Map 3 Asia Occidentalis

Compiled by M. Roaf and the Project Office, 1998 Introduction

Most of the territory shown only on this map consists of the deserts of Arabia, inland Iran and central Asia. Note that the areas marked with the dry lake, wadi symbol in inland Iran are treacherous kavir, a thin dry crust covering liquid mud beneath; many travelers have perished when the crust gave way beneath their feet. The only regions with significant settlement are in southern Iran (eastern Persis and Carmania) and Sistan (Drangiane). Very little archaeological fieldwork has been carried out in south-east Iran and western Afghanistan, and there are many outstanding problems concerning the historical geography of these regions between the beginning of the Achaemenid period and the end of the Sasanian. The standard works on Islamic historical geography (Schwarz 1896; Le Strange 1905) are based on written sources, and do not take into consideration any twentieth-century archaeological investigations; the same general point applies to entries in RE. The suggestions made by these scholars for the identification of ancient place names are often based on the similarity of modern and ancient ones; they are sometimes plausible, but seldom certain. In several cases it is certain that names have moved from one settlement to another. Sometimes the distances are not great: for example, Sasanian and early Islamic Darabgird is little more than four miles from modern Darab, and Sasanian and early Islamic Sirjan is about ten miles from the modern town of the same name. But in other cases the distances are greater: [Bardasir], for example, is about forty miles from modern Kerman. Where substantial ancient remains have not been identified, or the textual references do not unambiguously determine the location, a place is marked as approximate. Thus Sasanian Yazd and Bam, for example, are marked with an approximate symbol placed at the modern sites, since there is no certain evidence that the pre-Islamic cities were actually in the same place as the present-day ones. Likewise some identifications which have appeared with great regularity in earlier studies are omitted here. These include Poura = Bampur, and Teisa = Tis, because the similarity of the name is the main evidence for the identification. A particular problem lies in locating the chief city of ancient Carmania, which according to some sources was called Karmana. I would expect it to be in the vicinity of Jiroft/Sabzevaran, but no survey has yet revealed a suitable site. Later the name was transferred to the future capital of the province, Kerman. Parsa in Achaemenid times included Carmania, and places later known to be in Carmania are sometimes said to be in Persis. Later, Sakastan(e) included Drangiane and western Arachosia, including modern Kandahar (ancient Alexandria/Alexandropolis/Cufis, Map 6 B3).

Directory
Names
Grid G2 D2 D2 E2 Name Abarshahr Aborras/ Chaboras fl. Adiabene Adur Gushnasp Period Modern Name / Location IRN SYR / TKY IRQ IRN Reference See Map 97 See Map 91 See Map 91 See Map 90

MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS Grid B3 B3 C4 B4 A3 H3 H3 H2 E2 C3 D2 H3 C2 B2 B2 F4 B2 C2 C2 B2 C2 B4 D4 D1 F3 D2 E3 F4 H3 H3 H2 C2 D2 D2 G4 A2 F3 Name Aegyptium Mare Aegyptus Aelana/ Aila Aelaniticus Sinus Aila = Aelana Alexandria Alexandria Alexandria Ariorum/ Artacavan/ Harey Alexandria/ Antiochia/ Merv Amardos fl. Amata Amida Anauon Anazarbos Ancyra Anemurium Antiocheia Persidos? Antiochia/ Caesarea Antiochia Antiochia = Alexandria Antitaurus M. Apamea Apamea Arabia Arabia Araxes fl. Araxes? fl. Arbela Archous? fl. Ardashir-Khurra Ar(e)ia Ari(m)aspai Euergitae Arius fl. Armenia Armuzia = Harmozeia Arsanias fl. Artacavan = Alexandria Ariorum Artaxata Asabon M. Asia Minor Aspadana/ (I)Spahan/ Gay/ Gabai? (As)Syria Attene/ Chattenia Babylon Babylonia Baclanaza Bagoon M. Balarath? fl. Balihu fl. Period Modern Name / Location EGY JOR Reference See Map 74 See Map 1 See Map 76 See Map 76 HR EGY AFG AFG TKM IRN Nabq? SAU TKY around Phra(da) in S Ar(e)ia AFG TKY TKY TKY IRN TKY TKY TKY TKY SYR EGY CHRL IRN IRQ IRQ IRN AFG AFG / IRN AFG ARM / TKY TKY ARM OMN / UAE TKY IRN See Map 74 IsidChar 18; Fraser 1996, 127-40 See Map 98 See Map 98 See Map 90 Speidel 1987, 217-18 See Map 89 IsidChar 16 See Map 67 See Map 63 See Map 66 See Map 94 See Map 62 See Map 67 See Map 64 See Map 62 See Map 68 See Map 77 NPauly See Map 90 See Map 94 See Map 89 See Map 93 See Map 94 See Map 98 Andr 1980, 124; Bosworth 1980, 365-66 See Map 98 See Map 89 See Map 89 See Map 89 See Map 95 See Map 1 See Map 92

