es a e 'a"s &em and i is on*" %&a is *ef af e$ &e de!

s a$e 'aid 3$esidue4 &a a$e $ansmi ed o &e &ei$s.

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS

ART. 774. Succession is a mode of acquisi ion !" #i$ ue of %&ic& &e '$o'e$ "( $i)& s and o!*i)a ions o &e e+ en of &e #a*ue of &e in&e$i ance( of a 'e$son a$e $ansmi ed &$ou)& &is dea & o ano &e$ o$ o &e$s ei &e$ !" &is %i** o$ !" o'e$a ion of *a%.

Custice C2" 7eyes o.ser*ed that )hilippine rules of 'uccession Mortis Causa proceed from an imperfect .lending of ! 'ystems with Contrasting )hilosophies 9 1. GERMANIC CONCEPT OF UNIVERSAL HEIR =eir directly and immediately steps into the shoes of the deceased upon the latter4s death At one single occasion :uno ictu; 5ithout need of any formality &n mass Automatic 'u.Decti*e No*ation . FRANCO!SPANISH S"STEM Acquisition of estate .y uni*ersal title .ut only upon acceptance .y the heir at any time- with retroacti*e effect. Acceptance may .e made any time e/cept when the creditors or the court requires it .e done within a certain time. This is the system followed .y the NCC- .y ha*ing the following features3 aE Bni*ersality of )roperty 7ights and O.ligations .E Transmitted from the moment of death cE &n .loc- as an entire mass dE Transmitted e*en .efore Dudicial recognition of heirship. #. ANGLO!AMERICAN $COMMON LA%& S"STEM &state must first .e liquidated- assets marshaled and the de.ts paid or settled under Dudicial super*ision.y an inter*ening trustee or personal representati*e :administrator or e/ecutor; .efore the net residue is ta+en o*er .y the successor. This is the system followed .y the 7ules of Court- in that3 aE &/ecutor or administrator has possession and management of the estate as long as necessary for the payment of de.ts and e/penses of administration- with authority to e/ercise the right of disposition. .E 'ection ! 7ule ?7 9 action to reco*er title or possession of lands in the hands of the e/ecutor or administrator can .e maintained .y the heir only upon the order of the Court assigning such land to the heir or de*isee. cE 'ection 1 7ule @A 9 heirs may reco*er their share only upon3 )ayment of de.ts- e/penses and ta/es =earing conducted .y the court Court assigns the residue of the estate to the heirs.

The Code has simplified the concept of succession and treats it simply as one of the 7 Modes of Acquiring Ownership as enumerated in Art712 of the NCC. 7 ,O-ES O. AC/0IRING O1NERSHIP 1. Occupation 2. ntellectual Creation !. "aw #. $onation %. &state and ntestate 'uccession (. Tradition 7. )rescription O*erlap of Codal $efinition with Art77( Article 77# tal+s of ,property- rights and o.ligations to the e/tent of the *alue of the inheritance.0 Article 77( tal+s of the ,inheritance0 as including ,all the property- rights and o.ligations of a person which are not e/tinguished .y his death.0 1or clarity and .etter correlation- )rof. 2alane opines that Art77# should rather read3 ,'uccession is a mode of acquisition .y *irtue of which the inheritance of a person is transmitted through his death to another or others either .y his will or .y operation of law.0 And the inheritance which is transmitted through a person4s death is defined .y Article 77( to include ,all the property- rights and o.ligations of a person which are not e/tinguished .y his death.0

5hat are Transmitted .y 'uccession6 Only Transmissi.le 7ights and O.ligations. 8eneral 7ule 9 if the right or o.ligation is strictly personal :intuitu personae;- it is intransmissi.le< otherwise it may .e transmitted. 7ule 7egarding )ecuniary O.ligations A literal construction of Art77# appears to imply that money o.ligations of the deceased would pass to the heirs- to the e/tent that they inherit from him. 'eemingly- this article mandates that the heirs recei*e the estate- and then pay off the creditors. =owe*er- )hilippine procedural law- as influenced .y the common>law system- lays down a different method for the payment of money de.ts- as found in 7ules ?? to @A of the 7ules of Court. I is on*" A.TER &e de! s a$e 'aid &a &e $esidue of &e es a e is dis $i!u ed amon) &e successo$s. 7ule @A- 'ec1 pro*ides for the 5hen the Order for the $istri.ution of 7esidue is made. According to the rule- when the de.ts- funeral charges and e/penses of administration- the allowance to the widow and the inheritance ta/ ha*e all .een paid- that is the only time that the court shall assign the 7&' $B& of the estate to persons entitled to it. The rule also pro*ides that there shall .e no distri.ution until the payment of the o.ligations enumerated a.o*eha*e .een made or pro*ided for. =owe*er- if the distri.utees gi*e a .ond for the payment of the said o.ligations within such time and of such amount as fi/ed .y the court- the distri.ution may .e allowed. In ou$ s"s em &e$efo$e( mone" de! s a$e( '$o'e$*" s'ea2in)( no $ansmi ed o &e &ei$ no$ 'aid !" &em. T&e

As a result of the .lending of these ! systems- C2" 7eyes says that we are thus faced with di*ergent- if not contradictory principles. $o the successors acquire the 5=O"& of the transmissi.le assets and lia.ilities of the decedent6 Art77# 9 .y *irtue of succession the propertyrights and o.ligations- to the e/tent of the *alue of the inheritance of a person- are transmitted .y and at t'e (o(ent o) 'is *eat' - implying a transfer at that instant of the tota+it, or uni*ersality of assets and lia.ilities. $o the successors only acquire the 7&' $BBM remaining after payment of the de.ts- as implied .y the 7ules of Court6 Art1A%7 9 within !A days a)ter t'e court 'as issue* an or*er )or t'e *istri-ution o) t'e estate in accordance with the 7oC- the heirs- de*isees and legatees shall signify to the court ha*ing Durisdiction- whether t'e, accept or repu*iate the inheritance.

 The order of distri.ution under the 7oC is issued only after the de.ts- ta/es and administration e/penses ha*e .een paid< hence it is argua.le that the acceptance can no longer refer to assets already disposed of .y the administrator- .ut must .e limited to the net residue. 2ut if title *ests in the heir as of the death of the decedent then the acceptance of the heir .ecomes entirely superfluous- and the law should limit itself to regulating the effects the effects of a repudiation .y an heir or legatee- and its retroacti*e effect. Or do the successors acquire only the NAF&$ T T"& at the death of the predecessor- .ut with possession or enDoyment *ested in the administrator or personal representati*e until after settlement of the claims against the estate6

aE "egitime :compulsory succession;.E 5ill :testamentary succession;- or cE "aw :intestate succession; . Has t'e +e/a+ capacit, to succee*0 an* #. Accepts t'e successiona+ portion

T&e #es in) of &e $i)& occu$s immedia e*" u'on &e deceden :s dea &; i.e. %i &ou a momen :s in e$$u' ion. 1rom this principle- the following consequences flow 9 1. T'e +a1 in )orce at t'e ti(e o) t'e *ece*ent2s *eat' 1i++ *eter(ine 1'o t'e 'eirs s'ou+* -e New Ci*il Code 9 August !A- 1@%A . O1ners'ip passes to t'e 'eir at t'e .er, (o(ent o) *eat'0 1'o t'ere)ore0 )ro( t'at (o(ent ac3uires t'e ri/'t to *ispose o) 'is s'are. #. T'e 'eirs 'a.e t'e ri/'t to -e su-stitute* )or t'e *ecease* as part, in an action t'at sur.i.es. 2ecause the heir acquires ownership at the moment of death and .ecome parties in interest.

7&'B"T of these di*ergent rules 9 Creditors must now pursue their claims during the settlement proceedings and not against the heirs indi*idually.

ART. 775. In &is Ti *e( 6deceden 7 is &e )ene$a* e$m a''*ied o &e 'e$son %&ose '$o'e$ " is $ansmi ed &$ou)& succession( %&e &e$ o$ no &e *ef a %i**. If &e *ef a %i**( &e is a*so ca**ed &e es a o$.

$ecedent 9 general term- person whose property is transmitted Testator 9 specific term- person who transmits his property *ia a will. t is unfortunate that the Code does not use the term , ntestate0 to refer to a decedent who died without a will- This would ha*e pre*ented the am.iguity now inherent in the term ,decedent0

t should .e emphasiHed that the operation of Art. 777 is at the *ery moment of the decedent4s death- meaning &e $ansmission !" succession occu$s a &e '$ecise momen of dea & and &e$efo$e &e &ei$( de#isee( o$ *e)a ee is *e)a**" deemed o &a#e acqui$ed o%ne$s&i' a &a momen ( e#en if( 'a$ icu*a$*" in &e &ei$:s case( &e %i** )ene$a**" no 2no% &o% muc& &e %i** !e in&e$i in) and %&a '$o'e$ ies &e %i** u* ima e*" !e $ecei#in)( and no a &e ime of dec*a$a ion of &ei$s o$ 'a$ i ion o$ dis $i!u ion .

ART. 778. T&e in&e$i ance inc*udes a** &e '$o'e$ "( $i)& s and o!*i)a ions of a 'e$son %&ic& a$e no e+ in)uis&ed !" &is dea &.

ART. 77<. Succession ma" !e= >1? Tes amen a$" >@? Le)a* o$ In es a e( o$ >A? ,i+ed ART. 77B. Tes amen a$" succession is &a %&ic& $esu* s f$om &e desi)na ion of an &ei$( made in a %i** e+ecu ed in &e fo$m '$esc$i!ed !" *a%. ART. 7<C. ,i+ed succession is &a effec ed 'a$ *" !" %i** and 'a$ *" !" o'e$a ion of *a%.

O*erlap of Codal $efinition with Art77( Article 77# tal+s of ,property- rights and o.ligations to the e/tent of the *alue of the inheritance.0 Article 77( tal+s of the ,inheritance0 as including ,all the property- rights and o.ligations of a person which are not e/tinguished .y his death.0 1or clarity and .etter correlation- )rof. 2alane opines that Art77# should rather read3 ,'uccession is a mode of acquisition .y *irtue of which the inheritance of a person is transmitted through his death to another or others either .y his will or .y operation of law.0

And the inheritance which is transmitted through a person4s death is defined .y Article 77( to include ,all the propertyrights and o.ligations of a person which are not e/tinguished .y his death.0

! F N$' O1 'BCC&'' ON ACC$8 TO A7T. 77?3 1. T&'TAM&NTA7I That which results from the designation of an heir- made in a will. 2. "&8A" O7 NT&'TAT& "ost definition3 ,ta+es place .y operation of law in the a.sence of a *alid will.0 !. M J&$ That effected partly .y will and partly .y operation of law. 'ome o.ser*ations 9 &numeration cannot satisfactorily accommodate the system of legitimes. "egal or intestate succession operates only in default of a will :Arts@(A and @(1;- while the legitime operates whether or not there is a will- in fact pre*ails o*er a will. There are instances where the rules on legitime :Arts ??7..; operate- to the e/clusion of the rules on intestacy :Arts @(A..; t is therefore .est for clarity- to classify succession to the legitime as a separate and distinct +ind of succession- which- for want of a .etter term- can .e denominated compulsory succession. Bntil the effecti*ity of the 1amily Code- there was one e/ceptional case of succession .y contract :contractual succession; found in Article 1!A of Ci*il Code. A7T 1!A. The future spouses may gi*e each other in their marriage settlements as much as one>

ART. 777. T&e $i)& s o &e succession a$e $ansmi ed f$om &e momen of &e dea & of &e deceden .

Time of Gesting of 'uccessional 7ight )rof. 2alane says the terminology used in this article is ,infelicitous0 .ecause the right to the succession is not trans(itte*< .ut rather .este*. To say that it is transmitted upon death implies that .efore the decedent4s death- the right to the succession was possessed .y the decedent :which is a.surd;. To say that it *ests upon death implies that .efore the decedent4s death the right was merely inc'oate :which is correct;. THE LA1 PRES0,ES THAT THE PERSON S0CCEE-ING 9 1. Has a ri/'t to succee* -,

fifth of their present property- and with respect to their future property- only in the e*ent of death- to the e/tent laid down .y the pro*isions of this Code referring to testamentary succession. 4onations propter nuptias of future property- made .y one of the future spouses to the other- too+ effect (ortis cause- and had only to .e done in the marriage settlements- which were go*erned only .y the 'tatute of 1rauds. t was the only instance of Contractual 'uccession in our ci*il law. This has .een e+i(inate* .y the 1amily Code in Article ?# paragraph 23 ,$onations of future property shall .e go*erned .y the pro*isions on testamentary succession and the formalities of wills.0 'ince under the pro*ision- any donation of future property .etween the affianced couple is to .e go*erned .y the rules of testamentary succession and the forms of wills- contractual succession no longer e/ists in this Durisdiction. 'uch a donation .ecomes an ordinary case of testamentary succession.

=& 7 9 person called to the succession either .y will or .y law $&G '&& 9 persons to whom gifts of real property are gi*en .y *irtue of a will. "&8AT&& 9 persons to whom gifts of personal property are gi*en .y *irtue of a will. The distinction .etween an heir and a de*isee or legatee is important .ecause on this distinction depends the correct application of Art?%# on preterition. n cases of preterition- the institution of an heir is annulledwhile the institution of legatees and de*isees is effecti*e to the e/tent that the legitimes are not impaired. The codal definitions are neither clear nor *ery helpful. They are so open>ended that an heir can fall under the definition of a legateeLde*isee and *ice>*ersa. , gi*e J my fishpond in Na*otas0 9 .y definition of heir- is not J called to the succession .y pro*ision of a will and therefore an heir6 , gi*e J M of my estate0 9 if in the partition- J recei*es a fishpond- can J- .y definition- not .e considered a de*isee- ha*ing recei*ed a gift of real property .y will6 The definitions of the 'panish Code in conDunction with Castan4s e/planations are more helpful3 =& 7 9 one who succeeds to the 5=O"& or an Aliquot part of the inheritance $&G '&& L "&8AT&& 9 those who succeed to definitespecific- and indi*idual properties.

.O0R DIN-S O. S0CCESSION ACCOR-ING TO I,PORTANCE 3P$of. Ea*ane4 1. COMPULSOR" 'uccession to the legitime )re*ails o*er all other +inds . TESTAMENTAR" $Art. 556& 'uccession .y will #. INTESTATE 'uccession in default of a will 7. MI8E4 $Art. 59:& Not a distinct +ind really- .ut a com.ination of any two or all of the first three.

CHAPTER @ TESTA,ENTARF S0CCESSION

SECTION 1 WILLS Subsection 1 Wills in General ART. 7<A. A %i** is an ac %&e$e!" a 'e$son is 'e$mi ed( %i & &e fo$ma*i ies '$esc$i!ed !" *a%( o con $o* o a ce$ ain de)$ee &e dis'osi ion of &is es a e( o a2e effec af e$ &is dea &.

ART. 7<1. T&e in&e$i ance of a 'e$son inc*udes no on*" &e '$o'e$ " and &e $ansmissi!*e $i)& s and o!*i)a ions e+is in) a &e ime of &is dea &( !u a*so &ose %&ic& &a#e acc$ued &e$e o since &e o'enin) of &e succession.

Article 7?1 is .est deleted< it ser*es only to confuse. The inheritance includes only those things enumerated in Article 77(. 5hate*er accrues thereto after the decedent4s death :which is when the succession opens; .elongs to the heir- not .y *irtue of succession- .ut .y *irtue of ownership. To say- as Art7?1 does- that accruals to the inheritance after the decedent4s death are included in the inheritance is to negate the principle in Art777 that transmission ta+es place precisely at the moment of death. Once the decedent dies and the heir inherits- the fruits of the property or inheritance .elongs to the heir .y accession- and not .y succession. This is so e*en if the heir does not actually recei*e the inheritance. Art7?1 should ha*e left well enough alone. Kuestion 9 f the assets left .ehind .y the decedent are not sufficient to pay the de.ts- may the creditors claims the fruits produced .y the decedent4s property after his death6 Or do these fruits pertain to the heirs6 2ut wouldn4t the de.ts .e deducted from the estate first .efore the properties are distri.uted to the heirs6

Operati*e 5ords in the $efinition 1. ACT The definition of a will as an act is too .road and should ha*e .een more clearly delimited with a more specific term such as instru(ent or *ocu(ent- in *iew of the pro*ision of Art?A# that ,e*ery will must .e in writing.0 N0NC0PATIVE or oral wills are not recogniHed in our Code- unli+e the 'panish Ci*il Code wherein military wills could .e oral. 2. )&7M TT&$ 5ill>ma+ing is purely statutory. !. 1O7MA" T &' )7&'C7 2&$ 2I "A5 The requirement of form prescri.ed respecti*ely for attested and holographic wills. #. CONT7O" TO A C&7TA N $&87&& The testator4s power of testamentary disposition is limited .y the rules on legitimes. %. A1T&7 = ' $&AT= Testamentary succession- li+e all other +inds of succession in our Code- is (ortis causa.

ART. 7<@. An &ei$ is a 'e$son ca**ed o &e succession ei &e$ !" &e '$o#ision of a %i** o$ !" o'e$a ion of *a%. -e#isees and *e)a ees a$e 'e$sons o %&om )if s of $ea* and 'e$sona* '$o'e$ " a$e $es'ec i#e*" )i#en !" #i$ ue of a %i**.

The present Ci*il Code seems to limit the concept of a will to a disposition of property to ta+e effect upon and after death. t is only when the will disposes of property- wither directly or indirectly- that it has to .e pro.ated. 5hen there is no disposition of property- it is su.mitted that- although the instrument may .e considered as a will- it does not ha*e to .e pro.ated< its dispositions which are pro*ided .y law- such as

the ac+nowledgment of a natural child or the order that the patria potestas of the widow shall continue after her remarriage- can .e gi*e effect e*en without pro.ating the will.

ART. 7<4. T&e ma2in) of a %i** is a s $ic *" 'e$sona* ac ; i canno !e *ef in %&o*e o$ in 'a$ o &e disc$e ion of a &i$d 'e$son( o$ accom'*is&ed &$ou)& &e ins $umen a*i " of an a)en o$ a o$ne".

CHARACTERISTICS O. 1ILLS
1. PUREL" PERSONAL Articles 7?#- 7?% and 7?7 . FREE AN4 INTELLIGENT Article ?!@ The testator4s consent should not .e *itiated .y the causes mentioned in Article ?!@ paragraphs 2>( on nsanity- Giolencentimidation- Bndue nfluence- 1raud and Mista+e. #. SOLEMN AN4 FORMAL Articles ?A#>?1# and ?2A>?21 The requirements of form depend on whether the will is attested or holographic. Articles ?A%>?A? and ?2A>?21 go*ern attested wills. Articles ?1A>?1# go*ern holographic wills. Article ?A# applies to .oth. 7. REVOCA;LE AN4 AM;ULATOR" Article ?2? <. MORTIS CAUSA Article 7?! This is a necessary consequence of Articles 77# and 777. =. IN4IVI4UAL Article ?1? Coint wills are prohi.ited in this Durisdiction. 5. E8ECUTE4 %ITH ANIMUS TESTAN4I This characteristic is implied in Article 7?! 7iHal4s *aledictory poem ,Bltimo Adios0 was not a will. An instrument which merely e/presses a last wish as a thought or ad*ice .ut does not contain a disposition of property and was not e/ecuted with ani(us testan*icannot .e legally considered a will. 9. E8ECUTE4 %ITH TESTAMENTAR" CAPACIT" Articles 7@( 9 ?A! on testamentary capacity and intent 6. UNILATERAL This characteristic is implied in Article 7?! 1:. 4ISPOSITIVE OF PROPERT" Article 7?! seems to consider the disposition of the testator4s estate (ortis causa as the purpose of will>ma+ing. 11. STATUTOR" 5ill>ma+ing is a permitted .y statute.

This pro*ision gi*es the will its purely personal character. NONG-ELEGAEILITF O. 1ILLG,ADING 9 t is the e/ercise of the disposing power that cannot .e delegated. O.*iously- mechanical aspects- such as typing- do not fall within the prohi.ition.

ART. 7<5. T&e du$a ion o$ efficac" of &e desi)na ion of &ei$s( de#isees o$ *e)a ees( o$ &e de e$mina ion of &e 'o$ ions %&ic& &e" a$e o a2e( %&en $efe$$ed o !" name( canno !e *ef o &e disc$e ion of a &i$d 'e$son.

%'at Constitute t'e Essence o) %i++!Ma>in/ or t'e E?ercise o) t'e 4isposin/ Po1er@ T'e )) are non!*e+e/a-+eA 1. The designation of heirs- de*isees or legatees 2. The duration of efficacy of such designation- including such things as conditions- terms- su.stitutions< !. The determination of the portions they are to recei*e.

ART. 7<8. T&e es a o$ ma" en $us o a &i$d 'e$son &e dis $i!u ion of s'ecific '$o'e$ " o$ sums of mone" &a &e ma" *ea#e in )ene$a* o s'ecified c*asses o$ causes( and a*so &e desi)na ion of &e 'e$sons( ins i u ions o$ es a!*is&men s o %&ic& suc& '$o'e$ " o$ sums a$e o !e )i#en o$ a''*ied.

&/ception to the 7ule on Non>$elega.ility of 5ill>Ma+ing. 5ithout this pro*ision- the things allowed to .e delegated here would .e non>delega.le. T1O THINGS ,0ST EE -ETER,INE- EF THE TESTATOR 9 1. The property or amount of money to .e gi*en< and 2. The class or the cause to .e .enefited. T1O THINGS ,AF EE -ELEGATE- EF THE TESTATOR 9 1. The designation of persons- institutions- or esta.lishments within the class or cause< 2. The manner of distri.ution Kuestion 9 'uppose the testator specified the recipients .y specific designation .ut left to the !rd person the determination of the sharing- e/. , lea*e )%AA-AAA for the )N7C- the ')CAand the Tala "eprosarium- to .e distri.uted among these institutions in such proportions as my e/ecutor may determine.0 Galid6 One Giew 9 Article 7?% seems to prohi.it this- .ecause the recipients are referred to .y name and therefore the portions they are to ta+e must .e determined .y the testator. Article 7?( applies only where the testator merely specifies the class or the cause .ut not the specific recipients. Contra 9 This actually in*ol*es a lesser discretion for the !rd person than the instances allowed .y Article 7?( and should .e allowed.

Kuestions 5ould a document merely appointing an e/ecutor- not containing any dispositi*e pro*ision- ha*e to comply with the formal requirements of a will in order to .e effecti*e6 5ould such a document ha*e to .e pro.ated6 Custice =ofilena says NO- .ecause there is no disposition and such appointment would not .e under the category of a will. Therefore- the formal requirements of a will do not apply. 5ould a document containing only a disinheriting clause ha*e to .e in the form of a will and .e pro.ated6 :Article @1(; I&'. According to Art@1(- disinheritance can .e effected only through a will wherein the legal cause therefore shall .e specified. A *alid disinheritance is in effect a disposition of the property of the testator in fa*or of those who would succeed in the a.sence of the disinherited heir. Bnless the will is pro.ated- the disinheritance cannot .e gi*en effect.

ART. 7<7. T&e es a o$ ma" no ma2e a es amen a$" dis'osi ion in suc& manne$ &a ano &e$ 'e$son &as o de e$mine %&e &e$ o$ no i is o !e o'e$a i#e.

This rule is consistent with- and reinforces- the purely person character of a will- laid down in Article 7?#. This article should .e interpreted rationally. t is not to .e so interpreted as to ma+e it clash with the principle e/pressed in Articles 1A#1>1A%7 of the NCC that the heir is free to accept or reDect the testamentary disposition. 5hat this article prohi.its is the *e+e/ation to a #r* person o) t'e po1er to *eci*e 1'et'er a *isposition s'ou+* ta>e e))ect or not.

ART. 7<<. If a es amen a$" dis'osi ion admi s of diffe$en in e$'$e a ions( in case of dou! ( &a in e$'$e a ion !" %&ic& &e dis'osi ion is o !e o'e$a i#e s&a** !e '$efe$$ed.

Articles 7??>7@# lays down the rules of construction and interpretation. The underlying principle here is that testacy is preferred to intestacy- .ecause the former is the e/press will of the decedent whereas the latter is only his implied will. n statutory construction- the canon is3 ,That the thing may rather .e effecti*e than .e without effect.0 A similar principle in contractual interpretation is found in Art1!7!- which pro*ides that ,if some stipulation of any contract should admit of se*eral meanings- it shall .e understood as .earing that import which is most adequate to render it effectual.0

ART. 7BC. T&e %o$ds of a %i** a$e o !e a2en in &ei$ o$dina$" and )$amma ica* sense( un*ess a c*ea$ in en ion o use &em in ano &e$ sense can !e )a &e$ed( and &a o &e$ can !e asce$ ained. Tec&nica* %o$ds in a %i** a$e o !e a2en in &ei$ ec&nica* sense( un*ess &e con e+ c*ea$*" indica es a con $a$" in en ion( o$ un*ess i sa isfac o$i*" a''ea$s &a &e %as unacquain ed %i & suc& ec&nica* sense.

'imilar rules are laid down in 7ule 1!A 'ections 1A and 1# of the 7ules of Court 9 'ec1A. nterpretation of a writing according to its legal meaning 9 The language of a writing is to .e interpreted according to the legal meaning it .ears in the place of its e/ecution- unless the parties intended otherwise. 'ec1#. )eculiar signification of terms B The terms of a writing are presumed to ha*e .een used in their primary and general application- .ut e*idence is admissi.le to show that they ha*e a local- technical- or otherwise peculiar significationand were so used and understood in the particular instance- in which case the agreement must .e construed accordingly.

