bauneeois rezime ‘Bampilated Tees sivantage, What was wrong Wzih fo Foucault hirnsell, who challenges the modems es of power by hinting that ideals of the law with the social onder established by political institutions and discou are in permanent tensig technologies.1 130 ~ and law increases the efficiency of disciplinary power Affirmative’s use of politic bara, Nov., 1992, Journal of Polities, Vol. $4. py 977-1007. is Digeser, Prof at UC Santa Bi Fine way the practige of politics incrggses the efficacy of disciplinary power is gh aR ae Sa st er framed throughout the world since the French Revolution, the Codes writ- ten and revise, a whple continal and clanorousleidanee sean, We were the forms that nade an essentially normalizing power acceptable (Foucault 18806, 144), And: “the great continuity of the carceralsvstesn throughout the law ard its sentences gives a sort of legal sanction to the ascip’inary mechanisrh, to the decisions and judgments that they enforce’ as nofmal and reasonable. In what Foucault calls the art of governmentality” (Foucault 1979), law anfl polities reinforce and legitimate various techniques of diseiplinary power. Ror example, the normalizing tactics of psychiatry are nifed ehesihccriinal nw Foucault pcsente tie seaUly expaTET and awa mg Tess Codcemed with what the defendant has done, and more concerned with establifhing who the criminal is; his or her aature, back sround, what psychological mechanisms are at work, and why someone would do something like’ this (Foucault 1985). Judicial authority i fixed vipon the offender and not the offense (Foucault 1988, 140). Its imprimatur cane tions and makes reasonable the close interrogation and definition of the of fender y en enitelatnne eeCNDI “06 Lin, Amett, Burshteyn Biopow Steve!CyrusRuby Nic Link-Medicnl Dincouese James W. Bernauer, Professor of P! Link ~ Medical disepurse i Foucault's Force of c Since at least 1963, Foucau| modern valle discussions, nfmely, the pre discourse Poficie is nov a represented by the shift from language of fslvation to one notice the piivileged role that quality of lifp theme has had i fon such matters a5 rights co environment are characterist topics have become common manner ia which knowledge its needs. Both Surseiller ec (hereafter VS) are actempts knowledge and the type of political chobght and action. his routes ipco this functioni cour politcal condition ene seems to bé on the periphes according tq Foucault, by ef inherepty biopolitical. losophy at Boston Coltege. £990, Michael fat, fg. 122-123 1. TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING oF CONTEMPORARY POLIT! [chad been struck by 8 pecubiar cone in our ize they accord to medical phere isolated from the cultural transition 1a debate conducted largely in the religious reoecupied with heaith, One cannot fail co ‘whole cluster of issucs revolving around the the modem age: contemporary controversies alth care, 1o one’s own body, to a sanitary ‘of modern politics in general.'° ‘That such la the chambers of government is deterinined, rays power operates in our society and by the ticulaces our society's conception of itself and junir (heseafter SP) and La volonté de savoir 10 uncover the funetioning of the form of ower that constitute the parameters of our Foucault's choice of the prison and sexuality as gis a brilliant one. In having the characier of ._ on the one hand, from an institution that ‘of society, and on the other hand, from @ dimension that is regardedlas interior and intimate, he fashions an insight has, cet all the divifions of public and private, social and personal, makes unfenable any disas ciation of personal and policical existence ‘The foundation of contemporary politics is found in what Foucaale calls “bio-politics” (bio-politigne), a politics of life fabricated by the knowledge and power operative in the moder age. The members of western societies have ere asa poise preoccupied with its biological life and ‘engaged it a political con His studis on the prison the emergence of this bio-pdli human bdy and the otheF whole. Although these rok 1 dedicated 10 the adminiseration of that life. 3d sexuality treat «wo dimensions as crucial for ties: one concerned with the disciplining of the addressing che health of the social body as a limensions are inseparable in his understanding of contemporary politics, the following two sections—the carceral archipel ago and fe birth of Bio-foliies—respect both their distinetion and the i their presentatipn by Foucault . calendarNDI “06 Iriope. SreverCyrus'Ruby Lin, Amett, Burshteyn D- pilier allows for the object Michel Foucault, Chair at the College de France, 1977, Diseipline & Punish: The Sith of the Prison, Pg, 162-163 repuledly most skilful shidies. Inthe course of the elasicat period, ssed over toa whole set of delicate articulations. The unit — regiment, batalion, section and, later, ‘division’ — became a sort one of mpchine with many pars, moving in elation «© one anoder, ia ordef to arrive at a cOnfiguration and to obtain a specific result. ‘What were the reasons|for this mutation? Some were economic: to make each individual useful and the raining, maintenance, and arming of troops profitable; to give to each soldier, a precious unit, maximum efcieney. Bbe these economic reasons could become determinant only with technical transformation: the invention of the rfe:!® more accurate, more rapid than the musker, it gave _greattr value 10 the soldiers skill: more capable of reaching a pare Ficular targe, it made it]possible to exploit fire-power at an indivi- dual (eve and, ef it eurned every soldier into a possible target, requiring by thg same token greater mobility; ix involved therefore the disappearahce ofa technique of masses in favour of an art rhpt distributed unitgand men along extended, celarively Aexible, mobile ines, Hence che need to find a whole calculated practice of indivjéual and collectife dispositions, movements of groups or isolated elements, changes of position, of movement from one dis- position to anothers in short, the need to invent a machinery whose principle would no longer be the mobile or immobile mass, but a Beomlecry of divisible stgmenes shose basic uaiey: was the mobile vd, no doubt, below the soldier himself, che soldier with his vife;!* ani gees the ellmenary stages of actions, the fragments of sed occupied or easersed. 3-163 Link ~The miljtary makes falge dichotomies between its soldiers. These separations tion for the Sother™ soldiers to help the “better” ones.Biope: NDI ‘06 Steve/Cyrus/Ruby/Nt Lin, Amett, Burshteyn | @O- Milton, _ Link ~ Life is fost when you are in the military. From a young age you are taught the kill to savelmentality. | Michel Foucault, Chait athe Goll of the Prison, Pb. 164-166 de France. 1977, Discipline & Punish: The Birth (2} The various chroologice! series that discipline must combi) 10 farm 2 composite tthe are also pieces of machinery. The time ext mu beaje oe n of hoes ins way diate smaxtmum quantity of forces may be extracted from each and com- binef! with the optimufn result. Thus Servan dreame of a military machine thar would cover the whole teritory of the nation and in ‘whigh each individual Would be occupied without interruption but in a Hfferent way accofding to the evolutive segment, the genetic sequtnce in which he finds himself. Military life would begin in childhood, when young children would be taught the profession of armslin ‘military manor; it would end in these same manors when the tera ight up thei st ay, would tech he children, ‘exercfse the recruits, prfside over the soldiers’ exercises, supervise themwhen they were cafrying out works in the public interest, and finally make order reign in the country, when the troops were fight inga the ones. Thess not single momento if om which one chnnor extract forced, providing one knows how co diferentiare it and combine it with others, Similarly, one uses the labour of childgpn and of old people in the great workshops; this is because they ave certain elementary capacities for which it is not necessary to us¢ workers who haye many other aptitudes; furthermore, they ir force; lastly, if they work, they are no longet at anyone’s charge: ‘Labouring mankind’, said 3 tax collector ‘of an prterprise at Angets, ‘may find in this manufactory, from the age often to old age, respurces against idleness and the penury that follosls from it’ (Marcheay, 360). But i was probably in primary ‘education that this adjustmene of diferent chronologies was to be carried out with most subtlety. From the seventeenth century to the introdbetion, at the beginning of the nineteenth, of the Lancaster rmethofi, the complex elogkwork of the mutual improvement school ‘was bifle up cog by cog: firs she oidest pupils were entrusted with tasks ibvolving simple supervision, then of checking work, then of teachirgs in the end, all de time ofall ghe pupils was occupied either with aching or with belng taught. The school became a machine for leafning, in which eaeh pupil, each level and each moment, if correcdy combined, werd permanently utilized in the general pro- cass offteaching. One of the great advocates of the mutual improve- ment stools gives us sore idea of this progress: ‘In a school of 360 childreh, the master who jwould like to instruct each pupil in turn fora sqsion of thee hous would not be able co give alfa minute to ekch. By the new mathod, each of the s6o pupils writes, reads or (Ceounts for to and a Half hours’ (ef, Bernard).> IY 6G Gal constitute a cheap abotBiapos Steve/Cyrus/Ruby/Ni CNDI ‘06 | Lin, Ameit, Burshteyn | Lines Militar. _ | Link — Thosf in the military lose their individuality. They are seen as a unit that is used by the fovereign to dojits bidding. . 977. Discipline & Punish: The Biri! hel Fouchult, Chair at the College de France. | of the Prison] Pg, 210-211 1. The functional inversion of the diviplines. At Bist, they were) pected ¢ neutralize dangers, to fx useless or disturbed popula- tons, t0 avoid the| inconveniences of over-large assemblies; now they were being asked to play a positive role, for they were becom- skg able t0 do 50, to inerease the possible utility of individuals. liar dip fv Jonge a mere mess of preventing oaing, sertion oF failure fo obey orders among the troops; it has become asic technique «q enable the army to exist, not a5 an assembled ow, bu as a unify chat derives from this very unity an increase its forces; discipline increases the skill of each individual, co- Plinates these skllp, accelerates movements, increases fire power, oadens the fronty of attack without reducing their vigour, in sases the capacity or resistance, etc. The discipline of the work- lop, while remainidg a way of enforcing respect forthe regulations 1d authorities, of preventing thefts or losses, tends t0 increase ieudes, speeds, output and therefore profits; i still exeris 2 moral ffuence over behabiour, but more and more it teats actions in «rms oftheir results} introduces bodies into a machinery. forees into economy. Whe, in the seventeenth centary, the provincial sdhools or the Chastian elemenciry schools were founded, the tiications given for them were above all negative: those poor ‘who mere unable to bring up their childcen lef them ‘in ignorance their obligations) given the difficulties they have in earning @ Uifing, and chemselfes having been badly brought up, they 2:6 upable to communitate a sound upbringing that ahey themselves ndver had’; this invdlves three major inconveniences: ignorance of Cha, idleness (with fts consequent drunkenness, impurity, larceny, bigandage); and thd formation of those gangs of beugars, always R dy to stir up public disorder and ‘virtually to exhaust the funds the Hotel-Dieu’ (Demia, 6o~61). Now, at the beginning of the rvolution, the end) laid down for primary education was to be, ‘ong other things, 10 ‘fortify’, 10 ‘develop che body’, t0 prepaze thd child ‘for a futued ia some mechanical work’, to give him ‘an lervat eye, a sure fand and prompt habits’ (Talleyrand’s Reperc to fhe Constituent Asbembly, ro September 1791, quoted by Léon, 104). The disciplines function increasingly a8 techniques for making usdfl individuals. Hence their emergence from a marginal pasion | the confines of speiety, and detachment from the forms of txdlsion or expiaticn, confinement or retreat. Hence the slow lahering of then with eligi reais and enclosures, Hehce also their roofing in the most important, most central and imdkt productive sectqrs of society. They become attached to some of fe great essential incions: factory production, the transmission of knowledge, the diffusion ‘of aptitudes and skills, the war-machine. Hehee, 100, the double tendency one sees developing shroughour the eighteenth century to increase the number of disciplinary insti- Cnttons and eo discipllne the existing apparatuses 310~ 2! | | mmm,| Ropes NDI +06 Steve/Cyrusiluhy/Ni } Lin. Arnett, Burshteyn, | Coy itt 4 J Link — The makes bieratehies within itself, It is this false dichotomization 0 that allows for comin James W. Bernaudr, Professor of Philosophy at Boston College, 1990, Michael Foucault's Force of Plight, Pe. 130 _ [These powers of discipline and the practices they Fequire—che dexwing up 7 bf eables, che prescribing of movements and exercises, the tacts for making combinations—are made to fenction successfully through a simple instru rental techfology of three mbjor components Whether the space in which (2) individuals [find themselves jisteibuted is that of a military camp, a ‘working-clabs housing project, or a school, 2 constaft hierarchical observa. Mkerérchg| tion is taking place. The archifectural composition of such space, while lss corporeal tHan the power of the torturer, is mare subtly physical. Second, sos these spacesfare illuminated bf the constant appearance of judgments on the W%/ 40 observance pr nonobservancd of norms. Rewards and penalties are ingre- dieats of iis continually prdrounced normalizing judgment. Finally, the gp examination conceetizes and] combines these two other techniques: the | success of tihining and the individual's progress are evaluated.” The powers 4\\0w and technolpgy of discipline fepresent neither enslavement (bodies are not Loe | appropriate) nor asceticism {renunciation is not ite goal), but someching. a difficule objectives the greater utility of che MOMS Rak a ‘quite distinge. Discipline aims body seas the same professes that make it more docile. A political 4 anatomy offehe body attempt to increase its farce, to make it more useful, dean) and at the ame time to diminish its political force by making it more obedient. fd sum, “it dissociftes power from the body” and establishes in she tees “link between aol increased aptitude and an increased domina- yw PO |- ae Gion .CNDI +06 Lin, Amett, Bursbleyn National service character and pe Eric Gorham, Pr Service, Citizensh| \ inks pirically dis sonality traits ip and Political produced by the [manual implore sense discipline tor, disciplined ‘The manual ing discipline t aepoliticize cor unnecessary, a1 entollees, constructive ch traits” whore no ativity,” and “hi relationships." jone-ta-one Folati (waa) closely far and unique per: friend”—ond thi al Service Corps: ed that a dossia thing related to ‘The Labor Depai regularly by con! fessor of Political Scie (The Job Corp ite corpsmember ketable skills, Thi such discipline ‘the discipline an ‘was most effoct late his or her oud behavior. in inculcating the apol First, they w¢ tial advisor RA) ~ Nokia nal Sery that did not fit their bio political caste ¢ at Loyola University. 1992, Nati Education pg. 122-123 also Was designed (o discipline and normalize fas much gg it was meant to give them mar- Js is evident from the Residential Living Manual Jepartment of Labor for the program. However, 1s hot particularly harsh, and the authors of the ¢ residence directors to involve the enrollees in ‘to be “Texible” in meting punishment In this Jas democratic: the community, not.jusk. the direc .e offending party. Consequently, social contro) ‘as a tieuns by which the individual could regu: so suggests that the government Was daterested litical ideology of service. Instead of promot: fard rigid norms, the Job Corps attempted to members, or reinforce their political passivity ‘and aa This, in then, could make coareive discipline id deflect any contestation on the part of the je to “dinect behavior patterns and attitudes into wnels* by modifying “character and personality ssary. The Corps emphasized “Nlexiblity,” “ere- nization,” and tried to nurture “supportive fot they isolated the individual by establishing a ship between tho conpsmember and 2 residen ‘The RA was “the one person in the Conter who iar with the individua? corpsmember as a aca? mn.” The RA was the “mentor,” the "concerned ‘was the RA’ institutional duty. Like the Nation: ind Peuce Corps before it, the Job Corps demand: be compiled by the RAs, marking down every- hat person in order to compile a “total” record. ment proposed that corpsmembers be monitored ant attendance-taking (at exch part of tho day), and frequent daytime dormitory ehecks."\> 722 -r=y wee ional po? Biope Steve/Cyrus!itubyN plines and normalizes corps modifying individestNDI 06 Lin, Amett, Burshteyn Biope- Steve/Cyrus/uby/N Liqes ~ Nestornl Servite | ‘The goal of ational service is to conform the individual to meet the bia-political norm National service looks to indjviduals as an instrumental justification for normalized tHought as. means to further their own burcauera Erie Goran Professor of Pplitical Science at Loyola University. 1992, National Service, Cit nship and Political Education pg. 110-115 one That dovelop an ethic of servi Yet wnat deed it mean to Serenata, ond that guides one’s life, one that situate itself as ce and practice? It means: (1) establishing philo: ‘maine that make ita form of behavior to “OY establishing clear lo body of knowles lsopAicat principle such indifidal sles of procedurp as to whet constitutes service knowledge and practice, (@-devel rganizalions whose sole or primary pur- Jpose is Lo serve abd promote service, (4) establishing within those organizations. norins of professionat-vondice which conform to the agenda Erie Gorham, Professor of Pafitical Science at Loyola University. 