Name: ____________________________________ Hour_____________

Chapter 12: Empires in East Asia, 6001350

Chapters Main Idea: Several kingdoms and empires arise in East Asia, helping to spread Hinduism and Buddhism, as well as trade, technology, and culture. Chapter Essential Question: How did the development of kingdoms and empires in East Asia help spread religions, culture, trade and technological innovations? Section 2: The Mongol Conquests MAIN IDEA: The Mongols, a nomadic people from the steppe, conquered settled societies across much of Asia. WHY IT MATTERS NOW: The Mongols built the largest unified land empire in world history. 1. Nomads of the Asian Steppe a. Geography of the Steppe i. Steppedry grassland of Eurasiaprovides home for nomads ii. Two main expanses: Central Asia to eastern Europe, and Mongolia iii. Steppe has little rain, dramatic seasonal temperature differences b. The Nomadic Way of Life i. Steppe nomads are pastoralistsherd domesticated animals ii. Way of life teaches Asian nomads to be skilled horse riders iii. Nomads travel in clanskin groups linked by common ancestor c. Steppe Nomads and ettled Societies i. Nomads and people living in settled communities often interact ii. Some interactions peaceful, as in trade iii. Sometimes nomads raid towns and cities to seize wealth, goods iv. Strong state or empire could protect its lands from these invasions 2. The Rise of the Mongols a. Genghis Khan Unites the Mongols i. About 1200, Genghis Khanuniversal rulerunites Mongols ii. In early 1200s, begins campaign of conquest iii. By 1225, controls Central Asia b. Genghis the Conqueror i. A brilliant organizer, strategist ii. Uses brutality to terrorize enemies, force surrenders 3. The Mongol Empire a. Death and Succession i. Genghis Khan dies in 1227 ii. Successors continue conquests for 50 years iii. Conquer territory from China to Poland b. The Khanates i. In east, Mongols conquer northern China and invade Korea ii. In west, Mongols take Kiev and threaten Vienna and Venice iii. In 1250s, Mongols turn their attention to Persia iv. By 1260, Mongol Empire split into khanates, four regions c. The Mongols as Rulers i. Mongol rulers are tolerant of other peoples, cultures ii. Some Mongols adopt local ways, leading to split among khanates d. The Mongol Peace i. Peaceful period from mid-1200s to mid-1300s called Pax Mongolica ii. Much east-west trade, exchange of ideas during this period Describe the geography of the steppe and the lifestyles of nomads.

 Explain the Khans successes.

Summarize the extent of the Mongol Empire and its divisions.

Section 3: The Mongol Empire MAIN IDEA: As emperor of China, Kublai Khan encouraged foreign trade. WHY IT MATTERS NOW: The influence of Chinese ideas on Western civilization began with the Mongols encouragement of trade.. 1. Kublai Khan Becomes Emperor a. A New Emperor i. Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis, becomes great khan in 1260 ii. Kublai conquers China by 1279 b. Beginning a New Dynasty i. Establishes Yuan Dynasty (12791368), period of peace, prosperity ii. Kublai adopts Chinese ways, builds capital at Beijing c. Failure to Conquer Japan i. In 1274 and 1281, Kublai tries but fails to conquer Japan ii. Massive second invasion destroyed by typhoon 2. Mongol Rule in China a. The Mongols and the Chinese i. Mongols live separately from Chinese, follow own laws ii. Mongols keep top government posts, put Chinese in local positions iii. Kublai extends Grand Canal to Beijing, builds highway b. Foreign Trade i. Trade increases under Kublai, sending Chinese products to other lands ii. Kublai invites merchants from other lands to China c. Marco Polo at the Mongol Court i. Venetian trader Marco Polo visits China in 1275 ii. Polo returns to Venice in 1292; tells stories of what he saw in China 1. fabulous cities, fantastic wealth 2. burning black stones (coal) to heat Chinese homes 3. Kublai Khans government and trade in Beijing iii. These stories gathered into a book; most readers doubt its truth 3. The End of Mongol Rule a. Declining Power i. Failed expeditions to Southeast Asia show weakness of Yuan Dynasty ii. High taxes cause resentment b. Yuan Dynasty Overthrown i. Kublai dies in 1294; successors are weak ii. In 1300s, rebellions break out, leading to formation of Ming Dynasty c. Decline of the Mongol Empire i. Mongol rule collapses in Persia in 1330s; in Central Asia in 1370s ii. By end of 1300s, only Mongol rule in Russia remains, the Golden Horde Summarize Kublai Khans conquest.

Describe Mongol rule in China.

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 Explain the fall of Mongol rule.

Section 4: Feudal Powers in Japan MAIN IDEA: Japanese civilization was shaped by cultural borrowing from China and the rise of feudalism and military rulers. WHY IT MATTERS NOW: An openness to adapting innovations from other cultures is still a hallmark of Japanese society. 1. The Growth of Japanese Civilization a. Japans Location i. Japan lies east of China; name means land of the rising sun ii. Closest neighbor is 120 miles over water, Korea iii. 500 miles of water separate it from China b. The Geography of Japan i. Consists of about 4,000 islands in a 12,000-mile archipelago ii. Varied climate, but little land for farming c. Early Japan i. Many different clans worshipped own gods ii. This early religion later called Shintothe way of the gods iii. Shinto worshipers respect forces of nature, ancestors, and kami iv. Kamidivine spirits dwelling in nature: tree, rock, waterfall d. The Yamato Emperors i. By 400s, Yamato clan takes control, names emperor ii. For many centuries, Yamato emperors rule; sometimes in name only 2. Japanese Culture a. Buddhism in Japan i. Japanese learn Chinese ideas, customs from contact with Korea ii. Buddhism spreads widely in Japan, mixes with Shinto practices b. Cultural Borrowing from China i. Prince Shotoku rules as regent; sponsors missions to Tang China ii. Chinese ideas, practices gain wide currency in Japan as result iii. Japanese adopt Chinese writing, art, and ways of everyday living iv. Japan does not copy Chinas civil-service system 3. Life in the Heian Period a. The Heian Court i. In late 700s, Japanese move capital from Nara to Heian (modern Kyoto) ii. Heians upper class creates a highly refined court society iii. Rules, rituals, and artistic pursuits structure court life iv. The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu illustrates Heian society v. This 11th-century masterpiece is considered the worlds first novel 4. Feudalism Erodes Imperial Authority a. Decline of Central Power i. During most of Heian period (7941185) rich Fujiwara family rules ii. In mid-1000s, large landowners build private armies, become warlords iii. Small landowners trade land to warlords in exchange for protection iv. Feudal system of local rule develops; Fujiwara family loses power b. Samurai Warriors i. Landowners take samuraiwarriorsas bodyguards ii. Samurai live according to Bushidodemanding code of behavior c. The Kamakura Shogunate i. In late 1100s, Minamoto family wins in struggle for power ii. In 1192, Yoritomo becomes shogunmilitary dictator running Japan iii. Shogun rules from Kamakura, while emperor stays in Kyoto iv. Kamakura shoguns use samurai to repel Mongol invasions (1274, 1281)
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 Describe Japans early history and culture.

Draw conclusions about life in the Heian court.

Describe feudal Japan.

Chapter Essential Question: How did the development of kingdoms and empires in East Asia help spread religions, culture, trade and technological innovations? As we progress through this chapter note at least 5 different ways that the development of kingdoms spread East Asian ideas. In the space below that, explain to me how that development relates to the spread of ideas. 1. ______________________________

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