ART. 7<B. 1&en &e$e is an im'e$fec desc$i' ion( o$ %&en no 'e$son o$ '$o'e$ " e+ac *" ans%e$s &e desc$i' ion( mis a2es and omissions mus !e co$$ec ed( of &e e$$o$ a''ea$s f$om &e con e+ of &e %i** o$ f$om e+ $insic e#idence( e+c*udin) &e o$a* dec*a$a ions of &e es a o$ as o &is in en ion; and %&en an unce$ ain " a$ises u'on &e face of &e %i**( as o &e a''*ica ion of an" of i s '$o#isions( &e es a o$:s in en ion is o !e asce$ ained f$om &e %o$ds of &e %i**( a2in) in o conside$a ion &e ci$cums ances unde$ %&ic& i %as made( e+c*udin) suc& o$a* dec*a$a ions.

n contractual interpretation- a similar principle is e/pressed in Article 1!7A par13 Art1!7A. f the terms of a contract are clear and lea*e no dou.t upon the intention of the contracting parties- the literal meaning of its stipulations shall control.

@ DIN-S O. A,EIG0ITF RE.ERRE- TO 9 1. LATENT 9 not o.*ious on the face of the will 5hen there is an imperfect description or when no person or property e/actly answers the description aE "atent as to )&7'ON 9 , institute to M of my estate my first cousin Cose0 and the testator has more than one first cousin named Cose. .E "atent as to )7O)&7TI 9 , de*ise to my cousin )acifico my fishpond in 7o/as City0 and the testator has more than one fishpond in 7o/as City. 2. PATENT 9 o.*ious on the face of the will 5hen an uncertainty arises upon the face of the willas to the application of any of its pro*isions aE )atent as to )&7'ON 9 , institute M of my estate to so(e of my first cousins. .E )atent as to )7O)&7TI 9 , .equeath to my cousin )acifico so(e of my cars.0 n .oth cases- the am.iguity is e*ident from a reading of the testamentary pro*isions themsel*es< the am.iguity is patent :patere 9 to .e e/posed;

ART. 7B1. T&e %o$ds of a %i** a$e o $ecei#e an in e$'$e a ion %&ic& %i** )i#e o e#e$" e+'$ession some effec ( $a &e$ &an one %&ic& %i** $ende$ an" of &e e+'$essions ino'e$a i#e; and of %o modes of in e$'$e in) a %i**( &a is o !e '$efe$$ed %&ic& %i** '$e#en in es ac".

A similar rule is found in 7ule 1!A 'ec11 of the 7oC 9 'ec11. nstrument construed so as to gi*e effect to all pro*isions 9 n the construction of an instrument where there are se*eral pro*isions or particulars- such a construction is- if possi.le- to .e adopted as will gi*e effect to all. n contractual interpretation- Articles 1!7! and 1!7# lay down similar principles 9 Art1!7!. f some stipulation of any contract should admit of se*eral meanings- it shall .e understood as .earing that import which is most adequate to render it effectual. Art1!7#. The *arious stipulations of a contract shall .e interpreted together- attri.uting to the dou.tful one that sense which may result from all of them ta+en Dointly.

ART. 7B@. T&e in#a*idi " of one of se#e$a* dis'osi ions con ained in a %i** does no $esu* in &e in#a*idi " of &e o &e$ dis'osi ions( un*ess i is o !e '$esumed &a &e es a o$ %ou*d no &a#e made suc& o &e$ dis'osi ions if &e fi$s in#a*id dis'osi ion &ad no !een made.

HO1 TO -EAL 1ITH A,EIG0ITIES 9 The pro*isions of this article do not ma+e a distinction in the solution of the pro.lem of am.iguities 9 whether latent or patent. =ence- the distinction .etween the 2 +inds of am.iguity is- in the light of the codal pro*isionsan all .ut theoretical one. T'e a(-i/uit, s'ou+*0 as )ar as possi-+e0 -e c+eare* up or reso+.e*0 in or*er to /i.e e))ect to t'e testa(entar, *isposition. 2ased on principle that testacy is preferred to intestacy. A(-i/uit, (a, -e reso+.e* usin/ an, e.i*ence a*(issi-+e an* re+e.ant0 e?c+u*in/ t'e ora+ *ec+arations o) t'e testator as to 'is intention. 7eason for the statutory e/clusion is that a dead man cannot refute a tale.

This article ma+es applica.le to wills the SEVERA;ILIT" OR SEPARA;ILIT" PRINCIPLE in statutory construction frequently e/pressly pro*ided in a separa.ility clause. The source of this article is Art2A?% of the 8erman Ci*il Code which pro*ides that the in*alidity of one of se*eral dispositions contained in a will results in the in*alidity of the other dispositions only if it is to .e presumed that the testator would not ha*e made these if the in*alid disposition had not .een made.

ART. 7BA. P$o'e$ " acqui$ed af e$ &e ma2in) of a %i** s&a** on*" 'ass &e$e!"( as if &e es a o$ &ad 'ossessed i a &e ime of ma2in) &e %i**( s&ou*d i e+'$ess*" a''ea$ !" &e %i** &a suc& %as &is in en ion.

This article creates pro.lems which would not ha*e e/isted had it not .een so nonchalantly incorporated in the Code- an implant from the Code of Ci*il )rocedure and ultimately from American law. The pro.lem springs from the fact that this article ma+es the will spea+ as of the time it is made- rather than at the time of

the decedent4s death :which is more logical .ecause that is when the will ta+es effect according to Article 777;.

REGCAP O. THE R0LES ON INTERPRETATION AN- CONSTR0CTION O. 1ILLS

2. n case of dou.t- testacy is preferred and disposition should .e interpreted in manner which would ma+e it operati*e. Two +inds of Am.iguities "atent 9 imperfect description or when no person or property e/actly answers to description. )atent 9 .ased on the face of the will as to the application of any of its pro*isions n case of am.iguity- may resort to any e*idencee*en e/trinsic e*idence- .ut may not resort to oral declarations of the testator as to his intention. 5ords of a will shall .e ta+en in their ordinary and grammatical sense- unless3 Another sense or meaning is clearly intended to .e used- and That other sense or meaning can .e ascertained Technical words shall .e ta+en in technical sense- e/cept3 5hen conte/t clearly indicates otherwise 5ill was drawn solely .y the testator and he was not acquainted with the technical meaning of such word. 5ords are to recei*e interpretation which will gi*e it some effect. n*alidity of one disposition in a will does not mean the other dispositions are also in*alid. 2ut in*alidity of one pro*ision affects the other if it is to .e presumed that the testator would not ha*e made such other disposition if the first in*alid disposition had not .een made. )roperty that is acquired .y the testator after the will was e/ecuted shall only .e transmitted along with those in the will- if the testator e/pressly states in the will that such is his intention.

llustration 9 J e/ecutes a will in 1@?% containing a legacy3 , gi*e to M all my shares in 2) .0 The testator dies in 1@@Aowning at the time of his death ten times as many 2) shares as he did when he made the will. Bnder Article 7@!- the shares acquired after the will was e/ecuted are NOT included in the legacy. Article 793 therefore e!arts fro" the co al !hiloso!h# of Articles 77$ an 77% an constitutes an E&CE'TION to the conce!t of succession as lin(e to eath an ren ere le)all# effecti*e b# eath. )rof. 2alane suggests the pro*isions .e reworded as3 ,)roperty acquired after the ma+ing of a will passes there.y unless the contrary clearly appears from the words or the conte/t of the will.0 n the meantime- it is suggested that a li.eral application of the article .e allowed. Can the word ,e/pressly0 in this article .e interpreted to mean ,clearly0 e*en if it might .e stretching a point6

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ART. 7B4. E#e$" de#ise o$ *e)ac" s&a** co#e$ a** &e in e$es %&ic& &e es a o$ cou*d de#ice o$ !equea & in &e '$o'e$ " dis'osed of( un*ess i c*ea$*" a''ea$s f$om &e %i** &a &e in ended o con#e" a *ess in e$es .

This article should .e read together with Art@2@- which pro*ides that ,if the testator- heir- or legatee owns only a part of or an interest in the thing .equeathed- the legacy or de*ise shall .e understood limited to such part or interest- unless the testator e/pressly declares that he gi*es the thing in its entirety. e/actly the interest he has in the thing. &JC&)T ON' 9 he can gi*e a less interest :Art7@#; or a greater interest :Art@2@; than he has. n the latter case- if the person owning the interest to .e acquired does not wish to part with it- the solution in Art@!1 can .e applied wherein the legatee or de*isee shall .e entitled only to the CB'T GA"B& O1 T=& NT&7&'T that should ha*e .een acquired.

7. ?.

GENERAL R0LE 9 in a legacy or de*ise the testator gi*es

@.

1A. A de*ise of legacy shall transmit the whole e/tent of the testator4s interest in the property disposed. &/cept when it clearly appears that the testator intended to con*ey a less interest.

ART. 7B5. T&e #a*idi " of a %i** as o i s fo$m de'ends u'on &e o!se$#ance of &e *a% in fo$ce a &e ime i is made.

ASPECTS O. VALI-ITF O. 1ILLS A. EHTRINSIC 9 $efe$s o &e $equi$emen of fo$m I fo$ma* #a*idi " 1. Go.ernin/ +a1 as to TIME a. 1ilipinos 9 law in force when the will was e/ecuted :Art7@%; .. 1oreigners 9 same rile. The assumption here is that the will is .eing pro.ated in the )hilippines. . Go.ernin/ +a1 as to PLACE 1ilipinos or 1oreigners a. "aw of citiHenship .. "aw of domicile c. "aw of residence d. "aw of place of e/ecution- or e. )hilippine law Articles ?1%>?17 > 7ules of formal *alidity a. 1ilipino A.road > According to the law in the country in which he may .e and may .e pro.ated in the )hilippines .. Alien a.road > =as effect in the )hilippines if made according to3 "aw of place where he resides- "aw of his own country or )hilippine law

c. Alien in the phils. > Galid in )hils. as if e/ecuted according to )hil. laws- if3 Made according to law of country which he is a citiHen or su.Dectand May .e pro*ed and allowed .y law of his own country. E. 1. INTRINSIC 9 $efe$s o &e su!s ance of '$o#isions I su!s an i#e #a*idi " &e

ART. <C1. Su'e$#enin) inca'aci " does no in#a*ida e an effec i#e %i**( no$ is &e %i** of an inca'a!*e #a*ida ed !" &e su'e$#enin) of ca'aci ".

Go.ernin/ +a1 as to TIME a. 1ilipinos 9 law at the time of death- in connection with Art22(!. .. 1oreigners 9 depends on their personal law :Art1(- par2 and Art1A!@; Go.ernin/ +a1 as to PLACE a. 1ilipinos 9 )hilippine law :Art1( par2 and Art1A!@; .. 1oreigners 9 their national law :Art1( par2 and Art1A!@;

Articles 7@(>?A1 lay down the rules on testamentary capacity. Testamentary Capacity 9 testa(enti )actioC testa(enti)acciDn acti.e- the legal capacity to ma+e a will. 5ho has testamentary capacity6 All NATB7A" personsunless disqualified .y law. Curidical persons are NOT granted testamentary capacity. -IS/0ALI.IE- PERSONS 1. THOSE UN4ER 19 $ART565& Bnder &O2@2- the Administrati*e Code of 1@?7which too+ effect on No#em!e$ @4( 1B<B- years are now rec+oned according to the 8regorian Calendar. 'ec!1 pro*ides for the legal periods aE Iear 9 12 calendar months .E Month 9 !A days- unless specific calendar month is referred to- in which case it shall .e computed according to the num.er of days the specific calendar month contains cE $ay 9 2# hours dE Night 9 'unset to sunrise . THOSE OF UNSOUN4 MIN4 $ART569& Bnsoundness of Mind : nsanity; A.sence of the qualities of soundness of mind $efined .y the Code only .y indirection .ecause only soundness of mind is defined under Art7@@.

Art22(! pro*ides that ,7ights to the inheritance of a person who died- with or without a will- -e)ore the effecti*ity of this Code :August !A- 1@%A;- shall .e go*erned .y the Ci.i+ Co*e o) 19960 -, ot'er pre.ious +a1s0 an* -, t'e Ru+es o) Court . The inheritance of those who- with or without a will- *ie a)ter the .eginning of the effecti*ity of this Code- shall .e adDudicated and distri.uted in accordance with this ne1 -o*, o) +a1s an* -, t'e Ru+es o) Court < .ut the testamentary pro*isions shall .e carried out insofar as they may .e permitted .y this Code. Therefore- +e/iti(es0 -etter(ents0 +e/acies an* -e3uests s'a++ -e respecte*C 'o1e.er0 t'eir a(ount s'a++ -e re*uce* if in no other manner can e*ery compulsory heir .e gi*en his full share according to this Code.0 Art1( par2 pro*ides that ,intestate and testamentary successions- .oth with respect to the order of succession and to the amount of successional rights and to the intrinsic *alidity of testamentary pro*isions- shall .e regulated .y the nationa+ +a1 o) t'e person 1'ose succession is un*er consi*erationwhate*er may .e the nature of the property and regardless of the country wherein said property may .e found.0 5hile Art1A!@ pro*ides that ,Capacity to 'ucceed is go*erned .y the +a1 o) t'e nation o) t'e *ece*ent.0

SO0N-NESS O. ,IN- 3SANITF4 N&8AT G&"I 1. Not necessary that testator .e in full possession of reasoning faculties 2. Not necessary that testator4s mind .e wholly un.ro+en- unimpaired- unshattered .y disease- inDury or other cause. )O' T G&"I 9 A.ility to +now ! things 1. Nature of estate to .e disposed of Testator should ha*e a fairly accurate +nowledge of what he owns. The more one owns- the less accurate his +nowledge of his estate e/pected to .e. 2. )roper o.Dects of one4s .ounty< N Testator should +nowunder ordinary circumstances- his relati*es in the most pro/imate degrees- his +nowledge e/pectedly decreasing as the degrees .ecome more remote. !. Character of testamentary act. t is not required that the testator +now the legal nature of a will with the erudition of a ci*ilest. All that he need +now is that the document he is e/ecuting is one that disposes of his property upon death.

Subsection + Testa"entar# Ca!acit# An Intent ART. 7B8. A** 'e$sons %&o a$e no e+'$ess*" '$o&i!i ed !" *a% ma" ma2e a %i**. ART. 7B7. Pe$sons of ei &e$ se+ unde$ ei)& een "ea$s of a)e canno ma2e a %i**. ART. 7B<. In o$de$ o ma2e a %i** i is essen ia* &a &e es a o$ !e of sound mind a &e ime of i s e+ecu ion. ART. 7BB. To !e of sound mind( i is no necessa$" &a &e es a o$ !e in fu** 'ossession of a** &is $easonin) facu* ies( o$ &a &is mind !e %&o**" un!$o2en( unim'ai$ed( o$ uns&a e$ed !" disease( inJu$" o$ o &e$ cause. I s&a** !e sufficien if &e es a o$ %as a!*e a &e ime of ma2in) &e %i** o 2no% &e na u$e of &e es a e o !e dis'osed of( &e '$o'e$ o!Jec s of &is !oun "( and &e c&a$ac e$ of &e es amen a$" ac . ART. <CC. T&e *a% '$esumes &a e#e$" 'e$son is of sound mind( in &e a!sence of '$oof o &e con $a$". T&e !u$den of '$oof &a &e es a o$ %as no of sound mind a &e ime of ma2in) &is dis'osi ions is on &e 'e$son %&o o''oses &e '$o!a e of &e %i**; !u if &e es a o$( one mon &( o$ *ess( !efo$e ma2in) &is %i** %as 'u!*ic*" 2no%n o !e insane( &e 'e$son %&o main ains &e #a*idi " of &e %i** mus '$o#e &a &e es a o$ made i du$in) a *ucid in e$#a*.

"egal mportance and mplication of Mental Capacity "aw is interested in the legal consequences of the testator4s mental capacity or incapacity- not in the medical aspects of mental disease. The testator could .e mentally a.errant medically .ut testamentarily capa.le- or *ice *ersa- mentally competent medically .ut testamentarily incompetent. TEST B as +on/ as t'e testator0 at t'e ti(e 'e (a*e t'e 1i++0 1as capa-+e o) percei.in/ t'e t'ree t'in/s $nature o) estate0 o-Eects o) -ount,0 an* c'aracter o) testa(entar, act&0 'e 'as testa(entar, capacit,0 1'ate.er e+se 'e (a, -e (e*ica++,. PRES0,PTION I GENERAL R0LE 9 $e!u a!*e P$esum' ion of Sani " unde$ A$ <CC. T1O EHCEPTIONS 9 %&en &e$e is a $e!u a!*e '$esum' ion of Insani " 9

1. 5hen testator- one (ont' or +ess -e)ore t'e e?ecution o) t'e 1i++0 1as pu-+ic+, >no1n to -e insane 2. 5hen the testator e?ecute* t'e 1i++ a)ter -ein/ p+ace* un*er /uar*ians'ip or or*ere* co((itte*- in either case- for insanity under 7ules @! and 1A1 of the 7oCand .efore said order has .een lifted.

The time for determining mental capacity time of e?ecution o) t'e 1i++ and no other temporal criterion is to .e applied

ART. <C@. A ma$$ied %oman ma" ma2e a %i** %i &ou &e consen of &e$ &us!and( and %i &ou &e au &o$i " of &e cou$ .

'e/ist pro*ision- contains an erroneous and unintended suggestion that a married man does not ha*e the same pri*ilege. 'uggested rewording 9 ,A married person may ma+e a will without his or her spouse4s consent.0

T&e es a o$ o$ &e 'e$son $eques ed !" &im o %$i e &is name and &e ins $umen a* %i nesses of &e %i**( s&a** a*so si)n( as afo$esaid( eac& and e#e$" 'a)e &e$eof( e+ce' &e *as ( on &e *ef ma$)in( and a** &e 'a)es s&a** !e num!e$ed co$$e*a i#e*" in *e e$s '*aced on &e u''e$ 'a$ of eac& 'a)e. T&e a es a ion c*ause s&a** s a e &e num!e$ of 'a)es used u'on %&ic& &e %i** is %$i en( and &e fac &a &e es a o$ si)ned &e %i** an e#e$" 'a)e &e$eof( o$ caused some o &e$ 'e$son o %$i e &is name( unde$ &is e+'$ess di$ec ion( in &e '$esence of &e ins $umen a* %i nesses( and &a &e *a e$ %i nessed and si)ned &e %i** and a** &e 'a)es &e$eof in &e '$esence of &e es a o$ and of one ano &e$. If &e a es a ion c*ause is in a *an)ua)e no 2no%n o &e %i nesses( i s&a** !e in e$'$e ed o &em. ART. <C8. E#e$" %i** mus !e ac2no%*ed)ed !efo$e a no a$" 'u!*ic !" &e es a o$ and &e %i nesses. T&e no a$" 'u!*ic s&a** no !e $equi$ed o $e ain a co'" of &e %i**( o$ fi*e ano &e$ %i & &e Office of &e C*e$2 of Cou$ .

ART. <CA. A ma$$ied %oman ma" dis'ose !" %i** of a** &e$ se'a$a e '$o'e$ " as %e** as &e$ s&a$e of &e conJu)a* 'a$ ne$s&i' o$ a!so*u e communi " '$o'e$ ".

SPECIAL RE/0IRE,ENTS .OR ATTESTE- I OR-INARF I NOTARIAL 1ILLS > 1- Subscribe b# the testator or his a)ent in his !resence an b# his e.!ress irection at the en thereof/ in the !resence of the 0itnesses 'u.scri.ed .y the testator 9 To su.scri.e denotes writing- more precisely to write under. To 'ign means to place a distinguishing mar+. Thus signing has a .roader meaning than su.scri.ing. Not e*ery signature is a su.scription and not e*ery distinguishing mar+ is a writing. T=BM2MA7F A' ' 8NATB7& aE s the placing of the testator4s thum.print a signature within the contemplation of the article6 I&'- on the authority of )ayad *. Tolentino and Matias *. 'alud- t'e testator2s t'u(-print is a+1a,s a .a+i* an* su))icient si/nature )or t'e purpose o) co(p+,in/ 1it' t'e re3uire(ent o) Art9:<. .E There is no .asis for limiting the *alidity of thum.prints only to cases of illness or infirmity. A C7O'' A' ' 8NATB7& 9 a sign of the cross placed .y the testator does not comply with the statutory requirement of signature- BN"&'' it is the testator4s usual manner of signature or one of his usual styles of signing. ' 8N N8 2I AN A8&NT O1 T=& T&'TATO7 9 T1o Re3uisites i. Must sign in the testator4s presence- and ii. 2y the testator4s e/press direction 5hat the agent must write 9 need not .e alleged in the will itself that agent wrote the testator4s name under the latter4s e/press direction The essential thing- for *alidity- is that the agent write the testator2s na(e- nothing more. t would .e a good thing- .ut not required- for the agent to indicate the fact of agency or authority. May the agent .e one of the attesting witnesses6 aE f there are more than ! witnesses 9 I&' .E f there are only ! witnesses 9 Bncertain. ' 8N N8 AT T=& &N$ f the will contains only dispositi*e pro*isionsthere will .e no am.iguity as to where the end of the will is. f howe*er the will contains non> dispositi*e paragraphs after the testamentary dispositions- one can refer to two +inds of end 9 1. )hysical &nd 9 where the writing stops 2. "ogical &nd 9 where the last testamentary disposition ends

'e/ist pro*ision- contains an erroneous and unintended suggestion that a married man does not ha*e the same pri*ilege. Article @7 of the 1amily Code supersedes this in part Art@7. &ither spouse may dispose .y will of his or her interest in the community property.

Subsection 3 ,or"s of Wills ART. <C4. E#e$" %i** mus !e in %$i in) and e+ecu ed in a *an)ua)e o$ dia*ec 2no%n o &e es a o$.

Art?A# lays down Common 7equirements that apply .oth to ATT&'T&$ and =O"O87A)= C wills. Art?A%>?A? lays down special requirements for attested wills. Articles ?1A>?1# lays down special requirements for holographic wills. T1O CO,,ON RE/0IRE,ENTS 1. IN %RITING Oral wills :the testa(entu( nuncupati.u( of the nstitutes; are not recogniHed in the Ci*il Code. =owe*er- oral wills are allowed under the Code of Muslim )ersonal "aws or )$1A?! in relation to Art1A2O2E. . IN A LANGUAGE OR 4IALECT FNO%N TO THE TESTATOR The pro*isions of Article ?A# are MAN$ATO7I and failure to comply with the two requirements nullifies the will. Neither the will nor the attestation clause need state compliance with Art?A#. This can .e pro*ed .y &/trinsic &*idence. )resumption of Compliance 9 it may sometimes .e presumed that the testator +new the language in which the will was written. aE 5ill must .e in a language or dialect generally spo+en in the place of e/ecutionand .E The testator must .e a nati*e or resident of said locality.

ART. <C5. E#e$" %i**( o &e$ &an a &o*o)$a'&ic %i**( mus !e su!sc$i!ed a &e end &e$eof !" &e es a o$ &imse*f o$ !" &e es a o$:s name %$i en !" some o &e$ 'e$son in &is '$esence( and !" &is e+'$ess di$ec ion( and a es ed and su!sc$i!ed !" &$ee o$ mo$e c$edi!*e %i nesses in &e '$esence of &e es a o$ and of one ano &e$.

 'igning at either the physical end or logical end is equally permissi.le. The non>dispositi*e portions are not essential parts of the will. Si/nin/ -e)ore t'e en* in.a+i*ates not on+, t'e *ispositions t'at co(e a)ter0 -ut t'e entire 1i++0 -ecause t'en one o) t'e statutor, re3uire(ents 1ou+* not 'a.e -een co(p+ie* 1it'. ' 8N N8 N T=& )7&'&NC& O1 5 TN&''&' Actual seeing is not required- .ut the a.ility to see each other :the testator and the witnesses; .y merely casting their eyes in the proper direction. +- Atteste an subscribe b# at least three cre ible 0itnesses in the !resence of the testator an of one another Two distinct things are required of the witnesses here 9 aE Attesting 9 which is the act of witnessing .E 'u.scri.ing 9 which is the act of signing their names in the proper places of the will 2oth must .e done. May the witness- li+e the testator- affi/ his thum.mar+ in lieu of writing his name6 Art?2A requires a witness to .e a.le to read and write- .ut this does not answer the query definiti*ely. The point is de.ata.le. 'igning in the presence of the testator and of one another > Actual seeing is not required- .ut the a.ility to see each other :the testator and the witnesses; .y merely casting their eyes in the proper direction. 3- Testator/ or his a)ent/ "ust si)n e*er# !a)e/ e.ce!t the last/ on the left "ar)in in the !resence of the 0itnesses The last page need not .e signed .y the testator on the margin .ecause- .eing the page where the end of the will is- it already contains the testator4s signature. There is a Mandatory and a $irectory part to this requirement 9 aE MAN$ATO7I 9 the signing on e*ery page in the witnesses4 presence .E $ 7&CTO7I 9 place of the signing- the left margin- the signature can .e affi/ed anywhere on the page. 'igning in the presence > Actual seeing is not required- .ut the a.ility to see each other :the testator and the witnesses; .y merely casting their eyes in the proper direction $- The 0itnesses "ust si)n e*er# !a)e/ e.ce!t the last/ on the left "ar)in in the !resence of the testator an of one another Order of 'igning 9 immaterial- pro*ided e*erything is done in a single transaction. =owe*er- if the affi/ation of the signatures is done in se*eral transactions- then it is required for *alidity that the T&'TATO7 affi/ his signature ahead of the witnesses. 1- All !a)es nu"bere correlati*el# in letters on the u!!er !art of each !a)e Mandatory and $irectory part aE MAN$ATO7I 9 pagination .y means of a con*entional system. The purpose is to pre*ent insertion or remo*al of pages .E $ 7&CTO7I 9 pagination in letters on the upper part of each page. %- Attestation clause/ statin)2 a3 Nu"ber of !a)es of the 0ill b3 ,act that the testator or his a)ent un er his e.!ress irection si)ne the 0ill an e*er# !a)e thereof/ in the !resence of the 0itnesses

c3 The fact that the 0itnesses 0itnesse an si)ne the 0ill an e*er# !a)e thereof in the !resence of the testator an of one another The attestation clause is the affair of witnesses therefore- it need not .e signed .y the testator. The signatures of the witnesses must .e at the 2OTTOM of the attestation clause. f the entire document consists only of 2 sheets- the first containing the will and the second the attestation clause- there need not .e any marginal signatures at all :A.angan *. A.angan; The fact that the attestation clause was written on a separate page has .een held to .e a matter of minor importance and apparently will not affect the *alidity of the will. 7- Ac(no0le )e"ent before a notar# !ublic Co*e *oes not re3uire t'at t'e si/nin/ o) t'e testator0 1itnesses an* notar, s'ou+* -e acco(p+is'e* in one sin/+e act. All that is required in this article is that the testator and witnesses should a*ow to the notary the authenticity of their signatures and the *oluntariness of their actions in e/ecuting the testamentary disposition. :Ca*ellana *. "edesma; aE 7atio 9 Certification of ac+nowledgement need not .e signed .y notary in the presence of testator and witnesses. .E Art?A( does not require that testator and witnesses must ac+nowledge on the same day that it was e/ecuted. cE "ogical nference 9 neither does the article require that testator and witnesses must ac+nowledge in one another4s presence. f ac+nowledgement is done .y testator and witness separately- all of them must retain their respecti*e capacities until the last one has ac+nowledged. Notar, cannot -e counte* as one o) t'e attestin/ 1itnesses. A))i?in/ o) *ocu(entar, sta(p is not re3uire* )or .a+i*it,.

