8

Neutral Grounding Methods

Neutral grounding methods can be classied into the effective neutral grounding (or solidly neutral
grounding) method and the non-effective neutral grounding method. The difference between the
two practices is the difference of the zero-sequence circuit from the viewpoint of power network
theory. Therefore all power system behaviour characterized by the neutral grounding method can be
explained as phenomena caused by the characteristics of the zero-sequence circuit.
Accordingly, neutral grounding methods have a wide effect on the actual practices of various
engineering elds, for example in planning or operational engineering of short-circuit capacity,
insulation coordination, surge protection, structure of transmission lines and towers, transformer
insulation, breaker capability, protective relaying, noise interference, etc. In this section, some typical
features of different neutral grounding methods are presented and their bases set out.
8.1 Comparison of Neutral Grounding Methods
The neutral grounding method of power systems can be classied as follows:
a) Effective neutral grounded system:
v Solidly grounded system
b) Non-effective neutral grounded system:
v Resistive neutral grounded system
v Arc-suppression coil (Peterson coil) neutral grounded system
v Neutral ungroundedsystem(may be called neutral minute-grounded system), but only adopted
for distribution systems.
Table 8.1 explains in some detail the above classied neutral grounding methods.
The features of each method can be explained as features based on the zero-sequence circuit.
By using a plain expression for the non-effective grounded system, grounding fault currents
can be reduced considerably, but on the contrary higher temporary overvoltages would be caused
during faults. The effective neutral grounded systems (solidly grounded system) has the opposite
features.
Table 8.2 provides typical features of the two different grounding methods from various
viewpoints.
Todays power systems are the result of continuous growth of networks since they were rst
constructed many years ago. Individual power systems have their own history, which has led to the
applied practices of the neutral grounding method as well as the applied power frequency and nominal
Handbook of Power System Engineering Yoshihide Hase
# 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-02742-4
voltages of today. Therefore, the various applied neutral grounding methods may differ somewhat, in
particular for lower voltage classes with an older history. However, EHV(say, over 200 kV) and UHV
(say, 500 kVor higher) trunk line networks with a younger history have actually been unied by solidly
grounded systems all over the world, mainly to realize EHV/UHV networks with reduced insulation
levels.
In contrast, non-effective (high-impedance) neutral grounding methods have still been widely
adopted for lower voltage lines and distribution networks by several countries for reasons of traditional
Table 8.1 Various neutral grounded systems
A Solidly neutral grounded system
(effectively neutral grounded
system)
All the transformers installed at substations
belonging to the same rated voltage are solidly
neutral grounded
B Resistive neutral grounded system
(impedance neutral grounded
system)
R
N
R
N
All or some selected key transformers installed at
substations belonging to the same rated voltage section
are neutral grounded through a neutral grounding
resistor (NGR). The resistive value [V] of NGR is
determined mostly so that the grounding current
through the NGR in one phase to ground fault is
limited to 100 A or within 1000 A
C Arc-suppression coil neutral
grounded system (resonant
neutral grounded system)
X
PC
R
C
o
Some key transformers are neutral grounded through
tap-changeable reactors (inductance L
pc
), whose taps
are selectively controlled so that the inductive reactances
( j2p f L
pc
) are well tuned with the capacitive
reactances (j=2p f C
0
) of transmission lines over time.
The zero-sequence circuit is kept under parallel
quasi-resonant conditions and the zero-sequence
impedance
f
Z
0
of the systems have quite large values;
therefore quite effective arc extinction can be expected
during one phase to ground lightning faults:
f
Z
0
=
1
1
j3oL
PC
joC
s
=
1
j
1
3oL
PC
oC
0