33

CHR C

C2 E4 D3 E3 C4 H3 E2 C2

ACHRL SAU IRQ IRQ SAU AFG IRN SYR / TKY

RE See Map 95 See Map 91 See Map 93 See Map 83 See Map 6 See Map 90 See Map 67

34 Grid G4 H4 C5 C3 C3 B3 C2 B2 B2 B2 G4 C2 F2 B5 B5 E3 C5 H2 F2 C2 B2 D2 B2 B4 B4 C2 B4 D3 B2 H2 H3 Name Bam [Bardasir] = Veh Ardashir Barna Bashiyan? = Tell-i Zohak Berenice Berytus Bishapur = Veh Shapur Bostra Caesarea = Antiochia Caesarea Caesarea Callinicum = Nicephorium Calycadnus fl. Cappadocia Cappadox? fl. Carmania Carrhae Caspium/ Hyrcanium Mare Cataracta Prima Cataracta Secunda Chaboras fl. = Aborras fl. Chaldaici? L. Chardaleon Chatracharta Chattenia = Attene Chindrum? fl. Cilicia Cilicius Aulon Circesium Claudia Archelais Claudianus M. Clysma Commagene Coptos Ctesiphon Cyprus Dahae Dahan-i Ghulaman/ Zra(n)ka? Drangai Zarin Damascus Darabgird Dastagird? Diabas fl. Dihistan Diospolis Magna/ Thebai Drangiane/ Zarangiane Drangae Derangae Drangiani Sarangai Zarangae Zranka Dumatha Dura/ Europus Period

MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS Modern Name / Location IRN CH perhaps near Gwdar PAK EGY LEB SYR ISR TKY TKY TKY TKY IRN TKY EGY SUD IRQ SAU Chardzhou? TKM IRN TKY SYR TKY EGY EGY TKY EGY IRQ CYP / CYX CH? CH C SYR IRN IRQ IRN / IRQ TKM EGY CHR CHR HR R L C L CH RL Helmand basin AFG / IRN See Map 69 EncIran Darab See Map 91 See Map 91 See Map 96 See Map 80 EncIran Drangiana; EncIs Sistan TKM IRN Reference EncIran Bam RE Badara See Map 80 See Map 69 See Map 69 See Map 69 See Map 63 See Map 66 See Map 64 See Map 86 RE Karmania See Map 67 See Map 90 See Map 81 See Map 81 See Map 93 See Map 4 RE; Fontaine 1977, 104 See Map 96 See Map 67 See Map 72 See Map 91 See Map 63 See Map 78 See Map 74 See Map 67 See Map 80 See Map 91 See Map 72 See Map 97 EncIran Dahan-e Golaman EncIran Drangiana