'ome $iscrepancies )ar1 Art?A% 9 No statement that the testator must sign in the presence of the witnesses )ar2 Art?A% 9 No statement that the testator and the witnesses must sign e*ery page in one another4s presence. 2ut these two things are required to .e stated in the attestation clause. Conclusion is that they should .e complied with as requirements. Attestation clause is not required to state that the agent signed in the testator4s presence > a circumstance mandated .y the 1st and 2nd paragraphs of the article. ndication of $ate 9 there is no requirement that an attested will should .e dated- unli+e a holographic will.

ART. <C7. If &e es a o$ !e deaf( o$ a deafGmu e( &e mus 'e$sona**" $ead &e %i**( if a!*e o do so; o &e$%ise( &e s&a** desi)na e %o 'e$sons o $ead i and communica e o &im( in some '$ac ica!*e manne$( &e con en s &e$eof. ART. <C<. If &e es a o$ is !*ind( &e %i** s&a** !e $ead o &im %ice; once !" one of &e su!sc$i!in) %i nesses( and a)ain( !" &e no a$" 'u!*ic !efo$e %&om &e %i** is ac2no%*ed)ed.

'pecial 7equirements for =andicapped Testators 1or $eaf L $eaf>Mute testator 1. A.le to 7ead 9 must read the will personally 2. Bna.le to 7ead 9 must designate two persons to read the will and communicate to him- in some practica.le manner its contents.

 $oes this mean the 2 persons must perform each tas+ in turn6 1or 2lind Testator 9 to .e read to him twice- once .y one of the su.scri.ing witnesses- and another time .y the notary.

2. 8reater difficulty of determining testamentary capacity !. ncreased ris+ of duress RE/0IRE,ENTS O. A HOLOGRAPHIC 1ILL 1. COMPLETEL" HAN4%RITTEN ;" THE TESTATOR f testator e/ecutes only part of the will in his handwriting and other parts are not so written- the &NT 7& will is *oid .ecause the article would .e *iolated. . 4ATE4 ;" HIM $ate 9 'pecification or mention- in a written instrument- of the time :day- month and year; it was made :e/ecuted;. 9 2lac+4s "aw $ictionary As a general rule- the date in a holographic will should include the day- month- and year of its e/ecution. =owe*er- when there is no appearance of fraud- .ad faith- undue influence and pressure and the authenticity of the 5ill is esta.lished and the only issue is whether or not the date 1&2.L(1 is a *alid compliance- pro.ate of the holographic will should .e allowed under the principle of su.stantial compliance. A complete date is required to pro*ide against such contingencies as 9 aE Two competing wills e/ecuted on the same day- or .E Of a testator .ecoming insane in the day on which a will was e/ecuted. The law does not specify a particular location where the date should .e placed in the will. The only requirements are that the date .e in the will itself and e/ecuted in the hand of the testator. #. SIGNE4 ;" TESTATOR Must signature .e at the will4s end :at least the logical end;6 I&'- article ?12 seems to imply this. May the testator sign .y means of a thum.print6 NOarticle says will must .e ,entirely handwritten- dated and signed -, t'e 'an* of the testator himself.0 ART. <11. In &e '$o!a e of a &o*o)$a'&ic %i**( i s&a** !e necessa$" &a a *eas one %i ness %&o 2no%s &e &and%$i in) and si)na u$e of &e es a o$ e+'*ici *" dec*a$e &a &e %i** and &e si)na u$e a$e in &e &and%$i in) of &e es a o$. If &e %i** is con es ed( a *eas &$ee of suc& %i nesses s&a** !e $equi$ed. In &e a!sence of an" com'e en %i ness $efe$$ed o in &e '$ecedin) 'a$a)$a'&( and if &e cou$ deem i necessa$"( e+'e$ es imon" ma" !e $eso$ ed o(

Art9:9 is MAN4ATOR" f art?A? is mandatory- .y analogy Art?A7 is also mandatory. 1ailure to comply with either would result in nullity and denial of pro.ate. T'e re3uire(ent 'as -een +i-era++, app+ie*0 SC *ec+arin/ su-stantia+ co(p+iance to -e su))icient. Applies not only to .lind testators .ut also to those whofor one reason or another- are incapa.le of reading their wills. 'u.stantially complied with when documents were read aloud to the testator with each of the ! instrumental witnesses and the notary following the reading with their respecti*e copies. ;ur*en o) proo) is upon t'e proponent o) t'e 1i++ t'at t'e specia+ re3uire(ent o) t'e artic+e 1as co(p+ie* 1it'. At t'e sa(e ti(e0 t'ere is no re3uire(ent t'at co(p+iance 1it' t'e re3uire(ent -e state* eit'er in t'e 1i++ or t'e attestation c+ause.

ART. <CB. In &e a!sence of !ad fai &( fo$)e$"( o$ f$aud( o$ undue and im'$o'e$ '$essu$e and inf*uence( defec s and im'e$fec ions in &e fo$m of a es a ion o$ in &e *an)ua)e used &e$ein s&a** no $ende$ &e %i** in#a*id if i is '$o#ed &a &e %i** %as in fac e+ecu ed and a es ed in su!s an ia* com'*iance %i & a** &e $equi$emen s of A$ ic*e <C5.

According to C2" 7eyes- ,"i.eraliHation 7unning 7iot-0 instead a possi.le rewording would .e 9 n the a.sence of .ad faith- forgery- or fraud- or undue and improper pressure and influence- defects and imperfections in the form of attestation or in the language used therein shall not render the will in*alid if suc' *e)ects an* i(per)ections can -e supp+ie* -, an e?a(ination o) t'e 1i++ itse+) an* it is pro*ed that the will was in fact e/ecuted and attested in su.stantial compliance with all the requirements of Article ?A%. &/amples 1. A failure .y the attestation clause to state that the testator signed e*ery page can .e li.erally construedsince that fact can .e chec+ed .y a *isual e/amination. 2. 1ailure .y the attestation clause to state that the witnesses signed in one another4s presence should .e considered a 1ATA" 1"A5 since the attestation clause is the only te/tual guarantee of compliance. The rule is that omission which can .e supplied .y an e/amination of the will itself- without the need of resorting to e/trinsic e*idence- will not .e fatal and- correspondingly- would not o.struct the allowance to pro.ate of the will .eing assailed. =owe*er- those omissions which cannot .e supplied e/cept .y e*idence a+iun*e would result in the in*alidation of the attestation clause and ultimately- of the will itself.

Article applies only to )O'T MO7T&M pro.ates- it does not apply to Ante Mortem pro.ates since in such cases the testator himself files the petition and will identify the document itself. T'e t'ree 1itness pro.ision in case o) conteste* 'o+o/rap'ic 1i++s is 4IRECTOR"0 not (an*ator,. Testamentary wills 9 mandatory =olographic wills 9 directory 5itnesses must3 1. Fnow the handwriting and signature of the testator 2. Truthfully declare that handwriting and signature is that of the testator In t'e pro-ate o) a 'o+o/rap'ic 1i++0 t'e *ocu(ent itse+) (ust -e pro*uce*. T'ere)ore0 a 'o+o/rap'ic 1i++ cannot -e pro-ate*. The e/ecution and contents of a lost or destroyed holographic will MAI NOT 2& )7OG&$ .y the .are testimony of witnesses who ha*e seen andLor read such will. =owe*er- attested wills MAI 2& )7OG&$ .y testimonial e*idence. 5hy the difference in rules6 2ecause of the nature of the wills. n holographic wills- the only guarantee of authenticity is the handwriting itself. n attested wills- the testimony of su.scri.ing or instrumental witnesses and of the notary guarantees authenticity of the will.

ART. <1C. A 'e$son ma" e+ecu e a &o*o)$a'&ic %i** %&ic& mus !e en i$e*" %$i en( da ed( and si)ned !" &e &and of &e es a o$ &imse*f( I is su!Jec o no o &e$ fo$m( and ma" !e made in o$ ou of &e P&i*i''ines( and need no !e %i nessed.

'implicity of the holographic will is its o.*ious ad*antagealong with other .enefits such as 1. 'ecrecy 2. ne/pensi*eness !. 2re*ity 2ut that *ery simplicity .rings a.out disad*antages 9 1. $anger of forgery

"oss of the holographic will entails loss of the only medium of proof while loss of the ordinary will lea*es the su.scri.ing witnesses a*aila.le to authenticate. n the case of ordinary wills- it would .e more difficult to con*ince ! witnesses plus the notary to deli.erately lie. Considering the holographic will may consist of 2>! pages and only one of them need .e signed- the su.stitution of the unsigned pages may go undetected. n the case of a lost ordinary will- the ! su.scri.ing witnesses would .e testifying as to a 1ACT which they saw- namely the act of the testator of su.scri.ing the will. 5hereas in the case of a lost holographic will- the witnesses would testify as to their O) N ON of the handwriting which they allegedly saw- an opinion which cannot .e tested in court nor directly contradicted .y the oppositors .ecause the handwriting itself is not at hand.

ART. <18. T&e %i** of an a*ien %&o is a!$oad '$oduces effec in &e P&i*i''ines if made %i & &e fo$ma*i ies '$esc$i!ed !" &e *a% of &e '*ace in %&ic& &e $esides( o$ acco$din) o &e fo$ma*i ies o!se$#ed in &is coun $"( o$ in confo$mi " %i & &ose %&ic& &is Code '$esc$i!es. ART. <17. A %i** made in &e P&i*i''ines !" a ci iKen o$ su!Jec of ano &e$ coun $"( %&ic& is e+ecu ed in acco$dance %i & &e *a% of &e coun $" of %&ic& &e is a ci iKen o$ su!Jec ( and %&ic& mi)& !e '$o#ed and a**o%ed !" &e *a% of &is o%n coun $"( s&a** &a#e &e same effec as if e+ecu ed acco$din) o &e *a%s of &e P&i*i''ines.

&JC&)T ON 9 may .e pro*ed .y a photographic or photostatic copy- e*en a mimeographed or car.on copy- or .y other similar means- if any- where.y the authenticity of the handwriting of the deceased may .e e/hi.ited and tested .efore the pro.ate court.

R0LES O. .OR,AL VALI-ITF 1. FILIPINO A;ROA4 According to the law in the country in which he may .e And may .e pro.ated in the )hilippines . ALIEN A;ROA4 =as effect in the )hilippines if made according to3 aE "aw of place where he resides .E "aw of his own country cE )hilippine law #. ALIEN IN THE PHILS. Galid in )hilippines L As if e/ecuted according to )hilippine laws- if3 aE Made according to law of country which he is a citiHen or su.Dect- and .E May .e pro*ed and allowed .y law of his own country

ART. <1@. In &o*o)$a'&ic %i**s( &e dis'osi ions of &e es a o$ %$i en !e*o% &is si)na u$e mus !e da ed and si)ned !" &im in o$de$ o ma2e &em #a*id as es amen a$" dis'osi ions. ART. <1A. 1&en a num!e$ of dis'osi ions a''ea$in) in a &o*o)$a'&ic %i** a$e si)ned %i &ou !ein) da ed( and &e *as dis'osi ion &as a si)na u$e and a da e( suc& da e #a*ida es &e dis'osi ions '$ecedin) i ( %&a e#e$ !e &e ime of '$io$ dis'osi ions.

1ormal 7equirements =olographic 5ill 1. 'ignature 2. $ate

for

Additional

$ispositions

in

n relation to Articles 1% and 17 of the NCC Art. 1%. "aws relating to family rights and duties- or to the status- condition and legal capacity of persons are .inding upon citiHens of the )hilippines- e*en though li*ing a.road. NAT ONA" TI )7 NC )"& 9 )hilippine law follows 1ilipino citiHens where*er they may .e. Art. 17. The forms and solemnities of contracts- wills and other pu.lic instruments shall .e go*erned .y the laws of the country in which they are e/ecuted. 5hen the acts referred to are e/ecuted .efore the diplomatic or consulate officials of the 7epu.lic of the )hilippines in a foreign country- the solemnities esta.lished .y )hilippine laws shall .e o.ser*ed in their e/ecution. )rohi.iti*e laws concerning persons- their acts or property and those which ha*e for their o.Dect pu.lic orderpu.lic policy and good customs shall not .e rendered ineffecti*e .y laws or Dudgments promulgated or .y determinations or con*entions agreed upon in a foreign country. "&J "OC C&"&27AT ON ' 9 contracts- wills and other pu.lic instruments follow the formalities of the law where they are e/ecuted.

5hen there are 'e*eral Additional $ispositions 1. 'ignature and date- or 2. &ach additional disposition signed and undated- .ut the last disposition signed and dated. NOT&' 1. f se*eral additional dispositions- each of which is dated- .ut only the last is dated and signed- then only the last additional disposition is *alid. 2. f additional dispositions .efore the last are not signed and not dated- .ut the last disposition is signed and dated- what happens to the intermediate ones6 f made on one occasion 9 last disposition signed and dated *alidates all. f on different occasions 9 intermediate additions are *oid. 2ut distinction is practically worthless .ecause circumstances of e/ecution of holographic wills are often difficult to pro*e.

ART. <14. In case of an" inse$ ion( cance**a ion( e$asu$e o$ a* e$a ion in a &o*o)$a'&ic %i**( &e es a o$ mus au &en ica e &e same !" &is fu** si)na u$e.

1ull signature does not mean testator4s full name- only his usual and customary signature. &ffect of non>compliance 9 the change :insertion- cancellationetc.; is simply considered NOT MA$&. The will is not there.y in*alidated as a whole- .ut at most only as regards the particular words erased- corrected or inserted BN"&'' the portion in*ol*ed is an essential part of the will- such as the date.

ART. <15. 1&en a .i*i'ino is in a fo$ei)n coun $"( &e is au &o$iKed o ma2e a %i** in an" of &e fo$ms es a!*is&ed !" &e *a% of &e coun $" in %&ic& &e ma" !e. Suc& %i** ma" !e '$o!a ed in &e P&i*i''ines.

&*ery testator- whether 1ilipino or Alien- where*er he may .ehas fi*e choices as to what law to follow for the form of his will3 1. "aw of his CitiHenship 9 Arts ?1(>?17 for Aliens- Art1% for 1ilipinos 2. "aw of place of &/ecution 9 Art17 !. "aw of $omicile 9 Art?1( for aliens a.road- applying to aliens in the )hilippines and to 1ilipinos .y analogy #. "aw of 7esidence > Art?1( for aliens a.road- applying to aliens in the )hilippines and to 1ilipinos .y analogy %. )hilippine "aw 9 Arts ?1(>?17 for aliens- Art1% for 1ilipinos .y analogy

ART. <1<. T%o o$ mo$e 'e$sons canno ma2e a %i** Join *"( o$ in &e same ins $umen ( ei &e$ fo$ &ei$ $eci'$oca* !enefi o$ fo$ &e !enefi of a &i$d 'e$son.

CO NT 5 "" 9 one document which constitutes the wills of two or more indi*iduals. f there are separate documents- each ser*ing as one independent will e*en if written on the same sheet- they are not Doint wills prohi.ited .y the article. 7eason for )rohi.ition of Coint 5ills 1. "imitation on modes of re*ocation One of the testators would not .e a.le to destroy the document without also re*o+ing it as the will of the other testator- or in any e*en- as to the latter- the pro.lem of unauthoriHed destruction would come in 2. $iminution of testamentary secrecy !. $anger of undue influence #. $anger of one testator +illing the other 5hen a will is made Dointly or in the same instrumentthe spouse who is more dominant is lia.le to dictate the terms of the will for his or her own .enefit or for that of the third persons whom he or she desires to fa*or. 5here the will is not only Doint .ut reciprocal- either one of the spouses who may happen to .e unscrupulous- wic+ed- faithless or desperate+nowing as he or she does the terms of the will where.y the whole property of the spouses .oth conDugal and paraphernal goes to the sur*i*or- may .e tempted to +ill or dispose of the other. n 8ermany- Doint wills are allowed .ut only .etween spouses.

testimony and arises from the .elief and conclusion of the Court that said witness is telling the truth. ART. <@@. If &e %i nesses a es in) &e e+ecu ion of a %i** a$e com'e en a &e ime of a es in)( &ei$ !ecomin) su!sequen *" incom'e en s&a** no '$e#en &e a**o%ance of &e %i**.

As in the case of testamentary capacity under Art?A1- the time of the e/ecution of the will is the only rele*ant temporal criterion in the determination of the competence of the witnesses.

ART. <@A. If a 'e$son a es s &e e+ecu ion of a %i**( o %&om o$ o %&ose s'ouse( o$ 'a$en ( o$ c&i*d( a de#ise o$ *e)ac" is )i#en !" suc& %i**( suc& de#ise o$ *e)ac" s&a**( so fa$ on*" as conce$ns suc& 'e$son( o$ s'ouse( o$ 'a$en ( o$ c&i*d of suc& 'e$son( o$ an" one c*aimin) unde$ suc& 'e$son o$ s'ouse( o$ 'a$en ( o$ c&i*d( !e #oid( un*ess &e$e a$e &$ee o &e$ com'e en %i nesses o suc& %i**. Ho%e#e$( suc& 'e$son so a es in) s&a** !e admi ed as a %i ness as if suc& de#ise o$ *e)ac" &ad no !een made o$ )i#en.

Article is misplaced here .ecause it tal+s a.out CA)AC TI TO 'BCC&&$ and not capacity to .e a witness. Article ?2! lays down a disqualification of a witness to succeed to a legacy or de*ise when there are only ! witnesses. Competence of the person as a witness is NOT A11&CT&$. Assuming all other requisites for formal *alidity are metthe will is perfectly *alid .ut the witness :or relati*es specified in the article; cannot inherit. Article also applies to =& 7'. The intent of the law is to co*er all testamentary institutions. $isqualification applies only to the testa(entar, *isposition made in fa*or of the witness or the specified relati*es. f the party is also entitled to a legitime or an intestate share- that portion is not affected .y the party4s witnessing the will. Kuestion 9 'upposing there are # witnesses- each a recipient of a testamentary disposition- are the dispositions to them *alid or *oid6 Argua.le May say that dispositions are GA" $ .ecause the law only requires that there .e ! other co(petent witnesses to such will for the disposition to .e *alid. 1or the witnesses to .e competent- they need only meet the qualifications in Art?2A and ha*e none of the disqualifications in Art?21. May also say that dispositions are NGA" $ .ecause the intent of the law is to a*oid witnesses from attesting to the will .ased on the dispositions as a consideration for such act. f all of the witnesses are recipients of testamentary dispositions- then there is greater chance that they are all witnessing .ecause a consideration has .een gi*en to them.

ART. <1B. 1i**s( '$o&i!i ed !" &e '$ecedin) a$ ic*e( e+ecu ed !" .i*i'inos in a fo$ei)n coun $" s&a** no !e #a*id in &e P&i*i''ines( e#en &ou)& au &o$iKed !" &e *a%s of &e coun $" %&e$e &e" ma" &a#e !een e+ecu ed.

Outline on Coint 5ills 1. 2y 1ilipinos in the )hilippines 9 GO $ Art?1? 2. 1ilipinos A.road 9 GO $ Art?1@- e*en if allowed .y law in place of e/ecution. This is an e/ception to the permissi*e pro*isions of Arts17 and ?1%. !. Aliens A.road 9 GA" $- Art?1( #. Aliens in )hilippines 9 Contro*erted- on one *iew it is *oid .ecause of pu.lic policy- another *iew says it is *alid .ecause Art?17 go*erns. %. 1ilipino and Alien 9 Always GO $ as to the 1ilipino- .ut either P! or P# go*erns- depending if he is a.road or in the )hils.

Subsection $ Witnesses to Wills ART. <@C. An" 'e$son of sound mind and of &e a)e of ei)& een "ea$s o$ mo$e( and no !*ind( deaf o$ dum!( and a!*e o $ead and %$i e( ma" !e a %i ness o &e e+ecu ion of a %i** men ion in A$ ic*e <C5 of &is Code. ART. <@1. T&e fo**o%in) a$e disqua*ified f$om !ein) %i nesses o a %i**= >1? An" 'e$son no domici*ed in &e P&i*i''ines >@? T&ose %&o &a#e !een con#ic ed of fa*sifica ion of a documen ( 'e$Ju$" o$ fa*se es imon".

' J KBA" 1 CAT ON' O1 5 TN&''&' 1. Of 'ound Mind 2. At "east 1? years of age !. Not 2lind- $eaf or $um. #. A.le to read and write %. $omiciled in the )hilippines (. Must not ha*e .een con*icted of falsification of a document- perDury or false testimony. As to applica.ility to wills e/ecuted a.road- testator may resort to either e/ecuting a holographic will or following the law of the place of e/ecution- if no such witnesses are readily a*aila.le. Competence *. Credi.ility The competency of a person to .e an instrumental witness to a will is determined .y the statute under Arts ?2A>?21whereas his credi.ility depends on the appreciation of his

ART. <@4. A me$e c&a$)e on &e es a e of &e es a o$ fo$ &e 'a"men of de! s due a &e ime of &e es a o$:s dea & does no '$e#en &is c$edi o$s f$om !ein) com'e en %i nesses o &is %i**.

2ecause the de.t or charge is not a testamentary disposition.

Su!sec ion 5 9 Codici*s and Inco$'o$a ion E" Refe$ence ART. <@5. A codici* is a su''*emen o$ addi ion o a %i**( made af e$ &e e+ecu ion of a %i** and anne+ed o !e a2en as a 'a$ &e$eof( !" %&ic& dis'osi ion made in &e o$i)ina* %i** is e+'*ained( added o( o$ a* e$ed. ART. <@8. In o$de$ &a a codici* ma" !e effec i#e( i s&a** !e e+ecu ed as in &e case of a %i**.

Codicil *. 'u.sequent 5ill Codicil 9 e/plains- adds to or alters a disposition in a prior will. 'u.sequent will 9 ma+es independent and distinct dispositions. 2ut the distinction is purely academic .ecause Art?2( requires that the codicil .e in the form of a will anyway. Must the Codicil conform to the form of the will to which it refers6 NO. A holographic will can ha*e an attested codicil and *ice *ersa. 2oth may also .e of the same +ind.

"aw of place where the testator was domiciled at time of re*ocation. 2. Testator *o(ici+e* in )hils. :Art?2@; )hilippine "aw 9 consistent with domiciliary principle followed .y this article "aw of place of 7e*ocation 9 principle of +e? +oci ce+e-rationis "aw of place where the 5 "" was made 9 .y analogy with rules on re*ocation where testator is a non>)hilippine domiciliary. Curious that the law departs from the nationality theory and adopts the domiciliary theory.

ART. <@7. If a %i**( e+ecu ed as $equi$ed !" &is Code( inco$'o$a es in o i se*f !" $efe$ence an" documen o$ 'a'e$( suc& documen o$ 'a'e$ s&a** no !e conside$ed a 'a$ of &e %i** un*ess &e fo**o%in) $equisi es a$e '$esen = >1? T&e documen o$ 'a'e$ $efe$$ed o in &e %i** mus !e in e+is ence a &e ime of &e e+ecu ion of &e %i**; >@? T&e %i** mus c*ea$*" desc$i!e and iden if" &e same( s a in) amon) o &e$ &in)s &e num!e$ of 'a)es &e$eof; >A? I mus !e iden ified !" c*ea$ and sa isfac o$" '$oof as &e documen o$ 'a'e$ $efe$$ed o &e$ein; and >4? I mus !e si)ned !" &e es a o$ and &e %i nesses on eac& and e#e$" 'a)e( e+ce' in case of #o*uminous !oo2s of accoun o$ in#en o$ies.

ART. <AC. No %i** s&a** !e $e#o2ed e+ce' in &e fo**o%in) cases= >1? E" im'*ica ion of *a%; o$ >@? E" some %i**( codici*( o$ o &e$ %$i in) e+ecu ed as '$o#ided in case of %i**s; o$ >A? E" !u$nin)( ea$in)( cance*in)( o$ o!*i e$a in) &e %i** %i & &e in en ion of $e#o2in) i ( !" &e es a o$ &imse*f( o$ !" some o &e$ 'e$son in &is '$esence( and !" &is e+'$ess di$ec ion. If !u$ned( o$n( cance**ed( o$ o!*i e$a ed !" some o &e$ 'e$son( %i &ou &e e+'$ess di$ec ion of &e es a o$( &e %i** ma" s i** !e es a!*is&ed( and &e es a e dis $i!u ed in acco$dance &e$e%i &( if i s con en s( and due e+ecu ion( and &e fac of i s unau &o$iKed des $uc ion( cance**a ion( o$ o!*i e$a ion a$e es a!*is&ed acco$din) o &e Ru*es of Cou$ .