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1
3oC
0
;
f
Z
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f
I
0
; 0
D Resistive neutral grounded system
with neutral compensation reactor
R jXN
C
s
This is essentially the same system as that of B,
except the neutral compensation reactors are
equipped to compensate for stray capacitances C
0
of the transmission line, in particular of long
transmission lines or cable lines
E Neutral ungrounded (isolated
neutral ungrounded) systems
R
This is a typical practice which is adopted only for
distribution networks. In this system intentional neutral
grounding connections do not exist, except through
potential-indicating or measuring devices or other very
high-impedance devices. The grounding current caused
by one phase to ground fault would be limited to values
of 10 mA to 1 A by a large neutral impedance
f
Z
0
(the order of a few thousand ohms or more; actually
f
Z
0
; from an analytical viewpoint)
144 8 NEUTRAL GROUNDING METHODS
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history on one hand, and engineering viewpoints on the other hand. The latter may be summarized as
follows:
v The largest feature of the non-effective neutral grounding method is that the continuous/temporary
earthground owing current (3I
0
) is considerably reduced under normal or fault conditions. Its
greatest advantages in particular for distribution systems concern human security and suppression of
noise interference. These are quite important matters, especially in residential areas covered by
distribution networks.
v Remarkable reductions in the system insulation level or cost by adopting the solidly grounded
method cannot be expected in the lower voltage or distribution networks.
v Changing the neutral grounding method of existing networks is practically almost impossible,
because major modications or reform of existing engineering practices would be required. For
example, the basic design of substation earth grounding practices (grounding varied mats, counter-
poise, etc.) would have to be revised. Most arresters, protective relays and some other substation
equipment would have to be replaced and so on.
8.2 Overvoltages on the Unfaulted Phases Caused
by a Line-to-ground fault
If a phase a lg fault (1fG, V
a
= 0) occurs, the power frequency voltages on the unfaulted phases
V
b
; V
c
are given by Equation 3.10. Accordingly, the phase c power frequency voltage V
c
would
become the value of the following equation during the phase a fault:
k =
V
c
f
E
a
=
a 1 ( )
f
Z
0
a a
2

f
Z
1
f
Z
0
2
f
Z
1
=
a 1 ( )
f
Z
0
f
Z
1
a a
2

f
Z
0
f
Z
1
2
=
a
2
j

3
_

d jn
s j
j

3
_
d jn
s j
2
where
f
Z
0
=
f
R
0
j
f
X
0
;
f
Z
1
=
f
R
1
j
f
X
1
d =
f
R
0
f
X
1
; n =
f
X
0
f
X
1
; s =
f
R
1
f
X
1
;
f
Z
0
f
Z
1
=
d jn
s j
f
Z
1
=
f
Z
2
9
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
=
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
;
(8.1)
In this equation, voltage V
c
is expressed as a ratio of normal line-to neutral voltage (operating
voltage)
f
E
a
k = V
c
=
f
E
a
is the ratio of temporary overvoltage with power frequency caused on
unfaulted phase c lines during the phase a to ground fault. The absolute values of k for unfaulted
phase voltages V
b
; V
c
are the same.
Equation 8.1 for the ratio can be expressed as curves with parameters d, n and s on a coordinated
graph. Figure 8.1 is a typical example under the parametric conditions of d =
f
R
0
=
f
X
1
= 0 ~
; n = 10 to 10, where s =
f
R
1
=
f
X
1
; 0 is assumed. Also see Figure 21.2 in Chapter 21
for local detail of the same curve.
The term n =
f
X
0
=
f
X
1
should have a positive value of probably 04 so that the zone n <0 is of
course unrealistic under the practical conditions of a power system. The condition d ; 0 to 1 corres-
ponds to a solidly grounded system and d ; 5 to to a non-effective neutral grounded system.
148 8 NEUTRAL GROUNDING METHODS
Figure 8.1 as well as Figure 21.2 indicate the following.
For the non-effective neutral grounded system(d ; 5 to ; n =
f
X
0
=
f
X
1
= 0 to 4), when-
ever the phase a l-g fault occurs, the unfaulted (sound) phase voltages V
b
; V
c
increase and the
temporary phase voltages become approximately k =