1992, National Service, Citizénship and Politieal Education py 119 Gh the provious séchion Targued that the vory premises of the con- cpt of service belid a politicoeconomic context in which It flourish eb, and that this distorts the practice of the civic, For in this can- xt, civic practichs entail pursuing onds that privilege some forests over othefs. This violates the promise of equality upon thich sccaunts of democratic citizenship, and defenses of national vice, are often Based. But, mtore importantly, service rhetoric id ideology close flown discussion about its necessarily political bare, and in doidg s0, the citizen is silenced In this section, 1 camino the actua! pructice of service groups that have heen estab: shed by federal agd stats governments. | argue that these prac very practices national service proponents fansoond, Furthermore, these very some offices organizational regimes of normalization and jon toward instrumental, individualist think- ts the development of the civic 28 TLin, Arnett, Burshteyn| National Serv Eric Gorham, biges — Narteral gern | pe inevitable exerts bio power over the education system — re inom imei Ga ‘iniply doing companuniby service : Tr ri ‘programs in eight high schools, Ratter Pptpertormance of eocialy derived necessarily results, or politica) order spate ete nde ‘of the particular DroS nity to i Paty eneauraged aa oo ih anne format rer nae ir of een eae sae rere ome ar eget enrages tS “ambeaatering al Education pg. 107 ter [assess in ater detail the political and educational ideology “of service poli Largue that service, while-ellestive in some raining. ally, | diseuss-two aspects of service: (1) the argu yainst service Jearning, as well aa those which bot icroppaments ignore; and (2) the practice of se is and young adults—what do young people learn. jencd tuggests that learning through service is not beneficial, or public spirited, Participants also lvity on the Job—young service participants are service, but often servility, not only dissipline, but ion, not only independence, bue atten individua: fe participant. who serves is politically and socially the tools and materials come from a postindust rofessor of Polftical Science at Loyola University, 1992, National Service. Citizesship and Politidal Education pe. 62-63 fs methods effectively teach participant's subject Professor of Political Seience at Loyola University, 1992, National Biopo Steve/Cyrus/Ruby/NCNDI ‘06 ___ Biopo Lin, Amett, Bursbieyn Steve/Cyrus/Ruby’N Lahics — Nationa | 520'e y via the repression of National service represents sabj individuals through experimentation, research and investigation Eric Gorham, Professor of Political Science at Loyola University. 1992, National Service, Citizenship and Political ducation pg. 75-75 uch « propdsal also directly threatens unions that currently supply labor to police forces, prisons, and parole systems through: cut the country. The problem is endemic to all areas of service, but especially sovore fn the security field, whore unions ar weil orga- nized. Some proppsals have tried te appease the unions by setting limits on where the participants would work, and the police corps ‘ill even offers the same benefits to children of officers without their participatign.® Nonetheless, well-trained service workers ‘ould be used tolbreak-up strikes, or otherwise prevent union, Imembers from baigaining for a decent wage. ‘The ironie problem remains of who would discipline lackuduist feal workers—the ervice program, or the crimina) justice institu ons themsetves. Would the police have the authority to penalize }oae workers who did not abide by regulations, or who did not work up to their kapacity? Would the national service program ave to take on disciplinary powers and procedures in order to lain its sovereighty ever the participant in this regard?™ ‘Mas! importahtly, service in this sector, and in institutions juch as mental hofpitals, is qualitatively different from services in other sectors. Nt only do participants serve the community st Ihree, but they work for institutions which “work upon” ipaividuelo That fg, the service they render involves the violation the stato ofthe dovereignty of some individuals body. Such ini duels contsibutelin whatover way to “the intensification of the {y_~with its exploitation as an object of knoWledgo and an te ont in relations ¢f power.”® They beceme part ofa systetn that tracte informatish from individvals, and uses that knowledge to shersise power over|vhem. In this sense, they sorv institutions that th ropresent and fnpose particular etratogis of power upon thelr shbjocts. ‘indeed, these ibstitutions are ones that constitute subjection aba subjectivity, far they repress individuals (their avowed pur~ hee), But they aiso generate knowiedge about them (aften im order resocalize ther) Throwgh experimentation, research, and inves {pation they compile dossiers abot those people that define them whesin the institations, Thoy generate the Knowledge about those viduals they with to incareerate,Gopor or azest, and in ing si perpetuate a ayatem whors people ave perceived thus, This 3s Duh en indignity tp thoae individuals, and a technigue by which reinsert theig hegemony over those individuals. In this way. NBPS participate in payatom that docs not teat certain individuals a} onds in thomocl¥es. Moreover, it substitutes for community & rime where bodieg ere analyzed, eguated, and interrogated, and itpubstitutes for public disecurse a projection of state power onto tile individual" Copscquently, NSPS, intevsatheir clerical fine tigne, are part ofa system that dogs mare than serve, National ser vibe in institutions oferiminal justice Becomes # misnomer, because th intent of thse lfetitutions is rot simply to serve the publi, but alfoto generate information and apply power onto subjects "FSCNDI ‘06 Lin, Amett, Burshteyny National Sericejn je not allow this un: Bric Gorham, Prq Service, Citizenshy National servieg is for any alternative Eric Gorham, Profe Service, Citizenship] Ng “al fk Political 30 a ‘equally Feasible Ls - National serve, ‘eingly oppressive organization to take hold in ou; fessor of Polit |p and Political ducation pg, (5 jion ic the means by which scciely transmits social orientations, and the processes through ‘Sasi potitical which individuals Joarn to behave appropriately in politiea) and Social contexts, Taf definition foquses lest on éeveloryneital ot tesaee, oF prychotogical mechanisms ef politcal learning, for I eon tof political education, Rather, stitutions ‘ll s0e that some proponents of national serve ceek to inclcate this idea of evility fo all young people. While this goal is an impor jannors have atten made jt the central, or the Terviee, und the eomesstone af good citizen ship, Political education consists of those processes thal help ind fut palicics and socicty, and to reason sbout the ities! community. This model of politica) and vidual to think at purposes of the ovia} learning emphasizes the critica! nssesseront vf & poll the Behavioral norms of that polity. Democratic education en Individuals ing cite dialogue With thei soclety, and encourages penpleto learn aboblt thir society by participating init. Democrat fe political eduestiqh, then, is not a process of transiissiz, i fs & twovray oxchange fetween the individual and his or her society— lone in which the ilvidual learns Irom others but in which others [also learn {rom hig or her Political edueatjon treats potitival oncepta as materidl for discussion and learning, and thus citizen: ship becomes an sda! eboue which students ean rewson. 7 Ay AUS sed as an instifutionalized cure-all overwhelming Biopo SteverCyrasRuby \olds normalized behavior to further their own agenda; we must ir commettities i Scieriee at Loyol University. 1992. National the possibility icy } ‘ty, 1992. National 1 of Political Science at Loyola Unive land Political Education py, 27-28 ‘the rhetorical alrategies Moskos deploys. He treats the false troats these institutions 8 I sey polities Thus, the “Financial infeasibility” lective bargaiming. Moreover, i hices the ‘margin at private hospital i simp too charitable® care of some of the mentally Moskos ignores the political ond economic context ja which the nena of Caring for pre mentally 3) theives, and this allows ime ake daologica!stapemente under the guise of fac. ‘Finally, and most fovealingly, he argues that without national ice “the alternatife will be cities crowded with insane and Inearted people. The alternative? | suspect there might be dene" In applying this sort of curosall, surefire cure, disfuraive strategy, nations] sorvice becomes thea just amothed policy it becomes che alternative Te elaiming that ational servico ean sulve these probletns— Geinstitationaliged] mentally 3] and unemplayet welfare recipi erotional serviceemerfes ae pert of ar extensive system of foliging strategies igvolving not only the servers, bub the reipi ‘sk well, Natione: gorvce demonstrates that “the obligations of eenship will a asp solvent for most of the dilferencos arvor, Warious kinds of ronal servers." ZB. pA eeCNDI 06 Binype Lin, Amett, Burshteys] SteveiCyrus/Ruby/® Sepvile ice is a newfoynd institution of bio political power Professor of Plitical Science at Loyola University, 1992, National snship and Political Education pg. 24 ‘Michael SHerraden and Donole Bho take slghtly ai appraceh in defending netionsl service, though they share many of the eaane goal forthe progeam. x one article they examine the rights and resqoneibiliting of etuzone in America, The authors sug est thet, conttary to tho dominant trends in Western culture, one ‘ugh nt to think of rights and responsibilities as eppositen, bac leqontary to exch other" After eentering thom: 'Uhortarians of the Right end Lett” Milton Fried Knoll, the authors offer a panoply of new “rights” sonsibility, and which malionat seviee ean olfer layment, the right to “sel out a nes” and enrich: ‘and the rightrive to a “promising futine." fain that a philosophy of rights and responsibllitios “nex soca! institution [thet) can Infact restore vidual opportunities.“ Sherraden and Eberly uate individbal npportunity within « socioeconomi Vacs sd address the Gabe of rights and responsibilities” bo ap sudince of Iibertarians: “Ip short, there haa been a diminution of the role of the individual fo meeting the noode of the society, and an accom Danying alienafion of individuals Irom government and fron enc other.” Yet byfocusing the problers om tie “roe ofthe individual Sherraden ancl Eberly aloo imply that socialization can cure the problems alioting America. Moreover, they ignore the interme ary inatitutionp and organizations that provont alienation. from that society, anft pose the prcblem a2 ane ofthe individual versus society at larg. We would expect their solution to be ane that Actually ereatep state institutions to enable individuals to meet “the novds of the society.” And their propusat im the urticle com firms this, for fhey recommend a national service program that “would bem do faci civilian service created by Uy expan af the conscientious ojesiar provision in the draft law™ Thus they uz ‘gest ths! ratio) corvice become a “new social institution” (and hot, for exampld, a new educticnal institution), l en National Ser Eric Gorhas Service, Citi rolber as cacy salvos betwoo rman and Bev whieh ieaply the right to ing experience ‘They maing ‘should under and augraont s in the cultural assinailacion of immigrants why'tt National senvice part instilling a dommon set of Yalues and norms Eric Gorhath, Professor of Political Science at Loyola University, 1992, Nations} Service, Citifenshin and Pofftical Education pg, 21 ‘These argufoents imply that serviee ought to be o mechanism ‘of cultural assfmiation, not merely acculturation oe pluralisen {Civic “edveatiog” ought firs co provide all residents of the United ot of values and norms, and the peoeram ea theae racfenis wn might mae tory "Esta e alo seni hat atioalvoree facts "new commen.” Yet this impetan inal servis partpan onic tho ne peak guns, Tous sme proponents suggett OME Peer Seite deinen ould beame pre of border Fate se eed ubupplment te poecional border pals) YH"C Seates with a co should ty to 255 Adapt well to th Goeht to help ell fobld justify ustNDI +06 Lin, Ameit, Bursmeya La The prinjary goat of n ‘establish Erie Gor} Service, nition car Be as ents to contend orf national so coptualized in feconomistic and Ihave etrong moral ship, the ations the workings oF Ideals of partici Individual it reproduces that 3 National sex for its parti Fric Gorhay Service, Citi pants . Professor of enship and Pol far the expense of snoggests (hat ne fo "avoid stvena will “counestr frowblo” and Moskos farthe the Fehest co vy srippled &; ‘underelass.* of an unassimil Boverver, beaver for d norms of m: am, Professor itizenship and In he fist parfof tis ok, fcanctude thay national service ix its ost proven: these rest on the ida thet citizenship ean be defined ur chat a def toward preestabls {ot the eontestabil ‘ean be justified ie Sn the second of the consopt afc for natiotal servi political edvcatio Cthroughout i nig claim that oo citioensnip. Yet} fs military serbice—th ley - National secure, ality and citizenship of Political Science at Loyola Univers Political Education pg, 14 Vorms daca not inculcate citizenship, because Seemann’ tical Education py, 26-27 ebook, Moskos makes arguments which supp sion fy the must important aspect of shared ‘practices which ensure cohesion may susceed flindividol sights ond diversity. For instance, Re jana verve ough! to be a requirement in order Pt also recommends that national service Be used a8 an altefmalive sentencing program dirceted at teens “ww are Peel go ci ene SteveiCy ‘ifional service is to socialize individuals towards pr ie not unlike military service establishes national norms of be! Binpe us/Ruby: Nationa’ “litical Science at Loyola University, 1992, NationttBlope rus/Ruby/\ CNDI ‘06 Lin, Arnett, Burshiey Stevery Ling) ~ Narre serutee Aid is not a eruteb for the needy, those not accustomed to aid workers are often treated so poorly they fear to ugk for heip effectively dehumanizing the in when one has tojlive in fear of the aid their society offers Eric Gorham, Pyotessor of Political Science at Loyola University. 1992, National Service, Citizen: ical Education py. 113-134 ‘Social contrpl involves different characteristics. Some who are of ho use as wpriers—the aged, the disabled, the insane—ors treated 80 poorly that they ‘instill in the laboring masses a fear of the fate that avfpits them should they relax into heggary and past perism.” Lowspage Work i enforced through statutory regulation and adminietrabive methods And relief agency practices degrade the relief recipignt, for example in the practice of surveillance. The cite i freed surrender commonly accepted rights fe pri acy] in exchange for nid." The welfere explosion of the 19608 expanded those surveillance and mgulaive practices in the name of "relief" Oneleffect of these programs has beon to shift the func. service agencies from the regulation of civ disor- tion of relier a der to ths regulation of labor”) ay i304 . then teach yolr kids to think for themselves as individuals the clue: Rathe| systen{ trains one to be susceptible to state power Eric Gprham, Professpr of Political Science at Loyola University. 1992, Notion themselves in ate interest i polities—ty anglyeing political and secial problems, and how those Drobleme ave apeolved west profitably. Hence, politics! interest, may not be gaperated by the peveees of sociaitation a8 T have Aletined it For socialization traine people to bshave toward vartain forms, and if fee of those norms Is apathy. then the problem f ave just descpibed perpetuates itself. Rether, io a polity that reproauces an Apathetic citizenry, some form of rnumter-sotlizn ton may be népessry, ane where individuals are sdvested and sctivated in orfer to transform the Sci conditions which breed palitieal spats} I would argue. then, that political interest enn be taught, ang not mereiy bansmiled between generations" Finally, eife or political education can also be ennebli ways that polifeal socialization cannot, Education and political activism can (fash stizens the nobility of that office. Through lis, either by discussion or aetivity, individuals olitcal ideas that have significance fer the nation Political aocialzation merely provides the beh Jearning about exporione the Sh eommuity inet santo nfwnsh inaiduals ars taught to et in partelar easnrilyengoing ther in oie! nes Tas By being soiled to parila nav, the iva i hot corm pelled to undenfand why those norars are worthy ones, or why Une Smmonity nape he shelve wah Ae Ase 4 ways, withoutNDI ‘06 Lin, Amett, Burshtey’ Link — Nation: citizens, It is docile bodies. Michel Foucau| of the Prison. Pg ©) Metiene) Service service isa cdvered used by the sover 136-139 eighteenth censury so muck? Tt was certainly not the Ss time that the body had become the objece of such imperious and pressing Jevestments; in every society, the body was in the grip of very strict powers, which imposed on it constraints, prohibitions or obligations. However, there were several new things in chese teche niques. To begip with, there was the scale of the control ir was & question not of teating the body, en masse, ‘wholesale’, as if it were fn indissociable nity, but of working ie ‘eta’, individually; of exercising upon ita subtle coercion, of obtaining holds upon itt the level of the methanism itself ~ movements, gestures, attitudes, pidity: an infifitesimal power over the active body. Ther shere vas the object of he control:is sas not or was no Jonge the signify ing elements of behaviour or the language of the body, but the economy, the effcieney of movements, their internal organization; ‘constraint bears Yon the forces rather than upon the sigss the only “Phat was a in these projects of docilty that interested SE] truly important feremony is that of exercise. Lastly, there i the modality: it implies an uninterrupted, constant coercion, stiper~ vising the procefees of the activity rather than its result and it is exercised accord}ng to a codification thar partitions as closely as possible time, space, movement. These methods, which made possible the mefculous control of the operations of the body, which assured tie constant subjection of ies forces and imposed upon them z reladon of dociity-utlry, might be called ‘disciplines’ Many disciplinary methods had long been in existence ~ in monas. tories, armies, workshops. But in the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centufies the disciplines became general formulas of domination. Thel were different rom slavery bscause they were rot based on a felation of appropriation of bodies; indeed, the ‘elegance