Article only refers to documents such as3 1. n*entories 2. 2oo+s of Accounts !. $ocuments of Title #. )apers of 'imilar Nature $O&' NOT include documents that ma+e testamentary dispositions- or else the formal requirements of a will would .e circum*ented. Can holographic wills incorporate documents .y reference6 NO. )ar# of Art?27 requires signatures of the testator and the witnesses on e*ery page of the incorporated document :e/cept *oluminous anne/es;. t seems therefore that only attested wills can incorporate documents .y referencesince only attested wills are witnessed. Bnless testator e/ecutes a holographic will and superfluously has it witnessed.

,O-ES O. REVODING A 1ILL 0N-ER PHILIPPINE LA1 1. ;" OPERATION OF LA% May .e total or partial &/amples of re*ocation .y operation of law aE )reterition 9 Art?%# .E "egal 'eparation 9 Art(! par# 1C cE Bnworthiness to succeed 9 Art1A!2 dE Transformation- alienation or loss of the o.Dect de*ised or .equeathed 9 Art@%7 eE Cudicial demand of a credit gi*en as a legacy > Art@!( . ;" A SU;SEGUENT %ILL OR CO4ICIL 7equisites for *alid re*ocation .y a su.sequent instrument 9 aE 'u.sequent instrument must comply with formal requirements of a will .E Testator must possess testamentary capacity cE 'u.sequent instrument must either contain an e/press re*ocatory clause or .e incompati.le with the prior will dE 'u.sequent instrument must .e pro.ated to ta+e effect 7e*ocation .y su.sequent will may .e Total or )artial- &/press or mplied aE Total 9 whole prior instrument is re*o+ed .E )artial 9 only certain pro*isions or dispositions of the prior instrument is re*o+ed cE &/press 9 re*ocation of prior instrument is stated in the su.sequent instrument dE mplied 9 incompati.ility .etween pro*isions of prior and su.sequent instruments. #. ;" PH"SICAL 4ESTRUCTION 1our ways to destroy 9 aE 2urning .E Tearing cE Cancelling dE O.literating )hysical destruction may .e done .y the testator personally or .y another person acting in his presence and .y his e/press direction.

Subsection % 4e*ocation of Wills An Testa"entar# 5is!ositions ART. <@<. A %i** ma" !e $e#o2ed !" &e es a o$ a an" ime !efo$e &is dea &. An" %ai#e$ o$ $es $ic ion of &is $i)& is #oid.

A will is essentially 7&GOCA2"& or AM2B"ATO7I. This characteristic cannot .e wai*ed e*en .y the testator. There is no such thing as an irre*oca.le will. This characteristic is consistent with the principle in Art777 that successional rights *est only upon death.

ART. <@B. A $e#oca ion done ou side &e P&i*i''ines( !" a 'e$son %&o does no &a#e &is domici*e in &is coun $"( is #a*id %&en i is done acco$din) o &e *a% of &e '*ace %&e$e &e %i** %as made( o$ acco$din) o &e *a% of &e '*ace in %&ic& &e es a o$ &ad &is domici*e a &e ime; and if &e $e#oca ion a2es '*ace in &is coun $"( %&en i is in acco$dance %i & &e '$o#isions of &is Code.

R0LES .OR REVOCATION Re.ocation (a*e in t'e P'i+ippines. )hilippine "aw Re.ocation (a*e Outsi*e P'i+ippines. 1. Testator not *o(ici+e* in )hils. "aw of place where the 5 "" was made

 BnauthoriHed if without e/press direction of testator. 2ut what if with e/press direction .ut not in his presence6 Argua.le. May say that it is authoriHed and therefore the destroyed instrument is re*o+ed .ecause of the intent and consent of the testator to re*o+e and destroy- and that the law does not pro*ide that without the testator4s presencedestruction will .ecome unauthoriHed. On the other hand- it may .e argued that the testator4s presence is required .ecause at any time during the actual .urning- destroying- etc. he may put a stop to the destruction if he changes his mind- and that is precisely why his presence is required6 &ffect of unauthoriHed destruction 9 5ill may still .e pro*ed as lost or destroyed :Art?!A NCC and 7ule 7( 7oC; =owe*er- this is possi.le only if the will is attested< if the will is holographic- it cannot .e pro.ated if lost- e*en if the loss or destruction was unauthoriHed- unless a copy sur*i*es.

dependent on the Capacity or Acceptance of the heirsde*isees or legatees instituted in the su.sequent will. $&)&N$&NT 7&"AT G& 7&GOCAT ON

-EPEN-ENT RELATIVE REVOCATION 5here the act of destruction is connected with the ma+ing of another will as fairly to raise the inference that the testator meant the re*ocation of the old to depend upon the efficacy of the new disposition intended to .e su.stituted- the re*ocation will .e conditional and dependent upon the efficacy of the new disposition< and iffor any reason- the new will intended to .e made as a su.stitute is inoperati*e- the re*ocation fails and the original will remains in full force. This is the doctrine of dependent relati*e re*ocation. The failure of the new testamentary disposition- upon whose *alidity the re*ocation depends- is equi*alent to the non> fulfillment of a suspensi*e condition- and hence pre*ents the re*ocation of the original will. 2ut a mere intent to ma+e at some time a will in place of that destroyed will not render the destruction conditional. t must appear that the re*ocation is dependent upon the *alid e/ecution of a new will. :Molo *. Molo; t must .e remem.ered that dependent relati*e re*ocation applies on+, i) it appears t'at t'e testator inten*e* 'is at o) re.ocation to -e con*itione* on t'e (a>in/ o) a ne1 1i++ or on its .a+i*it, or e))icac,. n Molo *. Molo- the 'amson *. Na*al doctrine was citedpro*iding that ,A su.sequent will- containing a clause re*o+ing a pre*ious will- ha*ing .een disallowed- for the reason that it was not e/ecuted in conformity with the pro*isions of the Code of Ci*il procedure as to the ma+ing of wills- cannot produce the effect of annulling the pre*ious will- inasmuch as said re*ocatory clause is *oid.0 Kuestion 9 supposing the institution of heirs- legatees or de*isees in the su.sequent will is su.Dect to a suspensi*e condition- is the re*ocation of the prior will a.solute or conditional6 $epends on the testator4s intent. f the su.sequent will contains a re*ocatory clause which is a.solute or unconditional- the re*ocation will .e a.solute regardless of the happening or non>happening of the suspensi*e condition. 2ut if the testator states in the su.sequent will that the re*ocation of the prior will is su.Dect to the occurrence of the suspensi*e condition- or if the will does not contain a re*ocatory clause- the re*ocation will depend on whether the condition happens or not. f the suspensi*e condition does not occur- the institution is deemed ne*er to ha*e .een made and the prior institution will .e gi*en effect. :i.e. no re*ocation of prior will; This is in accord with the Duridical nature of suspensi*e conditions- and is an instance of dependent relati*e re*ocation. s the rule on dependent relati*e re*ocation applica.le if the re*ocation of the will is .y physical destruction6 I&'. f testator e/ecutes a su.sequent will re*o+ing the prior will .ut conditioned on the *alidity of the su.sequent will- then if the su.sequent will is declared in*alid- the prior will su.sists. n Molo *. Molo- in an o.iter- 'C held that the physical destruction of the will $ $ NOT re*o+e it- .ased on the inference made .y the court in that case- that the testator meant the re*ocation to depend on the *alidity of a new will. 2ut apart from the fact that the statement is o-iter .ecause the facts did not clearly show that the will had .een destroyed- it is argua.le whether the prior will should .e deemed to su.sist despite its physical destruction. Can it not .e argued that the act of the testator in destroying the will in fact confirmed his intent to re*o+e it6 n the case of $iaH *. $e "eon- the testator e/ecuted a prior will .ut destroyed it and e/ecuted another will

&lements of a Galid 7e*ocation .y )hysical $estruction aE CO7)B' 9 physical destruction itself< there must .e e*idence of physical destruction .E AN MB' 9 Capacity and intent to re*o+e Testator must ha*e completed e*erything he intended to do 2oth corpus an animus must concur. "oss or una*aila.ility of a will may- under certain circumstances- gi*e rise to the presumption that it had .een re*o+ed .y physical destruction 5here a will which cannot .e found is shown to ha*e .een in the possession of the testator when last seen- the presumption is- in the a.sence of other competent e*idence- that the same was cancelled or destroyed. 'ame presumption arises where it is shown that testator had ready access to the will and it cannot .e found after his death. 2ut such presumptions may .e o*ercome .y proof that the will was not destroyed .y the testator with intent to re*o+e it. ART. <A1. Su!sequen %i**s %&ic& do no $e#o2e &e '$e#ious ones in an e+'$ess manne$( annu* on*" suc& dis'osi ions in &e '$io$ %i**s as a$e inconsis en %i & o$ con $a$" o &ose con ained in &e *a e$ %i**s.

7e*ocation of a will .y a su.sequent will or codicil may .e e/press :through a re*ocatory clause; or implied :through incompati.ility;. n the old Ci*il Code- mere fact of a su.sequent will- pro*ided that it is *alid- re*o+ed the prior one- e?cept on+, i) t'e testator pro.i*es in t'e posterior 1i++ t'at t'e prior 1i++ 1as to su-sists in 1'o+e or in part. The present rule pro*ides that the e/ecution of a su.sequent will does not ipso )acto re*o+e a prior one.

ART. <A@. A $e#oca ion made in a su!sequen %i** s&a** a2e effec ( e#en if &e ne% %i** s&ou*d !ecome ino'e$a i#e !" $eason of &e inca'aci " of &e &ei$s( de#isees o$ *e)a ees desi)na ed &e$ein( o$ !" &ei$ $enuncia ion.

&fficacy of the re*ocatory clause does not depend on the testamentary disposition of the re*o+ing will- BN"&'' the testator so pro*ides. 7e*ocation is generally spea+ing- an a.solute pro*ision- independent of the acceptance or capacity of the new heirs. An &JC&)T ON is where the testator pro*ides in the su.sequent will that the re*ocation of the prior one is

re*o+ing the former. =owe*er- the second will was found to .e not e/ecuted with all the necessary requisites to constitute sufficient re*ocation. The court then held that the intention of re*o+ing the will was manifest from the fact that the testator was an/ious to withdraw or change the pro*isions he had made in his first will. Therefore- the court concluded that original will presented ha*ing .een destroyed with ani(o re.ocan*i- the original will and last testament cannot .e pro.ated and was effecti*ely re*o+ed. n Molo- re*ocation of the prior will was not allowed .ecause the court inferred that the testator meant re*ocation to depend on the *alidity of the new will- so in that case t'e ru+e on *epen*ent re+ati.e re.ocation 1as app+ie*. =owe*er- in $e "eon- court held that the testator4s intent to re*o+e the prior will was not dependent on the *alidity of the su.sequent will so e*en if the second will was *oid and insufficient as re*ocation- the prior will was still re*o+ed .ecause such re*ocation was not dependent on the *alidity of the second will :6QQ;

2asically- the principle laid down in Art?!# remains unaltered regarding these admissions contained in wills.

Subsection 7 4e!ublication an 4e*i*al of Wills ART. <A5. T&e es a o$ canno $e'u!*is&( %i &ou $e'$oducin) in a su!sequen %i**( &e dis'osi ions con ained in a '$e#ious one %&ic& is #oid as o i s fo$m. ART. <A8. T&e e+ecu ion of a codici* $efe$$in) o a '$e#ious %i** &as &e effec of $e'u!*is&in) &e %i** as modified !" &e codici*.

f the testator wishes to repu.lish a will that is *oid as to formthe only way to repu.lish it is to e/ecute a su-se3uent 1i++ and reproduce :copy out; the dispositions of the original will. Mere reference to the prior will in the su.sequent will is not enough. A will is *oid as to form if it does not comply with the requirements of Arts?A#>?1?< ?1A>?1#< ?1?>?1@. REGCAP O. .OR,AL RE/0IRE,ENTS O. A 1ILL
1. ATTESTE-IOR-INARF 1ILL a. Must .e in writing .. &/ecuted in a language or dialect +nown to testator c. 'u.scri.ed .y the testator or his agent in his presence and .y his e/press direction at the end thereof- in the presence of the witnesses d. Attested and su.scri.ed .y at least ! credi.le witnesses in presence of the testator N of one another e. Testator- or his agent- must sign e*ery pagee/cept the last- on the left margin in the presence of the witnesses f. The witnesses must sign e*ery page- e/cept the last- on the left margin in the presence of the testator and of one another. g. All pages num.ered correlati*ely in letters on the upper part of each page. h. Attestation clause- stating3 aE Num.er of pages of the will .E 1act that the testator or his agent under his e/press direction signed the will and e*ery page thereof- in the presence of the witnesses cE 1act that the witnesses witnessed and signed the will and e*ery page thereof in the presence of the testator and of one another. i. Ac+nowledgement .efore a notary pu.lic .y the testator and the witnesses. D. =andicapped Testator aE $eaf or deaf>mute 9 personally read the will if a.le to do so- otherwise designate 2 persons to read and communicate it to him. .E 2lind 9 read to him twice- once .y a su.scri.ing witness and another time .y the notary .efore whom it is ac+nowledged.

ART. <AA. A $e#oca ion of a %i** !ased on a fa*se cause o$ an i**e)a* cause is nu** and #oid.

5ills are re*oca.le a* nutu( or at the testator4s pleasure. The testator does not need to ha*e a reason to re*o+e the will. =owe*er- precisely .ecause the law respects the testator4s true intent- this article sets aside a re*ocation that does not reflect such intent.

RE/0ISITES .OR A .ALSE I ILLEGAL CA0SE TO REN-ER REVOCATION VOI- 9 1. CAUSE MUST ;E CONCRETE0 FACTUAL AN4 NOT PUREL" SU;HECTIVE f a testator re*o+ed on the stated ground that the heir was locano and all locanos are .ad- it would Dust .e preDudice and the re*ocation is *alid .ecause it is .ased on a su.Decti*e cause. . IT MUST ;E FALSE #. THE TESTATOR MUST NOT FNO% OF ITS FALSIT" 7. IT MUST APPEAR FROM THE %ILL THAT THE TESTATOR IS REVOFING ;ECAUSE OF THE CAUSE %HICH IS FALSE.

f the re*ocation is .y physical destruction- and the re*o+ed will is 'o+o/rap'ic- then though the re*ocation .e *oid- pro.ate will not .e possi.le- BN"&'' a copy of the holographic will sur*i*es. The rule regarding nullity of re*ocation for an illegal cause limits the freedom of the testator to re*o+e .ased on an illegal cause- .ut this is due to pu.lic policy considerations. t must .e noted that the illegal cause s'ou+* -e state* in t'e 1i++ as t'e cause o) t'e re.ocation.

ART. <A4. T&e $eco)ni ion of an i**e)i ima e c&i*d does no *ose i s *e)a* effec ( e#en &ou)& &e %i** %&e$ein i %as made s&ou*d !e $e#o2ed.

The part of the will which recogniHes an illegitimate child is NOT re*oca.le .ecause recognition is an irre*oca.le act. Therefore- e*en if the will is re*o+ed- the recognition remains effecti*e. Bnder the 1amily Code- admission of illegitimate filiation in a will would constitute proof of illegitimate filiation. According to Article 17% of the 1amily Code 9 Art17%. llegitimate children may esta.lish their illegitimate filiation in the same way and on the same e*idence as legitimate children. The action must .e .rought within the same period specified in Art17!- e/cept when the action is .ased on the second paragraph of Art172- in which case the action may .e .rought during the lifetime of the alleged parent.

 REGCAP O. .OR,AL RE/0IRE,ENTS O. A 1ILL

+. $efects and imperfections in form of attestation and language used shall not ma+e the will in*alid if there is su.stantial compliance with requirements of Art?A%. l. "aw to .e followed a. 1ilipino a.road .. Alien a.road c. Alien in the )hilippines m. )rohi.ition on Doint wills- especially .y 1ilipinos e*en if e/ecuted in foreign country allowing Doint wills. n. 5itnesses must possess all the qualifications in Art?2A and none of the disqualifications in Art?21. @. HOLOGRAPHIC 1ILL a. Must .e entirely written .. &/ecuted in a language or dialect +nown to testator c. $ated .y the testator d. 'igned .y the hand of the testator himself e. 5itnesses required aE Fnows the handwriting and signature of the testator .E &/plicitly declares that the will and the signature are in the handwriting of the testator f. $ispositions .elow testator4s signature must also .e dated and signed. g. 5hen se*eral additional dispositions are signed .ut not dated- the last disposition must .e signed and dated to *alidate the dispositions preceding it. h. Any insertion- cancellation- erasure or alteration must .e authenticated .y the testator4s full signatureotherwise it shall .e deemed as not made. i. )rohi.ition on Doint wills- especially .y 1ilipinos e*en if e/ecuted in a foreign country where Doint wills are allowed.

Also +eep in mind Article ?!1 9 mplied 7e*ocations only annul such dispositions in the prior wills as are inconsistent with or contrary to those contained in the latter wills.

&JC&)T ON 9 when the secon* 1i++ is 'o+o/rap'ic an* it is re.o>e* -, p',sica+ *estruction0 -ecause t'en t'e possi-i+it, o) its pro-ate is )orec+ose*0 un+ess o) course a cop, sur.i.es.

Subsection 6 Allo0ance an 5isallo0ance of Wills ART. <A<. No %i** s&a** 'ass ei &e$ $ea* o$ 'e$sona* '$o'e$ " un*ess i is '$o#ed and a**o%ed in acco$dance %i & &e Ru*es of Cou$ . T&e es a o$ &imse*f ma"( du$in) &is *ife ime( 'e i ion &e cou$ &a#in) Ju$isdic ion fo$ &e a**o%ance of &is %i**. In suc& case( &e 'e$ inen '$o#isions of &e Ru*es of Cou$ fo$ &e a**o%ance of %i**s af e$ &e es a o$:s dea & s&a** )o#e$n. T&e Su'$eme Cou$ s&a** fo$mu*a e suc& addi iona* Ru*es of Cou$ as ma" !e necessa$" fo$ &e a**o%ance of %i**s on 'e i ion of &e es a o$. Su!Jec o &e $i)& of a''ea*( &e a**o%ance of &e %i**( ei &e$ du$in) &e *ife ime of &e es a o$ o$ af e$ &is dea &( s&a** !e conc*usi#e as o i s due e+ecu ion.

)ro.ate of a will is MAN$ATO7I. T1O DIN-S O. PROEATE 1. POST MORTEM 9 after the testator4s death 2. ANTE MORTEM 9 during his lifetime- features3 &asier for the courts to determine mental condition of a testator 1raud- intimidation and undue influence are minimiHed &asier correction of formal defects in the will Once a will is pro.ated ante mortem- the only questions that may remain for the courts to decide after the testator4s death will refer to the intrinsic *alidity of the testamentary dispositions. 7ules on )ro.ate for .oth post and ante mortem are found in 7ule 7( of the 7ules of Court. 1inality of a )ro.ate $ecree Once a decree of pro.ate .ecomes final in accordance with the rules of procedure- it is res Dudicata. 'cope of a 1inal $ecree of )ro.ate A final decree of pro.ate is conclusi*e as to the due e/ecution of the will- i.e. as to the will4s e/trinsic and formal *alidity only. 8allanosa *. Arcangel enumerates %&a a$e co#e$ed !" &e e$m .o$ma* Va*idi " and &e$efo$e conc*usi#e*" se *ed !" a fina* dec$ee of '$o!a e 9 aI T'at t'e testator 1as o) soun* an* *isposin/ (in* -I T'at 'is consent 1as not .itiate* cI T'at t'e 1i++ 1as si/ne* -, t'e re3uire* nu(-er o) 1itnesses0 an* That all the formal requirements of the law ha*e .een complied with. *I T'at t'e 1i++ is /enuine. Another way of defining the scope of a final decree of pro.ate is to refer to art?!@. An, action -ase* on an, o) t'e /roun*s )or *isa++o1ance o) a 1i++ enu(erate* in Artic+e 9#6 can no +on/er -e pursue* once t'ere is a )ina+ *ecree o) pro-ate. GENERAL R0LE 9 A decree of pro.ate- therefore does not concern itself with the question of NT7 N' C *alidity and the pro.ate court should not pass upon that issue. &JC&)T ON > 5hen the pro.ate of a will might .ecome an idle ceremony if on its face it appears to .e intrinsically *oid. 5here practical considerations demand that the intrinsic *alidity of the will .e passed upon- e*en .efore it is pro.atedthe court should meet the issue.

f the testator wishes to 7epu.lish a will that is either3 1. GO $ for a reason other than a formal defect- or 2. )re*iously 7&GOF&$ The only thing necessary to repu.lish it is for the testator to e/ecute a su.sequent will or codicil referring to the pre*ious will. There is no need to reproduce the pro*isions of the prior will in the su.sequent instrument. 5hy the difference on the rules .etween nullity as to form and nullity .ased on other grounds6 )rof. 2alane says .ecause Art?!% is from Argentine "aw whole Art?!( is from California "aw. 8o figure.

ART. <A7. If af e$ ma2in) a %i**( &e es a o$ ma2es a second %i** e+'$ess*" $e#o2in) &e fi$s ( &e $e#oca ion of &e second %i** does no de$i#e &e fi$s %i**( %&ic& can !e $e#i#ed on*" !" ano &e$ %i** o$ codici*.

llustration n 1@?%- J e/ecuted will 1 n 1@?7- J e/ecuted will 2 and e/pressly re*o+ed will 1 n 1@@A- J e/ecuted will !- re*o+ing will 2 > 5hen will ! re*o+ed will 2- it did not re*i*e will 1. This article is .ased on the theory of INSTANT REVOCATION That the re*ocatory effect of the 2nd will is immediate. =owe*er- such theory is inconsistent with the principle that wills ta+e effect mortis causa. 1urthermore- to .e effecti*e for the purpose of re*o+ing the first will- the second will must .e pro.ated. 2ut it has already .een re*o+ed .y the third will. A re*o+ed will now has to .e su.mitted to pro.ate6 Article applies only when the re*ocation of the first will .y the second will is &J)7&''. f the re*ocation .y the second will is implied due to incompati.le pro*isions- the article will not apply and the effect will .e that the first will is re*i*ed. =owe*er- when will ! is itself inconsistent with will 1- there is still re*ocation.

On the authority of Nepomuceno *. Ca- a pro.ate court may pass upon the issue of intrinsic *alidity if on the face of the willits intrinsic nullity is patent.

=.

ART. <AB. T&e %i** s&a** !e disa**o%ed in an" of &e fo**o%in) cases= >1? If &e fo$ma*i ies $equi$ed !" *a% &a#e no !een com'*ied %i &; >@? If &e es a o$ %as insane( o$ o &e$%ise men a**" inca'a!*e of ma2in) a %i**( a &e ime of i s e+ecu ion; >A? If i %as e+ecu ed &$ou)& fo$ce o$ unde$ du$ess( o$ &e inf*uence of fea$( o$ &$ea s; >4? If i %as '$ocu$ed !" undue and im'$o'e$ '$essu$e and inf*uence( on &e 'a$ of &e !eneficia$" o$ of some o &e$ 'e$son; >5? If &e si)na u$e of &e es a o$ %as '$ocu$ed !" f$aud; >8? If &e es a o$ ac ed !" mis a2e o$ did no in en &a &e ins $umen &e si)ned s&ou*d !e &is %i** a &e ime of affi+in) &is si)na u$e &e$e o.

MISTAFE OR TESTATOR 4I4 NOT INTENT INSTRUMENT TO ;E HIS %ILL %HEN HE AFFI8E4 HIS SIGNATURE THERETO Mista+e 9 must refer to su.stance of the thing which is the o.Dect of the contract- or to those conditions which ha*e principally mo*ed one or .oth parties to enter into the contract. Mista+e as to identity or qualifications only *itiates consent when such were the principal cause of the contract. A simple mista+e of account gi*es rise to correction. SECTION + INSTIT7TION O, 8EI4

ART. <4C. Ins i u ion of &ei$ is an ac !" #i$ ue of %&ic& a es a o$ desi)na es in &is %i** &e 'e$son o$ 'e$son %&o a$e o succeed &im in &is '$o'e$ " and $ansmissi!*e $i)& s and o!*i)a ions.

7ules on institution of heir set forth in this section apply as well to institution of $e*isees and "egatees.

An E?c+usi.e Enu(eration of the grounds for disallowance of a will. These are matters in*ol*ed in formal *alidity. Once a pro.ate decree is final- such decree forecloses any su.sequent challenge on any of the matters enumerated in this article. f any of these grounds for disallowance are pro*en- the will shall .e set aside as GO $. A will is either *alid or *oid. f none of the defects enumerated in this article are present- it is *alid< if any one of these defects is present- the will is *oid. The issue of formal *alidity or nullity is precisely what the pro.ate proceedings will determine. There is no such thing as a Goida.le 5ill. GRO0N-S .OR -ISALLO1ANCE O. A 1ILL 1. FORMALITIES Those referred to in Articles ?A#>?1?- ?1?>?1@ and ?2@>?21 . TESTATOR INSANE OR MENTALL" INCAPA;LE AT TIME OF E8ECUTION Articles 7@? 9 ?A1 on testamentary capacity and intent FORCE0 4URESS0 INFLUENCE OF FEAR OR THREATS 1orce or Giolence 9 when in order to wrest consentserious or irresisti.le force is employed. $uress or ntimidation 9 when one of the contracting parties is compelled .y a reasona.le and well> grounded fear of imminent and gra*e e*il upon his person or property- or upon the person or property of his spouse- descendants or ascendants- to gi*e his consent. Age- se/ and condition of the person are .orne in mind. Threat to enforce a Dust or legal claim through competent authority does not *itiate consent. UN4UE J IMPROPER PRESSURE AN4 INFLUENCE Bndue nfluence 9 when a person ta+es improper ad*antage of his power o*er the will of anotherdepri*ing the latter of a reasona.le freedom of choice. Circumstances such as the following shall .e considered3 confidential- family- spiritual and other relations .etween parties- or fact that person unduly influenced was suffering from mental wea+ness or ignorant or in financial distress. SIGNATURE PROCURE4 THROUGH FRAU4 1raud 9 when through insidious words or machinations of one of the contracting parties- the other is induced to enter into a contract whichwithout them- he would not ha*e agreed to.