CHRL

H?RL

C3 F4 D3 E3 F2 B4 H3

C4 D3

SAU SYR

Speidel 1987, 213; Millar 1993, 185 See Map 91

MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS Grid E3 C2 C4 E3 C3 F5 H3 C4 Name Ecbatana Edessa Egra Elymais Emesa Epimaranitae?/ Nareitai? Anareitai Erymandros fl. Erythr(ae)um/ Rubrum Mare Erythr(ae)um Mare = Persicus Sinus Eulaeus? fl. Euphrates fl. Europus = Dura Frakh-kar-Peroz = Phra(da) B2 E2 G4 E2 B3 H4 B2 E4 D2 G2 F4 F4 B2 F2 G4 D1 D2 F2 E3 C3 B4 A2 B4 B4 C2 C2 D2 F2 Gabai? = Aspadana Galatia Ganzak? Garm-Kerman Garrah fl. Gay = Aspadana Gaza Gedrosia Kedrosia Germa Gerra? Gordyene G(o)urgan? [Govasir] = Veh Ardashir Granis? fl. Gurgan = G(o)urgan Hajjiabad Halys fl. Harborz M. Harey = Alexandria Ariorum Harmozeia/ Armuzia Harmozon Harpasos fl. Hatra Hecatompylos? Hedyphon? fl. Heliopolis Hermopolis Magna Hermus fl. Heroopoliticus Sinus Hibis Hierapolis Hierapolis Hirmas fl. Hyrcania Hyrcanium Mare = Caspium Mare Iasonion TKY IRN IRN IRN GAZ Baluchistan-Makran IRN / PAK TKY SAU TKY IRN IRN IRN TKY IRN CHRL IRN TKY IRQ IRN IRN / IRQ LEB EGY TKY EGY SYR TKY SYR / TKY IRN / TKM See Map 63 See Map 90 Gyselen 1989, 49 See Map 90 See Map 70 RE See Map 62 See Map 95 See Map 89 See Map 96 See Map 94 See Map 94 See Map 87 See Map 96 RE See Map 87 See Map 91 See Map 96 See Map 93 See Map 69 See Map 77 See Map 56 See Map 76 See Map 79 See Map 67 See Map 67 See Map 89 See Map 96 Period Modern Name / Location IRN TKY SAU IRN SYR UAE AFG / PAK Reference See Map 92 See Map 67 See Map 83 See Map 93 See Map 68 RE; Potts 1990, 310, 323 See Map 6 See Map 4

35

R H?R

E3 C2

IRN / IRQ

See Map 92 See Map 93

CHRL

H2

TKM

See Map 98

36 Grid C5 E4 H4 C3 B3 C3 C1 F3 B2 C2 B3 E3 G4 E3 G5 G5 E3 B2 H3 G4 C2 H2 D2 F4 F2 E3 G5 G5 H3 E1 B5 G3 A2 C2 C4 C3 C3 B2 E1 A2 C1 Name Iathrippa Icarus Ins. Ichthyophagoi Ierusalem Internum Mare Iordanes fl. Iris fl. Isatichai Isauria (I)Spahan = Aspadana Issicus Sinus Iudaea Ivan-i Karkheh Jumeirah [Jundishapur] Kalaiou Nesoi Kalon Oros Kambadene Kapros? fl. = Zabas Mikros fl. Karalis L. Karkuya/ Korok? Carcoe? Karmana Karmalas? fl. Kasp? fl. Kentrites fl. Kish Komisene Koprates? fl. Korodamon? Akron Korok? = Karkuya Kryptos Limen? Kuh-i Khwaja Kyros fl. Kysis Lakh-mazar Laodicea Laodicea Leuke Kome? Libanus M. Litas fl. Lycaonia Lychnitis Limne Lycia Lykos fl. Lykos? fl. = Zabas Megas fl. Macoraba Madiane Macae Maeander fl. Maka/ Maketa Mandros fl. Margiana/ Margush/ Merv Period

MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS Modern Name / Location SAU Failaka KUW IRN / PAK ISR TKY near Yazd IRN TKY Reference See Map 83 See Map 93 RE Ichthyophagi See Map 70 See Map 1 See Map 70 See Map 87 RE See Map 66 See Map 67 See Map 70 See Map 92 Potts 1990, 298-300 See Map 93 Potts 1990, 315 Potts 1990, 315 See Map 92 See Map 65 Schippmann 1971, 37-45 RE RE RE Karmania See Map 67 See Map 98 See Map 89 Whitehouse 1973, 41, 45 See Map 96 See Map 93 Potts 1990, 321-22 Potts 1990, 321 Schippmann 1971, 57-70 See Map 90 See Map 79 Labbaf 1994 See Map 65 See Map 68 See Map 83 See Map 69 See Map 69 See Map 66 See Map 88 See Map 65 See Map 87

CHRL

H?R

IRN L R R UAE IRN Ad Daymaniyat OMN Jebel Akhdar OMN IRN TKY perhaps Karku in Sistan IRN IRN TKY IRN TKY IRN IRN IRN / IRQ Ra's al-Hadd OMN Muscat OMN IRN AZE / GEO EGY IRN TKY SYR SAU LEB LEB TKY ARM TKY TKY