of the dikcipline lay in the fact that it could dispense with this costly and viglent relation by obtaining effect of uly atleast as great. They were different, to0, from ‘service’, which was a constant, total, fnassive, non-analytical, unlimited relation of domination, estalished in the form of the individual will of the master, his ‘apric’. They were different from vassalage, which was 2 highly coded, Dh distant relation of submission, which bore less Jon the operations of the body than on the products of labour and the ritual marks of allegiance. Again, they were different from asceticism and frofn ‘disciplines’ of a mowastic type, whose function was to obtain rehunciations rather than increases of utility and which, although they involved obedience to others, had as their principal aim an ifcrease of the mastery of each individual over his rwa body. The hiftorical moment ofthe disciplines was the moment nen an art of tht human body was bora, wich was directed not lonly at the growth of its skill, nor at the intensifeation of its y caw" blind service that allows the discipline that ultimately leads to Biay Steve/Cyrus'Ruby n Co have control over its Jt, Chair at the Gollege de France, 1977, Discipline & Punish: The [ithCNDI ‘06 Lin, Amett, Burshtey1 4 all Vuuy jection, but atthe formation ofa relarion shee in the mechanism fife makes it more obedient as it becomes more useful and con- sly. What was then being formed was a poly of coercioas tifac act upon the bidy, a calculated manipulation of is elements, inf gestures, its behafiour. The human body was entering 2 machin. ‘of power that efplores it, breaks it down and rearranges it. A livcal anatomy’, which was also a ‘mechanics of power’, was ing born; it define how one may have a hold over others’ bodies, pronly so that they| may do whar one wishes, bur so thet they ray ate as one wishes, with the techniques, the speed and the ef cflney that one detefmines. Thus discipline produces wubjected and Phectised bodies, ‘pce’ bodies. Discipline increases the forces of de body (in econospie terms of wilty) and dieminishes these same ffrces Cin political etms of obedience). In short it dissociates power ‘dom the body; on the one band, it zens ie ino an ‘apcicude’, « “Gpacity’, which ie Fs to increase; on the other hand, i reverses the course of the enray, she power thar might result Geom it, and thons ic into a relagon of strier subjection, If economic exploit- afion separates the force and rhe product of labour, tec us say cesses, of difereh origin and scazered Jocztion, which overt, peat, oF imitate Gre anatier, support one another, distinguish themselves from anf another according ro theie domain of applice tion, converge and gradually produce the blueprint of a general Jethod. They weraat work in secondary education aca very eal te, later in primary schools; they slovely invested the space of the Upspiral; and, in al few decades, they rescuctured the miliary nization. They] sometimes cieculated very rapidly from one int ro another (etneen ehe army and the technical schools or jcondary schools), sometimes slowly and discreetly (the insidious ltarization of ahd large workshops). On almost every occasion, they were adopted in response to particular needs: an industil novation, « reneged outbreak of certain epidemic diseases, the “ifvention of the is the vietories of Prussia. This did not prevent sm being totally jnscribed in general and essential eransforma- Unfors, which we muft now try 10 delineste..> 136 ~/37 | | | Biopx ©; Nasional Service Steve/Cyrus/Ruby?ENDS +06 Lin, Arnett, Burshiey Service, C Biop Steve/CyrusRuby ial behavior and act effectively abusing and driving away t 1m, Professor of Political Science at Loyola University. 1992, Nation izenship and POlitical Education py. 120-124 For instancd, ihe polities of the Peace Corps have revolved ‘around its function as a socializing institution. T. Zane Reeves Ergucs that, sigce its incuption, the Peace Corps has been & areaueratic, rafher than a deliberative body, and that this has inhibited the frep and open exchange of ideas.” Founded as an ide. ological weapon|against communism, the corps developed « com mitment eulturg that forced it to avoid controversial issues. Ir was a relatively hetivist agency until 1968, when the Nixon adinin. istration reorgadized it under the Office of Management and Bud. get. This, Reeved argues, depolitieized it and its activist culture, in its place, the Nixonian ideology promoted service, volunteerism, ‘and achievement orientation a important values to inculeate into ite participants) The admainiatration even established “program ‘ming institutes’ fo ensure indoctrination. ‘The corps wps repoliticized temporarily under Sam Brown in the Carter admipistration. But the Reagan administration sought to dismantle th program, by cutting much of its financial base. More importantly, Hooves argues that the administration's policy essentially kille whatever activist culture remainod," The Peace Corps was to be d servioo organization, rather than an advorary ene. ‘The Peace Gorps also embodied disciplinary organizational tendencies.**Il rfyulated the sexuality of participants, it conducted constant security checks an the volunteers, and it set out behav oral guidelines lin systematic form," Sargent Shriver wrote the booklet The Sogiat Behavior of Volunteers in which he laid out guidelines an dfess, language, drinking habits, and the use of Tejsure time. The guidelines expanded to the point that some of the staff and vollinteers even complained outright of the adminis: tration’s attompth at behavioral contro. ‘The corps defeloned a comprohensive testing system under Dr. Nicholas Hobbs, a psychologist who became the Peace Corps first chief of solectioy It gubjected participants to “continuous testing and review," abd compiled an “assessment survey” of cheir tion. Finally, in fraining, individuals could be cavegorized and dos- elected if necessary. "Poor performance during training, health logical instability, or goneral unsuitability wore all potential groups for ‘deselection,”® | ae the spirit of yolumseerisns ns of itsBio Steve/Cyrus/Ruby NDI “06 Lin, Amett, Burshteys © ~ Pole ltimate tool of the sovereign to exercise contrat ave Link - The pplice force is the its citizens. Miche! Foue of the Prison,JPg, 213-214 Chair at thé College de France, 1977, Discipline & Punish: ‘The Birt ‘The onganiaption of a centralized police had lorig been regarded] even by cont s, 28 the most direct expression of royal absolutism; the sovereign had wished ro have ‘his own magistrate to whom he might ditectly entrust his orders, his commissions, inten tions, and wh) was enrusted with the execution of orders and ‘orders under the King’s private seal’ (a nore by Duval, firs secretary at the police magistrature, quoted in Funck-Breneano, 1) In efees in taking over & aumber of pre-existing functions ~ the search for criminals, urbap surveillance, economic and political supervision ~ the police magitraures and the magistrauce-general that presided lover them in Pris eransposed them into a single, strict, administra- tive machine: {All the radiations of force and information chat spread from the circumference culminate in the magistrate-geneval «Tris he wha operas all the wheels thar together produce order The effecs of his administration cannot be better and harmon; compared thay] to the movement of the celestial bodies! (Des Essars, 344 and 528). Bur, athougit the police as an institution were certainly organized in the form of a state apparatus,,and although this was cerrainly linked directly to the centre of political sovereignty, the type of power that it exbrcses, the mechanisms it operates and the elements to which it applies them are specific, Iris an apparatus that must be coextensive with the encite social Body and not only by the exteeme limits that ie enpbraces, but by the mimuteness of the details st is 3-B14 Gal =Biops SteverCyrus/Ruby NDI ‘06 Lin, Amett, Burshtey Linky Podadtivdy, Bodies are ttanqformed as apparatuses of production due to cantrof mechanisms or organizations cdmpelling service. Foucault. Chair af Le Cortege de Fropce, 1994 [Michel, Exhies Subjectivity and Truth. p. 33-3 jorhaps the mogt important form of the new illegality is else: in whifh it ts applied th apparatuses of production. Inadequate wages, disgul fication of labaf by the machine, excessive labor hours, mul. to settle they to its rhytha requires i laws ereatin| new offenses (the passbook order, the law concerning lishments, the Jottery prohibition); hence a whole series drinking est of measures hat, without being absolutely binding, bring about a divi- sion between|the good and thp bad worker, and seek to ensure a behav ioral rectificdtion (the savings bank, the encouragement of marriage, and later, tht workers’ housjng projects [cités ouvriéres]); hence the appearance 4f organizations exercising control or pressure (philsn- thropie spciefies, rehabilitatipn associations); hence, finally, a whole immense wofker moralizatiok campaign. This campaign defines what reize as “dissipation” and what it wants to establish as “regularity”: hp working body phat is concentrated, diligent, adjusted to the time bf pfoduction, supplying exactly the force required. It gives the marginalifation effect that is due to the control mechanisms a chological and moral status of importance. it wants to e:Biop nus/Ruby CNDI ‘06 steve Lin, Amect, Burshteyn] @ - Recruitines Link ~ The prpcess of recruiting people to work is 2 key tool for biopolitical contro! Michel Foucayft, Chair at the College de France, 1977, Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Ha. 170 Adthe beginning of phe seventeenth century, Walhausen spoke of ‘stfct discipline’ as ah art of correct training. The chief Function of 4 scpliary powe} it ‘tral rather chan to select and to levy Jno doubr, to train} order to levy and select all the more. It oes ‘no link forces togeth¢r in order 10 reduce them; it seeks to bind them together in such a wa as multiply and use them. Instead of bend ab subjects int) a single uniform mass, it separates, analyses, differentiates, carries ifs procedures of decomposition co the point of nedkssary and suffcirf single units It ‘trans’ the moving, confused, useless multieudes of Bodies and forzes ino 2 multiplicity of indivi- dud) elemencs ~ small, separate cells, organic auronomies, genetic iehtities and contiduiries, combinatory segments. Discipline ‘makes’ individuals; if is the specific technique of a power that reghres individuals both as objects and as instruments of ts exercise. Te nor a triumphant power, which because of its own excess can pride itself on its ombipotence; itis a modest, suspicious power, ‘whith funetions as a falculated, but permanent economy. These ae funve modalities, minor procedures, as compared with the rmajfstic rituals of sovgreignty or the great apparatuses of the state. ‘And it is precisely thty that were gradually co invade the «major fords, altering their mdchanismsand imposing thei procedures. The legal epparatus was no} to escape this scarcely secret invasion. The sucepss of disciplinary power derives no doubt from the use of simple instqpments; hierarchich) observation, normalizing judgement and theifcombination a procedure that is specific rit, theexamination.NDI +06 Lin, Amett, Burshteyn] ichers to havewltimate contrat of their students. ault, Chair at ‘ofa serial space was one of the great technical] tary education. Ir made ic possible eo supersede (a pupit working for a few minuces with the sof the heterogeneous group cemaiaed idle and Signing individual places ie made possible che individual and the simaleaneous work ofall. 1 lorganized a new eqonomy of the time of apprenticeship. It made the Jeducational space Function like 2 lezening machiac, bc ako 28 a lmachine for superyising,hierarchizing, rewarding. Jean-Baptiste de Ha Salle dreame gf 2 clossroom in sihich che spatial distribution fright provide a hole series of distinctions at once: according to worth, character, application, cleanliness and parents’ fortune. Thus, the classroom would form a single great fable, with many Bifferent entries, wader che scrupulously “elassi= fcatory’ eye of the master: ‘In every class there will be places assigned forall she pupils ofall ehe lessons, so that af those attending ine tradtional sys ster, while the jowards the middfe of che classroom. . . Each ot the pupils will have his place ass}gned 0 him and none of them will eave it or change ie excegt gm the order or with the consent of the school inspector.’ Thingy must be so arranged that ‘those whose parents ae neglectful and verminous must be separated frome those who are careful and clean that an unruly and frivolous pupil should be placed between yo who are well behaved and serious, a ibectine either alone or between two pious pupil > fey 7 | Steve/Cyrus/Ruby!s, e College de France, 1977, Discipline & Punish: the BinCNDI ‘06, Lin, Arnett, Burshieys Sexuality link Dreyfus, Profess Hermeneutics, paige comportme| deep, Hidd fi of in i Foucault's resembling the hidden discovered eonsteiet biological was eateg operative, channeled Foucayltc 38 abiologi bio-power. clemedt in bodies! and| sures” (i Bion. SteverCyruy Ruby? Link Sexe ty of Philosophy at Berkeley. 1982, Miche! Foucah, beyond struct 85, sensations, khowledges, and pleasures. Without this, ‘nd significant "{something.” all of these discourses would i, mose accurately, and this is the crux of uid not have been produced ip anything ince the ninetoenth century, sex has been ausal principle, the omnipotent meaning, the secret to be verywhere, ‘It is Une name thal can be given to & historical a furtive realty that is difficult eo grasp, but a great surface which the She ‘of bodies, the intensification of plea- citement to discoiase, the formation of special Knowledges, ning of controls apd resistances, are linked to one another in with a few major strategies of power and knowledge” (HS Fieaces and the nofmative practices of bio-power. When sex ized us an essenpially aatural function that could be dis followed that this drive had to be contained, controlled, and Being natural, scx was supposedly extemal to power Bun, Janiess, it s exactly the successful cultural construction of sex al force which endoled it to link up with the micropractices af H'sex is che most bpeculative, most ideal, and most internal deployment of stxuality organized by power in its grip on their materiality, their forces, energies, sensations and plea. the historical = which provides the fink between theBinp: Steve/Cyrus/Ruby:® NDI 06 Lin, Amett, Burshteyn| Link ~ Reeualihy Sexuality link + Michel Foucault beyond Dreyfus. Proftssop of Philosophy ai Berkeley, 198: hhecmeneutics, page 13-4 All of these stéategies lead to a curious linking of power a re. As the body wds the locus of sexuality, and sexuality could 29 ‘ignored, science] wai led minute detail al neal an payelpe secrets which the body held. The resull fed motivation, a hide. ic advance wal EVGA an & ppieasuss ‘ me its own intrinsic pleasore. The.examisauipn, t nicl heart of tse new procedures a he geetsonf-a05 derlying sexval dieourse into acceptatTe medical terminology. Since edicaT proBleny WaT MaUeA, s ha specific Torm of pleasure: all this careful atien- in, this caressing ekcortion of the most intimate details, these pressing plorations. “The {medical examination, the psychiatric investigation, pedagogical reprt, and-Tamily convols may have we OVersI ard rent objective of saying 0 to all wayward. or unproductive vualiies, but ‘ey Function as le petus: pleasure ani IS), "The medal power of pagiatisn Fre patient evasion seduced Sotb parties. J seduced Both parti Sexual psy¢hognalysis and confessional practices are basic components of bipower. Drevfus, Prpfefsor of Philosophy at Rerkeley, 1982, Michel Foucault. beyond ssrusyrstinn x heemencdtics,lpagd (4 FLoth the disciplinary and the confessional components of biv-, | pos ciffergntiated by Ther class applications, were unlied | eer i z vinedst taboo was scignufcally pronounced as the universal law of all ocpties; at the same time, the administrative apparatus attempted to cal and working class populations: and, through psyphiatric science, ihtellectuals convinced themselves that by talking it this taboo: they! were resisting repression. The circle had been cloded, The repressive hypothesis became the cornerstone for the al vaake of bio-power, 1A, tCNDI ‘06 Lin, Arnett, Burshteyr Professional s Dreyfus, Profess inermencuies, paw: Link Secial Wetfare ja welfare was 5} Jarked by the spread of bipower. sorfor Philosophy * dus fantasies, they were ea . now organizing social ‘areas and in urban slums. Various reform, late the actual practices of incest and other re the puis Tew ever present dangers aifon, munkipalitesfet up dspensaries fo weat venereal cease ‘of medical dossiers and licensed houses at- Biop Steve/Cyrus/Ruby > Berkeley, 1982, Michel Foucaul, beyond stetaralisn swNDI ‘06 Lin, Arnett. Burshteyn! Link - The LAC constr Dreyfus, Prof hnermeneutics, pa themfetves largely wth Lenin odminisrtive romiphe sate’ point o ys] and sometimes he| he job of the chigaues of bio-powel verepart of the juridic s jufidical subjects but Jimepsion was treated a hhrofeh a reading of adh chief role of th jamp says, revipusly centered on lic were concerned ssetfil components of id ifs administrative a ith their control ts human worth through the eyes of Bivpe Steve/Cyrus/Ruby:S stare { Berkeley. 1982, Mich ugh the new breed of administrators concerned ulations, there was, at the same time, a con Piefnition of polities and the individual, 'x_the sie and its administrative apparatus, considgred as a resource. the he could conenbute tothe ERTS ACUVites, work, miseries, and That Thee everyday com HoT I Sometimes what the individual had to do. ive, work, and produce in certain ree the strength of the ical and view, was tol had to die in order to enfor the emergence of the modern individual as an object of polit ecorcaee and te ramications oF Tis Se Es for cal Me wow Become i's major problematic. Fae vas the articulation and administsation o <6 Ses iicrease the state's control over ibs SaConIT and eigiveentfrcemtury French pole Tadsnjstration, they dealt with individuals not a arking, trading, living buman beings, (This asologcally in detail in The Order of Things.) rinitrative manuals ofthe age, CousaulL shows ve which took more and more precedence Si Sere adidas apd of whe_genetal Welfare, The Functions of the Sosad deed: Men ad things envisioned <= oper. what tbev-pradve, mens coeastense Peer onthe market. 