ART. <41. A %i** s&a** !e #a*id e#en &ou)& i s&ou*d no con ain an ins i u ion of an &ei$( o$ suc& ins i u ion s&ou*d no com'$ise &e en i$e es a e( and e#en &ou)& &e 'e$son so ins i u ed s&ou*d no acce' &e in&e$i ance o$ s&ou*d !e inca'aci a ed o succeed. In suc& cases &e es amen a$" dis'osi ions made in acco$dance %i & *a% s&a** !e com'*ied %i & and &e $emainde$ of &e es a e s&a** 'ass o &e *e)a* &ei$s. ART. <4@. One %&o &as no com'u*so$" &ei$s ma" dis'ose !" %i** of a** &is es a e o$ an" 'a$ of i in fa#o$ of an" 'e$son &a#in) ca'aci " o succeed. One %&o &as com'u*so$" &ei$s ma" dis'ose of &is es a e '$o#ided &e does no con $a#ene &e '$o#isions of &is Code %i & $e)a$d o &e *e)i ime of said &ei$s.

&*en if the will does not contain any testamentary dispositionit will .e formally *alid pro*ided it complies with all the formal requisites. This is in +eeping with the character of wills as dispositi*e of property under Art7?!. HO1 ,0CH CAN EE -ISPOSE- O. EF 1ILLL 1. No Compulsory =eirs 9 &ntire hereditary estate 2. There are Compulsory =eirs 9 the disposa.le portion or the net hereditary estate minus the legitimes. The amount of the legitimes depends on the +inds and num.er of compulsory heirs. Garious com.inations are possi.le and so the amount of disposa.le portion is also *aria.le.

#.

f the testator disposes .y will of "&'' than he is allowed tothere will .e M J&$ succession 9 Testamentary succession as to the part disposed of .y will- and ntestate succession as to the part not disposed of .y the will. The legitimes- of course- pass .y strict operation of law.

7.

ART. <4A. T&e es a o$ s&a** desi)na e &e &ei$ !" &is name and su$name( and %&en &e$e a$e %o 'e$sons &a#in) &e same names( &e s&a** indica e some ci$cums ance !" %&ic& &e ins i u ed &ei$ ma" !e 2no%n. E#en &ou)& &e es a o$ ma" &a#e omi ed &e name of &e &ei$( s&ou*d &e desi)na e &im in suc& manne$ &a &e$e can !e no dou! as o %&o &as !een ins i u ed( &e ins i u ion s&a** !e #a*id. ART. <44. An e$$o$ in &e name( su$name( o$ ci$cums ances of &e &ei$ s&a** no #i ia e &e ins i u ion %&en i is 'ossi!*e( in an" o &e$ manne$( o 2no% %i & ce$ ain " &e 'e$son ins i u ed. If amon) &e 'e$sons &a#in) &e same names and su$names( &e$e is a simi*a$i " of ci$cums ances in suc& a

<.

%a" &a ( e#en %i & &e use of &e o &e$ '$oof( &e 'e$son ins i u ed canno !e iden ified( none of &em s&a** !e an &ei$.

7&KB 7&M&NT 1O7 $&' 8NAT ON O1 =& 7 The heir- legatee or de*isee must .e iden ified in &e %i** %i & sufficien c*a$i " to lea*e no dou.t as to the testator4s intention. The .asic rule in testamentary succession always is respect for and compliance with the testator4s wishes. T'e *esi/nation o) na(e an* surna(e is 4IRECTOR". 5hat is required is that the identity of the designated successor .e sufficiently esta.lished. This is usually done .y gi*ing the name and surname- .ut there are other ways as can .e gleaned from Art?#! par2- such as to one4s Reldest first cousin4. I) t'ere is an, AM;IGUIT" in t'e *esi/nation0 it s'ou+* -e reso+.e* in +i/'t o) Art596 B -, t'e conte?t o) t'e 1i++ an* an, e?trinsic e.i*ence a.ai+a-+e0 e?cept t'e testator2s ora+ *ec+arations. f it is not possi.le to resol*e the am.iguity- the testator4s intent .ecomes indetermina.le and therefore intestacy as to that portion will result.

ART. <4<. If &e es a o$ s&ou*d ins i u e &is !$o &e$s and sis e$s( and &e &as some of fu** !*ood and o &e$s of &a*f !*ood( &e in&e$i ance s&a** !e dis $i!u ed equa**" un*ess a diffe$en in en ion a''ea$s.

Once again- this article follows the general rule of equality laid down in Art?#(. Also- if the testator intends an unequal apportionment- he should so specify. $ 11&7&NT 7B"& N NT&'TACI Art?#? only applies to testamentary succession- wherein si.lings- regardless of whether full or half .lood- get equal shares e/cept if a different intention of the testator appears. n NT&'TACI- the rule is different. The applica.le pro*ision is Art 1AA( which esta.lishes a '$o'o$ ion of @=1 .etween full and half .lood .rothers and sisters- .ut without preDudice to the rule prohi.iting succession aintestato .etween legitimate and illegitimate si.lings. :Art@@2; Art. 1AA(. 'hould .rother and sisters of the full .lood sur*i*e together with .rothers and sisters of the half .lood- the former shall .e entitled to a share dou.le that of the latter. Art. @@2. An illegitimate child has no right to inherit a- intestate from the legitimate children and relati*es of his father or mother< nor shall such children or relati*es inherit in the same manner from the illegitimate child.

ART. <45. E#e$" dis'osi ion in fa#o$ of an un2no%n 'e$son s&a** !e #oid( un*ess !" some e#en o$ ci$cums ance &is iden i " !ecomes ce$ ain. Ho%e#e$( a dis'osi ion in fa#o$ of a defini e c*ass o$ )$ou' of 'e$sons s&a** !e #a*id.

Bn+nown )erson This article refers to a successor whose identity cannot .e determined .ecause the designation in the will is so unclear or so am.iguous as to .e incapa.le of resolution. This does not refer to one with whom the testator is not personally acquainted. The testator may institute some.ody who is a perfect stranger to him- pro*ided the identity is clearly designated in the will

ART. <48. Hei$s ins i u ed %i &ou desi)na ion of s&a$es s&a** in&e$i in equa* 'a$ s.

7&>CA) Testamentary 'uccession 9 equality in shares of full and half .lood .rothers and sisters unless the testator pro*ides otherwise :Art?#?; ntestacy 9 )roportion of 231 .etween full and half .lood .rothers and sisters :Art1AA(;- and only if the disqualification in Art@@2 does not apply. Kuestion 9 $oes Art?#? apply e*en to illegitimate .rothers and sisters- in cases where the testator is of legitimate status and *ice *ersa6 I&'. Art?#? does not distinguish.

8&N&7A" )7&'BM)T ON E3ua+it, in cases o) co++ecti.e *esi/nation. f the testator intends an unequal apportionment- he should so specify. The article applies only in testa(entar, succession- and only among testamentary heirs or de*isees or legatees. t will NOT A))"I to an heir who is .oth a compulsory and a testamentary heir- for in that case the heir will get his legitime and his testamentary portion. Not e/plicitly co*ered .y this article is an instance where the shares of some of the heirs are designated and those of others are not. &/ample 9 , institute to M of my estate A- 2- C and $- of which A will get 1L! and 2 is to get M.0 The shares of C and $ are unspecified. Are they to di*ide equally the remaining portion of the M of the estate- after deducting A4s and 24s portions :The remainder is %L12 of M6; I&'- .ecause the article tal+s a.out heirs instituted without designation of shares. A and 2 ha*e .een designated their shares- therefore Art?#( applied to C and $.

ART. <4B. 1&en &e es a o$ ca**s o &e succession a 'e$son and &is c&i*d$en &e" a$e a** deemed o &a#e !een ins i u ed simu* aneous*" and no successi#e*".

Article lays down the same rule as Arts. ?#( and ?#7. &quality and ndi*iduality of institution are presumed. f the testator desires a different mode of apportionment- he should so specify.

ART. <5C. T&e s a emen of a fa*se cause fo$ &e ins i u ion of an &ei$ s&a** !e conside$ed as no %$i en( un*ess i a''ea$s f$om &e %i** &a &e es a o$ %ou*d no &a#e made suc& ins i u ion if &e &ad 2no%n &e fa*si " of suc& cause.

ART. <47. 1&en &e es a o$ ins i u es some &ei$s indi#idua**" and o &e$s co**ec i#e*" as %&en &e sa"s( 6 I esi)nate as "# heirs A an 9/ an the chil ren of C (7 &ose co**ec i#e*" desi)na ed s&a** !e conside$ed as indi#idua**" ins i u ed( un*ess i c*ea$*" a''ea$s &a &e in en ion of &e es a o$ %as o &e$%ise.

8&N&7A" 7B"& 9 the falsity of the stated cause for the testamentary institution $O&' NOT A11&CT the *alidity or efficacy of the institution. 7eason 9 testamentary disposition is ultimately .ased on li.erality. &JC&)T ON 9 the falsity of the stated cause for institution will set aside the institution if the following factors are present3 1. Cause for institution is stated in the will 2. Cause must .e shown to .e false !. t appears on the face of the will that if the testator had +nown of the falsity of such cause- he would not ha*e instituted the heir.

&quality and ndi*iduality of $esignation This article follows the .asic rule of equality in the pre*ious article. n addition- it esta.lished the )7&'BM)T ON that &e &ei$s co**ec i#e*" $efe$$ed o a$e desi)na ed !er ca!ita a*on) %i & &ose se'a$a e*" desi)na ed. f the testator intends a .loc+ designation- he should so specify.

ART. <51. If &e es a o$ &as ins i u ed on*" one &ei$( and &e ins i u ion is *imi ed o an a*iquo 'a$ of &e in&e$i ance( *e)a* succession a2es '*ace %i & $es'ec o &e $emainde$ of &e es a e.

T&e same $u*e a''*ies if &e es a o$ &as ins i u ed se#e$a* &ei$s( eac& !ein) *imi ed o an a*iquo 'a$ ( and a** &e 'a$ s do no co#e$ &e %&o*e in&e$i ance.

he is named as a father- son- etc.- he is neit'er institute* as an 'eir or e/pressly *isin'erite*- nor assi/ne* an, part o) t'e estate- thus .eing tacitly depri*ed of his right to the legitime.

The wording of the article- according to )rof. 2alane- is erroneous .ecause +e/a+ succession *oes not ta>e p+ace 1it' respect to t'e re(ain*er o) t'e estate -ut to t'e re(ain*er o) t'e is!osable !ortion. There may after all .e compulsory heirs whose legitimes will therefore co*er part of the estate- the and the legitimes do not pass .y legal or intestate succession. 'uggested 7ewording 9 Art. ?%1. f the testator has instituted only one heir- and the institution is limited to an aliquot part of the inheritance+ess t'an t'e entire *isposa-+e portion0 legal succession ta+es place with respect to the remainder of the estate. The same rule applies if the testator has instituted se*eral heirs- each .eing limited to an aliquot part- and all the parts do not co*er the whole inheritance. Moreo*er- this article states e/actly the same rule laid down in Art?#1. there is a.solutely no need for the redundancy.

Castan4s $efinition 9 ,2y preterition is meant the omission in the will of any of the compulsory heirs- without .eing e/pressly disinherited. t is thus a tacit depri*ation of the legitime- as distinguished from disinheritance- which is an e/press depri*ation.0 O,ISSION THAT CONSTIT0TES PRETERITION I) t'e 'eir in 3uestion is institute* in t'e 1i++ -ut t'e portion /i.en to 'i( -, t'e 1i++ is +ess t'an 'is +e/iti(e B t'ere is no preterition. n the case of 7eyes *. 2aretto>$atu3 1. There was a compulsory heir in the direct line 2. 'uch heir was instituted in the will !. The testamentary disposition gi*en to such heir was less than her legitime 2ased on these- the holding was that there was NO )7&T&7 T ON. The reason was there was no TOTA" OM '' ONinasmuch as the heir recei*ed something from the inheritance. The heir4s remedy is not found in Art?%# .ut in Arts. @A( and @A7 for Completion of "egitime. Art. @A(. Any compulsory heir to whom the testator has left .y any title less than the legitime .elonging to him may demand that the same may .e fully satisfied. Art. @A7. Testamentary dispositions that impair or diminish the legitime of the compulsory heirs shall .e reduced on petition of the same- insofar as they may .e inofficious or e/cessi*e. I) t'e 'eir is /i.en a +e/ac, or *e.ise0 t'ere is no preterition. 'hould the *alue of the legacy or de*ise .e less than the recipient4s legitime- his remedy is only for completion of legitime under Articles @A( and @A7. I) t'e 'eir recei.e* a *onation inter .i.os )ro( t'e testator B t'e -etter .ie1 is t'at t'ere is no preterition 7eason 9 donation inter *i*os is treated as an ad*ance on the legitime under Articles @A(- @A@@1A and 1A(2. Art. @A@. $onations gi*en to children shall .e charged to their legitime. $onations made to strangers shall .e charged to that part of the estate of which the testator could ha*e disposed .y his last will. nsofar as they may .e inofficious or may e/ceed the disposa.le portion- they shall .e reduced according to the rules esta.lished .y this Code. Art. @1A. $onations which an illegitimate child may ha*e recei*ed during the lifetime of his father or mother- shall .e charged to his legitime. 'hould they e/ceed the portion that can .e freely disposed of- they shall .e reduced in the manner prescri.ed .y this Code. Art. 1A(2. Collation shall not ta+e place among compulsory heirs if the donor should ha*e so e/pressly pro*ided- or if the donee should repudiate the inheritance- unless the donation should .e reduced as inofficious. I) t'e 'eir is not (entione* in t'e 1i++ nor 1as a recipient o) a *onation inter .i.os )ro( t'e testator0 -ut not a++ o) t'e estate is *ispose* o) -, t'e 1i++ B t'ere is no preterition.

ART. <5@. If i %as &e in en ion of &e es a o$ &a &e ins i u ed &ei$s s&ou*d !ecome so*e &ei$s o &e %&o*e es a e( o$ &e %&o*e f$ee 'o$ ion( as &e case ma" !e( and eac& of &em &as !een ins i u ed o an a*iquo 'a$ of &e in&e$i ance and &ei$ a*iquo 'a$ s o)e &e$ do no co#e$ &e %&o*e in&e$i ance( o$ &e %&o*e f$ee 'o$ ion( eac& 'a$ s&a** !e inc$eased '$o'o$ iona**". ART. <5A. If eac& of &e ins i u ed &ei$s a*iquo 'a$ of &e in&e$i ance( and e+ceed &e %&o*e in&e$i ance( o$ &e as &e case ma" !e( eac& 'a$ '$o'o$ iona**".

&as !een )i#en an &e 'a$ s o)e &e$ %&o*e f$ee 'o$ ion( s&a** !e $educed

n .oth articles 9 1. There are more than 1 instituted heir 2. Testator intended them to get the whole estate or the whole disposa.le portion !. Testator designated a definite portion for each. A7T. ?%2 9 the total of all the portions is less than the whole estate or the whole disposa.le portion. Therefore- a proportionate increase is necessary. The difference cannot pass .y intestacy .ecause the testator4s intention is clear to gi*e the instituted heirs the entire amount. A7T. ?%! 9 the re*erse occurs- the total e/ceeds the whole estate or the whole disposa.le portion. Thus a proportionate re*uction must .e made.

FORMULA FOR PROPORTIONATE INCREASE OR DECREASE

P HEIRS SHARE . P TOTAL DISPOSED DISPOSABLE = P TOTAL ESTATE X

ART. <54. T&e '$e e$i ion o$ omission of one( some( o$ a** of &e com'u*so$" &ei$s in &e di$ec *ine( %&e &e$ *i#in) a &e ime of &e e+ecu ion of &e %i** o$ !o$n af e$ &e dea & of &e es a o$( s&a** annu* &e ins i u ion of &ei$; !u &e de#ises and *e)acies s&a** !e #a*id insofa$ as &e" a$e no inofficious. If &e omi ed com'u*so$" &ei$s s&ou*d die !efo$e &e es a o$( &e ins i u ion s&a** !e effec ua*( %i &ou '$eJudice o &e $i)& of $e'$esen a ion.

)7&T&7 T ON 9 means omission- .ut from what6 The answer to that question is the .asic pro.lem in preterition. Manresa4s $efinition 9 ,)reterition consists in the omission of an heir in the will- either .ecause he is not named- or- although

 The omitted heir in this instance would recei*e something .y intestacy- from the portion not disposed of .y the will :the *acant portion;. The right of the heir- should the *acant portion .e less than his legitime- will simply .e to demand completion of his legitime- under Articles @A( and @A7.

1or there to .e preterition- therefore- the heir in question must ha*e recei*ed NOT= N8 from the testator .y way of3 1. Testamentary succession 2. "egacy or de*ise !. $onation inter *i*os- or #. ntestacy )reterition means therefore 9 TOTA" OM '' ON N T=& N=&7 TANC&. 1HO ARE INCL0-E- 1ITHIN THE TER,S O. THE ARTICLEL A compulsory heir in the direct line- whether li*ing at the time of the e/ecution of the will or .orn after the death of the testator. 1. COM)B"'O7I =& 7' N T=& $ 7&CT " N& 9 Co*ers children or descendants- and in proper cases :in default of children or descendants; parents or ascendants 'ur*i*ing 'pouse 9 does not fall within the pur*iew of this article .ecause although a compulsory heir- is not in the direct line. Bnder Art@(# par2- direct line is that constituted .y the series of degrees among ascendants and descendants. 2. Are ""&8 T MAT& $&'C&N$ANT' O7 A'C&N$ANT' within the co*erage of ,compulsory heirs in the direct line06 Manresa 9 I&'- 'cae*ola 9 NO. Manresa4s seems to .e the .etter opinion- since the law does not distinguish. !. KBA' >)O'T=BMOB' C= "$7&N 9 There is a flaw in the wording of the article. The phrase ,whether li*ing at the time of the e/ecution of the will or .orn after the death of the testator0 does not- .y its terms- include those compulsory heirs in the direct line -orn a)ter t'e e?ecution o) t'e 1i++ -ut -e)ore t'e testator2s *eat' $+os cuasi post'u(ous&. =owe*er- such children are- without dou.t- to .e included within the pur*iew of the protection of this article. #. )7&$&C&A'& O1 )7&T&7 T&$ COM)B"'O7I =& 7 9 2nd paragraph of Art ?%# pro*ides3 f the omitted compulsory heirs should die .efore the testatorthe institution shall .e effectual- without preDudice to the right of representation. 'hould the preterited heir predecease or .e unworthy to succeed the testator- the question of preterition of that heir .ecomes moot. =owe*er- should there .e a descendant of that heir who is himself preterited- then the effects of preterition will arise. &/ample 9 J has 2 legit +ids3 A and 2. J ma+es a will which results in preterition of A. A dies .efore J .ut lea*es a legit child- A>1- who is himself completely omitted from the inheritance :A>1 .eing entitled to succeed J .y representation;. Art?%# will apply- not .ecause A was preterited .ut .ecause A>1 was preterited. %. A$O)T&$ C= "$7&N Case of Acain *. AC answers the question of whether an adopted child is within the contemplation of this article as ,compulsory heir in the direct line0 and rules in fa*or of the adopted child4s inclusion in the phrase.

An adopted child therefore- if totally omitted in the inheritance- is preterited within the contemplation of Art?%# and can in*o+e its protection and consequences. Acain4s logic is that since an adopted child is gi*en .y law the same rights as a legitimate child*is>S>*is the adopter- then the adopted child canin proper cases- in*o+e Art?%# in the same manner that a legitimate child can. The law cited was Art!@ of )$(A! or the Child and Iouth 5elfare Code as supplanted .y Art1?@:1; of the 8amily Code- li+ewise supplanted .y 'ecs 17 and 1? of 7A?%%2 or the $omestic Adoption Act of 1@@?.

E..ECT O. PRETERITION Annulment of the institution of an heir .ut *alidity of legacies and de*isees to the e/tent that these latter do not impair legitimes. $istinction .etween heirs and legateesLde*isees 9 This in the only instance when there is still a practical effect in the distinction .etween an heir and a legatee or de*isee in Art7?2. According to the case of Nuguid *. Nuguid- annulment of institution of heir means only the legacies and de*ises will merit consideration if e/pressly gi*en in the will. Art?%# does not mean that the mere institution of a uni*ersal heir in a will 9 *oid .ecause of preterition 9 would gi*e the heir so instituted a share in the inheritance. As to t'e 'eir0 t'e 1i++ is ine?istent. n that case- the only pro*ision in the will was the institution of the petitioner a uni*ersal heir. That institution.y itself- was held null and *oid. Therefore- intestate succession ensued. =owe*er- this was muddled in the case of 'olano *. CA wherein it was ruled that the preterition of illegitimate children should annul the institution of the heir ,only insofar as the legitime of the omitted heirs is impaired0. )rof. 2alane says this is not annu+(ent .ut re*uction- and this would erase the distinction .etween the effect of preterition on the institution of the heir and its effect on legacies and de*ises. 1ortunately- this was cleared up in Acain *. CA wherein it was held that ,)reterition annuls the institution of an heir and annulment throws open to intestate succession the entire inheritance. The only pro*isions which do not result in intestacy are the legacies and de*ises made in the will for they should stand *alid and respected- e/cept insofar as the legitimes are concerned.0

7&>CA) 9 the correct rule of preterition is that3 )reterition a.rogates the institution of heir .ut respects legacies and de*ises insofar as these do not impair the legitimes. Thus- if the will contains only institutions of heirs and there is preterition- TOTAL INTESTAC" 1i++ resu+t. f there are legacies or de*ises and there is preterition- the legacies or de*ises will stand- to the e/tent of the free portion :merely to .e reduced and not set aside- if the legitimes are impaired; .ut the institution of heirs- if anywill .e swept away.

)7&T&7 T ON *. N&11&CT G& $ ' N=&7 TANC& )reterition is total omission from the inheritance- without the heir .eing e/pressly disinherited. The implied .asis of the rule is ina*.ertent omission .y the testator. Thus- if the testator e/plicitly disinherits the heir- this article will not apply. 'hould the disinheritance .e ineffecti*e- for a.sence of one or other of the requisites for a *alid disinheritance- the heir is simply entitled to demand his rightful share. ART. <55. T&e s&a$e of a c&i*d o$ descendan omi ed in a %i** mus fi$s !e a2en f$om &e 'a$ of &e es a e no dis'osed of !" &e %i**( if an"; if &a is no sufficien ( so muc& as ma" !e necessa$" mus !e a2en '$o'o$ iona**" f$om &e s&a$es of &e o &e$ com'u*so$" &ei$s.

Article is redundant and completely unnecessary of it is made to apply to cases of preterition. f there is preterition- only Art?%# need .e applied. )roper Application of Art?%% 9 in cases where a compulsory heir is not preterited .ut left something :.ecause not all the estate is disposed of .y will; less than his legitime. Art?%% really tal+s of a completion of legitime. HO1 TO .ILL 0P CO,P0LSORF HEIR:S I,PAIRELEGITI,EL 1rom the portion of the estate left undisposed of .y will. 1rom the shares of the testamentary heirs- legatees and de*isees- proportiona++,. 'uperfluity and naccuracy of Art?%% 9 'uperfluity 9 article- properly understood- does not apply to preterition .ut to completion of legitime- it is redundant.ecause the rules and manner of completing impaired legitimes are laid down with greater detail in Articles @A(@A7- @A@- @1A and @11. naccuracy 9 two inaccuracies 1. Co*erage should e/tend not only to children and descendants .ut to all compulsory heirs. As su.sequent articles :@A(- etc.; mandate- any compulsory heir whose legitime is impaired may demand that the same .e fully satisfied. 2. )roportionate reductions :after consuming the undisposed portion; should .e .orne not -, t'e co(pu+sor, 'eirs as suc' -ut -, t'e testa(entar, 'eirs0 inc+u*in/ t'e *e.isees an* +e/atees. To ma+e the compulsory heirs qua compulsory heirs .ear the reduction would mean reducing their own legitimes 9 a patent a.surdity. That would .e sol*ing one pro.lem .y creating another. As correctly stated .y Art@A7- it is testa(entar, *ispositions that must .e reduced if they impair or diminish the legitimes of compulsory heirs. 'enator Tolentino comments that article should .e rephrased as follows > The share of t'e co(pu+sor, 'eir omitted in a will must first .e ta+en from the part of the estate not disposed of .y the will- if any< if that is not sufficient- so much as may .e necessary must .e ta+en proportionally )ro( t'e s'ares o) t'e ot'er 'eirs /i.en to t'e( -, 1i++. ART. <58. A #o*un a$" &ei$ %&o dies !efo$e &e es a o$ $ansmi s no &in) o &is &ei$s. A com'u*so$" &ei$ %&o dies !efo$e &e es a o$( a 'e$son inca'aci a ed o succeed( and one %&o $enounces &e in&e$i ance( s&a** $ansmi no $i)& o &is o%n &ei$s e+ce' in cases e+'$ess*" '$o#ided fo$ in &is Code. O.ser*ations on the Article naccurate and misleading .ecause it suggests that there are e/ceptions to the rule that an heir- in case of predecease- incapacity or renunciation- transmits nothing to his own heirs. This rule of non>transmission is A2'O"BT& and there is no e/ception to it. 7epresentation does not constitute an e/ception .ecause in representation the person represented does not transmit anything to his heirs. 7epresentation is rather a form of su-ro/ation. t says too much .ecause the article is in the chapter on testamentary succession under institution of heir- therefore it should spea+ only of *oluntary or testamentary heirs. t says too little .ecause it does not mention legal or intestate heirs nor does it pro*ide for cases of disinheritance. 7ather- the complete statement of the rule is 9 An heir- whether compulsory- *oluntary or legal- transmits NOT= N8 to his heirs in case of predecease- incapacityrenunciation or disinheritance. =owe*er- in case of predecease or incapacity of compulsory or legal heirs- as well as disinheritance of compulsory heirs- the rules on representation shall apply. Outline of 7ules Dind of PREG INCAG REN0NG -ISINHERIG Hei$ -ECEASE PACITF CIATION TANCE TN 7 TN 7 TN 7 TN 7

CO,P0LG SORF VOL0NTARF LEGAL

NA NA

NA NA

TN 9 Transmits nothing 7 > 7epresentation SECTION 3 S79STIT7TION O, 8EI4S A$ . <57. Su!s i u ion is &e a''oin men of ano &e$ &ei$ so &a &e ma" en e$ in o &e in&e$i ance in defau* of &e &ei$ o$i)ina**" ins i u ed.