L R L CHRL

L H?R H?R HRL

RL

C5 C4 G5 A2 G4 F2 H2

H?R R

Mecca SAU SAU UAE TKY IRN IRN TKM

RE Suppl. 12 See Map 76 See Map 95 See Map 61 RE Makai 1; Vogelsang 1992, 43 See Map 90 See Map 98

MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS Grid H2 E3 E2 F2 D3 E2 C2 C2 B4 E3 C2 B4 C3 B4 C3 H3 Name Margus fl. Margush = Margiana Massabatene Matiane Limne Maziris? fl. Media Media Atropatene Melas fl. Melitene Memphis Merv = Alexandria Merv = Margiana Mesene Mesopotamia Moeris L. Mortuum Mare Myos Hormos? Nabataea Nad-i Ali/ Zarang? Nareitai? = Epimaranitae? Narezzash? = Niriz Nev-Shapur Nicephorium/ Callinicum Nilus fl. Nineveh/ Ninos Nippur Niriz/ Narezzash? Nisa(ia) Nisibis Nysa = Scythopolis Oarakta Ins. Oasis Magna Omana? Oroatis? fl. Orontes fl. Osrhoene Oxus fl. Oxyrhynchus Palmyra Pamphylia Pamphylium Mare Paphos Paraetacene Parsa = Persepolis Parthyene Pasa? = Tell-i Zohak Pasargadae Pasitigris? fl. Pelusium Perge Persepolis/ Parsa Persicus Sinus/ Erythr(ae)um Mare Tamtu Shaplitu Persis CHR H?RL Period Modern Name / Location TKM IRN IRN IRN IRN / IRQ IRN / TKY TKY TKY EGY IRN / IRQ EGY EGY AFG Reference See Map 98 See Map 92 See Map 89 See Map 96 See Map 92 See Map 89 See Map 64 See Map 64 See Map 75 See Map 93 See Map 89 See Map 75 See Map 70 See Map 80 Gatier 1988; ABD Nabateans Ball 1982.752 EncIran Drangiana See Map 97 See Map 91 See Map 74 See Map 89 See Map 93 Gyselen 1989, 28, 72-73 RGTC 11 Narez(z)a(n/) See Map 97 See Map 89 RE See Map 79 See Map 95 See Map 93 See Map 67 See Map 67 See Map 6 See Map 75 See Map 68 See Map 65 See Map 65 See Map 72 See Map 92 See Map 97 See Map 94 See Map 93 See Map 74 See Map 65 See Map 94 RE Persischer Meerbusen RGTC 8, 227 See Map 94

37

G2 C2 B4 D2 E3 F4 G2 D2 G4 B4 G4 F3 C2 C2 H2 B4 C3 B2 B2 B3 E3 G2 F3 E3 B3 B2 F4 F4 F4

IRN SYR IRQ RL CH? IRQ IRN TKM SYR / TKY CHR Qeshm Is.? IRN EGY UAE IRN SYR / TKY SYR / TKY EGY SYR TKY CYP IRN IRN / TKM IRN IRN / IRQ EGY TKY IRN CHRL ACH IRN Persian Gulf

38 Grid C3 C3 B3 H3 Name Petra Philadelpheia Phoenicium Mare Phra(da)/ Prophthasia/ Frakh-kar-Peroz Propasta Phraaspa? Phrygia Peroz-Shapur Pisidia Porphyrites, Mons Prophthasia = Phra(da) (P)Saros fl. Pselchis Pyramos fl. Qal'a-i Sam Radani fl. Resaina Rev Ardashir? Rhaga(i) Rhyndakos fl. Ridagnus? fl. Rubrum Mare = Erythr(ae)um Mare Sagalassos Salamis Samosata Sangarius fl. Sarapi(a)s Ins. Sard-Kerman Saripha M. Sarnios fl. Sarnios? fl. = Sideris? fl. Sar-o Tar Saros fl. = (P)Saros fl. Satala Scythopolis/ Nysa Sebasteia Seleucia Seleucia ad Eulaeum = Susa Shahristan/ Zarang? Ram-Shahrestan Shiragan/ Sirjan Side Sideris?/ Sarnios? fl. Sidon Sinai Singara [Siraf] Sirjan = Shiragan Sitakos? fl. Skylax fl. [Sohar] Sophene Period

MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS Modern Name / Location JOR JOR R/ HRL L L perhaps near Farah AFG Reference See Map 71 See Map 71 See Map 68 RE Phrada RE 2 Gyselen 1989, 48 See Map 90 See Map 62 See Map 91 See Map 65 See Map 78 See Map 66 See Map 81 See Map 67 Caratelli 1966, 34-35; Scerrato 1970, 137 See Map 91 See Map 89 See Map 94 See Map 92 See Map 52 See Map 96

E2 A2 D3 B2 B4 C2 B5 C2 H3 D3 D2 F4 F2 A2 F2

IRN TKY IRQ TKY EGY TKY EGY TKY HR IRN IRQ SYR IRN IRN TKY IRN

B2 B2 C2 B2 G5 G4 H3 H2 H3 C1 C3 C2 D3 H3 G4 B2 G2 C3 B4 D2 F4 F4 C2 G5 C2

L H?R R

TKY CYX TKY TKY Masirah Is. OMN IRN Tejend TKM AFG TKY ISR TKY IRQ

See Map 65 See Map 72 See Map 67 See Map 52 Potts 1990, 314-15, 322 Gyselen 1989, 64 See Map 98 Strabo 11.8.1 Ball 1982.1006 See Map 89 See Map 69 See Map 64 See Map 91 Schippmann 1971, 35-37 Gyselen 1989, 62 Gyselen 1989, 87 Gyselen 1989, 86 Morgan 1987, 26 See Map 65 See Map 96 See Map 69 See Map 76 See Map 89 Whitehouse 1973, 33-35 See Map 94 See Map 87 Potts 1990, 292-93, 296-97 See Map 89

R?L H?RL L L

IRN Qal'ah-ye Sang IRN TKY IRN / TKM LEB EGY IRQ Taheri IRN IRN TKY OMN TKY

R?L

RL

MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS Grid Name Sousia = Tusa Spahan = Aspadana Spasinou Charax? Susa/ Seleucia ad Eulaeum Syene Syria Syria = (As)Syria Taboca Tarsus [Tartaru] fl. Tatta L. Taurus M. Tell-i Zohak/ Pasa?/ Bashiyan? Tembris fl. Tepe Yahya Thebai = Diospolis Magna Thebais Thospitis Limne Tigranocerta Tigris fl. Triakontaschoinos Tripolis Trogodos M. Tusa/ Sousia Tyana Tylos Ins. Tyrus Uruk Valashgerd [Gulashkird] Varakhsha Veh Ardashir Veh Ardashir/ [Bardasir]/ [Govasir] Bih-Ardashir Veh Shapur/ Bishapur Vologesias? Wadi Samad Wadi Sirhan Xanthos Yazd Yaz tepe L R?L RL RL Period Modern Name / Location Reference

39

E3 E3 B5 C2 F4 B2 D3 B2 B2 F4 B2 G4 B4 D2 D2 D2 B5 C3 B3 G2 B2 F4 C3 E3 G4 H2 D3 G3

IRQ IRN EGY SYR QAT TKY IRQ TKY TKY Fasa IRN TKY IRN EGY TKY TKY EGY / SUD LEB CYP IRN TKY BAH LEB IRQ IRN UZB IRQ Kirman IRN

See Map 93 See Map 93 See Map 80 See Map 1 See Map 95 See Map 66 See Map 91 See Map 63 See Map 66 Hansman 1975 RGTC 11 Baiyan See Map 62 Lamberg-Karlovsky 1970, 6-26 See Map 78 See Map 89 See Map 89 See Map 93 See Map 81 See Map 68 See Map 72 See Map 97 See Map 66 See Map 95 See Map 69 See Map 93 Le Strange 1905, 317 Frumkin 1970, 121-23 See Map 91 Le Strange 1905, 302-3

CHRL/ C/ C CHRL

F4 D3 G5 C3 A2 F3 H2

IRN IRQ R OMN SAU TKY IRN TKM

See Map 94 See Map 91 Potts 1990, 293-96 Winnett 1970, 56 See Map 65 Gyselen 1989, 49 See Map 98