1 slso TGclades how they he accidonte=RII ‘Under Louis XIV one (51). State power had Bject of the police is man ton ae subjoets with rights and duties. Now the Twith men in their everyday activities, as the the state's strength and vitality. It was the police junets who were charged with men’s welfare— 134 the state, reinforcing biopew 1 Foucault, beyond suetNDI “06 Lin, Amett, Burshtgyn Affirmativ Dreyfus, Pro! coception of the ssfr of P Yat Berkele F Drevtus, Profs o hhilosophyjat Berkeley. 1982, Miche? Foucault, beyond structuralisiy al Jotvcs thus becanle bio-potitics. Once the politics of life was ia | Hope | evelCyrus/Ruby/ Link- Brabe _ state’s role requires repressive power relations. place Jthen the life of these populations. and their destruction as well, legs thfn what the “state ate them or to slaughter them, iit served the state's interest (0 do State/Norma Digeser, Proffac UC Santa Barbara, Nov., 1992, foveal of Plies. Vol rough the mast so bth the develonme reat argues that a n¢ Since these populations were noihing more oF fares for for its own sako,” the state was entitled state bas its own nature and its own sing intervention ofthe state un the MEG} FpOTERe OT fe for hese problems of ses; akind of; hiscicated nghiical techniques cesuls e developmegt ofthe possrbrities oF the human and iE STRUTEIMEOUEpOSSTOMLy orprovecTing ist make ther Bistorical appearance. (51) 73 > 54. py 977- MNT, Ise “form of power, emerited in the modern period ous, and disciplinary. This is perhaps the most ys writings. He characterizes this new. ividvalizing (Foveavlt 2985, 213}. It totalizing aeeccuions, moras, and Tor oF indieATuals II outside the range ize, rmense social pressure to conform, standa a emcee “education, industry, and the military, The tactics shee mnsones tea SRE regulate jops have been senealies Fave alt describes a earceral SGT, in winet we are I through constant observation, measure primal 1d self-discipline (Foucault 1977, 227). The mech id then “inscribe’ ce firstNDI “06 Bivpo SteverCyrusRuby N Lin, Amett, Bursht¢ynt Pink - |Sta te State link- fus, Profesqor of Philosophy at Berkeley. 1982, Miche) Poucault, beyond steaenurebisny en! 1S hhetmeneuties, pa nd way, we can se fhe size as # roden matin of inva Sion| or f new form af pasta power: FF More WOES BOGUT this Mew pastoral poser: fe may observe alchange in its objective. It was no longes a queflonp leading people tp tit salvation inthe next world Dur ater TSingft inthis world. AAT his content, the word safavion cakes oh cheat freanngs: Tealh, well-being hat is, siffeeht wealth, standart fing security, protect pe spans TSE A see al WOn Pisce OT Te Pligious sim of ihe adione-patorwic_all SIN BECATS he ater. Tor Various reasons, had followed ins PUTeTatN TO ber ST ESI we only have co Oak 9 Tacs tong ime ty dhe Acne and its Welfare Tunstion, frie pre ProrestaT CTH ‘Tato free Prostar cy TY YoRcurTERTy the officials’ of pastoral power increased. Some: timep thi form of power was excried by Sale apparatis or inans.case, Bangs. TWE Tod aoe forget that i the lah lowe fecnih: century the poli force was not invented only for maintaining nd drder, nor for assisting governments in their strugele against their eenemies,fout for assuring ufban supplies, hygiene, health and standards considera necessary for Handicrafts and commerce.) Sometimes the rate ventures, welfare societies, besefsctors powbrwhs exercised by pri D BS. But ancient institotions, forexample the dene] Esai aie Me rekzed arte tine 0 take on pastoral fnctons. ft was flsofexercised by complex structures such as medicine, which in [vate initiatives with the sale Ot ervtesormarmel economy [cation of The aims and agents of pastoral ua the ote, Fnally. the aul powgr Tofused the evelopm a jolpTizing and quantietwwe, concerning the power of 4 pastoral (ype, whieh over centbriedfor thore than a ution, suddenly s ‘9 multitude offi Tigutions. And, instead oF & pastoral power fe oF Tess linked to each other, more or Sn palitcaT power, mor Jess |riva) there was an ietfividualizing “tactic” which chassstetized a somes qf poweRe Those atthe family, medicine, psychisiryredventian, ad POETS ITS | a | {NDI ‘06 Biope StevelCyrusi Ruby N Lin, Arnett, Burshtgyn Link- State beyond structs Dreyfus, State lin! ofessor of Philosophy at Berkeley, 1982, Miche! Fousaull hhermeneut 1 ne seas this kind of struggle tends to prevail in owe society to the fact fhatfpince the sixteenthfeentury, @ ‘new poles a has been chatiquousl “This new Folica structure, a5 e¥erY body Kaos: ‘But mostof the time, the state is envisioned 25¢ Kind of dit SEER individuals, looking only. at ths igereacs of thetotality or T shoul say, of roup amon the any to underline the fact that the stae’s ‘That's aufte true. But 14 Ul 7s Botan indy thas one of the Feasaiis Tor ms SEH power (an power an sizing orm of pawer, Never, | tial. in te Histon st ir = fe Tron in the same folitical structures of individualization icky co gennigued, anf of totalization procedu This diet the fect tat te modern Western Sieh integrated in a new -polifeal shape, an old ique whic) ated in 3.188 For cons We con cfll this power technique the pastor! wes] sNDI “06, Lin, Amett, Burshigyn Link — Using biopolitical cohtr#l. It creates fil Michel Foucat of the Prison, | | sstd to decide the ranking of individuals js the ult sge de France. 1977, Discipline te. Phair at the Coll i 86-187 | | Siilarly, the school became a sort of apparatus of uninterrupied gpemfpson th duce lng is ei legs she operon of shaciing. Ic became less pnd less a question of jousts in which pupils om he thied for carechisrs in the morning, we afternoon, ec. Morsover, there was t0 be ch in order to pick out those who deserved submitted for extmization by the inspector (La Salle, Con- +1» 160). From 3075, there existed at the Boole des Ponts et ssées sixteen examinations a year: three in mathematics, three Phivecture, dhree in drawing, two in wwiting, one in stone hs, one in style, ne in surveying, one in levelling, one in renticeship; ic wap one ofits permanent factors; is was woven Into} through a constdatly repeated ritual of power. The examina- Honfenabled the teacher, while trensmitting, his knowledge, to form his pupils info a whole field of kaowledge. Whereas the nation with whith an apprenticeship ended in the guild mn validated an acquired aptitude — the ‘mascer-work’ kcorpplsed ~ che expminetion in the school was 2 constant sxchghiger of knowledga it guaranteed the movement of knowledge fromi|the teacher co thf pupil, bur it extracted ftom the pupil 2 Knoufecge destined andleserved for the teacher. The school became the eo born for pedagogy. And just as the procedure of pital examination made possible the epistemological ‘thaw of spedifine, the age of th ‘examining’ choc) marked the beginnings dagogy that funcfions asa science. The age of inspections and endipsly repeated movdmerts in the atmy also marked the develop- Biope "yrus/Raby Steve: imate tool for ji ies that allow for otherization. Si ane & Punish: The BirthLin, Arnett, Burshteyn| Biepe rus/Ruby‘N SteveiCy Volunteerism/Ci Engagement - General Requests for volurfted nduce a norm af bebdvior. Marx, Professor Eiper Mandatory Volunteer of the fi ‘fata persuasion co gain yoluriiary compliance, uaivetsaii they east, and e fsurveittance and ind is generally w ki crave, havin af bing physical sea deans involve some] or inclusiveness in the fra }eals to good citizenship are a disciplinary tactic design at MIT, 2005 [ G.1.. Sofi Surveillance: ‘The Growth of [Personal information—"Hey Buddy Can You Spare a DN 1 for collecting personal information. in eriminal juss eum, at least faphasis on the needs of the community relative to the rights ofthe i detection, the process of gathering te DNA informarion is quick an felt co he invasive. This makes such requests s observer watch white 8 arine diag simple « p eh. In contrast, more traditional police methods such 9s 2 Subpocna or ale stop are ‘hard™ They imo coercion ad thet sok ng of intimate personal borders. as with a strip or body cavity scare! a sive in being restricted by law ond policy to persons there ane zip ry of the individual relative 10 the ne he community. Yet 1 interrogation. 2 58 compliance. They ma} avother neice 0 involve a cross _megns are excl ratriofism; using dfs Sates stp hee Stop and search the chpase to enter the ¢ to waive their atorndy only lower level pel f disguised coercion, Another form involves disinsenu Lseeks 10 create the infpression that one if volunteering, when that really is c ile hard forms of convo ae hardly receding, the salt Ryn ie fF this — cequesting volunteers based_on appeals 10 good vitire pion: the trading of persone) ifioana jcolfetion techaiques. The theme of volupiectiny as good i contexts, Consider 9 Iisline Dejarinent “Waieh Yon it [aceon their vehicles serve-as an mvtation to police anvils’ i jaxi-vabs in some cities bevand transuritting video ims i ejumably such searches eatend io passengers aswell who we the + ‘be an increase in Fedral proseciors ashing corporations unslr ins an provi oman a fo terse av Ta so ig shares 4 similar logic of coercive “volunteering” often tildesCN Lin, Arnett, Burshteyn| further the li Wor hep At a meaning an awaken| An cxitiques or postmod politically and ecanct seems objective to resources. money a protection of natiog fhe pets. eth play out their confich America, which was explicit about where supoomt what rts arase in the West in fhe as intenions, As Foue they do what they, cily needing ht wk non-profit or humanist motivation (Escobar 198 Ds +06 eral] rid Volunteer wwww.worldvolu tempting to liderat asses which can insformation wih parehistevitie of ne efiact opposite oF w j-of pac! Biope Steve/Cyrus‘Ruby Votunteerism/Peace Corps~ [NC Quality cefct orfleadminfloyoldpd'2002:.A0, volunesng. in, develope pa | th poor without theifpaieipatvon iso “iad them ino the popstar nso Priputated” wrend Freire (1970: 47), He explains thet pedagogic method. is sctin fa especial dialogue ta allows a rooess of woe wrote of the “henevofent production” of ¢ ‘td North ercating upderdevelopment ip the South, ~The dynamic undesdes clap 1 believe education to be: the svaksping pwaraiess oF mew [eels ers to foster huthan ite” (1969: 166). Later analysis thom perspectives reinefeed tha the naivete and idealism of volunieers plage into the Hiv powerful co pegmote a Northern-biaser! development agenda and dependancs: of tic hat Northern velpateer organizations were set up as s practical modality of distrib But deconstruction of power dynamics sho they we Volunteers 1. a. wider awarenkss task of the oppressed emerged historically 's shown in the tionalization ih ss pny vit es.” They ue om oe dich many elvan oven ven ages the establish. The fell into what Mishel Fo nces of these local aetions are cord ciemtisation, fo use Freire’s term, about the cole the would have to bring them to: This thew is the ems, one OF Which was volunteer Work. Will and ealeulation were motivation of volunteers. ‘The overall effect howe aw and Dees fis, Peope Kaow what they do: thee fecyueny = 187), Voluntesrt santed 10 serve as an “Oph,” a lorm cd he Other became part ote 3st Noh framed tp pet $d unable 19 help lationships that er illeten from than cre footivation, its effabts were not much 1995),Biope NDI 06 Steve'Cyrus!Ruby’N Lin, Amett, Burshtgyn] Volunteerism fis may seem more aeceptabte (or al feast are fess ikely fo be cal less fnvasive relative tp the traditional forms of erossing personal and phy sieal bord icavion—whethef out of fear, convenience or for frequent shopper awards, Convert IS something in return to compensate for the invasion is a ckver omning resistance [Exchanges aid less invasive sourches are certainly preferable div jerminalive. The apprope sien cori hy to-a comet jn detensble means of bed and hore invasive sarees. However nature ofthe means should no be 3 Collecting ihe infrnaiop also important. A seach isl @ scare resides aff it vaio! eu searches and the croqsing of tational barges between the civil and stale sectors, oF the slapd ees, vo rote than painless) quik inewpensive apd aon-ombanassing mew ar of ~wolntecrng "10 gvowl sy pporuunity dena. Ciiediators being equal soft ways are tobe prsterred to hard even ie con those sppling the sfvslance remain the fame Yeo ooerevon a a5 sie wigan iT a's wor Hs. subject (oF objet) Khow Buh s happening pnd the possiblity of offering rsislanee, What we dont kaw cn well One ofthe moe rdfbing aspects of r4cem changes is tha they s0 offen acer erat the rad of pal and input, Consicerfeeifological designs faust upon ws by indus Ha sch as Callerll {ini Docking options). Tyadipnaly GPaccidendly there was a happy overlap Between three fates thal ied 9s protected personal idforfation, The fist wis logistical. It was not cost- or ime-elfectve to search everyone. | was law. More invabive earches were prohibited or inadmissable, absent cause and @ warra efronery experienc infouc eultue when eran personal borders were involuntarily crossed (e searches and taking bods Mus, and toa eset degree even fngerprimin). 16. Limited resource. the wh invasive searches {fr bth the searched afd the searcher) and the ethos of a democrac socely historias searches, These supfortghre being undecmifed bythe naes men's engouraasmen of fear ea peresplcn seductiveness of conuinfcin 17. and te cenctrrent developrnent of syespensve, less ar hist Under those condi of does not needa etearlogist to describe wind pens i The aed re step an beBiopo- Steve/Cyrus/RubyaN Dh wok Roce. _ Link ~ the ided of the ty as its workers into objects. They become separate units whe eachfiust have job th complete. Micle! Fougaaft, Chair at the College de France, 1977. Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prisom, Pp. 144-145 ENDI +06 Lin, Amett, Burshtdyn TP ah ihe focrosies that appeared atthe end ot che eighteenth century) [| rrinciple of individualizing partitioning became more compli L Tt was a question of distributing individuals in a space in ‘kone might isolale them and map cher; but also of articulating distiburion on 4 production machinery that had its own e- nts. The distsbution of bodies, the spatial arrangement of juction machinery and the different forms of aesivity in the ‘bution of ‘posts had t0 be linked eagether. The Oberkampf factory ac Jouy jobeyed shis principle, Te was made up of a 5 of workshops syecifed according ec each broad type of opera for the printers, the handlers, the eolovrists, the women who Shed up the desigy, tie engravers, the dyers. The largest of the ings, Built in e7pr, By Toussaint Basse, was 110 metres long had three storeyp. The ground floor was devored mainly 10 A printing; it captained «52 tables arranged in two rows, the th of the worksfiop, which had sighty-eight windows; each ter worked at a ble wich his ‘puller, who prepared and spread colours. There were 264 gersons ip all Ar the end ofeach table 4 sort of rack onf whic the mazeria! thar had just been printed that cacried it out: each variable of this force ~ 5, skill, constanc ~ would be observed, and sd, assessed, computed and related to the lividual who was/es particular agent. Thus, spread out in a per~ ily legible way qvet che whole series of individual bodies, the |) fork force may be analysed in individu units. At the emergen: | ff large-scale indus, ane fds, beneath the division of the pro~ fiction process, thq ineividualizing fragmentation of labour power; e distributions of ke disciplinary space often assured bot. } GaCNDI ‘06, Lin, Amett, Burshpynf Link - The Michel Fou of the Prison, D+ Work Force Ire to have an efficient work force allows the sovere! 219-220 Tn this task ot adjustment, discipline had to solve a number of problems for whigh the old economy of power was not sufficiently fequipped. It could reduce the ineficiency of mass phenomena: reduce what, in a fnuliplicity, makes it much less manageable than Js unity; reduce whar is opposed £0 the use of each of its elements and of their sum; tRduce everything that may counter the advantages Jot number, That is why discipline fixes; it arrests or regulates Jmovernents; it claps up confusion; ic dissipates compact groupings of individuals wafdering about the country in unpredictable ways; it establishes calctlated distributions. It must also master all the id from the very constitution of an organized rovlcplicty; ie mist neutralize the effects of counter-power that spring from ther and which form a resistance to the power chat wishes to donna it: agitations, revolts, spontaneous organizations, coalitions ~ anything that may establish horizontal conjunctions. Hoorces thot are fo iplines use procedures of partitioning they inteoduce, berween the differen elements 5 solid separations as possible, that they define ost rapid and the least costly, that is to say, by using the multi- Hicity itself as an instrument of this growth. Hence, in arder to beract from bodicg the maximoum time and force, the use of those vera methods krpon as time-tables, cllective training, exercises, tal and detailed furveillance. Furthermore, the disciplines muse crease the effect @F utility proper to the muleipliciies, 50 thar each made more usefhl than the simple sum of its elemencs: itis in rder to increase tHe utilizeble efecrs of the multiple chat che disci- ines define tactics of distribution, reciprocal adjustment of hodies, Jestures and rhyelims, diffeentiasion of capacities, reciprocal co- dination in relation to apparatuses or rks. Lastly, the disciplines fave to bring imo play the power relations, not above but inside e very texture of fhe multiplicity, as discreetly as possible, as well rcculated on the dther functions of chese multiplicities and alsoin jerarchical surveillance, continuous registration, i and classification. In short, to substitute for a ted through the brilliance of those who exercise ously objectfies chose on whom it is applieds form a body of Hnowledge about these individuals, rather than co ploy the ostentagous signs of sovereignty. In a word, the disci lines are the ensemble of minute technical inventions that made it sible to increasethe useful size of multiplicities by decreasing the conveniences of the power which, in order to make them useful, st control chemn| A multiplicity, whether in a workshop or a ation, an army or a school, reaches the threshold of a discipline Gak nto control. {Yen she relation of the one to the other becomes Savourabledd¢9-32 P Steve/Cyrus/Ruby/ -ault, Chair at the College de France, 1977. Discipline & Punish: The Bicth ____ sitetBiope CONDI “06 SteverCyrus/Ruby’N Lin, Ame, Burshteyn Impacts Big-power Impact - *INC Coviclla conditions in which total annihilation becomes possible — the divcipli power used fo noreakre and Coa popufation is the same power used to justify exterm: of population ~ th Peter Covietto, Asst. Prot Generations. “Apocalypse Perhaps, Buc to tain} th ‘any way post-apocal} pi second assertion: i, (in Jacques Derrida" sui apocalypse is.an ata aifietion it brings sdme dangerous eontasion th stand behind Susan [Son “Apocalypse Now" bi ne point Sontag 20 ‘of paver, itis ever « ‘of the apocalypse = the No one turns this poi Sexuality addresses Hi words, “life-adminis optimize, and multip calls “the atomic sitytio foc a uniform repudl agencies of modern, 29.0 threat to fe and potentially annibls event return tot Bio-power mr frmative creates the conditions in which extinetion becomes possile English @ Bowlloin College, 2000 (Queer Fromiers: Millennial Geographies. Get fom Now On") American cultuelisat present decisively postnuctear is nat to say thatthe sonhd we Apocalypse. a (peyan by saying. changed ~ it did not go away, And hese} 9) 16 auclear age of yesteryear, apocalypse signified an event threatening everyone wil eve poly menacing phipse) “romainderless and s-symbolie destruetion,” then in the posta 56 parameters ard definitively (ora, I9 shape an in subsianee, apocalypse is dened here else. always to an “other” people whose very presence might then be srt ening the safety and prosperity ofa cherished “general population.” This (at er isive obsérvation, from 1989. that, “Apocalypse is now a long running oer ha isles repressive than productive, ess lfethsc we > Power, he corffends, “exerts a positive influence on Iie id end rise controls ond comprehensive regulations Inv his briet gonna eness of moder power mast hat life and survival, of bouties an tence of everyone.” Wh ves «0 authorize any expression of foree, no muller how \ ie dream of modern power.” Foucavlt writes. “this is nots power is situated and exercised yt the level of Ii ynenomens bf population.” For a stale that would arm seit not with the pon: re compichensiva pawer over the patters and functioning of ils eqllective lile. the th ar oF otherwise, geems a civig nitive that can seareely be done without population, but wih apocalyptie demiseFILE: DADINEG Bap CNDL+06 LAB: Arnett Lin Barshfeyn \ ae he ‘Aes fonstquene ofthis developmen of bnpowee wae the growing frsportange assume by the acon ofthe nom, at the expanse fhe func ystom ofthe nw Law caret help but be armed, ands ut paren ie eat t ove who Sransgens sees, teat ost vot th hat eshte tmanate Th Inv always reer fo the swind, But oboe tehose task if to ake hare of le newts continuous regulatory {ht corectep mechanisms Ito longer mate ofDnging dosh into phy in the Bek of soveregny, but of cstnboung the ing fc domain of val and ub. Such power hes to quality, mfasure appraise and hirarchize, rte han ploy ase in io murderous spn # dove not hove to dra {xe tne that Repeats the exeies ofthe sovereg fom his bedien subgls ellactscntsbuios ure te morta actean oy hth he aes int to ekg oat tke intatobs of josie end to cinppest, Dut athe tt Pe Is operstes more and oe a a not and that the orc insion i frsesingly incorporated nto acontinsun of ap Daatuses (nfo, adiminstatve, and on) wove functors 2s for ihe net par epsatry orang sky 8 the Aston oufome ofa fechnlogy of pomer centered 6 ite We have ented Paseo urea epension an Compaon wth the prepovertentvcentay soci we are scquated wit we shop nt be deverved by 9) hs constitu fama Throughout ip worl since the Hench Revelation, the codes iced, a whole continual and clamorouslegilsve wre te forms that made a essentially oa written and activity: the: ling power 4eceptable ‘Moreovef. against this power that ws still new ia the nine: seenth centurp, the forces that resisted relied for support on the very thing it hvested, that is, on life and man as a living being, Since the last century, the geeat struggles that have challenged the general sfstem of power were not guicied by the belie in a return to forduer rights, or by the agewki dream of a cyele of meora Golden Age. One no longer aspired toward the coming of the emperpr of the poor, or the kingdom of the latter days, socation of Our imagined ancestral rights; what and what served as an objective was life, under- sic needs, man’s concrete essence, the realization or even the was demand stood as the of his potenti, a plenitude of the possible. Whether or not it was utopia thdt was wanted is of ite importance; what we have seen has beeil a very seal process of struggle; life as 0 political object was in 4 sense taken at face value and herned back against the system th4? was bent on controlling it. Iewas life more thon the law that Opcame the issue of political struggles, even if the latter were fokmulated through altirmations concerning rights 5 Zhe “tight” td lite, to one’s body, to health, to happiness, to the satisfaction of needs, and, beyond all tke oppressions or alienations,” the “right” to rediscover what one is and all that fone can be, this “right”—which the classical jusidics? aystem was utterly intapable of comprehending—was the political re J sponse to all these new procedures of power which did not derive, ether, |itom the traditional sigh? of sovereignty. 2 7, - p. wy age __@DABENKG CNDI ‘06 LAB: Amett Lin Blrsifteyn Big \ 7 Q enscdle 7 Bio-power if the catalyst for a multitude of impacts ~ gerade Michel Fbuchult, Professor df philosophy at the college de France. 1984. A Foucault Reader pl. 20-271 While if iy Wue that the analytice of sexuality and the sym tance, the second half were grounded at first in two very distinct re- fer, in actual fact the passage from one to the other ‘about (any more than did these powers themselves) ‘ppings, interactions, and echoes. In diferent ways, {don with blood and the law has for nearly two inted the administration of sexuality. Two of these are noteworthy, the one for its historical impor- ther for the problems it poses. Beginning in the the nineteenth century, the thematic of blood was Sometimes ghlled on to lend its entire historical weight toward revitalizing the type of pokitical power that was exeresed through the devices of sexuality, Racism took shape at this point (racism. in its mod whole polit fed. "biologizing,” statist form) it was then that 9 tide of settlement (pexplement), fay, marsinge, ed cation, soci] hierarchization, and property, accompanied by & long series 1s atthe level of the bod’, manent intervention: Teceived their color and conduct, health, and everyday fe. {heir justiigation from the mythical concern with proves he purty of the blood and ensuring the tsumh of the Tee Nazism wad doubtless t {and the f tasies of bl eugenic o extension ai unrestricted ‘oneiric exalt systematic to a total polities of ‘myth was memory. 7 We non cunning atthe TOs soe se ofthe Laer) combination ofthe {80° re ae orange of 9 disciplinary power. & oon Ey al ha imped te wy of rang of muczopowers nth gust Of a8 ten ation) was accompa by the cat core na blood the ater implied both she pion of Pons and ie sk of exposing ones Eran ant arony of ster that ee Hlte fc. Me significant practice wie te Blood Periomal an se petest ood ath in recent 230-27)NDI 06 Lin, Arnett, Burshigyn Biopower justifies th Michel Foucault, Chair atthe College de 409) of the Prison, Pg. 207- The pano of ts proper its vocation | stricken tow but absolurel opposed its ieee ‘eulous exerci ‘other hand, hi although itis it does so not threatened increase productidn, to develop th raise the level How is po} impeding, progres}, far from weigh: regulations i ‘of power will duction? Hor those of 50 Panopticon’s of power can continuously possible way, sudden, viole exercise of 5 srateril and pl oo transmits new physics ppanopticstn is of irregular Bf their hereroge| are mechanis! tions, and #1 differentiate 3 power, which] king, But in At the checrel the social bod} = Mass Murder ema, without dissppearing as such or losing any as destined to sprekd throughout the social body; as fo become a genefalized funstion. The plague- prdbided an exceptional disciplinary model: perfec, ‘iplent; to the diseage that brought death, power pefual threat of dea; life inside it was reduced 10 esfion; it was, against the power of death, che meti- offthe right of the syord. The Panopticon, on the le of amplification; although it arranges power, fed to make it morp economic and more effective, ver itself, nor A the immediate salvation of a Tes aim is to strgagthen the social fOrces ~ 10 ‘economy, spread education, fof qublic moraltys ro fncrease and multiply. fo be strengthened in such a way that, far from pe upon it with its rules and tly facilitates sucl progress? What intensificator Ibe aple atthe same tinge co be a multiplicator of pro~ vilpower, by increasig is forces, be ale to increase tea of confiscating them or impeding them? The 3 that the productive increase asfured only if, on th one hand, i ean be exercised in the very foundatiops of society, in the subtlest lendbi, on the other hnd, i functions outside these ) Ascontinuous forms. that are bound up with the Verdhuoty. The body of the king, with its strange ‘ysigil presence, with tHe force that he himself deploys. 1c few others, is af the opposite exes of this le polver represented by panopticism; the domain of on fe conteary, that whole lower region, that region ‘with their detaif, their mulsple movements, forces, their spatipl relations; what are required tik analyse distibiltions, gaps, series, combina- ch] use instruments [thar ‘render visible, record, smpare: a physics) of a relational and multiple jhas fs maximus inteysity not in the person of the ies that can be individualized by these relations. [cal fel, Bentham defines another way of analysing the powec relatiobs that rraverte it; in terms of practice, he defnesh procedure of subdrdination.of bodies and foree® that must incedase he utility of power while prac of the prince. anatomy’ who} but the relatio Jing the economy anopeicism is the genetal principle of a new ‘political le olfject and end are ngt the relations of sovereignty 5 of discipline. “The celebrafed, Franspaent, circulpr cage, with its high tower, powerful and Enovfing, may have for Bentham a project of perfect discipliparyfinstiurion; but he also set out to show haw one may ‘unlock’ e dbciptines and get them to function in a diffused, ‘susqueypour Aaeuydioetp qava ySnouya pur yBnouyp porenaued £22/20s © JO Somwonsuny o1seq ay AwsIue\paws aiqeaaysuen Biope steve/Cyrus’Ruby'S seo pu Aserusus9p> to save mentafity. {wa biopolitical world, murder is ok. rance, 1977, Discipline & Punish: The Birth jes9ua8 sma 40) eyms09 ve ‘sowuesBo.d 4 “uot yi sopisoud iuawedlveias andoued ayy “aa ul ao seeds us UoR je sXemje pur 2194s aw Jo Yio wI9U F OM BuraZO}sUEN & Sénasave mnotpis 5 10 9098 Aaesodwel put ondeid ® ur w9q prey sourlustoyduy ome “sjocy8 SsxseEEg = 25Md pEsOFo 5 ‘patu:t aa ae [99 pat pur - sdays GobCNDI ‘06 FILE LAB: Arnett Lin Bursiteyn DABY NEC Birgre Bio-power is a Justification for violence as a means to solve under bio-politics none of our rights a sacred Michel Foudaul}, Professor of philosophy at the college de France, 1984, A Foucault Reader pg. 458 9 ‘Chora long te, one ofthe characteristic privileges of sovereign power waste right to decide life and death, In foal sense, {terived nolGoubt from the ancient pena peas tet granted the father of fhe Roman fanulythe night to “dispose” ofthe lie of his childrep an his slaves, us a fe had given them ie, s0 itoway. By the fie the sgh of fife and death ‘was framed bf the dassica theoreticians, twasin considerably Giinished fem. It vaso longesconsicered tet this power of the soveren over his subject could be exercised in an ab- Solute and urbondiona way, but only in cases where the so\- treign’s vey elistence was injeopardya corto ight of epinde he was thentdned by externalenenies who sought tocverthrow ‘im of contes| his nights, he could then legitimately wage war, and require hp subjects fo take part in the defense ofthe state wethout “dicey proposing their deat,” he was emperrered to “expose thir Ife": inthis sense, he wielded an “indirect” power over Wem of ife and death.' Buti someone dared to Tse up agtnsh him and transgres his laws, then he could ex é cercise a direct| power over the offender's life: as punishment, the latter could be put fo death. Viewed in this way, the power of lifeand death was not an absolute privilege: it was conditioned by the defensd of the sovereign, and his own survival. Must swe follow Holbes in seeing it as the transfer to the prince of the natural right possessed by every individual to defend his life even if thB meant the death of others? Or should it be regarded as a kpecific right that was manifested with the for- ‘ation of that Rew juridicel being, the sovereign?* In any case, in its modern form—relative and limited—as in its ancient and salute form, the right of life and death is a dissymmetrical cone. The sovpreign exercised his right of life only by exercising Tis right £9 Ml, or by retraining from killing: he evidenced his power over fe only through the death he was capable of re- quiring. ‘Thd right which was formulated as the “power of life and death” ras in reality the right to fake life or fet live. ts ‘symbol, afte} all, was the sword, Perhaps this juridical form ‘must be refefred to a historical type of society in which power was exercised mainly as a means of deduction (prél@vement), a subtraction fhechanism, a right (0 appropriate a portion of the ‘wealth, a tay of products, goods and services, labor and blood, levied on the subjects. Power in this instance was essentially a fe: of things, time, bodies, and ultimately life itself in the privilege to seize hold of life in order toNDE 86 Lin, Arnett, Burshtdyn. Miche! Foucalat, of the Prison, Pg. J 92-194 ‘gime individdalization and normalization a |. The sovereign it Chair at the College de France, 1977, Discipline & Punish: The [Birth ssenealogy tha marice of deeds ti ithmortalized in lite relations in their the normal cook! over from the an status, thus substi to the internal it sal inseib advencure of our Fhildhood no longer Finds expression in “Ze pee en’ ut 1 Roses written Ihave Judge Schi Biopo Steve/CyrusiRuby’ O-= Ttuduatization |De \on twv9 Key aspects in ividualizes and debumanizes. Je disciplines mark the moment when the eversal ofthe political f individualizatiop ~ as one might call it ~ takes place. In Jr societies, of which the feudal régime is only one example, be said thae individualization is greatest where sovereignty. ed and in the higher echelons of power. The more one ses power or privlege, the more one is marked as an indivi 9y Ftuals, itten decounts or visual reproductions. The ‘name situate one within a kinship group, the 5 demonstrave superior strength and which ary accounts, the ceremonies that mark the ery ortering, the monuments or donations the multiple, inefsesing links of allegiance and suzersinty, ‘of an ‘ascending’ individvalizarion. In a isciflinary régime, on fhe other hand, individualization is ‘descend ‘mare anonymous and more fanievonat, fon whom itis exercised tend 10 be more strongly individual- is exercised by sfevillance rather shan ceremonies, by obser- rather than edmmemorative accounts, by comparative ‘norm’ as reference rather tan genealogies ancestors as polnts of reference; by ‘gaps’ rather than by iL In a system of Inanfthe adult, the pant more than the healthy mac, che madman ind fie delinquent mofe chan the normal and the non-delinquent. os eaph case, itis roa the first of these pairs that aff the indivi- iscipline, the child is more individualized turned in our civilization; and when one ithe healthy, normal and law-abiding adult, im how much of the ehild he has in him, fs within him, what fundamencal erime he has freamt of commisfing All the sciences, analyses or practices scho-’ have their origin in this historical fevelal of che procedyces of iadividwalizacion. The moment that historico-firual mechanisms for the forma- the scientiico-disciplinary mechanisms, al, and measurement juting for the individuality of the memorable le man, that moment when the sciences of the moment when a new technology of band a new politizal anacorny of ehe body were implemenced. from the exely idle Ages to the present day the ‘sdventure” juality, the passage from the epic t0 the ch for childhood, from combats wo phan- in che formation of a disciplinary society ovft, from the oe 10 the secret singularity, from long, sday by Mary Barnes; i the place of Lancelot, fs ‘misfortunes of little Hans’. The RomanceBivpe } Steve/CyrusiRuby Lind Cours (rae ~Nobreer ing effects of disciplinary and pastoral power Mip back ility and volunteerism. Villanona University, Assistant professor of Snstiquinns. NDI 06 Lin, Arnett, Burshteyn ‘Turns Case - The nar their claims of civie respe Caputo and Yount, Prpfesgor of Philosophy at Philosophy: at St, Joseph's Jnisfrsty, #993 [Hoi ond Mark, Foucault and the Cri 17-18) a ‘Robert Moore pnd Mark Yount hot apply power/knowledge analyses to. —einployment ptactlfes, showing in frameworks € Relations at St] law analysis roduction of Agar Foucault, hd ex >> bargaining as Rc, . Moore traces vormalizing oe Like + management ¢ by the ‘sciend ph’s University, disrupts traditional categories of labor 'w, Normativity, and the Level Playing Field: The ses contemporaty American labor law and collective plicitous system of discipline and social control eqhilibrium, gradualism, and reformism as “normal” and, mony, stabilit conflict (class, or potherwise) 2s “pathological” Ic is within this larger & EE ¥ ¥ discourse that follctive bargaining Jaw ensures the status of the arbitrator E = 5 SS as"expert’ autporifed to intervene wherever necessary in order to restore GZS BE harmony and } ‘lebe! playing fiekd? zetia ‘Moore shows ciavincingly, though, that this legal-disciplinary system 3 BY 2 a fas had an opposife effect, making fabor inequalities even more extreme ° ¢ EB EE y by the very Jneqnanisms supposdd to ‘level the field’ The ‘righs' Pe Se SE 32 employees caq clam are all produced and constrained by these normal. BB OS & £ izing procedufes, find workers are, precluded from imagining forms of © £ 2°. § £3 i resistance that} wofld transcend thege acknowledged constrainis (includ- 3 5 25 B= BO ing mesures fc as sit-down she which had been effective in the 223 