The definition of su.stitution is incomplete .ecause it co*ers only simple su.stitution and e/cludes the fideicommissary. n the fideicommissary- the 2nd heir does not succeed in *e)au+t.ut A1T&7 the first. The complete definition of su.stitution should .e 9 ,'u.stitution is the appointment of another heir so that he may enter into the inheritance in default of- or su.sequent to- the heir originally su.stituted.0 5ith respect to 'imple 'u.stitution- this section is properly a part of the ne/t section on conditional testamentary dispositions. Sim'*e su!s i u ion is $ea**" a fo$m of condi iona* ins i u ion. The right to pro*ide for su.stitutions is .ased on testamentary freedom. n simple su.stitutions- the testator simply ma+es a second choice- in case the first choice does not inherit. n fideicommissary su.stitutions- the testator imposes what is essentially a 7&'T7 CT ON O7 2B7$&N on the first heircoupled with a selection of a su.sequent recipient of the property.

A$ . <5<. Su!s i u ion of &ei$s ma" !e= >1? Sim'*e o$ common; >@? E$ief o$ com'endious; >A? Reci'$oca*; o$ >4? .ideicommissa$".

Bnder the old 'panish Code- in addition to the # enumeratedthere were pupi+ar and eEe(p+ar su.stitutions under Arts. 77% and 77(- pro*iding that an ascendant or the parent may su.stitute the descendant .elow 1# years old in case the descendant should die .efore age 1#< and that a su.stitute may .e designated .y an ascendant for a descendant who is o*er 1# .ut has .een declared incompetent .y reason of mental incapacity- .ut such su.stitution shall .e ineffecti*e .y a will e/ecuted .y the incompetent during a lucid inter*al or after he ahs reco*ered his mental faculties. DIN-S O. S0ESTIT0TION 0N-ER ART<5< 1. 'imple or Common :.u+/ar; 9 Art?%@ 2. 2rief or Compendious :-re.i+ocua K co(pen*iosa& 9 Art?(A !. 7eciprocal :reciproca; 9 Art?(1 #. 1ideicommissary :)i*eico(isaria; 9 Art?(! n reality- there are only 2 +inds of su.stitutions 9 the simple or common and the fideicommissary. These two are MBTBA""I &JC"B' G&- a su.stitution must .e one or the other and cannot .e .oth at the same time. 2rief or compendious and reciprocal su.stitutions are merely *ariations of either the simple or fideicommissary.

ART. <5B. T&e es a o$ ma" desi)na e one o$ mo$e 'e$sons o su!s i u e &e &ei$ o$ &ei$s ins i u ed in case suc& &ei$ o$ &ei$s s&ou*d die !efo$e &im( o$ s&ou*d no %is&( o$ s&ou*d !e inca'aci a ed o acce' &e in&e$i ance. A sim'*e su!s i u ion( %i &ou a s a emen of &e cases o %&ic& i $efe$s( s&a** com'$ise &e &e$e men ioned in &e '$ecedin) 'a$a)$a'&( un*ess &e es a o$ &as o &e$%ise '$o#ided.

This article pro*ides for ' M)"& or GB"8A7 su.stitution. CA0SES O. SI,PLE S0ESTIT0TION 1. )redecease of the first heir 2. 7enunciation of the first heir !. ncapacity of the first heir =O5 T&'TATO7 MAI )7OG $& 1O7 ' M)"& 'B2'T TBT ON 5 T= A"" ! CAB'&' 1. 2y specifying all ! causes 2. 2y merely pro*iding for a simple su.stitution 7estricted 'imple 'u.stitution 9 the testator may limit the operation of simple su.stitution .y specifying only one or two of the ! causes. KB&'T ON' 9 May the testator pro*ide for a su.stitution on grounds other than those pro*ided in this article6 n case of renunciation .y the first heir- must the su.stitute ha*e capacity at the time of the renunciation6 'upposing the su.stitute dies .efore the first heir manifests his renunciation- may the successors of the su.stitute acquire the testamentary disposition6 Must ha*e capacity 9 Art1A!# par ! pro*iding that , f the institution- de*ise or legacy should .e conditional- the time of the compliance with the condition shall also .e considered.0 As a simple su.stitution is a form of conditional su.stitutiontherefore Art1A!# can .e applied. Need not ha*e capacity 9 Art1A#2 and %!! par2 which pro*ides that the effects of the acceptance or repudiation of the inheritance shall always retroact to the moment of the death of the decedent0 and that ,one who *alidly renounces an inheritance is deemed ne*er to ha*e possessed the same.0 5ill the su.stitute .e disqualified if the cause of the first heir4s predecease is that the su.stitute +illed him6

&/ample- A gets M and 2 gets M. They are reciprocally su.stituted. f A predeceases the testator- 2 will su.stitute and get the share of A :M; in addition to his share- so in total he gets T. The second sentence of Art?(1 pro*ides for )roportionate Accrual. f there are more than 1 heir instituted- and they are reciprocally su.stituted- the su.stitutes will acquire the share of the original heir in the same proportion as they were gi*en in the testamentary disposition. &/ample- A gets T- 2 gets 1L! and C gets 1L(. f a predeceases the testator- 2 and C will acquire A4s T share in the proportion of 231 .ecause their respecti*e testamentary shares are T and 1L(. 'hould 2 predeceaseA and C will get his portion in the proportion of !31 .ecause their respecti*e shares are T and 1L(. 'hould C predecease- A and 2 will get C4s 1L( portion in the proportion of !32 for the same reason.

ART. <8@. T&e su!s i u e s&a** !e su!Jec o &e same c&a$)es and condi ions im'osed u'on &e ins i u ed &ei$( un*ess &e es a o$ &as e+'$ess*" '$o#ided &e con $a$"( o$ &e c&a$)es o$ condi ions a$e 'e$sona**" a''*ica!*e on*" o &e &ei$ ins i u ed.

The su.stitute merely ta+es the place of the original heir- so the former is also su.Dected to all the lia.ilities as well as rights of the latter- including charges and conditions imposed upon the original heir.

ART. <8A. A fideicommisa$" su!s i u ion !" #i$ ue of %&ic& &e fiducia$" o$ fi$s &ei$ ins i u ed is en $us ed %i & &e o!*i)a ion o '$ese$#e and o $ansmi o a second &ei$ &e %&o*e o$ 'a$ of &e in&e$i ance( s&a** !e #a*id and s&a** a2e effec ( '$o#ided suc& su!s i u ion does no )o !e"ond one de)$ee f$om &e &ei$ o$i)ina**" ins i u ed( and '$o#ided fu$ &e$( &a &e fiducia$" o$ fi$s &ei$ and &e second &ei$ a$e *i#in) a &e ime of &e dea & of &e es a o$.

ART. <8C. T%o o$ mo$e 'e$sons ma" !e su!s i u ed fo$ one; and one 'e$son fo$ %o o$ mo$e &ei$s.

1irst heir 9 fiduciary < 'econd heir 9 fideicommissary ELE,ENTS O. .I-EICO,ISARIA 1. A 1st 'eir 1'o ta>es t'e propert, upon t'e testator2s *eat' 1iduciary enters upon the inheritance- li+e e*ery other heir- upon the opening of the successionwhich is when the testator dies. . A n* 'eir 1'o ta>es t'e propert, su-se3uent+, )ro( t'e )i*uciar, The fideicommissary heir does not recei*e the property until the fiduciary4s right e/pires. 2OT= heirs enter into the inheritance- one after the other- each in his own turn. This distinguishes the fideicomisaria from the *ulgar- in which the su.stitute inherits only if the first heir fails to inherit. NOT& 9 though the fideicommissary heir does not recei*e the property upon the testator4s death- his right thereto G&'T' at that time and merely .ecomes su.Dect to a period- and that right passes to his own heirs should he die .efore the fiduciary4s right e/pires. #. T'e
n* 'eir (ust -e 1 *e/ree )ro( t'e )irst 'eir Means 2 things aE Only one transmissionLtransfer is allowedfrom the first heir to the second heir .E 'econd heir must .e in the first degree of relationship with the first heir. The second heir must either .e a child or parent of the first heir

2rief or Compendious su.stitution is a possi.le *ariation of either a simple or fideicommissary su.stitution. $istinctions 2rief 9 2 or more su.stitutes for 1 original heir Compendious 9 1 su.stitute for 2 or more orig. =owe*ermost commentators use the terms interchangea.ly. f 1 is su.stituted for 2 or more original heirs 9 &ffect of default of one .ut not all of the original heirs is that su.stitution will NOT ta+e place .ut the share left *acant will accrue to the sur*i*ing original co>heir or co> heirs. Su!s i u ion %i** a2e '*ace on*" if ALL &e o$i)ina* &ei$s a$e disqua*ified. The e/ception is where the testator pro*ides for su.stitution in the e*ent of the death or renunciation or incapacity of an, one o) t'e ori/ina+ 'eirs.

ART. <81. If &ei$s ins i u ed in unequa* s&a$es s&ou*d !e $eci'$oca**" su!s i u ed( &e su!s i u e s&a** acqui$e &e s&a$e of &e &ei$ %&o dies( $enounces( o$ is inca'aci a ed( un*ess i c*ea$*" a''ea$s &a &e in en ion of &e es a o$ %as o &e$%ise. If &e$e a$e mo$e &an one su!s i u e( &e" s&a** &a#e &e same s&a$e in &e su!s i u ion as in &e ins i u ion.

7eciprocal su.stitution is a possi.le *ariation of the simple or fideicommissary su.stitution. f the heirs in a will are gi*en unequal shares- and they are reciprocal su.stitutes of each other- the su.stitute shall- in addition to his gi*en share- acquire the share of the heir who he is su.stituting for due to predecease- renunciation or incapacity.

7. 4ua+ o-+i/ation i(pose* upon t'e 1st 'eir toA aI Preser.e t'e propert,0 an* -I To trans(it it a)ter t'e +apse o) t'e perio* to t'e )i*eico((issar, 'eir.

 This requisite is the essence of the fideicomisaria. This ma+es the position of the fiduciary .asically that of a usufructuary- with the right to use and enDoy the property .ut 5 T=OBT HUS 4ISPONEN4I. f there is no a.solute o.ligation to preser*e and transmit- there is no fideicommissary su.stitution. The institution is not necessarily *oid- it may .e *alid as some other disposition .ut it is not a fideicomisaria. n )C 2 *. &scolin- the institution was held to .e a simultaneous institution- a resolutory condition on the part of the hus.and while su.Dect to a suspensi*e condition on the part of the .rothers> and sisters>in>law and not a fideicomisaria .ecause no o.ligation is imposed upon the hus.and to preser*e the estate or any part thereof for anyone else. f the testator $ $ NOT specify a day when the fiduciary will deli*er the property to the fideicomissary- or when the time of deli*ery is in dou.t- it shall .e understood to ha*e .een left to the fiduciary4s discretion- which means the deli*ery should .e upon the 1 $BC A7I4' $&AT=. This is .ased on the presumption that the testator intended the fiduciary to enDoy the property during his lifetime. <. ;ot' 'eirs (ust -e +i.in/ an* *is3ua+i)ie* to succee* at t'e ti(e o) t'e testator2s *eat'. Li#in) 9 acco$din) o A$ ic*es 4CG41 Art. #A. 2irth determines personality< .ut the concei*ed child shall .e considered .orn for all purposes that are fa*ora.le to it- pro*ided it .e .orn later with the conditions specified in the following article. Art. #1. 1or ci*il purposes- the fetus is considered .orn if it is ali*e at the time it is completely deli*ered from the motherUs wom.. =owe*er- if the fetus had an intra>uterine life of less than se*en months- it is not deemed .orn if it dies within twenty>four hours after its complete deli*ery from the maternal wom.. /ua*ified 9 acco$din) o A$ ic*es 1C@4G1CA4. Art. 1A2#. )ersons not incapacitated .y law may succeed .y will or a. intestato. The pro*isions relating to incapacity .y will are equally applica.le to intestate succession. Art. 1A2%. n order to .e capacitated to inherit- the heirde*isee or legatee must .e li*ing at the moment the succession opens- e/cept in case of representationwhen it is proper. A child already concei*ed at the time of the death of the decedent is capa.le of succeeding pro*ided it .e .orn later under the conditions prescri.ed in article #1. Art. 1A2(. A testamentary disposition may .e made to the 'tate- pro*inces- municipal corporations- pri*ate corporations- organiHations- or associations for religiousscientific- cultural- educational- or charita.le purposes. All other corporations or entities may succeed under a will- unless there is a pro*ision to the contrary in their charter or the laws of their creation- and always su.Dect to the same.

the guardianship ha*e .een appro*ed- e*en if the testator should die after the appro*al thereof< ne*ertheless- any pro*ision made .y the ward in fa*or of the guardian when the latter is his ascendantdescendant- .rother- sister- or spouse- shall .e *alid< O#E Any attesting witness to the e/ecution of a will- the spouse- parents- or children- or any one claiming under such witness- spouse- parents- or children< O%E Any physician- surgeon- nurse- health officer or druggist who too+ care of the testator during his last illness< O(E ndi*iduals- associations and corporations not permitted .y law to inherit. Art. 1A2?. The prohi.itions mentioned in article 7!@concerning donations inter *i*os shall apply to testamentary pro*isions. Art. 1A2@. 'hould the testator dispose of the whole or part of his property for prayers and pious wor+s for the .enefit of his soul- in general terms and without specifying its application- the e/ecutor- with the courtUs appro*al shall deli*er one>half thereof or its proceeds to the church or denomination to which the testator may .elong- to .e used for such prayers and pious wor+s- and the other half to the 'tate- for the purposes mentioned in Article 1A1!. Art. 1A!A. Testamentary pro*isions in fa*or of the poor in general- without designation of particular persons or of any community- shall .e deemed limited to the poor li*ing in the domicile of the testator at the time of his deathunless it should clearly appear that his intention was otherwise. The designation of the persons who are to .e considered as poor and the distri.ution of the property shall .e made .y the person appointed .y the testator for the purpose< in default of such person- .y the e/ecutorand should there .e no e/ecutor- .y the Dustice of the peace- the mayor- and the municipal treasurer- who shall decide .y a maDority of *otes all questions that may arise. n all these cases- the appro*al of the Court of 1irst nstance shall .e necessary. The preceding paragraph shall apply when the testator has disposed of his property in fa*or of the poor of a definite locality. Art. 1A!1. A testamentary pro*ision in fa*or of a disqualified person- e*en though made under the guise of an onerous contract- or made through an intermediary- shall .e *oid. Art. 1A!2. The following are incapa.le of succeeding .y reason of unworthiness3 O1E )arents who ha*e a.andoned their children or induced their daughters to lead a corrupt or immoral life- or attempted against their *irtue< O2E Any person who has .een con*icted of an attempt against the life of the testator- his or her spousedescendants- or ascendants< O!E Any person who has accused the testator of a crime for which the law prescri.es imprisonment for si/ years or more- if the accusation has .een found groundless< O#E Any heir of full age who- ha*ing +nowledge of the *iolent death of the testator- should fail to report it to an officer of the law within a month- unless the authorities ha*e already ta+en action< this prohi.ition shall not apply to cases wherein- according to law- there is no o.ligation to ma+e an accusation< O%E Any person con*icted of adultery or concu.inage with the spouse of the testator< O(E Any person who .y fraud- *iolence- intimidation- or undue influence should cause the testator to ma+e a will or to change one already made< O7E Any person who .y the same means pre*ents another from ma+ing a will- or from re*o+ing one already madeor who supplants- conceals- or alters the latterUs will< O?E Any person who falsifies or forges a supposed will of the decedent. Art. 1A!!. The cause of unworthiness shall .e without effect if the testator had +nowledge thereof at the time he made

Art. 1A27. The following are incapa.le of succeeding3 O1E The priest who heard the confession of the testator during his last illness- or the minister of the gospel who e/tended spiritual aid to him during the same period< O2E The relati*es of such priest or minister of the gospel within the fourth degree- the church- order- chaptercommunity- organiHation- or institution to which such priest or minister may .elong< O!E A guardian with respect to testamentary dispositions gi*en .y a ward in his fa*or .efore the final accounts of

the will- or if- ha*ing +nown of them su.sequently- he should condone them in writing. Art. 1A!#. n order to Dudge the capacity of the heir- de*isee or legatee- his qualification at the time of the death of the decedent shall .e the criterion. n cases falling under Nos. 2- !- or % of Article 1A!2- it shall .e necessary to wait until final Dudgment is rendered- and in the case falling under No. #- the e/piration of the month allowed for the report. f the institution- de*ise or legacy should .e conditionalthe time of the compliance with the condition shall also .e considered. NOT& 9 this 2>fold requirement is to .e met only upon the testator4s death- and this applies not only to the fiduciary .ut to the second heir as well. Thus- the 2nd heir need not sur*i*e the first heir- if the 2nd heir dies .efore the first heir- the 2nd heir4s own heirs merely ta+e his place. ART. <84. A fideicommissa$" su!s i u ion can ne#e$ !u$den &e *e)i ime.

>1? .ideicommissa$" su!s i u ions %&ic& a$e no made in an e+'$ess manne$( ei &e$ !" )i#in) &em &is name( o$ im'osin) u'on &e fiducia$" &e a!so*u e o!*i)a ion o de*i#e$ &e '$o'e$ " o a second &ei$; >@? P$o#isions %&ic& con ain a 'e$'e ua* '$o&i!i ion o a*iena e( and e#en a em'o$a$" one( !e"ond &e *imi fi+ed in a$ ic*e <8A. >A? T&ose %&ic& im'ose u'on &e &ei$ &e c&a$)e of 'a"in) o #a$ious 'e$sons successi#e*"( !e"ond &e *imi '$esc$i!ed in a$ ic*e <8A( a ce$ ain income o$ 'ension; >4? T&ose %&ic& *ea#e o a 'e$son &e %&o*e 'a$ of &e &e$edi a$" '$o'e$ " in o$de$ &a &e ma" a''*" o$ in#es &e same acco$din) o sec$e ins $uc ions communica ed o &im !" &e es a o$. )ro*isions that shall NOT TAF& &11&CT 1. 1ideicommissary su.stitutions which are not made in an e/press manner "ac+ of this element does not- .y that fact alonenullify the institution. t only means that the institution is not a fideicomisaria. 2. )erpetual prohi.ition to alienate- and e*en a temporary one- .eyond the limit fi/ed in article ?(!. f there is a fideicomisaria- the limit is the first heir4s lifetime. f there is no fideicomisaria- the limit is 2A years. !. mposes upon the heir the charge of paying a certain income or pension to *arious persons successi*ely.eyond the limit prescri.ed in article ?(! There can only .e 2 .eneficiaries of the pensionone after the other- and the second must .e one degree from the first. 2ut there is no prohi.ition on simultaneous .eneficiaries.

"egitime passes .y strict operation of law- therefore the testator has no power o*er it.

ART. <85. E#e$" fideicommisa$" su!s i u ion mus !e e+'$ess*" made in o$de$ &a i ma" !e #a*id. T&e fiducia$" s&a** !e o!*i)ed o de*i#e$ &e in&e$i ance o &e second &ei$( %i &ou o &e$ deduc ions &an &ose %&ic& a$ise f$om *e)i ima e e+'enses( c$edi s and im'$o#emen s( sa#e in &e case %&e$e &e es a o$ &as '$o#ided o &e$%ise.

1 $& COM 'A7 A '=OB"$ 2& EHPRESSLF M)O'&$. @ %a"s of ma2in) an e+'$ess im'osi ion 9 1. 2y the use of the term )i*eico((issar, or 2. 2y imposing upon the first heir the a-so+ute o.ligation to preser*e and to transmit to the second heir. Allowa.le $eductions 1. 87 9 fiduciary should deli*er property NTACT and BN$ M N '=&$ to the fideicommissary heir upon the arri*al of the period. 2. The only $eductions allowed- in the a.sence of a contrary pro*ision in the will are 9 aE "egitimate e/penses 9 only necessary and useful e/penses and NOT ornamental e/penses .E Credits cE mpro*ements > only necessary and useful impro*ements and NOT ornamental impro*ements $amage or $eterioration to )roperty f caused .y a fortuitous e*ent or ordinary wear and tear 9 fiduciary is not lia.le f caused .y fiduciary4s fault or negligence 9 fiduciary is lia.le.

ART. <88. T&e second &ei$ s&a** acqui$e a $i)& o &e succession f$om &e ime of &e es a o$:s dea &( e#en &ou)& &e s&ou*d die !efo$e &e fiducia$". T&e $i)& of &e second &ei$ s&a** 'ass o &is &ei$s.

#. "ea*e to a person the whole part of the hereditary property in order that he may apply or in*est the same according to secret instructions communicated to him .y the testator. The ostensi.le heir here is in reality only a dummy- .ecause in reality- the person intended to .e .enefited is the one to whom the secret instructions refer. The purpose of such a surreptitious disposition is to circum*ent some prohi.ition or disqualification This paragraph ma+es the &NT 7& )7OG ' ON GO $. The pro.lem is the difficulty of esta.lishing the fact of circum*ention. 'upposing the ostensi.le heir conceals or destroys the secret instructions and claims as heir under the testamentary pro*ision as worded6 ART. <8<. T&e nu**i " of &e fideicommissa$" su!s i u ion does no '$eJudice &e #a*idi " of &e ins i u ion of &e &ei$s fi$s desi)na ed; &e fideicommissa$" c*ause s&a** sim'*" !e conside$ed as no %$i en.

n connection with Art?(! on element of fideicommissary that .oth heirs must .e li*ing and disqualified to succeed at the time of the testator4s death. The second heir4s right *ests upon the testator4s deathconforma.ly with Art777 and Art?7? since as far as the second heir is concerned- the institution of him is one su.Dect to a suspensi*e term. Thus- the second heir does not ha*e to sur*i*e the first heir in order for the su.stitution to .e effecti*e. The second heir4s own heirs simply ta+e his place .y succeeding to the *ested right already possessed .y the second heir.

f the fideicommissary su.stitution is *oid or ineffecti*e- the institution of the first heir simply .ecomes pure and unqualified. Nullity or ineffecti*ity of the institution of the first heir 9 article does not pro*ide for a case where it is the institution of the first heir that is *oid or ineffecti*e. 5hat is the rule in such a case6

ART. <8B. A '$o#ision %&e$e!" &e es a o$ *ea#es o a 'e$son &e %&o*e o$ 'a$ of &e in&e$i ance( and o ano &e$ &e usuf$uc ( s&a** !e #a*id. If &e fi#es &e usuf$uc o #a$ious 'e$sons( no simu* aneous*"( !u successi#e*"( &e '$o#isions of A$ ic*e <8A s&a** a''*".

f the testator institutes successi*e usufructuaries- there can only .e two usufructuaries- one after the other- and as to the two of them- all the requisites of Art?(! must .e present.

ART. <87. T&e fo**o%in) s&a** no a2e effec =

ART. <7C. T&e dis'osi ions of &e es a o$ dec*a$in) a** o$ 'a$ of &e es a e ina*iena!*e fo$ mo$e &an %en " "ea$s a$e #oid.

ncomplete 'ection =eading 9 should include# modal dispositions ncomplete wording of Article 9 does not include dispositions with a term

f the testator imposes a longer period than 2A years- the prohi.ition is *alid only for 2A years. f there is a fideicommissary su.stitution- this time limitation will not apply. 7ather- Art?(! applies- which allows as a period- the lifetime of the first heir.

DIN-S O. S0ESTIT0TIONS
1. SI,PLE o$ CO,,ON Causes of 'imple 'u.stitution 1E )redecease of the first heir 2E 7enunciation of the first heir !E ncapacity of the first heir @. ERIE. o$ CO,PEN-IO0S $istinctions o 2rief 9 2 or more su.stitutes for 1 orig. heir o Compendious 9 1 su. for 2 or more orig. o =owe*er- most commentators use the terms interchangea.ly. f 1 is su.stituted for 2 or more original heirsdefault of one .ut not all of the original heirs does not lead to su.stitution .ut the share left *acant will accrue to the sur*i*ing original co> heir or co>heirs.

$efinitions CON$ T ON 9 defined o.liquely in Art117@ par1. Art. 117@. &*ery o.ligation whose performance does not depend upon a future or uncertain e*ent- or upon a past e*ent un+nown to the parties- is demanda.le at once. &*ery o.ligation which contains a resolutory condition shall also .e demanda.le- without preDudice to the effects of the happening of the e*ent. T&7M 9 defined o.liquely in Art117! pars 1 N ! Art. 11@!. O.ligations for whose fulfillment a day certain has .een fi/ed- shall .e demanda.le only when that day comes. O.ligations with a resolutory period ta+e effect at once- .ut terminate upon arri*al of the day certain. A day certain is understood to .e that which must necessarily come- although it may not .e +nown when. f the uncertainty consists in whether the day will come or not- the o.ligation is conditional- and it shall .e regulated .y the rules of the preceding 'ection. MO$& 9 defined o.liquely in Art??2. Art. ??2. The statement of the o.Dect of the institutionor the application of the property left .y the testatoror the charge imposed .y him- shall not .e considered as a condition unless it appears that such was his intention. That which has .een left in this manner may .e claimed at once pro*ided that the instituted heir or his heirs gi*e security for compliance with the wishes of the testator and for the return of anything he or they may recei*e- together with its fruits and interests- if he or they should disregard this o.ligation.

