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Non-uniform impurity
Consider a material with nonuniform impurity (which is most case in real device), in thermal equilibrium, no current flow. At initial, carriers flow from high concentration to area with lower concentration. Electrons flows leaving holes, creating an electric field. As equilibrium reached, this electric field prevent further diffusion process
Quasi Neutrality
Assuming that the electron density is almost equal the donor concentration, 0
0 = = ) The fermi level is constant in equilibrium. The taking the derivative in respect to , the equation become = Subtituting we get 1 =
exp( ) ln(
Einstein relation
Assuming quasi neutrality where , total current is zero in equilibrium, so that = 0 = + Substitue for , 1 0 = + As a result, we get
or for hole