9 SF past), The relativeklecline in authorized strikes and near disappearance of © Sy ¥ ZO 3 wildcat strike} shfw how difficult|it has been for workers to develop 2-8 Z 3 EEG effective forms of fesistance. At the|same tie, the courts have increased © 3 2 ESE Z-. the powers gf njanagement to Ick out striking workers and hve BEY LA > & permanene reflacqments “Thus profedural rights like the right to suike 8 2S 3 yee serve less to rdstoip a balance of power and mare to legitimate the ‘ruth’ = 8 EE ye of claims brodght]within the systefn, to channel all conflict within thar & 5 gf8 system, and ultimaiply to legitimate the system itself, The end result is a 2 Be Bayt process thar racdonizes, rather chan challenges, the mequalities of power Z yb gy BE in labor relations, Sseece Mark Yount} esby, “The Normalfzing Powers of Affirmative Action’ gy B 3 2 F offers 2 genealpaichl critique of bot sides of the farnliae liberal verses Eg 5 conservative dabacf on that subject) Affirmative action reproblematized GP FY E equal oppartuhity| by grafting mdasures af substantive justice onto 2 real gain in the provision and procedural staha enforcement of ivf rights and womgers rights. But that shift has given siseLin, Amnett, Burshtdyn Yurps Case — Wa} focusing on Sluidity allows registdnce. Foucault, Chair at Le Cpitege de France, as part of the}fselves or what Biopo cus'Ruhy/N StevelCy stitutions eather than ant apparatus of th Ins, There fs mo nexus of posver~ rather i's 994 [Michet. Exhies Subjectivity aad truth. p. 58-64 te analysis of power relations, one would 1 notion of sovereignty. That model pre ‘subject of natural rights of original pow- le ideal genesis of the state; and it makes tation of pawer. One would have to study primitive terms of the relation but starting much as the relation is what determines Jars: instead of asking ideal subjects what powers of theirs they have surrendered, ‘Mowing thppmselves to be stibjectified [se laisser assyjeetir], ane would need tf inguire how relatigns of subjectivation can manefectare sub irnarly, rather thah looking for the single Fac, the central conduct a eon fave to pbadsdon the juridi supposek chp individual as 2 ers; i¢ alms fo account for Ul lass the funamenta) manife the basis of th ation itself, in e-the elements on which it b jects. point for which all the forms of power would be decived hy way of conserluerfpe or development, one must first let them stand forth im heir rpulepplicity, their di study fheip therefore as conveige,for, on the cont each dthef out. Finally, im power, it fyould be better of constrafne that it brings to play. it is recessary 10 avoid redueing the analysis of power to the scheme suggesced by the juridical eonstitntion of sovereignty, if tis necessary to thihk pout power in tetsns of force relations, must it be deciphered, thonJaccprding to the goseral form of war? Can war serve as an effee- tive qnalfeer of power relhtions? This qugstion overlays séveral others: erences, thei speci athoir reversibility ations of force that intersect, interrelate lary, oppase one another or tend 10 cance} read of privileging law as a manifestation of co tey and identify the different techniques *Shpuld war be considdred as a primary and fundamental state of things |n relation to which all the phenomena of social domination, differoftiation, and hidrarchization are considered as secondary? processes of ahtagonism, confrontation, and stmggle be- individuals, graps, or classbs belong, in the last instance, to }he foneral processds of warfare? *Dq s constitute a valid dd adequate insfrumem for analyzing power relations? + Aife mblitary and war-splated institutions and, in a genoral way, the mbthdfis wilized for waging war, immediately ot remotely, directly “Ble pfehaps the question that needs to be asked first ofall is this fow, since whet! and how, did people begin to bmagine thas Jar that functiows in pawey relaijons, that an uninterrupted 1 undermines qesce, and that the civil order is basically an otderfof battle? v uv L TTNDE G6 Lin. Armett, Burshreyn | | Bicsper SteverCysus Ruby /Ni ‘war pércefved in the background of peace? Wha looked in the din and 1d of battles, for the principle of intetligihil- ‘That tsfhe question ah was posed in this year's ecurse. How was ity of ord, institutions, pe Distary? Who firse thought that polities confugianfot war, in the was var pursued by othes means? i i A bef appears at a glance. With the evolution of states since the ‘oegirfuinf, of che Middle Ages, it seems that the practices and instivu- tions of frar pursued a vfsible development. Moreaver, they tended 10 be egncefttrazed in the hands of a central power that afone had the right end bhefmeans of war; fwving 10 that very fact, they withdrew, albeit slowly, ffom the person to-person, grotcp-to-group relationship, aud a line of development ledthern increasingly wo be a state privilege. Fur- bese and as @ result, war tends to become the professionat and tecilnigfl prerogative df a carefully defined and controtled military appprathis, In short, @ sfciety pervaded by warlike relations was slowly repfacept by 2 state equipped with military institutions, - this transformacion had scarcely been completed when there y and war : red a certain kype of discourse on the relations of socie | Afnistorico-palitical discourse—very different from che philosophico- jufidical discoursp organized around the problem of sovereigaty— Jkes war tHe gdrmanent basis of all the institutions of ganwer. This fscourse appeared shorty after the end of the wars of rebigion and at afe boginning of the grest English political stragales of the severtcenth raury. According to this discourse, which was illustrated in England y Coke or Lilluugne, in Frazce by Boulainvitliers and later by Du Bast jangay,” it was ee that presided over dhe bint af states: nat the ideal far imagined by the philosophers of the state of lateire hot real wars mad actual battles; laws are born in the snide af expeditions, com juests, and burping cities; but war also cominues to cage within the frechanisms of power—or, at Jrast, to constitute the secret driving Kesee Jof institutions, faws, and order. Beneath the omissions, illusions, and lies chat make ps believe in the necessities of nature or the functional requirements of order, we are bound (0 reecounter war: itis cke cipher of peace. corftinvausly divides the entire social bodys if places each 1p or the other. And it is nat enough to fine this wer again a5 an explanatory principle; we must reacuvate i, enake it leave the mute, Jarval forms in which it gocs about its business almost witit- ont our being pware of i, and lead it to 2 decisive battle thar we mins. prepare for if jve intend to be victorious —CNDI ‘06 Lin, Arnett, Burshfey: Alternative: the now lest we bees Michel Foucaylt, Reader pg. 63 ifirmative is for juridical state power, | M.F.CT wondet if this isn’t bound up with the institution of monarchy. This developed during the Middle Ages against the rekdrop of ‘ peeviously endemve struggles between feudal power agencies. The monarchy presented ite as a referee, a ower capable df putting an end to war, violence, and pillage and saying no tp these struggles and private feuds. Ie made itself acceptable by allocating itself a juridical and negative fune tion, albest one Whose limits it naturally began a} once to over. step. Sovereig, law, and prohibition formed a system of representation of power which was extended dasing the sub- |: sequent era by the theories of sight: politcal theury has never ceased to be obsessed with the person of the sovereign. Such theories stil conbnve today 1obusy themselves with the problem fof sovereignty. What we need, Rawever, is a politcal philos- ‘ophy that isnt erected around the problem of sovereignty, nor thereore atu the problems of at and prohibition. We need to cut olf the king’s ead in politica theory that has sil te be done> 63 Steve/Cyrus/R \ ; ah extension of bio-power, we must reject the plan ean init srofessar of philosophy at the college de France. 1984. A Foucault Bivpe hy inked to the state presenti: We must reject the affirmative plan because it is from) ibfrating ourseives from the state and individualization Paul Rabfnow, Professor of Anthropology al University of California, Berkeley 19 FoucpultfReader pg. 22 niult does Hot claim that tis totalizing and individu # 3 power has enprally taken hold of everything, nor that is ineluctable. Afi yet this increasing subjection is not a © eciream. One of fairly ask of Foucault: What is tobe done the face ofthis spreading web of povrer? Yet he has been general highly reicent about the role of advocate. All tbe pre he does, fork time to tine, offer general evaluations eis ont: "Nayberthe target nowadays isnot to discover what re, bu to refuse hat we are, We have to imagine and to id up what we copld beto get rid of el politcal double bind, ich isthe simuliqneovs ineividualizaton and totalzation of Mier power stigtures, The condision would be that the |, phiksophicel problem of our days is not Trivial from the state, and from the {2 insheations, but to liberate ae both from the sate and brs the type of indivivaization whichis linked to the site fe have to promat new forms of subjectivity theough refusal vality which has been imposed 0m us forBion StevefCyrus/Ruby’S CNDI +06 Lin, Amelt, Burshievay Alternatives Alt Solves — Reject Volunteerism ives caif for vofunteers and hy the web of disciplinarp power that appeals to the principles of eivie responsibility Marx, Professor Emerftas of Sociology at MIT. 2005 (G.T.. Soft Surveillance: ‘The Growth of \ Volunteerism in ef gting Personal Infformation—"Hey Buddy Can You Spare a DNA” | (nan environment of ingse concesn abou rine and teroribin and @ legs! famework generac ina Gr sip developments discused phove are hardly burprising. Democratic governments need (0 be reasonably «thot maintain their legitishasyf (even ae research ba the comples eelatcnships between effectiveness, and Te Particularly in times. of evi us, many of the above examples show respecr ee of choieejand in nigumizing invasiveness, 12, Sueh efforts draw othe self-help, and community. They may also deter. Yet here is swrnethin. thetorie ig often dishonest and even_insuking to one's intelligence. Cwaside company enccutive wih in defense of unlockable CallerID. said, “when you choose to make a phone « choosing 10 =f jo telephone oumbge". In the same World Cup League of Disingenyity is she sus Refusal of the attitms controversial Re! offering notice and Haditions of democratig Fe don’t reguire anyone to take a drug tes. only those wh chow rn eaves and esol cors tha arene dy er quently spoiled fr of inequitable relationships, When wee fol piuntarity submit 10 searches, there ia danger of the cence upside dawn. cals die gully nog] weirs. wl pol strong then he rules aught co sequte i (3, wilNout ace ol Un ver Jon in eh fa mani of here.” To be meanirlgtulfchoice should imp that we have ticker! d the good of the c communal and of durnfhg presumptioy BiILof Rights and ofherfimis on authoring ders. br implying that the subject ix in Inet taking suluntury act hphfhas serious consequences, sich as being denied a job. 4 benefit oF appeariy uncooperative tea Insinmately hide, of Xalue we place on Sl wien. bus ‘properly ta seleetively reveat, depending on the relationship and comes ki Trst class lattes. windaw blinds and bathroom doors and our opposition te Niki ‘ng up anonymity in public places (absent cause) are hors For inti: takes of youth, We value pes inte degree of cnnirol over personal and social information is x. =-as well as being necessaty tor independen! yroup actions. is also a factor in rest information sayebt by the wore terest in avoiding the manipulation, discrimination, imappropr re iamocwous mn thew ‘iis of personal information which ar prolect wrongdoingNDI +06, Lin, Arnett, Bursivepn | 2+ Be course dealt with the genesis of a politi pice at the conte! echanisms capable tertorial state” to ecdfuse what occur GQ) brnfate new cecingues, follow that genk ook leadng thread set fone would neo PEE pot frerely of the on ect ato ensure, in hrs approach, it se ens xetfise of political af government” 2 Xe | |ndifiduals through an infouthors of the i fife shepherd wat eather. An analysis If.was in the East pefi—above all, in hisftheme: the shep lernfory as over a mj indflidualizes by gr ho afsingte one oF the hutifnal fort in th waq constituted in actif ty indispensab low, the fifteenth a alsq inguiries conc 2 dbmain, a princi self-government, o| lend of feudalism, 1 Biepos SieveiCyrus Ruby Ni 1 knowledge that was of its concerns the notion of population and the of ensuring its regulation. A transition from a “population state”? No, one wauld have 0 say, sd was not a replacement but, rather, & shift of rance of now objectives, and hence of new prob- sig, we took up the notion of government as our to do an in-depth inquiry concerning the history tion but even of the proceduces and means en= given society, the “government of men.” In a very pms that for the Greek and Roman societies the ower did not involve the right or the possibilities derstood as au activity that undertakes to conduct jut their lives by placing them under the autharity for what they do and for what happens to them tions finished by Paul Veyne, it seems that the reign, a king or judge-shepherd of the hurnan outside the archaic Greek texts or except in c perial epoch, On the other hand, the metaphor fing over the sheep fs accepted when it comes to tivity of the educator, the doctor, the gymnastics f the Politics would confirm this hypothesis that the theme of pastoral power was fully devel Hebrew society. A certain number of traits mark herd’s power is exercised not so much over a fixed Ieiuude in movement toward @ goal; it has the role k with its sustenance, watching over it on a daily its salvation; lastly, it is @ matter of a power that inting, through an essential paradox, as much value sheep as to the entire flock. Itis this type of power (0 the West by Christianity and cook an insti- siastical pastorate: the government of souls 1¢ Christian Church as a central, knowledye-based Je for the salvation of each and every one. and sixteenth centuries saw a general crisis of the ind develop, but ina much more complex fashion. ‘odes (and not necessarily less strict ones} of spit lew types of relations between pastor and Slack; but ining the right way to “govern” children, a family, ality. The general questioning of government and guidance and self-gujdance, accompanies, at the he birth of new forms of economic and social rela- tiofs and new polit) cal structurations.”_> SeaunenneEnennnnEeeeeencnncmeeellBiopo Steye/Cyrus'Ruhy/N ecauttive ~ Now Relutiiu a NDI “G6 Lin, Arneit, Burshteyn mero ducing more disciplinary power the alternative redirects the gaze of stwork of power allowing individual relations, University, Assistant professor of Critique of tnstitations. p the panopti¢on pnd shifts the Caputo and|Yofint, Professor oF hilosopty at Vilanon Philosophy at St, fee's University, 1993 [John and Mark. Foucault and the: 15-16} Jlosimodern pedagogue, she who would resis the role of professor in brddf to teach, has fo create che space in which to question the kngwidige system thes¢ power relations figure forth Consider these pfratipnal imperatives bf the norm: that teaching is a category distinct Aeearch, that a lefson, and a course entire, must have 2 ‘plan, 4 detined objective, that certain texts are canonical and chat the text is chic cohen pf the course, shat all questions have answers; that pupils Look to the teacher, and that they not be made too uncomfortable by the process, Evaluafive mechanisms averse every intersection of gazes, fram before tha syfJabus to after the exam. In deviating from its appointed norms, forfative pedagogy Js always ae sk of being marked as 3 standard pei defiatifa. The teaching stance Schmelzer shares tries to uncover the endblidf assumptions of the institution, even as the teacher continues to work iff itan instance of Derrida’s double gesture ” The surveillant gaze be occluded, bu acts af cesistance suighe redirect chat gaze, And rected gaze intdrmupts, or at least shifts, that network of power fs that supports tle university’s claim to truth, is regufation of what cas ce coynerfof the university, in the “harder disciplines of natural science. But 3 She ARYL Jofepif Rouse shows in “Foucault and the Natural Sciences’ that such Eee, hepwlfdge is also pro 855 habe jpined prisons ang asylums as “complete and austere institutions,” Fe pchduding standardized and normafized objects and forcing things to 3 according to thee new dividing practices. Rowse proposes how’ ledge ice to Foucault's analytics of power, one that will to in dynamic relations of powes. Laboratories the head of che Hing” in epistemology. Epistemological sovereignty ces the central features of political sovereignty 2 unitary regime, ated through law standing impartially over particular conflicts, and erliorded by “my of illegitimate claims?NDI +06 Lin, Amett, Burshtdyn 5 fan the) exgeptional, delim normalfy. There are i pospiblg, this is at leased of fhe supple, [happy subjects abjjomp!) who stray bey Tanja a narrow Arist he norm has tol ‘ough (0 promot formalization px channels of m Je that experts 1 childhood, the 1 dossiers, lab hae power is a [ve power 1s rem brought forth de. insted sabi that produces applied power ‘ ai iy. 1993 Hoe amd Atark, Fou ir form of normalization it does nat bend our jtehian mark, a pinpoint standard yo be hit dead lormalization debs impose homogeneity, but at the same time possible to inflividualize, to measure gaps, to differentiate 198e function is to make difterences iseelligibte ances for a vast age of individuals, a duction diversity even as st constrains all deviations by rmalization keeps watch over the excessive and ing che ourcasts who dweaten the order of sts and~if suitutions to comain these out 1¢ idea—to redirect their course to the latitudes warmal. Institutigns will form and well-adjust the young into f normatization instiutions will reform the spd the Tirits -eeds by way of confession rather than repres ik the individual, power's strategy is t0 produce of adapted, ambient individuals to move easily through the ideen social celasions. Pacienes are brought out at prison and endowed with the power to speak a derstand, By wanting to know everything, all personal history, the fantasies of the patieavin: Hever, the subset is produced sind power produces its subjects limited, interminable subjectilication, by exceedingly derailed fate records of the individual life and personal for Foucault, pgwer is ‘power/knowledge” Beyund the Baconian lied knowledge, Foucault contends that know! Knowledge is what power relations produce in syeminate all the more effectively Against the fs something thot will Your’ (emerge as truth) fall ed, Foucault holds that without power no “euth” all. [248 not as i, were power removed, the inh t would be liberated Quite the pppasite it 1s 1p science af subjectivity in urder to produce 1 Assistant profesor Biope Steve/Cyrus'Ruhy duals to move easily through ility to produce our own relations and not have i hy Criique oF fystitinions.CNDI +06 Lin, Amett, Burshteyn| Alternative + Ofly when we q pus break dows Sa fought. Moder dhotor-judge, the bo itself, this po archipelago, i and inti: Steve/Cyrus’Ruby Alresuative ~Qaechion jag fPessi an stion the norms of society can we ever hope to solve |. We need ta ask ourselves what it means to be normal, this the sovereign, hier, Professor of Philosophy’ 2! Boston College, 1990, Michael! illeminace che night in which our political conflicts eless feels chat it permits an identification of the in contemporary political thought, The problem is he functioning of norms in contemporary practice ciecy has witnessed a proliferation of techniques that ade the growth pf an extensive power possible. At che heart of this t stlem [hac the universal feign of the normative is based; and each individal norms “We are in the sociery of ehe reacher-judge, lucator-judge, the ‘social-worker’-judge: ic is on himself, subjects to it his body, his geseures, his achievements,” Probing the norm’s roots and eration gives the key for understanding the most 1s: not oaly that the power co judge and punish has sicimated in our society, but rather chat stich im 50 readily accepted and tolerated.