A. RECIPROCAL f the heirs in a will are gi*en unequal sharesand they are reciprocal su.stitutes of each other- the su.stitute shall- in addition to his gi*en share- acquire the share of the heir who he is su.stituting for due to predeceaserenunciation or incapacity. The second sentence of Art?(1 pro*ides for )roportionate Accrual. f there are more than 1 heir instituted- and they are reciprocally su.stituted- the su.stitutes will acquire the share of the original heir in the same proportion as they were gi*en in the testamentary disposition. 4. .I-EICO,,ISSARF &lements of a 1ideicommissary 1E A 1st heir who ta+es the property upon the testator4s death 2E A 2nd heir who ta+es the property su.sequently from the fiduciary !E The 2nd heir must .e 1 degree from the first heir #E $ual o.ligation imposed upon the 1st heir to3 a. )reser*e the property- and .. To transmit it after the lapse of the period to the fideicommissary heir. %E 2oth heirs must .e li*ing and disqualified to succeed at the time of the testator4s death. 1ideicommissary su.stitution should .e e/pressly pro*ided for in the will

)roper Order of )ro*isions in this 'ection 1. 8eneral pro*isions 9 Arts ?71 and ?72 2. Conditions 9 Arts ?7!- ?7#- ?7%- ?7(- ?77- ??! par. 2?7@- ??A- ??1 and ??# !. Terms 9 Arts ?7? and ??% #. Modes 9 Arts ??2 and ??! par.1

8&N&7A" )7OG ' ON' Art?71 9 The right of the testator to impose conditions- terms or modes springs from testamentary freedom. f he has the right to dispose of his estate mortis causa- then he has the right to ma+e the disposition su.Dect to a condition- term or mode. ART. <7@. T&e es a o$ canno im'ose an" c&a$)e( condi ion o$ su!s i u ion %&a soe#e$ u'on &e *e)i imes '$esc$i!ed in &is Code. S&ou*d &e do so( &e same s&a** !e conside$ed as no im'osed.

SECTION $ CON5ITIONAL TESTA:ENTA4; 5IS'OSITIONS AN5 TESTA:ENTA4; 5IS'OSITIONS WIT8 A TE4: GENERAL PROVISIONS ART. <71. T&e ins i u ion of an &ei$ ma" !e made condi iona**"( o$ fo$ a ce$ ain 'u$'ose o$ cause.

The legitime passes .y strict operation of law- independent of the testator4s will. This article is a logical consequence of that principle. This article is echoed .y Art@A# par2.

-ISPOSITION 1ITH CON-ITIONS 9 ,AF EE EOTH RESOL0TORF OR S0SPENSIVE. ART. <7A. Im'ossi!*e condi ions and &ose con $a$" o *a% o$ )ood cus oms s&a** !e conside$ed as no im'osed and s&a** in no manne$ '$eJudice &e &ei$( e#en if &e es a o$ s&ou*d o &e$%ise '$o#ide.

A DIN-S O. TESTA,ENTARF -ISPOSITIONS 1. Conditional dispositions 2. $ispositions with a term !. $ispositions with a mode :modal dispositions; naccuracies in 'ection heading and wording of this article

The impossi.le or illegal condition is simply considered as not written. The testamentary disposition itself is not annulled< on the contrary it .ecomes )B7&.

!.

t gi*es the testator the power to dispose (ortis causa not only of his property .ut also of his heir4s.

The rule on $onations is the same. 9 considered as not imposed Art. 727. llegal or impossi.le conditions in simple and remuneratory donations shall .e considered as not imposed. On the other hand- the rule in O.ligations is different. 9 annuls the o.ligation Art. 11?!. mpossi.le conditions- those contrary to good customs or pu.lic policy and those prohi.ited .y law shall annul the o.ligation which depends upon them. f the o.ligation is di*isi.le- that part thereof which is not affected .y the impossi.le or unlawful condition shall .e *alid. The condition not to do an impossi.le thing shall .e considered as not ha*ing .een agreed upon. 7eason for difference in rule Testamentary dispositions and donations are .oth gratuitous and spring from the grantor4s li.erality. The imposition of a condition does not displace li.erality as the .asis of the grant. On the other hand- in o.ligations which are onerous- the condition that is imposed .ecomes an integral part of the causa of the o.ligation. The elimination of that condition for .eing impossi.le or illegal results in a failure of cause.

5hat is declared *oid 9 it is not merely the condition that is declared *oid .ut the testamentary disposition itself which contains the condition.

ART. <78. An" 'u$e*" 'o es a i#e condi ion im'osed u'on an &ei$ mus !e fu*fi**ed !" &im a soon as &e *ea$ns of &e es a o$:s dea &. T&is $u*e s&a** no a''*" %&en &e condi ion( a*$ead" com'*ied %i &( canno !e fu*fi**ed a)ain. ART. <77. If &e condi ion is casua* o$ mi+ed( i s&a** !e sufficien if i &a''en o$ !e fu*fi**ed a an" ime !efo$e o$ af e$ &e dea & of &e es a o$( un*ess &e &as '$o#ided o &e$%ise. S&ou*d i &a#e e+is ed o$ s&ou*d i &a#e !een fu*fi**ed a &e ime &e %i** %as e+ecu ed and &e es a o$ %as una%a$e &e$eof( i s&a** !e deemed as com'*ied %i &. If &e &ad 2no%*ed)e &e$eof( &e condi ion s&a** !e conside$ed fu*fi**ed on*" %&en i is of suc& a na u$e &a i can no *on)e$ e+is o$ !e com'*ied %i & a)ain. A4T- 663/ !ar- +- If &e 'e$son in e$es ed in &e condi ion s&ou*d '$e#en i s fu*fi**men ( %i &ou &e fau* of &e &ei$( &e condi ion s&a** !e deemed o &a#e !een com'*ied %i &. ART. <7B. If &e 'o es a i#e condi ion im'osed u'on &e &ei$ is ne)a i#e o$ consis s in no doin) o$ no )i#in) some &in)( &e s&a** com'*" !" )i#in) a secu$i " &a &e %i** no do o$ )i#e &a %&ic& &as !een '$o&i!i ed !" &e es a o$( and &a in case of con $a#en ion &e %i** $e u$n %&a e#e$ &e ma" &a#e $ecei#ed( o)e &e$ %i & i s f$ui s and in e$es s.

ART. <74. An a!so*u e condi ion no o con $ac a fi$s o$ su!sequen ma$$ia)e s&a** !e conside$ed as no %$i en un*ess suc& condi ion &as !een im'osed on &e %ido% o$ %ido%e$ !" &e deceased s'ouse o$ !" &e *a e$:s ascendan s o$ descendan s. Ne#e$ &e*ess( &e $i)& of usuf$uc ( o$ an a**o%ance o$ some 'e$sona* '$es a ion ma" !e de#ised o$ !equea &ed o an" 'e$son fo$ &e ime du$in) %&ic& &e o$ s&e s&ou*d $emain unma$$ied o$ in %ido%&ood.

Conditions prohi.iting marriage f a first marriage is prohi.ited 9 condition always considered as not imposed f su.sequent marriage is prohi.ited 1. f imposed .y the deceased spouse or .y hisLher ascendants or descendants 9 *alid 2. f imposed .y anyone else 9 considered as not written The 2 paragraph of the article may pro*ide the testator- if he so desires- a means of terminating the testamentary .enefaction should the heir contract marriage- e*en a first one. The wording of the disposition will .e crucial- it should not .e so worded as to constitute a prohi.ition for.idden in the first paragraph. Necessity of CauciVn Muciana 9 since this conditionassuming it is *alidly imposed- is N&8AT G& in nature- a CauciVn Muciana is required- as in Art?7@. Condition to contract marriage 9 This article does not prohi.it the imposition of a condition to marry- either with reference to a particular person or not. Neit'er *oes t'is artic+e *ec+are .oi* a re+ati.e pro'i-ition.
nd

These articles go*ern )OT&'TAT G&- CA'BA" and M J&$ conditions. 1. )otestati*e Conditions 9 one that depends solely on the will of the heirLde*iseeLlegatee. 2. Casual Condition 9 one that depends on the will of a third person or on chance !. Mi/ed Condition 9 one that depends partly on the will of the heirLde*iseeLlegatee and partly either on the will of a third person or chance. R0LES ON POTESTATIVE( CAS0AL AN- ,IHECON-ITIONS A. )OT&'TAT G& Positi.e B to *o so(et'in/ aE 87 9 must .e fulfilled as soon as the heir learns of the testator4s death .E & 9 if the condition was already complied with at the time the heir learns of the testator4s deathand the condition is of such a nature that it cannot .e fulfilled again. cE Constructi*e compliance 9 Art??! par2 9 condition is deemed fulfilled. Negati*e 9 not to do something aE =eir must gi*e security to guarantee :caucion muciana; the return of the *alue of the propertyfruits- and interests- in case of contra*ention. .E ! nstances when a Caucion Muciana is 7equired Art?7@ 9 if the potestati*e conditions is negati*e Art??% par2 > The designation of the day or the time when the effects of the institution of an heir shall commence Art??2 9 5hen there is a statement of the o.Dect of the institution- or the application of the property left .y the testator- or the charge imposed .y him. 2. CA'BA" or M J&$

ART. <75. An" dis'osi ion made u'on &e condi ion &a &e &ei$ s&a** ma2e some '$o#ision in fa#o$ of &e *a e$ of &e es a o$ o$ of an" o &e$ 'e$son s&a** !e #oid.

Scriptura Captatoria 9 "egacy>hunting dispositions- whether to heirs or legatees- are *oid. 7easons for the )rohi.ition 1. The captatoria con*erts testamentary grants into contractual transactions 2. t depri*es the heir of testamentary freedom

 87 9 may .e fulfilled at any time- .efore or after the testator4s death- unless the testator pro*ides otherwise. KBA" 1 CAT ON' 9 if already fulfilled at the time of the e/ecution of the will aE f testator BNA5A7& of fulfillment 9 deemed fulfilled .E f testator was A5A7& of fulfillment Can no longer .e fulfilled again 9 deemed fulfilled Can .e fulfilled again 9 must .e fulfilled again Constructi*e Compliance > Art??! par2 aE f casual 9 not applica.le .E f mi/ed f dependent partly on chance 9 not applica.le f dependent partly on will of a third party f interested !rd party 9 applica.le f not an interested party 9 not applica.le ART. <<C. If &e &ei$ !e ins i u ed unde$ a sus'ensi#e condi ion o$ e$m &e es a e s&a** !e '*aced unde$ adminis $a ion un i* &e condi ion is fu*fi**ed( o$ un i* i !ecomes ce$ ain &a i canno !e fu*fi**ed( o$ un i* &e a$$i#a* of &e e$m. T&e same s&a** !e done if &e &ei$ does no )i#e &e secu$i " $equi$ed in &e '$ecedin) a$ ic*e. ART. <<1. T&e a''oin men of &e adminis $a o$ of &e es a e men ioned in &e '$ecedin) a$ ic*e( as %e** as &e manne$ of adminis $a ion and &e $i)& s and o!*i)a ions of &e adminis $a o$ s&a** !e )o#e$ned !" &e Ru*es of Cou$ .

to .e one with a period- su.Dect to the pro*isions of Article 11@7. Art. 11?1. n conditional o.ligations- the acquisition of rightsas well as the e/tinguishment or loss of those already acquired- shall depend upon the happening of the e*ent which constitutes the condition. Art. 11?2. 5hen the fulfillment of the condition depends upon the sole will of the de.tor- the conditional o.ligation shall .e *oid. f it depends upon chance or upon the will of a third person- the o.ligation shall ta+e effect in conformity with the pro*isions of this Code. Art. 11?!. mpossi.le conditions- those contrary to good customs or pu.lic policy and those prohi.ited .y law shall annul the o.ligation which depends upon them. f the o.ligation is di*isi.le- that part thereof which is not affected .y the impossi.le or unlawful condition shall .e *alid. The condition not to do an impossi.le thing shall .e considered as not ha*ing .een agreed upon. Art. 11?#. The condition that some e*ent happen at a determinate time shall e/tinguish the o.ligation as soon as the time e/pires or if it has .ecome indu.ita.le that the e*ent will not ta+e place. Art. 11?%. The condition that some e*ent will not happen at a determinate time shall render the o.ligation effecti*e from the moment the time indicated has elapsed- or if it has .ecome e*ident that the e*ent cannot occur. f no time has .een fi/ed- the condition shall .e deemed fulfilled at such time as may ha*e pro.a.ly .een contemplated- .earing in mind the nature of the o.ligation. Art. 11?(. The condition shall .e deemed fulfilled when the o.ligor *oluntarily pre*ents its fulfillment. Art. 11?7. The effects of a conditional o.ligation to gi*e- once the condition has .een fulfilled- shall retroact to the day of the constitution of the o.ligation. Ne*ertheless- when the o.ligation imposes reciprocal prestations upon the partiesthe fruits and interests during the pendency of the condition shall .e deemed to ha*e .een mutually compensated. f the o.ligation is unilateral- the de.tor shall appropriate the fruits and interests recei*ed- unless from the nature and circumstances of the o.ligation it should .e inferred that the intention of the person constituting the same was different. n o.ligations to do and not to do- the courts shall determine- in each case- the retroacti*e effect of the condition that has .een complied with. Art. 11??. The creditor may- .efore the fulfillment of the condition- .ring the appropriate actions for the preser*ation of his right. The de.tor may reco*er what during the same time he has paid .y mista+e in case of a suspensi*e condition. Art. 11?@. 5hen the conditions ha*e .een imposed with the intention of suspending the efficacy of an o.ligation to gi*ethe following rules shall .e o.ser*ed in case of the impro*ement- loss or deterioration of the thing during the pendency of the condition3 O1E f the thing is lost without the fault of the de.tor- the o.ligation shall .e e/tinguished< O2E f the thing is lost through the fault of the de.tor- he shall .e o.liged to pay damages< it is understood that the thing is lost when it perishes- or goes out of commerce- or disappears in such a way that its e/istence is un+nown or it cannot .e reco*ered< O!E 5hen the thing deteriorates without the fault of the de.tor- the impairment is to .e .orne .y the creditor< O#E f it deteriorates through the fault of the de.tor- the creditor may choose .etween the rescission of the o.ligation and its fulfillment- with indemnity for damages in either case< O%E f the thing is impro*ed .y its nature- or .y time- the impro*ement shall inure to the .enefit of the creditor<

2etween the time of the testator4s death and the time of the fulfillment of the suspensi*e condition or of the certainty of its non>occurrence 9 property is to .e placed under administration. 1. f condition happens 9 the property will .e turned o*er to the instituted heir 2. f it .ecomes certain that condition will not happen 9 property will .e turned o*er to a secondary heir :if there is one; or to the intestate heirs- as the case may .e. Not applica.le to institutions with a T&7M 9 despite the wording of the article- it should not .e applied to institutions with a term- which are go*erned .y Art??% par 2. Otherwisethere will .e an irreconcila.le conflict with that article- which mandates that .efore the arri*al of the term- the property should .e gi*en to the legal heirs. 2nd paragraph 9 the property shall .e in the e/ecutor4s or administrator4s custody until the heir furnishes the caucion muciana. )rocedural rules go*erning appointment of administrator 9 7ules 77>@A 7oC.

A4T- 66$- Condi ions im'osed !" &e es a o$ u'on &e &ei$s s&a** !e )o#e$ned !" &e $u*es es a!*is&ed fo$ condi iona* o!*i)a ions in a** ma e$s no '$o#ided fo$ !" &is Sec ion.

'uppletorily go*erning conditional institutions are Articles 117@ and 11@2 on conditional o.ligations. Art. 117@. &*ery o.ligation whose performance does not depend upon a future or uncertain e*ent- or upon a past e*ent un+nown to the parties- is demanda.le at once. &*ery o.ligation which contains a resolutory condition shall also .e demanda.le- without preDudice to the effects of the happening of the e*ent. Art. 11?A. 5hen the de.tor .inds himself to pay when his means permit him to do so- the o.ligation shall .e deemed

O(E f it is impro*ed at the e/pense of the de.tor- he shall ha*e no other right than that granted to the usufructuary. O1122E Art. 11@A. 5hen the conditions ha*e for their purpose the e/tinguishment of an o.ligation to gi*e- the parties- upon the fulfillment of said conditions- shall return to each other what they ha*e recei*ed. n case of the loss- deterioration or impro*ement of the thing- the pro*isions which- with respect to the de.tor- are laid down in the preceding article shall .e applied to the party who is .ound to return. As for the o.ligations to do and not to do- the pro*isions of the second paragraph of Article 11?7 shall .e o.ser*ed as regards the effect of the e/tinguishment of the o.ligation. Art. 11@1. The power to rescind o.ligations is implied in reciprocal ones- in case one of the o.ligors should not comply with what is incum.ent upon him. The inDured party may choose .etween the fulfillment and the rescission of the o.ligation- with the payment of damages in either case. =e may also see+ rescission- e*en after he has chosen fulfillment- if the latter should .ecome impossi.le. The court shall decree the rescission claimed- unless there .e Dust cause authoriHing the fi/ing of a period. This is understood to .e without preDudice to the rights of third persons who ha*e acquired the thing- in accordance with Articles 1!?% and 1!?? and the Mortgage "aw. Art. 11@2. n case .oth parties ha*e committed a .reach of the o.ligation- the lia.ility of the first infractor shall .e equita.ly tempered .y the courts. f it cannot .e determined which of the parties first *iolated the contract- the same shall .e deemed e/tinguished- and each shall .ear his own damages. -ISPOSITION 1ITH TER,S

-ISPOSITION 1ITH ,O-ES ART. <<@. T&e s a emen of &e o!Jec of &e ins i u ion( o$ &e a''*ica ion of &e '$o'e$ " *ef !" &e es a o$( o$ &e c&a$)e im'osed !" &im( s&a** no !e conside$ed as a condi ion un*ess i a''ea$s &a suc& %as &is in en ion. T&a %&ic& &as !een *ef in &is manne$ ma" !e c*aimed a once '$o#ided &a &e ins i u ed &ei$ o$ &is &ei$s )i#e secu$i " fo$ com'*iance %i & &e %is&es of &e es a o$ and fo$ &e $e u$n of an" &in) &e o$ &e" ma" $ecei#e( o)e &e$ %i & i s f$ui s and in e$es s( if &e o$ &e" s&ou*d dis$e)a$d &is o!*i)a ion.

The 1st paragraph defines a mode o.liquely. A mode is an o.ligation imposed upon the heir- without suspending the effecti*ity of the institution :which a condition does;. A mode must .e clearly imposed as an o.ligation in order to .e considered as one. Mere preferences or wishes e/pressed .y the testator are not modes. A mode functions similarly to a resolutory condition. n fact- modes could *ery well ha*e .een a.sor.ed .y the concept of resolutory conditions. Caucion Muciana 9 should .e posted .y the instituted heir :!rd instance of caucion muciana;

A4T- 663 !ar1. 1&en %i &ou &e fau* of &e &ei$( an ins i u ion $efe$$ed o in &e '$ecedin) a$ ic*e canno a2e effec in &e e+ac manne$ s a ed !" &e es a o$( i s&a** !e com'*ied %i & in a manne$ mos ana*o)ous o and in confo$mi " %i & &is %is&es.

The intention of the testator should always .e the guiding norm in determining the sufficiency of the analogous performance. SECTION 1 LEGITI:E

A4T- 676- A dis'osi ion %i & a sus'ensi#e e$m does no '$e#en &e ins i u ed &ei$ f$om acqui$in) &is $i)& s and $ansmi in) &em o &is &ei$s e#en !efo$e &e a$$i#a* of &e e$m.

5hen the heir4s right *ests 9 in dispositions with a term- the heir4s right *ests upon the testator4s death- conforma.ly with Art777. Therefore- should the heir die .efore the arri*al of the suspensi*e term- he merely transmits his right to his own heirs who can demand the property when the term arri*es. The rule in this article is similar to Art?(( in fideicommissary su.stitutions. The rule in conditional institutions 9 what is the rule if the instituted heir dies .efore the happening of the condition6 The section is silent on this matter. 2ut under Art1A!#- par!- ,if the institution- de*ise or legacy should .e conditional- the time of the compliance with the condition shall also .e considered. The import is that in conditional institutions- the heir should .e "i*ing and Kualified to succeed 2OT= at the time of the testator4s death and at the time of the happening of the condition.

'ystem of "egitimes 9 our successional system- closely patterned after that of the 'panish Code- reser*es a portion of the net estate of the decedent in fa*or of certain heirs- or groups of heirs or com.ination of heirs. The portion that is so reser*ed is called the "&8 T M&. The portion that is left a*aila.le for testamentary disposition after the legitimes ha*e .een co*ered is the )ree or *isposa-+e portion. The heirs for whom the law reser*es a portion are called compulsory heirs. Nature of "egitimes 9 the legitimes are set aside .y mandate of law. Thus- the testator is required to set aside or reser*e them. Otherwise stated- the testator is prohi.ited from disposing .y gratuitous title- either inter *i*os or mortis causaof these legitimes. $ispositions .y onerous title are not prohi.ited .ecause in theory- nothing is lost from the estate in an onerous disposition- since there is merely an e/change of *alues. 2ecause the testator is compelled to set aside the legitimesthe heirs in whose fa*or the legitimes are set aside are called co(pu+sor, 'eirs. The compulsion is not on the part of the heirs- who are free to accept or reDect the inheritance- .ut on the part of the testator. MaDor changes in the law of legitimes 1. A.olition of the maDor or .etterment in the 'panish Code 2. The sur*i*ing spouse4s share is upgraded from a usufructuary interest to full ownership- al.eit a *ery *aria.le share. !. The grant of legitimary rights to children classified under the New Ci*il Code as illegitimate other than natural or spurious- and further change under the 1amily Code a.olishing the distinction .etween natural and spurious children and gi*ing all illegitimate children the same legitimary shares.

A4T- 661- T&e desi)na ion of &e da" o$ &e ime %&en &e effec s of &e ins i u ion of an &ei$ s&a** commence o$ cease s&a** !e #a*id. In !o & cases( &e *e)a* &ei$ s&a** !e conside$ed as ca**ed o &e succession un i* &e a$$i#a* of &e 'e$iod o$ i s e+'i$a ion. Eu in &e fi$s case &e s&a** no en e$ in o 'ossession of &e '$o'e$ " un i* af e$ &a#in) )i#en sufficien secu$i "( %i & &e in e$#en ion of &e ins i u ed &ei$.

f term is 'uspensi*e 9 .efore the arri*al of the term- the property should .e deli*ered to the intestate heirs. A caucion muciana has to .e posted .y them. This is the 2 nd instance where a caucion muciana is required to .e posted. f term is 7esolutory 9 .efore the arri*al of the term- the property should .e deli*ered to the instituted heir. No caucion muciana is required.

ART. <<8. Le)i ime is &a 'a$ of &e es a o$Ms '$o'e$ " %&ic& &e canno dis'ose of !ecause &e *a% &as $ese$#ed i fo$ ce$ ain &ei$s %&o a$e( &e$efo$e( ca**ed com'u*so$" &ei$s.

This article gi*es the statutory definition of legitime.

ART. <<7. T&e fo**o%in) a$e com'u*so$" &ei$s= 1? Le)i ima e c&i*d$en and descendan s( %i & $es'ec o &ei$ *e)i ima e 'a$en s and ascendan s; @? In defau* of &e fo$e)oin)( *e)i ima e 'a$en s and ascendan s( %i & $es'ec o &ei$ *e)i ima e c&i*d$en and descendan s; A? T&e %ido% o$ %ido%e$; 4? Ac2no%*ed)ed na u$a* c&i*d$en( and na u$a* c&i*d$en !" *e)a* fic ion; 5? O &e$ i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en $efe$$ed o in A$ ic*e @<7. Com'u*so$" &ei$s men ioned in Nos. A( 4( and 5 a$e no e+c*uded !" &ose in Nos. 1 and @; nei &e$ do &e" e+c*ude one ano &e$. In a** cases of i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en( &ei$ fi*ia ion mus !e du*" '$o#ed. T&e fa &e$ o$ mo &e$ of i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en of &e &$ee c*asses men ioned( s&a** in&e$i f$om &em in &e manne$ and o &e e+ en es a!*is&ed !" &is Code.

should the proceedings .e dismissed or should they proceed6 Mere estrangement is not a ground for the disqualification of the sur*i*ing spouse as heir. &ffect of $ecree of Le/a+ Separation aE On the offending spouse 9 disqualification .E On the innocent spouse > nothing $eath of either spouse during pendency of a petition for Le/a+ Separation 9 $ismissal of the Case. ""&8 T MAT& C= "$7&N L $&'C&N$ANT' 1. I++e/iti(ate C'i+*ren 9 1amily Code has a.olished the distinction .etween natural and spurious children and gi*es all of them 9 indiscriminately called illegitimate children 9 equal legitimary portions. =owe*erpursuant to Art777- if death occurred .efore effecti*ity of the 1amily Code on August !- 1@??- the old distinctions will apply and the spurious child gets only #L% of the share of the natural child. :Art?@%; 2. I++e/iti(ate 4escen*ants 9 'ame rule applies as in the legitimate descending line- the nearer e/clude the more remote- without preDudice to representation when proper. t should .e noted that the illegitimate child can .e represented .y .oth legitimate and illegitimate descendants- as distinguished from the legitimate child- who can .e represented only .y legitimate descendants. :Art@A2 and @@2;

This article enumerates the compulsory heirs. The enumeration is &JC"B' G& and may .e classified as follows3 1. Pri(ar, co(pu+sor, 'eirs 9 legitimate children and L or descendants 'o called .ecause they are preferred o*er- and e/clude the secondary heirs. 2. Secon*ar, co(pu+sor, 'eirs 9 legitimate parents and L or ascendants < illegitimate parents 'o called .ecause they recei*e legitimes only in default of the primary heirs. "egitimate parentsLascendants 9 only in default of legitimate childrenL descendants. llegitimate parents 9 only in default of any +inds of childrenLdescendants. !. Concurrin/ co(pu+sor, 'eirs 9 sur*i*ing spouse< illegitimate children and L or descendants 'o called .ecause they succeed as compulsory heirs together with primary or secondary heirse/cept only that illegitimate children L descendants e/clude illegitimate parents.