40 Grid D2 D2 D2 Name Zabas Megas/ Zapatas?/ Lykos? fl. Zabas Mikros/ Kapros?/ Zerbis? fl. Zagrus M. Zapatas? fl. = Zabas Megas fl. Zarang? = Nad-i Ali Zarang? = Shahristan Zarangiane = Drangiane Zerbis? fl. = Zabas Mikros fl. Zra(n)ka? = Dahan-i Ghulaman Period

MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS Modern Name / Location IRQ / TKY IRQ HR Zagros range Reference See Map 91 See Map 91 RE Zagros

Unlocated Toponyms
Name Achaia Achindana fl. Agris Alexandria in Carmania Anamis/ An(d)anis fl. Aradarum/ (H)Ardea Arai Archedotis/ Arciotis Ardea = Aradarum Artacoana/ Artakauna Bacinora Badara/ Balara Badgis Badis Bageia Pr. Bagradas fl. Balara = Badara Caumatis/ Kanate/ Kanthatis Cetrora Charadrai Chelonophagoi Dagaseira Daras fl. Dendrobosa Derane Billa/ Derenobilla Guzeran-Ardashir / [Kujaran] Period HR H?RL H?RL H?R CHR RL H?R L CHR L H?RL? L CH CHR H?RL CHRL L H?R H?RL CH H?RL CH H?R L RL in Ar(e)ia on coast of Carmania along coast near Ichthyophagoi between Persis and Carmania in Gedrosia Probable Location in Ar(e)ia N Harmozeia? along coast of Gedrosia/Carmania in Carmania in Carmania tribe in Carmania in Carmania distinct from Alexandria Ariorum Reference RE 7 Ptol. 6.8.4; RE Achindanas Ptol. 6.8.7; RE RE Alexandria 11 RE RE; RE Potikara Ptol. 6.8.12; RE RE Arciotis RE Artakoana; RE Areia 1 RE Cetrora RE Gyselen 1989, 85 Arrian, Anabasis 8.32.5; RE Ptol. 6.8.8; Arrian, Anabasis 8.28.9; RE Ptol. 6.8.3; RE 2 RE ; Potts 1989, 583 RE Cetrora RE RE 1; RE 3 RE RE 2 RE RE Whitehouse 1973, 31-32

tribe in Carmania tribe in Gedrosia Daryab in Persis? NW Barna on coast of Gedrosia

MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS Name (H)Ardea = Aradarum Hictanis/ Hyktanis fl. Kanasida Kanate = Caumatis Kanthatis = Caumatis Karpella Pr. Kathraps fl. Khwash/ Qash Kophanta / Kophas Kophanta [Kujaran] = Guzeran-Ardashir Kyiza Nih Ogyris Ins. Omiza Organa Ins./ Turgana Outioi Pantyene Parikane Parsika M. Portospana Poura Pushang Qash = Khwash Rogana Sabis Sabis fl. Saganos fl. Salaros fl. Salmous Semiramis M. Sidodone Sigara / Sigana Soxotai Talmena Tazora Teisa Zetis Zorambos fl. H?R H?R R H?R H?R CH H?R CH H?R H?R L H?R CH H?R in Carmania on coast of Gedrosia RE RE 3 RE 2 RE RE Potts 1989, 586-89 RE RE Karmania RE Ptol. 6.8.12 RE RE Cetrora RE Tisa RE Ptol. 6.8.9; RE Period HR CH H?R H?R L H?R CH H?R CHRL R?L HRL H?R CHRL/ L C L C H?R CH L on border of Carmania and Gedrosia in Carmania in Ar(e)ia on border between Carmania and Gedrosia on R. Khwash? AFG port on Gedrosian or Carmanian coast inland Carmania region on coast of Gedrosia Nehbandan? in Persian Gulf in Gedrosia = Y(a)utiya? Probable Location Reference RE Hyktanis RE Ptol. 6.8.5 RE Daras 2 Gyselen 1989, 86-87 RE Kophanta; RE Kophas RE Kophanta RE Le Strange 1905, 340 RE RE RE RE ; RGTC 11 Iautiya Potts 1989, 582-83 RE Parikanioi 1; Foucher 1947, 196-97 RE RE RE Pura Gyselen 1989, 85

41

on coast of Carmania on coast of Carmania

tribe in Carmanian desert

42

MAP 3 ASIA OCCIDENTALIS

Bibliography
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