*® Like the penal + of normalization is not exterior to us: in the aetrares the depths of what we consider most cesality) HS :| Binps Steve/Cyrus/Ruby:N ve “Specific. Ludeledua) fo sap power from disciplinary power in order CNDI “06 Lin, Arnett, Bursht yn ooh ‘The specific inteltgetnb) allows itself to avoid reproducing jnore invasive power and allowing transgression. Schmelzer, professo} of fagish at St. foseph’s University, 1993 [Panoptcism and Postmodern Pedagogy. Eoucaul ang thecriique of situs, p. 133-135] <__Surveillanef and ckaminatign presuppose the temporal priority of theory over pfactice, while the performative pedagogy of the postmodern IG) ses il ration, This mofent shapes the dilemma. The deviation 1s a0’ noe standhrdf The postmoderg theorist exceeds eccentricity and tran- Seeresses tHe nem by questionitg the truth claims the system privileges fow can tomfone, the f of this kext, for instance, negotiate these troubled Se waters? In “Inteflecfuals and Power’ Foucault suggests that the specific intellec: Inqflabors in a discrete discursive citcumstance in npposition co the tradition! udfiversal intellectual whose object 1s transcendent knowl. edge} can “spp ower in an activity conducted afong side those who . struggle for ow4r'™ This stratemy allows the intellectual to engage in & and undermine jwhat is most invisible and insidious in tual (one struggle to rdvei g prevailing plactifes while seemif, to use those practices. Whar he zs encaurages if loghl resistance to ah essentialist agenda, accomplished by ce continuous chitiqhe, showing that things must be reconfigured ia uncer ae tered, unclosed, fncomfortable digcourses that ’show that things are nat B8 as selfevideht af one believed, (© see that that which is accepted 3s od self-evident Will ho longer be accepted as such, Practicing criticism is 2 a? matter of making facile gestures dificult? 22 But the qukstign remains, how gan I resist and survive? How can | use 2 old ways to flo few things, move desks and minds around? Uncovering, 3 the enabling pssifmptions of the institution while continuing © work in it demands tha chfcanery and intellectual igor of the Derridian double Je expectations 0 ather elassroy gesture, Devloing strategies ehgt can be*read i multiple ways from ‘multiple suryfilldace positions might be a beginning. My gradcbooks are z fall oF macks andfchecks and numbers that contirm that [am scrutinizing oe my students Jbutphey do not show thar my quizzes ask what they noticed 5 as they read) wy they think thpt their attention was drawa to those issues, and what hey might have overlooked by pressing forward with a particular agkndf Nor is it obviols that these exercises were performed collaborativdly dad that they vefame the ropics for discussion in the remainder of thd class. Beating the system at its own game changes the swers on an evaluation sheet wh be available toa reader? What constitutes meaning? fsiways know what he means? Can anyone say what he means? If nofhing: is taken for grahted, everything is open to speculation When seuddnes fake these kinds) of questions seriously, they begin to La4 Biope oa | Steve/Cynus/ Ruby Lin, Amett, Burshtayn The spevific intel exposed for respsti phy at Villanona University. Assistant protessar of Philosophy at St sdseplf's University, 1993 [John and Mark, Foucault and the Crvigus: of Insututi nucault, the same agents of normalizing might also be instigaross There is no foqmula for critique in Foucault’s varied texts, but fromthelgenealogical pertpective fon which most af these essays draw", Sesertique dhast begin from ap analytic of relations of power. [1 those most mmddiafly csught ap in qhese felds af power who can Best expose ther 9 for dhatfthey are. To exis the intelligible structure of a local power show how the tiferentials in power relations work from their stances not yet jmagined. So, if a narrow claim to “expertise” 20 operate madhineries of domination, chat person is also. to leak the secedts of the machine, even to calibrate its parts to assife allows| on historical emergence and recent ascendency of the “specific * Untike the “uhiversal intellectual’ who would speak as a arwin, Oppeabeimer, and himself. They are less marked by the fefrinthe proncun } I Ont digfension of criticism for the specific intellectual is the critique of eam of the inteligctual destroyer of evidence and universalitis, tnfore wh. nthe resis and contin of he reset, lc nfl marks the weak/paints, the openings, the lines of power, who. | sssantly displaces himself, doesn't know exactly where he is a Je does this posfstructural effusiveness have to do with the real people, of people who are displaced im more material It was able tol address that charge by providing a new cconceptiop of what the wprk of criticism i. Problems are not always alreadhy Wfere—not as prdblems, anyway. It has taken the work of a response, |" The proban is to the mature Foxcault what is to Heidegge} not something to be taken for granted as 20 t be wrested forth ae ge gS $ 2 . a 2 byrafe hes aceity of Prouahe =>Biop: CNDI‘06 Steve/Cyrus Ruby: Lin, Arnett, Burshtpys Alt -In rere analytics analytics leads to the recognition of established concepts and allow locietal problems. y at Berkeley, 1982, Miche! Foucault, beyond sirvewr Alt- Interpreti the analysis of 1» that Foucault draws is that the job to be rom_power, In tlie human sciences all such [ic“cary seem to pfovie eneray to disciplinary and technological he job is rather to make this pragmatic account a field of power. retation and analytics prowect the practitioner Pr erin Leg “Analyties respects established problems and E they are concemmed with something importaat fy more about SOCIETY am gages than fefpretation starts from current socie neal Tony, without claiming to ca was, The concep Ha peso St in settes provide aichacolpsical ballast; aking fred probes senaugs meses one! i fer fse concepts from our past P44Bion Steve/Cyrus‘Ruby or Docile Redes CNDI-*06 Lin, Arnett, Burshtey { i “ « ooks to make & body docile, where a person may be subjected, used, ‘The sovereign transformed, 4nd improved. Micrel Foucaglt, Chair at the College de France, 1977. Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Ip. 136 sscovered the body as object and target OFT gh eo find signs of the attention then paid 10 fy tha is manipulated, shaped, rained, which Sib ye, responds, bechmes skilful and increases its frees, The great J of Man-the-Machine was written simultaneously on two vers: the anatomyjco-metaphysical register, of which Descartes Me the fist pagel and which the physicians end philosophers eds and tre tethnico-poliial register, which was constituted cal and calculated ‘a whole set of fegulations and by empiric hhods relating to fhe army, the school and the hospital, for con- ing oF correcting the operations of the body. These two resis soe ite dscinc, since ic was 2 question, on the one and of ae ae and use dod, on the other, of functioning and explana: i body and an intelligible body. And yet there the other. La Metrie's L’Honime- ‘of the soul and 2 general the centee of which reigns the notion of the analysable body co the manipulable body, Body js docile sat may be subjected, used easformed and proved, The celebrated auiomats, on the other hand, were ot ting. an organism, they were also politieal Tnodels of power: Frederick Il, dhe meticulous reef small iachipe, wellasined reiments and long exercises obsessed with them> TBE. -CNDIE “06 Lin, Amet, Burshteynf Steve Theor, Genealogy “Disciplinary Pewen farted to see hoy these problems of const could Se resgfved within a histeical framework, instead of refering ther tn pack toa constituedt object (maciness, criminality, or what- e¥es)ff Bus this historical contextualization needed to be some: {hing frore than the simple relaivization ofthe phencmenologgeal jeff | don’t believe the problem can be solved by histor cvingltne subject as posted by the phenomenologists, fabric. ing affublect that evoluds through the course of history. One tf dispense with the constituent subject, to get rid of the subjeffitselt, that’s to spy, to arrive at an analysis which ann acceuft for the constitution af the subject within & historia? framehrork. And this is what | would call genealogy. that is» form ff history which caa account for the constitution of kaowhe latifh to the feld of ‘throuffiout the cousse 0 citizens know Miche! Fougat of the Prison, discourses, domains of objects, etc, without having to ference to a subject which is either transcendental io ‘ents oF runs in its empty sameness Risto y ages er is invisible, The sovereign uses tacties (0 make s ‘at it has complete control of their tives. uf Pp. 187 Tike exarsinaton transformed the eceramy of visibility inca the s manifested and, paradoxically, found che offnciple ofits fored in the movement by which ie deployed shat ce. Those on when it was evercised could remain in the shade; reetived light only from that portion of power that was roded totem, of fom the refleston ofthat fora nomen hey ried. Disciplinary power, on the other hand, is exereised through invisibility; ac thesame cime it imposes on those som it subjects principle of compilsory visibility. In discipline, itis the subjects 1 have to be seer, Their visibility assures the hold of the power them. Itis the fact of being conseantly saen, being able alwa}s co be scen, zhat maintains the disciplined vidual in his subjection. And the examination is the technique which power, instead of emitting the signs of ts potency, instead wn and wl jectifcation. In fis space of domination, disciplinary power snifests ics potehcy, essentially, by arranging objects. The lamination is, as if were, the ceremony of this objectification, Professor of philosophy at the college de France, 1984, Bion: Cyrus Ruby! A Foucault re cheat ity . Chair at the College de France, 1977, Discipline & Punish: The BirthNDI +06, Lin, Amer, Burshteyn} Cink- Kill te Save itling to save ib Foucault’s Force off light, Pg. 139-140 | are quite dffinite. The power that creates and sustains a disciplinary society new dispefsation of power, Thus, Foucaule draws an example from the sphere of jfunishment in ordgs to emphasize che unity of his two investiga- tions, and fs a vivid illustration of the differeace between she modern and ise of powef.®” The monarch's right co decide between life br his subjects opprated within the context of a privilege to seize Jife or le ifeontinue. Despitd the conditions within which ithad ro function, the right of take life symbolized sovereign power. The modera period kiss seen 2 declfhe in recourse to dapital punishment because the power unique 10 this period isk power charged jth the administration and fostering of hfe itself; within fhis context, exeducion offends the justification for the very exercise of| er. Thus, for sufh extreme punishment to be justified at all, ishment must pifce their emphasis aoe so much on the crime Kind of bjoloftical danger to otlfers.’”® This difference between a power that manifests its in the taking of life and one that is exercised inthe fostering prought Life and|its mechanisms fae the eceltn of explicit Jo made knowledge-power an agent of eransformacion of ; \just and should be rejected in all insta James W. Bernauef, Professor of Philosophy at Boston College, 1990, Mictae! the strategic model was but a sketch, the reasons for needing it} { vps SteverCyrus’Ruby:CNDI +06 Lin, Amett, Burshtéyn| ‘The Aff engages iff normal allowing for the (ener bl Lines cues aie Biope Steve/Cyrus:Ruby/S 1 3 | i ation when attempting to isolate problems and solutions, ployment of biopower. dof Philosophy dt Berkeley. 1982, Mickel Foucault beyond stuecuratisn Dreyfus, Pro! hermeneutics, pase 19} { Normalizing technolosies have an almost identical structure. They operate by fstablishing a common definition of goals cedures, wiiich wake @ a fos-and. even more for meedluipon examples of ad _of-human ould bs Sreenizae gh as the Panopticon and the confessional. Srapecetely F pl: at the same time, they define practices intr ity, by determining what counts asa problem to be Solved Owe ca Ba ee rePaanon Boxmal fcseniifle for Me social paradigm has anv, Society ds tolbtizie felds of activity witch continually extend their ezage ot FieeOnlfsng contra {he opera] of norm: TETOUS-HOWEVET a major alefenes Petwvesn science and that of normalizing technologies; whereas |norfpal science aims il principle atthe final assimilation ofall anomalies, diciplinary cectmolygy works to set up and preserve an in- creasingly diferentisied set of gnomalies, which is the very way ite tends ts lknopedge and power {nto wider and wider domains Of ue, the realy impotent eiference Between che two is poits® ‘cal_Whereadfnormat science hab fumed out to be an effective means of Secumalgind| knowledge about the natural work (where knowledge ‘means uu 'y of prediction, abmber of different problems solved, and soon, ok fs about how thing are in themselves), normalizing sci has timad off to be a pomertl and insidious form of dominaton.y 149 General link: Dreyfus, Professor offPhilosophy at Herkeley, 1982, Michel Foucault. beyond stuciuris kl hermiencuties, page 219 {Ts tar asthighpower is concerned, itis frst necessary to distinguish that which is exe! consume, or dest ‘rere T is a TUENION the power we a naTvidpals (oF bel speak oF the st wwe suppose tat d Sh over things and gives the ability TOMO we, ‘Bement power Which sem Teom anlitudes ctl Fepeegemalttvonients. Let us say that par capacity Onithe other hand, what characterizes relying is thot ibrings into pay celations Beween ise power over others. The term SET RARE TART BY hat (mH HB ‘een groups, For ar Uy ho! deceive ourselves: iE we TeSOF the mechanism only insofar as tionships Be thini-ors derogom game. but simply, and Tor TE OSU STEIN th ae = fi ‘which induce others and uirmost gene TON from ove af ther). 