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DELTA REVIEW CENTER

Pajara, Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City Tel. # 723-7274

POLYGRAPHY
DEFINITION OF TERMS Polygraphy is defined as the scientific detection of deception through the use of polygraph. Polygraph is a device or instrument for the recordings of chart in blood pressure, pulse beat, respiration and galvano-skin reflexor, as indicative of emotional excitement especially of lying, when uestioned. - !s a combination of two words, "poly# meaning many and "graph# meaning a chart. Deception is art of deceiving or misleading usually accomplished by lying. Lying is the uttering or conveying falsehood creating a false or misleading impression with the intention of affecting wrongfulness of the acts, opinion and affection of another. Detection is the act of discovering the existence, presence of fact of something hidden or obscure. $ethods of detection is based on the fact that involuntary bodily changes accompany detection, the apparent effects observed, being the physiological changes accompanying the emotion of fear primarily fear of conse uence or exposure. E otion is derived from the word "emovere# meaning to stir up, agitate or move. !t is agitation, disturbance or tumultuous physical or social movement constituting a departure from the usual calm state of the orgasm as a loose strong feeling, an impulse to avert action and internal changes in respiration, circulation and glandular action.

Fear is the emotional responses to specific dangers that appear to be potentially beyond person%s defensive powers. &he lying person%s fears detection of the lie, causing physiological changes to take place in his body. &hese changes can be recorded with the polygraph instrument and diagnosed by the examiner. Sti !l!" is the force or motion reaching the organism from the environment and excites the receptors. !n short, it is any force that arouses the organism or any of these parts to activity. !n polygraph examination, stimuli are presented to sub'ect in the form of uestion.

A Reaction is defined as any activity aroused in an organism by a stimulus. !t is an action or mental attitude evoked by an external influence. Re"pon"e is any activity of a previous activity of an organism or of an affect or (muscles or glands) organs or part of the organism resulting from stimulation. METHODS OF DE#EPTION Ancient Metho$ the ancient practice was to utili*e religious and superstitious belief as the vehicle for the established truth. !t is accomplished either through trial by combat or torture and ordeals and was not based in any understanding of the physiological principles underlying deception. O%"er&ation Metho$ several symptomatic reactions are observable from lying persons. +xternal manifestations are not however a conclusive as criteria for the establishment of guilt of innocence as the highly nervous may also exhibit the same reactions, while those who learned to control the muscle of their face and body may present a poker face in an attitudinal innocence.

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The 'ollo(ing 'acial e)pre""ion i" "!gge"ti&e o' $eception (hen cri inal "!"pect !n$er interrogation* 1. ,. /. 0. 1.

ani'e"te$ %y a

Paling, blushing or profuse sweating on the forehead, eyebrows or chains.ilation of the eyes, protrusion of the eyeball, elevation of the upper eyelids&witching at the corner of the lips+xcessive winking, movement of the vein at the dimple- and 2uivering of the nostrils

Po"t!ral reaction" "!gge"tion" o' $eception are* 1. ,. /. 0. 1. 6. !nability to look the interrogator straight in the eyes+xcessive activity of the "3dams apple#.ryness of the mouth, loud clacking can be heard every time he speaks4idgeting with the fingers, tapping or drumming on the chair5winging of one leg over the other7hange in the tone of the voice or monotone-

8. Pulsation of the carotid artery in the neck9. +xaggerated coldness, nervousness and forced laughter :. !ncoherence, trembling and sweating Hypnoti" another method of deception. &his was begun by Mesmer in 1778 by experiments on the use of electromagnetic effects.

+or$ A""ociation Te"t another method of detection started by Francis Galton in 1870 and later developed and modified by Mussteburg Crosland, Luria and Dr. Jung. Tr!th Ser! detecting deception in present use is the "truth serum# a narco-analysis. &his method was started in 1922 by Dr. .M. !ouse of 4erris, &exas.

Polygraph Techni,!e detecting deception with the aid of a polygraph machine which is based on the theory that a conscious mental effort on the part of a normal person to deceive cause physical changes of being recorded and diagnosed. DE-ELOPMENT OF POLYGRAPH !n ./012 Angelo Mo""o studies fear and its influence on the heart and his observations subse uently forms the basis for detection techni ues. ;e developed a type of sphygmomanometer and the scientific cradle for the study of fear. #e"are Lo %ro"o is accorded the distinction of being the first person to utili*e an instrument for the purpose of detecting lies. &he instrument he used in detecting deception in criminal suspects was called the ;ydrosphygmomanometer. Mar"ton conducted numerous tests for detection of deception by utili*ing the change in systolic pressure.

!n .0.3 +illia

DE-ELOPMENT OF THE PNE4MOGRAPH -ictorio 5en!""i in .0.6, conducted experiments using the pneumograph for the detection of deception. The Pne! ograph #o ponent

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&he Pneumograph component is made up of the units- the pneumograph chest assembly is composed of the rubber convoluted tube, when attached to the contraction and expansion causes an air pressure within the tube. &he pneumograph chest assembly is connected to the recording unit of the hose. 3 vent is placed between the chest assembly and the recording unit. !n an open position, air is permitted to escape and cannot reach the recording unit.