3
_
times nominal voltages.
For the solidly neutral grounded system (d ; 0 to 1; n =
f
X
0
=
f
X
1
= 0 to 4), assuming
d ; 1:0, the temporary overvoltages caused by the same fault would increase by k = 1:21:3 times,
and furthermore k would be around 1.00.8 for the range 0 <d <1.
The above-described temporary overvoltages caused on the sound phase conductors by 1fG is
actually one of the very important bases affecting the concept of insulation coordination of individual
power system networks. In other words, the required insulation level against continuous/temporary
power frequency overvoltages of individual power systems would be decided from the overvoltage
coefcient k. This will be discussed in detail in Chapters 20 and 21.
Incidentally, the overvoltages caused by a double lg fault (2fG) would be generally lower than
those caused by 1fG. However, the overvoltage ratio by 2fG as well as 1fG should preferably be
investigated in the same way. In contrast, three-phase faults (3fS, 3fG) and line-line faults (2fS) are
of no interest.
8.3 Possibility of Voltage Resonance
We have learned that the solidly neutral grounding method is advantageous from the viewpoint of
temporary overvoltages and consequently from that of the required insulation levels. However, one
potential weak spot of the solidly neutral grounded system has to be considered, that is the potential
possibility of series resonance (or quasi-resonance) phenomena.
Figure 8.1 indicates the existence of a serious series resonant area in v <
f
X
0
=
f
X
1
<0. In Figure
3.2b, showing a single phase-to-ground fault, or in Figures 1b and 2b, showing conductor opening,
we can imagine that for the cases where C
1
, C
2
and C
0
exist in positive-, negative- and zero-sequence
circuits, LC series resonant local loops would arise in the circuits. If j
f
X
0
or j
f
X
1
become negative
(capacitive value), regardless of the time interval, serious abnormal overvoltages would be caused.
Although such resonance conditions seldom occur, engineers would still have to examine several
irregular conditions including unbalanced short-circuit modes and open-conductor modes under
different network connections.
where
f
R
1
= 0 is assumed
d = = 0
f
R
0

f
X
1

f
X
0
7
6
5
4
1
5
5
10
88
3
2
1
3
1
0
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10

f
X
1
n =
Figure 8.1 Overvoltage ratio of sound phase (phase c) under phase a lg fault
8.3 POSSIBILITY OF VOLTAGE RESONANCE 149
It must be stressed that there are serious reasons why the stray capacitance C of networks has been
increasing in todays networks, in particular in big cities. First of all, trunk lines as well as low-voltage
distribution lines of large city areas, are based on cable lines whose line constants are one-fth smaller
L and 20 times larger C per kilometre in comparison with those of overhead lines. Moreover, the
systemmay be a meshed network with several routes and a number of parallel circuits per route to meet
large-load capacity. As a matter of fact, networks in big city areas contain very overcrowded L and C
constants.
Accordingly, careful examination is preferable in order to remove potential reasons for such
possible local resonance, or to reduce continuous waveform distortion caused similarly. (These
problems will be investigated further in Chapters 20 and 22).
8.4 Supplement: Arc-suppression Coil (Petersen Coil)
Neutral Grounded Method
The principle of the arc-suppression coil (Petersen coil, PCcoil) neutral grounded method is shown in
Table 8.1(C). The actual transmission line has stray capacitances C
1
; C
2
; C
0
so that the zero-sequence
circuit is a parallel circuit of the impedance at neutral grounding part Z
pc
and zero-sequence line
capacitance C
0
. Nowwe recall Equation 3.10 and the equivalent circuit in Figure 3.2 of the fault 1fG.
If the zero-sequence impedance of the neutral point Z
pc
is tuned with jX
co
= 1=joC, this means
that
f
Z
0
;
f
Z
total
and
f
I
a
= 3 I
0
0 in Equation 3.10, so we can expect easy extinction
of the grounding current whenever the 1fG fault occurs.
This practice was developedin Germanyaround 1918 and then spread to several countries as a good
instance of the solidly grounding method. However, the practice had some weak points as follows:
v Tuning of Z
pc
to jX
co
in the zero-sequence circuit may be easy for smaller power systems with
radial feeder connections. However, it is not so easy for large power systems which include several
substations that must be neutral grounded, and/or for loop-connected power systems.
v High-speed detection of the 1fG fault by protective relay is not necessarily easy because
f
I
a
= 3
f
I
0
0.
v The practice is useless against double phase faults.
v If a transformer with a suppression coil is tripped for any reason, the tuning condition of the system
would be at least broken, or the power systemmight lose its neutral grounding point as the worst case
and suffer unstable overvoltages.
Consequently, most of the power systems where the PCcoil used to be adopted have been switched to a
resistive grounded system or solidly neutral grounded system. It may be said that the PC coil neutral
grounding method has actually become a historical feature which can be accommodated in smaller
power systems based on mainly radial connections.
150 8 NEUTRAL GROUNDING METHODS