2A7 GaéNDI +06 LAB: Armett Lin Bursfteyn FLY Dapenes _ pe ana cen plete surveillance lof total and cc mthropology at University of California, Berkeley 1984+ }, Professor of J Cine papopticon citer a parclaty vivid istnee of ons (Te Pa iejenol the body funetion, eis "a generalizable Fo tng a way of defiting power relations in 77 rae pees feof men. ts the diagram of & mecha on er eeducd to Rs Heal form tie sn fact figure Cdn may and must be detached fom 29 es e8y Mo a particular organization of space anc vo, avaual order that clans the mechanims of hare being deployed. _ The ppopticon consists ofa laege courtyard Wi oN in tae copii, survounded by a series of buildings divided inte Jf here are two windows: one Brings Tis an felis. In each cel left and J her face he tower, where age oe ight ang the oe eeellancea thecal. The celsbeEOMe whens oe rca ator alone, perfectly image “heal thet ys The mates nt simply VS wand a cones ibe the supervisor alone ot Fe epee qs ne poe s corinuous and APN of om seul ops he etre eons yes, Abn the cose poston, and anyone could te fo a wa Fhe survelan could wen be cbstwng 2 subst Fy ovate (eho soages,appetey copia shoo SY ce pancpon woud bean extremely renee perent fora haem since Ps wuld cut down the ver oflewmuchs necessary to watch the women in the ces). "The agphitectural per aqlardian ypesent, the power apparatus sil operates effectively {fle inmatp cannot eee sehether or not the guardian the taeer co fe must behave as if surveillance were perpetual and Teer tile prisoner is never sure when he is being observed, peebecomes his own guardian. As the final step in architectural May technglogical perfection, the panopticon includes » system jah abeervug and controling the controllers. Those who occupy th centralfpesitin in the panopticon are themselves thorough cai seshedipn a localization and ordering of their own behavior sanfris qerhaps the most diabolical aspect of the idea and of dalthe apypicanons it rought about,” Foucault comments, 1m Aneto gfananagement, power s not totally entrusted to some Beno Would exercise it alone, over others, in an absolute action is such that even If there i8 NO ilhions afer, this machine is one in which everyone is caught, thse wholexercise this pow: tot) | et ror as well a those who are subjected Paze_ 4 tBig CNDI ‘06 Steve/Cyrus/Ruby Lin, Amett, Burshtey| Lik: Spneca| ~Panegy all levels of society from 1 Le College de Ffance, 1994 [Miche Ethies Subjectivity and Truth. p rnsformed penality at the turn of the century was the adjust- judicial systerh to a mechanism of oversight and control ant integration linto a centralized state apparatus—but also famont and devalopment of a whole series of (parapenal and ripenal)|instituhions—that serves the main apparatas a @ | port, os forwaré positions, ot reduced forms. A general sys ght and confipement penetrates.al-layers of society, ak: | frat go from the great prisons.built on the panopticon model | jeties, and that find their points ‘of application not { the delinquents, but among abandoned children, orphans, high s¢hool students, workers, and so on. Ia a passage of On Prijons, Julius contrasted civilizations of the spectacle |. of sacrifice anfl ritual, where itis a matter of giving every- ‘a unifjue event and the major architectural form Ivis their af the establi yee times point of s tacle jor) with civilizations of supervision (where It is a matter of | unintefrupted| control by a few over the greatest number; ensuring ‘3 architectural form—the prison). And he added thet Zuro- its privile pean socidly, whic had cplecod religion with the state, offered the first examble of a civilization of supervision.” teenth century founded the age of panopticism.Bioy Cyrus’Ruby CNDI ‘06, Lin, Amett, Burshtey| Theor, = Fanepticisn ¢ ultimate surveillance over its citizens. This unprecedented power. Panopticism alfows the sover lege de France, 1977, Diseipline & Punish: Vhe isth surveillance ulfimately leads Miche) Foaeauft, Chair at the Gol of the Prison, Pf. 206 ~ 387 | | | ications, it makesit possible to perfect the exer-} ise of power. Iles this in several ways: ecaue it can reduce the umber of those Who exercise it, while increasing the number of ose on fiom it exercised. Becaue itis possible to imervene a ny momeht and Benue he constant pres acs even before the pffences, mistakes gr crimes have been commietod. Because, in these fondivions| is strength is chat it never intervenes, i is exercised ancy hos nose ensues mechan se fects follyw from one another, Because, without any physical astrument/other than architecture and geometry, it acts directly on sented come uy rly on hema makes any apparatus of power moze intense: it asutes its mnomy (ip macerfal, in personnel, in time); i assures its effcacicy its prelentativa character, ite contiauovs functioning. and ite romatic techanifm. Te is'a way of obuzning from power “ia Id quantity, "a great and new instrument of ernment. itp great excellence consists in che peat strength is capable givin 1 org ingtinsion it may be thought proper to pip nto" Bertha, 6) oe Tr'sa cast of i'sfeasy once you've thought of i’ in the palitial here, It dan in fate be integrated into any function (education, dia! trehtren,jproductin, punishment); it ean increase the fect of thig functiop, by being linked efosely with it; it can consti- te a miedmechagfom in which relations of power (and of know- ize) may be precitely adjusted, in the smallest detail, to the pro- ses that are to be supervised; it can establish a direct proportion tween ‘surplos ppwer’ and ‘surplus production’. In short, it anges thihgs in guch a way that the exercise of power is not Jed on fp she butsde, like a rigid heavy constraint, t0 the tions it jnvests, but is so subtly present in them as to increase tpr efficiency by ielf increasing i owa points of cootact. The joptic méchanism is nor simply a hinge, a point of exchange fveen a méchansnt of power anda function; it isa way of making wer relations fugetion in a function, and of making, 2 function jon through these power telations. Bentham’s Preface to eptcon opens whth alist of the benefits to be cbeained from his spectionchouse's WMorals reformed — health preserved ~ indutirg igorated instruction difured ~ public urthens lgtened -Econorny Hed ait Were, upon a reek ~ the gordian knot ofthe Poos Lave Bf cut, bus fied ~et by a simple idea in architecture!” (Bentham, In each of its apONDE 06 Lin, Amett, Burshtey| top is ¢o comtabt those who arc on the bottom. Michel Foucabit, Chair at the College de France. 1977. Discipline of the Prison, je. 176-177 farchized, continapus and functional surveillance may not be) the great technical ‘inventions’ of the eighteenth cencury, but {dious extension qoved its importance co the mechanisms of thar it bfoughe ofth it. By means of such surveillance, dis- ry power becamf an ‘integrated’ system, linked from che i the ecchomy ahd 10 che aims of the mechanism in which it actised. Te was alko organized as e multiple, automatic and fous power; for blthough surveillance rests on individuals, tioning is that of'a network of relations from top to bottom, so to a certain exfent from bottom to top and laterally; this rk ‘holds’ the whole together and traverses it in its encirety seas of power that derive from one another: supervisors, ally supervised. The power in the hierarchized surveillance peng ‘of tf disciplines is noe possessed a5 ¢ thing, or transferred 3s a -progftys it functions like a piece of machinery. And, although itis true(Prat its pyramidal drganization gives it a ined’, its the appara~ ts of a whole thee propivces ‘power’ and distributes individuals in this Permanent and coptinuous feld. This enables the disciplinary pon to be both absofutely indiscreet, since it is everywitere and ‘very principle it leaves no zone of shade and tly supervises the very individuals who are encrusted with ton: the si of supervising: and absolutely ‘diseree’, for it functions presfanently and largely in silence. Discipline takes possible the tion of a relatiohal power that sustains itself by its own anism and which, for che spectacle of public events substitutes the frintercupted play of calculated gazes. Thanks to the techniques of dhrveillance, the ‘physics’ of power, the hold over the body, ie according 10 the laws of optics and mechanics, according Ahle play of spats, lines, screens, beams, degrees and without se, in principle fx feast, co excess, force or violence, It is a that seems all {he less ‘corporal ia that it mone subsly ical’) 1% (07 Bio} Steve/Cyrus’Ruby & Punish: Jea of “top to bottom” control. The job for those on Phe BirthCNDL “06 Bio Steve/Cyrus/Ruhy Lin, Amett, Burshtey| 2NC Action A/T We Still Solve/We Make It Better No the affirmatives trading in juridical power for an even more insktiaus and &: disciplinary power that allows for the even more efficient management of populations ‘World Volunteer Wb, 2002 [http:/“wvew.worldvoluntefrweb org/fileadmip(docs/old’pd2002/LA0_ volunteering. in developaent.pa"| ‘The question then becdfnes has strane shiered discursive space in developnignt in the ensuing It) vs inception’ Discourse ine fs used the Foucquldian sense employed by Escobar, meaning the_systematisey slat is said, discussed, andfinamed in_a field ot work, wherein power and kniowledxe are joined woyetes «16 development was, andlps Fscobar puis it fontinues to be a top-down, ethnocentric approach, which treats rts of “progress” * i cultures as “abstract pact of that same dise by normalization, (O84 BHR) Ve argues ht scours In developmen. has na lula ‘of scr changes". The archieetre of he Jcusive frat ' temained unchdnged... the suecession of development stratexies andl substrxiroie ane disse space.” 9H 2), Atubss ofthe st idan attempt al cls since ils incepvio» gat In the period 1945-55) present alway’ voluntary agencies wou inthe discourse yenetal sense. "By voluecring for Onan 4s help you,” says d brochure of this NGO that recruits volunteers 10 work in shops Pai development projects in the South. VSO's recruitment materials call its work, ip." Volunteers Work ‘in ways which are designed 10 help individuals deveby. « ject training in particule sb to help others and it caf selling goods made by imonials dlso make reference 1a how much is learned. “Lhe W nothing from lesq developed cules.” writes Matthew Peerement, VSO ly must learn is nt made explieie /¥'V website). again what the West actCNDI06 Lin, Amett, Burshte) Bio} Steve/Cyrus: Ruby iz RUC ae Answers - GazeCNDI +06 Lin, Amett, Burshtey! The affir James W Foucault’s Force of Foucaule shere (wo the king sbciety had struggle, h fench Re shen asd eighteenth tbndency the period ait- ipporans royal in veka as to maf nish bet locate the ully by ad ArTWe rong; the Professor of Light, Pg, 126 cates the desire yecome unaccept: every is not the lution, but the of sable, The avers sncury was aime’ ye exercised arbi fat for a system sat would perme vention and rev the workings "2 Foucauk fi gee, not against 1 of the illegal erable. There ar areas of conduct ight be only 0 ciecy, the simul Jn of crimes again tf these struggles against king. Biop e/CyrusiRuby: Solve Brpower *{ improve biopower. ilosophy at Boston College. 1990. Michae! reform the modes of punishment at a point) Fntersect.2? The first of these was the struggle ign. The manifestation of royal power that Fesisted not so much because the cruelty of = but because the distribution of power in the le. Whac primarily interests Foweault in this rama of king versus people at the time of the ture of the new economy of power that was Wn to royal justice that was felt in the late Ae the irregularity of such justice, its constant srily and in contradictory ways. The desiee of justice that would be consistent and, most ‘the society in place of the unpredictable acts ‘One of the essential objectives of reform ge. “not to punish less but 0 f justice regular, fds the roots of this aversion and desire in yet the superpower of the king, but rather against les that fluorished in a monarchy but that had many reasons for the growth of this intoler~ fa which the king might be indifferent or wich lcasionally concerned: the development of 2 f violent crimes and mneous diminishment of property, the emergence of the capability t0 and illegalites its character and cone can be specified more rd, factor.) (db ws weCNDI “06 Bio Lin, Arnett, Burshtey Steve/Cyrus’Ruby A/T Perm The represqntation practices are worki state and the refevar Hubert. Dreyfus, pro itiea! Encoulvers, 2004 This seeming of being, pofer alway * “Being and Power" Revisited,” Aurea sd He what these Background fractices h administered from abovff. As Foucault Pus i: despite te H political theory of paler gives and sovereighty. (88-8: But now, Foycault tells beeing to purg ordering, seveals the ifolevance To conceive: the juridical pmonareh gradually ben penetra (89) ‘hat is, Just os for Hei fypasses thestate and micro-practides. The everyday person-to evervwhere, But in ear ordering evely detail emanating frp the so dangerously totalizing oF ontotheolaky) now fought and analysif. we still have not eut off the head of the king. Hence the innpor the problem of right and violence, law and illegality, freedom and wil, gaxl expect ifferences in a and objectives, the representation of power has ret Js, things have chadged. just as for Heidewger technicity, by treating everythi 1d 0 gets rid of ofto-theology-the idea thal some entiy isthe ground oF eu ‘questions of the Igaitimacy af the state as tho source of power. Foucault says these terms] is to eonceive of icin terms of a historical form that is eharaetgristie of ot [Characteristic yet transitory. For white many: of its forms have persisted. the pre Li by quite new mechanisms of power that are probably irreducible jo the yepresettat Subjects and objgets. $0 ne mm0us practices of contra Lo .2g2F Lokal mobiligatinn cannot be understood by posiin rks directly through new sorts of invisible, precise, cont 1a.power refatfons whose coordination peoduces the sivle of any regi fF egimes of powet there were na micro-Practices, Only disciplinary power works meti , while for Fougault all forms of poser are betomrup and the understand reign or the state misses this important fact. nonetheless bio-power is Botton so that undersignding power on the model of the power of phe kins oF Jers up an importa change i haw aur praclices are Work! posseBiops Steve/Cyrus’Ruby ENDI +06 Lin, Amett, Burshteyn| A/T Perm: Dreyfus, Prof hhermenebtics. page ult yond strveralesm prof Phitosorh at Berkeley, 1982, Michel Fou 6 « into a technical problem—and thence re nat might otherwise be construed 28 8 hhnologies advance effectively transi re whole system ‘what is essential i operation. Political t otic problem, femovng Xow, a ating it te neutral Tanguabe OF tet te problems have become techn Tort the language of reform is. from the tk these PolTeaT Temas Bo ie people health PT reinforce aud ssiend the DOMES Fished By definition, thers atk was esta Pat solying anvtechaical problem Oo as sured, fo Tiare was natin al be Showa wre sonoma ong Seda pe pa aon A foe sa hey fate only Foss the ae Peale any of Ecfaly techaical piNDI 06 Lin, Amett, Burshteyn Biape Steve/Cyrus Ruby AT~_ Perm Perm Fdils. Te how the endpoint before we do the process is 10 allow even sore cota the soqereign Miche! Boucault {Chair at che College de France, 1977, Discipline & Punisty Phe Birth of the Prison, Pg. 160-161 fre ‘seriation’ of dhecesive activites makes possible a whole onl by posi the possibility of a detailed con- ervention (of diflerentiation, correction, ‘and making it useful, by segmentation, seriation, syachesis and ization. A macro-and a micra-physics of power made possible, integration of a| temporal, unitary, continuous, cumulative nsion in se of controls and the practice of dominations. i asthe conte ~ardso peter fern events.Bion. CNDEOG | Steve/Cyrus’ Ruby’ Lin, Aroett, Burshteyn AT: Perm/Allofis More Pervasive poner Exposing pofver relations is|key' to check di intdlectua) like universality does not need power and domina iplinary power. The spes ion to function. id the Critique of Instinuion. Philgsophy at Sf soseph’s Universfty, 1993 [John and Mark. Foucaul n Bur this is also how the poststructural liberations of a specific ncelfectuat can He tumed to explicitly potitical ends. Foucault’ specitic fntellectual can sty to the people. “I would like to preduce some effects of ith which might be used fora possible battle, to be waged by those who Pvish to wage it, In forms yet to be found and in organizations yet to be Hicfined.” In the all-extensive fields of power, the battle is always already Junder way. Where there is power, there is resistance or, better, pain’s of resistance throughout the power network, each one a special case The spectfic ineelleceyal will aot suppase a sovereign point from which power Jexercises dominipn or domination. Foucault believed that the very idea of lpower-as:right serves 40 conceal the fact of domination and all that Hdoriiation effedis. Thus to give due weight to domination, to show ies ruthlessness, reahires this new analytics of power to expose the domina tion within later relations ofspower. “the multiple forms of subjugation that have a phuct and function within the social organism"? ‘Thar is where| criticism of institutions comes in Institutions are where Power “becomes Embodied in techniques, and equips itself with instr ments and evegtually even violent means of material intervention” Criticism atcemges co flush out che thotight that animates even che moss stupid institutiogs in order to try to change both thought and institution, to show as much that ic caw be changed as that it must be to show that things are not as self-evident as one believed, 10 sec that whak is accepted as self-evident will no longer be accepted a» such, Practicing criticism is a matter of making facile gestures difficulr.Dope Ruby’ NDI ‘06 Lin, Arnett, Burshteyn| SteveCyn Oat ABB Noses scores Discourse shabes reality. What we say ultimately’ manifests into what we do. Michel Foucaffit, Chair at the College de France, 1977, Discipline & Punish: Ihe Bint of the Prison, fe, 194 tt is often said that the model of a society that has individuals af its constituene elements is borrowed from the abstract juridical {rms of contract and exchange. Mercantile society, sevording t0 is view, is represented as a contractual association of isolated ifrdical subjects. Perhaps. Indeed, the political theory of the Fvenseenth and eighteenth centuries often seems to follow this nema. But it should nor be forgotten that there existed at the same riod a technique for constieuting individuals a8 correlative ele- is of power ang knowledge. The individual is no doube the tious atom of an\‘ideological’ representation of society; but he is at reality Fabricated by chis specific technology of pawer that I we called ‘discipline’. We must cease once and for all co deseribe fe effects of power in negative terms: it ‘excludes’, it ‘represses’, ‘censors’, it ‘absiracts', it "masks’, it ‘conceals’. In fact, power duces; it produces reality; it produces domains of objects and individual and the knowledge that may be to this production. Mjchel Foukault, Chair at the College de France, 1977, Discipline & Punisb: The Bi we not stop. It ob nds and takes over and infiltrates all pares of society L Pe. 216 of the Priso| On the whole, therefore, one can speak of che Formation of 2 isciplinary tocily in this movement that stretches from che enclosed disciplings, a sare of social ‘quarantine’, co an indefinitely generalizable mechanism of ‘panopticisn’. Not because che disci ptnary modality bf power hes replaced all the others; but because it has inflated [the overs, sometimes undermining them, but erving as an intérmediary berween them, linking them together, Jextending them afd above all making it possible to bring the effects Jf power to the fuost minvte and distnt elements, t assures an infinitesimal distution of the power celatons Lal‘NDI “06 Lin, Ameti, Burshteyn| 2NC-A jt Taylor AIT Taylor Dreyfus, Pr Hermeneutics. fice 5 ight hata hermeneutic Soca ssience such as he advocutes wapld have the edag over the objective social sciences in anderstanding toovements suck las these which took place in the late sixties. But, jacault's point of view, wwe have seen in chapter §, from Fa the heemenedfic sciences, oF si ingsubjestivits boxe intrinsic limitations adlserious 25 tho ve social signces TST, substfuting the actor's point oF Veo as to the the background) practices for an objective grid which while aa advance, runs into eal sities, For, Som the Boit of view of JBergvesive Poalyties, socal actors such a5 che hippies, even more than Eine scdfotiss, are out of uch with the progressive objectifeation Gaeiae piace fr sociccy. The couptereultura movement was no doubt cor Wey nts seffonderstanding. THese actors were, indeed, calling attention and conteftinga certain consdasus thatthe rest of soctery ad the social for granted a¢ nafural and desirable. But they were gute ft their ove significance, and so a hermeneutics which at Tempted to oft inside aad explicate their point of view would necessarily [steken, According to Foucault's analysis, the backssound not be understood hermencutically in terms of th Jost as the Pojects of the