""&8 T MAT& )A7&NT' 1. Bnli+e the +e/iti(ate ascending line- which includes ascendants in whate*er degree- the i++e/iti(ate ascending line only includes the parents- it does not go .eyond the parents. 2. The illegitimate parents are secondary heirs of a lower category that legitimate parents- .ecause the illegitimate parents are e/cluded .y legitimate an* illegitimate children :Art@A!; whereas legitimate parents are e/cluded on+, .y legitimate childrenL descendants.

Gariations in the "egitimary )ortions The legitimary system of the )hilippine Code rests on a dou.le foundation 9 &JC"B' ON and CONCB77&NC&. GENERAL R0LE 9 there is a .asic amount of T that is gi*en to one heir or one group of heirs. This 8eneral 7ule admits only of ! &JC&)T ON'3 1. Art?@# 9 sur*i*ing spouse and illegitimate children 2. Art@AA par2 9 sur*i*ing spouse in a marriage in articu+o (ortis- with the conditions specified in that article !. Art@A! 9 sur*i*ing spouse and illegitimate parents. The term ,legitimate child0 or ,legitimate children0 includes a legally adopted child under 'ec1? of 7A?%%2 or the $omestic Adoption Act of 1@@?. Kuestion 9 s an adopted child entitled to a legitime from his .iological parents or ascendants6 Bncertain. Art1?@:!; of the 1C pro*ides that the adopted shall remain an intestate heir of his parents and other .lood relati*es. Thus- the adopted child was entitled to a legitime 2OT= from his adopter and his .iological parents. 2ut now- the law is silent and it neither gi*es nor denies an adopted child the right to a legitime from his .iological parents. 'ec1( of the law pro*ides that ,all legal ties .etween the .iological parents and the adoptee shall .e se*ered0 .ut that is una*ailing to answer the question .ecause sec1( only has to do with parental authority. The term ,legitimate child0 or ,legitimate children0 shall- in proper cases- include legitimate descendants other than children. The term ,legitimate parents0 includes- in proper caseslegitimate ascendants other than parents.

THE CO,P0LSORF HEIRS "&8 T MAT& C= "$7&N L $&'C&N$ANT' 1. Le/iti(ate C'i+*ren 9 specified in Arts1(# and %# of the 1amily Code. "egitimated children fall under this classification :Art17@ 1C;. The law does not specify how the legitimate children should share in the legitime. =owe*er- they will share &KBA""I regardless of age- se/ or marriage of origin. 2. Le/iti(ate 4escen*ants 9 the 87 is the nearer e/clude the more remote. Thus- children- if all qualified- will e/clude grandchildren and so on. The qualification to this rule is representation when proper. "&8 T MAT& )A7&NT' L A'C&N$ANT' 1. Le/iti(ate Parents 2. Le/iti(ate Ascen*ants 9 Only in default of parents. The rule 9 a.solute in the ascending line 9 is that the nearer e/clude the more remote. :Arts??@>?@A; 'B7G G N8 ')OB'& 1. The spouse of the decedent- not the spouse of a child who has predeceased the decedent. 2. Marriage .etween the decedent and hisLher sur*i*ing spouse must .e either GA" $ or GO $A2"&. f *oida.le- there should ha*e .een no final decree of annulment at the time of the decedent4s death. Kuestion 9 if the consort dies during the pendency of a petition for declaration of nullity under Art!( or for nullity under Art#A of the 1C-

-I..ERENT CO,EINATIONS O. CO,P0LSORF HEIRS CO5E LC CO:9INATION "egitimate Children Alone S8A4E T of estate di*ided equally :Art???; CO5AL '4O<ISION Art. ???. The legitime of legitimate children and descendants consists of one>half of the hereditary estate of the father and of the mother. The latter may freely dispose of the remaining half- su.Dect to the rights of illegitimate children and of the sur*i*ing spouse as hereinafter pro*ided. NOTES Adopted Child has the same rights as "C f there is more than 1 legitimate child- the T of the estate shall .e di*ided equally among them. f there are legitimate children and grandchildrenthe nearer descendants e/clude the farther- so as long as there are legitimate children- the grandchildren cannot inherit. f legitimate children )7&$&C&A'& the testator or are NCA)AC TAT&$ to inherit- the grandchildren get their respecti*e parents4 :the legitimate children; shares .y *irtue of 7&)7&'&NTAT ON. 2ut if A"" the legitimate children 7&NOBNC&- the grandchildren inherit in their own right and the T estate is di*ided equally among them. 2ut if only a few of the legitimate children 7&NOBNC& or not all renounce- the share of those who renounce accrue to the other legitimate children.

1LCSS

One "egitimate Child and 'ur*i*ing 'pouse

T of the estate to the legitimate child M of the estate to the sur*i*ing spouse :ta+en from the free disposa.le portion of the estate; :Art?@2 par1;

Art. ?@2. f only one legitimate child or descendant of the deceased sur*i*es- the widow or widower shall .e entitled to one> fourth of the hereditary estate. n case of a legal separation- the sur*i*ing spouse may inherit if it was the deceased who had gi*en cause for the same. f there are two or more legitimate children or descendants- the sur*i*ing spouse shall .e entitled to a portion equal to the legitime of each of the legitimate children or descendants. n .oth cases- the legitime of the sur*i*ing spouse shall .e ta+en from the portion that can .e freely disposed of .y the testator. Art. ?@2. f only one legitimate child or descendant of the deceased sur*i*es- the widow or widower shall .e entitled to one> fourth of the hereditary estate. n case of a legal separation- the sur*i*ing spouse may inherit if it was the deceased who had gi*en cause for the same. f there are two or more legitimate children or descendants- the sur*i*ing spouse shall .e entitled to a portion equal to the legitime of each of the legitimate children or descendants. n .oth cases- the legitime of the sur*i*ing spouse shall .e ta+en from the portion that can .e freely disposed of .y the testator. "&8A" '&)A7AT ON .etween the testator and the sur*i*ing spouse f there is a final decree of legal separation 1. sur*i*ing spouse is the innocent party 9 heLshe gets her legitime :Art(! par# 1C; 2. sur*i*ing spouse is the offending spouse 9 heLshe is disqualified from inheriting :Art(! par# 1C; f after the final decree of legal separation there was a reconciliation .etween the partiesthe reciprocal right to succeed is restored .ecause reconciliation sets aside the decree :Art(( par2 1C; llegitimate child only gets half the share of a legitimate child. n case total of the shares of all illegitimate children e/ceed the amount of the estate- their shares shall .e reduced equally. The shares of the

LCSS

"egitimate Children and 'ur*i*ing 'pouse

T of estate to legitimate children 'hare equal to that of 1 child for the sur*i*ing spouse :ta+en from the free disposa.le portion of the estate; :Art?@2par2;

LCIC

"egitimate Children and llegitimate Children

T of estate to the legitimate children T of the share of 1 legitimate child to the illegitimate children :Art17(

1C;

legitimate reduced. CO5AL '4O<ISION Art. ?@%. The legitime of each of the ac+nowledged natural children and each of the natural children .y legal fiction shall consist of one>half of the legitime of each of the legitimate children or descendants. The legitime of an illegitimate child who is neither an ac+nowledged natural- nor a natural child .y legal fiction- shall .e equal in e*ery case to four>fifths of the legitime of an ac+nowledged natural child. The legitime of the illegitimate children shall .e ta+en from the portion of the estate at the free disposal of the testator- pro*ided that in no case shall the total legitime of such illegitimate children e/ceed that free portion- and that the legitime of the sur*i*ing spouse must first .e fully satisfied. Art. ?@%. The legitime of each of the ac+nowledged natural children and each of the natural children .y legal fiction shall consist of one>half of the legitime of each of the legitimate children or descendants. The legitime of an illegitimate child who is neither an ac+nowledged natural- nor a natural child .y legal fiction- shall .e equal in e*ery case to four>fifths of the legitime of an ac+nowledged natural child. The legitime of the illegitimate children shall .e ta+en from the portion of the estate at the free disposal of the testator- pro*ided that in no case shall the total legitime of such illegitimate children e/ceed that free portion- and that the legitime of the sur*i*ing spouse must first .e fully satisfied. Art. ??@. The legitime of legitimate parents or ascendants consists of one>half of the hereditary estates of their children and descendants. The children or descendants may freely dispose of the other halfsu.Dect to the rights of illegitimate children and of the sur*i*ing spouse as hereinafter pro*ided. Art. ?@(. llegitimate children who may sur*i*e with legitimate parents or ascendants of the deceased shall .e entitled to one>fourth of the hereditary estate to .e ta+en from the portion at the free disposal of the testator. Art. ?@!. f the testator lea*es no legitimate descendants- .ut lea*es legitimate ascendantsthe sur*i*ing spouse shall ha*e a right to one>fourth of the hereditary estate. This fourth shall .e ta+en from the free portion of the estate.

children

cannot

.e

CO5E 1LCICSS

CO:9INATION One legitimate child- illegitimate children and sur*i*ing spouse

S8A4E T of estate to legitimate children &ach illegitimate child will get T of the share of a legitimate child M of estate to the sur*i*ing spousewhose share is preferred o*er those of the illegitimate children- which shall .e reduced if necessary :Art?@%;

NOTES n case total of the shares of all illegitimate children e/ceed the amount of the estate- their shares shall .e reduced equally. The shares of the legitimate children and the sur*i*ing spouse cannot .e reduced.

LCICSS

"egitimate childrenillegitimate children and sur*i*ing spouse

T of estate to legitimate children &ach illegitimate child will get T of the share of one legitimate child A share equal to that of 1 legitimate child for the sur*i*ing spouse- whose share is preferred o*er those of the illegitimate children which shall .e reduced if necessary. :Art?@%; T of estate :Art??@;

n case total of the shares of all illegitimate children e/ceed the amount of the estate- their shares shall .e reduced equally. The shares of the legitimate children and the sur*i*ing spouse cannot .e reduced.

LP

"egitimate parents alone

There is NO 7 8=T O1 7&)7&'&NTAT ON in the Ascending "ine. f the one of the legitimate parents )7&$&C&A'& or is NCA)AC TAT&$ to inherit- hisLher share accrues to the other parent :tama .a6; 1or the illegitimate children or descendants- the sharing shall depend on whether death occurred .efore or during the effecti*ity of the 1amily Code.

LPIC

"egitimate parents and illegitimate children

T of estate to legitimate parents M of estate to illegitimate children T of estate to legitimate parents M of estate to sur*i*ing spouse

LPSS

"egitimate parents and sur*i*ing spouse

CO5E LPICSS

CO:9INATION "egitimate parents illegitimate children and sur*i*ing spouse

S8A4E T of estate to the legitimate parents M of estate to the illegitimate children 1L? of estate to the sur*i*ing spouse

SS

'ur*i*ing spouse alone

T of the estate or 1L! if the marriage.eing in articulo mortisfalls under Art@AA par 2 :Art@AApar1;

SSIC

'ur*i*ing spouse and illegitimate children

1L! of estate to sur*i*ing spouse 1L! of estate to illegitimate children M of estate to sur*i*ing spouse M of estate to illegitimate parents :Art@A!;

SSIP

'ur*i*ing spouse and illegitimate parents

IC

llegitimate children alone

T of estate :Art@A1;

IP

llegitimate parents alone

T of estate :Art@A!;

CO5AL '4O<ISION Art. ?@@. 5hen the widow or widower sur*i*es with legitimate parents or ascendants and with illegitimate children- such sur*i*ing spouse shall .e entitled to one>eighth of the hereditary estate of the deceased which must .e ta+en from the free portion- and the illegitimate children shall .e entitled to one>fourth of the estate which shall .e ta+en also from the disposa.le portion. The testator may freely dispose of the remaining one>eighth of the estate. Art. @AA. f the only sur*i*or is the widow or widower- she or he shall .e entitled to one>half of the hereditary estate of the deceased spouse- and the testator may freely dispose of the other half. f the marriage .etween the sur*i*ing spouse and the testator was solemniHed in articulo mortis- and the testator died within three months from the time of the marriage- the legitime of the sur*i*ing spouse as the sole heir shall .e one>third of the hereditary estate- e/cept when they ha*e .een li*ing as hus.and and wife for more than fi*e years. n the latter case- the legitime of the sur*i*ing spouse shall .e that specified in the preceding paragraph. Art. ?@#. f the testator lea*es illegitimate children- the sur*i*ing spouse shall .e entitled to one>third of the hereditary estate of the deceased and the illegitimate children to another third. The remaining third shall .e at the free disposal of the testator. Art. @A!. The legitime of the parents who ha*e an illegitimate child- when such child lea*es neither legitimate descendants- nor a sur*i*ing spousenor illegitimate children- is one>half of the hereditary estate of such illegitimate child. f only legitimate or illegitimate children are left- the parents are not entitled to any legitime whatsoe*er. f only the widow or widower sur*i*es with parents of the illegitimate child- the legitime of the parents is one>fourth of the hereditary estate of the child- and that of the sur*i*ing spouse also one> fourth of the estate. Art. @A1. 5hen the testator dies lea*ing illegitimate children and no other compulsory heirssuch illegitimate children shall ha*e a right to one>half of the hereditary estate of the deceased. The other half shall .e at the free disposal of the testator. Art. @A!. The legitime of the parents who ha*e an illegitimate child- when such child lea*es neither legitimate descendants- nor a sur*i*ing spousenor illegitimate children- is one>half of the hereditary estate of such illegitimate child. f only legitimate or illegitimate children are left- the parents are not entitled to any legitime whatsoe*er. f only the widow or widower sur*i*es with parents of the illegitimate child- the legitime of the parents is one>fourth of the hereditary estate of the child- and that

NOTES 1or the illegitimate children or descendants- the sharing shall depend on whether death occurred .efore or during the effecti*ity of the 1amily Code.

1or the illegitimate children or descendants- the sharing shall depend on whether death occurred .efore or during the effecti*ity of the 1amily Code.

1or the illegitimate children or descendants- the sharing shall depend on whether death occurred .efore or during the effecti*ity of the 1amily Code.

of the sur*i*ing spouse also one> fourth of the estate.

ARTICLES GOVERNING THE PARTIC0LAR CO,EINATIONS ART. <<<. T&e *e)i ime of *e)i ima e c&i*d$en and descendan s consis s of oneG&a*f of &e &e$edi a$" es a e of &e fa &e$ and of &e mo &e$. T&e *a e$ ma" f$ee*" dis'ose of &e $emainin) &a*f( su!Jec o &e $i)& s of i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en and of &e su$#i#in) s'ouse as &e$einaf e$ '$o#ided.

Note 9 a+so0 t'ere is no ri/'t o) representation in t'e ascen*in/ +ine. The operation of the principles of $i*ision 2y "ine and &qual $i*ision within the "ine may cause inequality of shares among ascendants of identical degrees. 1or e/ample- if .oth legitimate parents of testator predecease him and testator has no other legitimate descendants- if there are 2 sur*i*ing maternal grandparents .ut only 1 sur*i*ing paternal grandparent 9 the T estate is di*ided equally .etween the maternal and paternal lines- .ut the 2 maternal grandparents must share the M portion of the maternal line :they get 1L? each; while the sole paternal grandparent gets the whole M portion of the paternal line.

&qual sharing 9 the legitimate children share the T in equal parts- regardless of age- sec or marriage of origin. The pro*ision should ha*e .een e/plicit a.out this. The counterpart pro*ision in intestacy :Art@7@ par1 and Art@?A; is quite e/plicit on this. $escendants other than children 9 the 87 is that the nearer e/clude the more remote. =ence- grandchildren cannot inheritsince the children will .ar the- unless all the children renouncein which case the grandchildren .ecome the nearest in degree. The rule goes on down the tine- great grandchildren cannot inherit unless all the children and grandchildren renounce. The only qualification to the rule that the nearer e/clude the more remote in the descending line is representation when proper :Arts@7A>@77; There is no limit to the num.er of degrees in the descending line that may .e called to succeed- whether in their own right or .y representation.

ART. <B@. If on*" one *e)i ima e c&i*d o$ descendan of &e deceased su$#i#es( &e %ido% o$ %ido%e$ s&a** !e en i *ed o oneGfou$ & of &e &e$edi a$" es a e. In case of a *e)a* se'a$a ion( &e su$#i#in) s'ouse ma" in&e$i if i %as &e deceased %&o &ad )i#en cause fo$ &e same. If &e$e a$e %o o$ mo$e *e)i ima e c&i*d$en o$ descendan s( &e su$#i#in) s'ouse s&a** !e en i *ed o a 'o$ ion equa* o &e *e)i ime of eac& of &e *e)i ima e c&i*d$en o$ descendan s. In !o & cases( &e *e)i ime of &e su$#i#in) s'ouse s&a** !e a2en f$om &e 'o$ ion &a can !e f$ee*" dis'osed of !" &e es a o$.

1 LEGITI,ATE CHIL- I S0RVIVING SPO0SE 9 the sharing is T for the legitimate child and M for the sur*i*ing spouse. f there has .een "&8A" '&)A7AT ON .etween the testator and the sur*i*ing spouse f there is a final decree of legal separation 1. sur*i*ing spouse is the innocent party 9 heLshe gets her legitime :Art(! par# 1C; 2. sur*i*ing spouse is the offending spouse 9 heLshe is disqualified from inheriting :Art(! par# 1C; f after the final decree of legal separation there was a reconciliation .etween the parties- the reciprocal right to succeed is restored .ecause reconciliation sets aside the decree :Art(( par2 1C; $&AT= )&N$&NT& " T& 9 if either spouse dies during the pendency of the proceedings for legal separation- the proceedings are T&7M NAT&$ and the sur*i*ing spouse inherits from the deceased spouse- no matter which spouse died. Termination of Marriage .y 7&A))&A7ANC& of prior 'pouse L $ecree of ANNB"M&NT or A2'O"BT& NB"" TI of marriage Arts #1>#! of 1C go*ern a su.sequent marriage contracted .y a party whose spouse has .een a.sent for the specified period and lay down the requisites therefor. The reappearance of the prior spouse T&7M NAT&' the second marriage. One of the effects of the termination as gi*en in Art#!:%; is 9 ,The spouse who contracted the su.sequent marriage in 2A$ 1A T= shall .e disqualified to inherit from the innocent spouse .y testate and intestate succession. The implication of Art#! is that 9 1. f .oth consorts in the second marriage were in 8OO$ 1A T=- they continue to .e heirs of each other. 2. f only one of said consorts acted in .ad faith- the innocent one will continue .y testate and intestate succession. )7O2"&M 9 A and 2 are married. A disappears and is a.sent for the required period. 2 then contracts a second marriage with C- .oth in good faith. Out of nowhere- A reappears :surpriseQ;- and so the marriage .etween 2 and C is terminated. Bnder Art#!:%; the reciprocal right of succession .etween A and 2 as the original spouses

ART. <<B. T&e *e)i ime of *e)i ima e 'a$en s o$ ascendan s consis s of oneG&a*f of &e &e$edi a$" es a es of &ei$ c&i*d$en and descendan s. T&e c&i*d$en o$ descendan s ma" f$ee*" dis'ose of &e o &e$ &a*f( su!Jec o &e $i)& s of i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en and of &e su$#i#in) s'ouse as &e$einaf e$ '$o#ided. ART. <BC. T&e *e)i ime $ese$#ed fo$ &e *e)i ima e 'a$en s s&a** !e di#ided !e %een &em equa**"; if one of &e 'a$en s s&ou*d &a#e died( &e %&o*e s&a** 'ass o &e su$#i#o$. If &e es a o$ *ea#es nei &e$ fa &e$ no$ mo &e$( !u is su$#i#ed !" ascendan s of equa* de)$ee of &e 'a e$na* and ma e$na* *ines( &e *e)i ime s&a** !e di#ided equa**" !e %een !o & *ines. If &e ascendan s s&ou*d !e of diffe$en de)$ees( i s&a** 'e$ ain en i$e*" o &e ones nea$es in de)$ee of ei &e$ *ine.

"egitimate parentsLascendants as secondary compulsory heirs 9 the legitimate ascending line succeeds only in default of the legitimate descending line.

A EASIC R0LES ON S0CCESSION IN THE ASCEN-ING LINE 1. T'e nearer e?c+u*e t'e (ore re(ote. This rule in the ascending line admits of no qualification- since there is no representation in the ascending line. :Art@72 par1; . 4i.ision -, +ine. This rule will apply if there are more than one ascendant in the nearest degree. The legitime shall then .e di*ided in equal parts .etween the paternal line and the maternal line. #. E3ua+ *i.ision 1it'in t'e +ine. After the portion corresponding to the line has .een assigned- there will .e equal apportionment .etween or among the recipients within the lineshould there .e more than one.

remains. 5hat if 2 dies6 Can A and C inherit from himLher6 The same pro.lem arises in cases of marriages Dudicially annulled or declared *oid a. initio- .ecause of the pro*isions of Art%A par1 of the 1amily Code 9 ,The effects pro*ided for .y paragraphs 2-!-# and % of article #! and .y article ## shall also apply in the proper cases to marriages which are *oid a. initio or annulled .y final Dudgment under Articles #A and #%. The pro.lem here will arise should either or .oth partners in the defecti*e marriage remarry later. 2alane says that prescinding from the practical pro.lem of ha*ing 2 hus.ands :or 2 wi*es; claiming the right to a legitime- the *ery principle underlying the rule is questiona.le 9 why should consorts of a terminated marriage- or an annulled one- or one declared *oid a. initio continue to .e heirs of each other6 The marriage 9 which forms the .asis of the right of succession no longer e/ists.

2.

f the decedent died 2&1O7& the effecti*ity of the 1amily Code- the old distinctions must .e o.ser*ed. The legitime of the spurious child will only .e #L% that of a natural child- according to the ratio esta.lished in Art?@% par2. This ratio of %3# among natural and spurious children should .e o.ser*ed in all cases under the Ci*il Code where they concur.

ART. <B5. T&e *e)i ime of eac& of &e ac2no%*ed)ed na u$a* c&i*d$en and eac& of &e na u$a* c&i*d$en !" *e)a* fic ion s&a** consis of oneG&a*f of &e *e)i ime of eac& of &e *e)i ima e c&i*d$en o$ descendan s. T&e *e)i ime of an i**e)i ima e c&i*d %&o is nei &e$ an ac2no%*ed)ed na u$a*( no$ a na u$a* c&i*d !" *e)a* fic ion( s&a** !e equa* in e#e$" case o fou$Gfif &s of &e *e)i ime of an ac2no%*ed)ed na u$a* c&i*d. T&e *e)i ime of &e i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en s&a** !e a2en f$om &e 'o$ ion of &e es a e a &e f$ee dis'osa* of &e es a o$( '$o#ided &a in no case s&a** &e o a* *e)i ime of suc& i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en e+ceed &a f$ee 'o$ ion( and &a &e *e)i ime of &e su$#i#in) s'ouse mus fi$s !e fu**" sa isfied.

LEGITI,ATE CHIL-REN I S0RVIVING SPO0SE 9 The sharing is T for the children collecti*ely and for the spouseequi*alent to that of each of the legitimate children or descendants. $etermination of sur*i*ing spouse4s share 1. As long as at least 1 of se*eral children inherits in his own right- the determination of the share of the sur*i*ing spouse presents no pro.lem. t will always .e equi*alent of one child4s share. 2. 2ut supposing A"" the children predecease or are disinherited or are unworthy to succeed6 'ince all the grandchildren would then inherit 2I 7&)7&'&NTAT ON and therefore in different amounts- the practical solution will still .e to gi*e the spouse the share that each child would ha*e gotten if qualified. !. 'upposing A"" the Children 7&NOBNC&- the grandchildren would inherit )&7 CA) TA or in their own right and therefore equally. 'hould the spouse4s share still .e computed on the .asis of the children4s share had they accepted6 f so- then when will the word ,or descendants0 in the second paragraph of this article e*er .e operati*e6

This article has .een pro tanto amended .y Articles 1(!- 1(% and 17( of the 1amily Code. ONE LEGITI,ATE CHIL- I ILLEGITI,ATE CHIL-REN I S0RVIVING SPO0SE 9 the sharing is T for the illegitimate child- M for the sur*i*ing spouse- and M for each illegitimate child. These sharings are .ased on Art.?@2 of NCC and Art17( of 1C. LEGITI,ATE CHIL-REN I ILLEGITI,ATE CHIL-REN I S0RVIVING SPO0SE > the sharing is T for the legitimate children collecti*ely- a share equal to that of one legitimate child for the sur*i*ing spouse- and T the share of one legitimate child for each illegitimate child. '=A7 N8 )7 O7 TO T=& 1AM "I CO$& f death occurred .efore the effecti*ity of the 1amily Codethis article will go*ern 9 consequently- should the natural and spurious children concur in the succession- each spurious child will get #L% the share of one natural childand each natural child gets T the share of one legitimate child. &/ample > % legitimate children and total estate is 1M. T of estate :%AA-AAA; di*ided .y % so 1 "egit child 9 1AA-AAA Natural child 9 %A-AAA 'purious child 9 #A-AAA 'hould there .e no natural children .ut only spurious children- each spurious child will get 2L% share of one legitimate child. 1 legit child 9 1AA-AAA No natural children 'purious child 9 #A-AAA 7&$BCT ON O1 '=A7&' $epending on the num.er of legitimate and illegitimate children- the possi.ility e/ists that the total legitimes will e/ceed the entire estate. 7eductions- therefore will ha*e to .e made in accordance with the following rules 9 1. The legitimes of the legitimate children should ne*er .e reduced- they are )7 MA7I and )7&1&77&$ compulsory heirs 2. The legitime of the sur*i*ing spouse should ne*er .e reduced- this article prohi.its this. !. The legitimes of the illegitimate children will .e reduced pro rata and without preference among them.

ART. <BA. If &e es a o$ *ea#es no *e)i ima e descendan s( !u *ea#es *e)i ima e ascendan s( &e su$#i#in) s'ouse s&a** &a#e a $i)& o oneGfou$ & of &e &e$edi a$" es a e. T&is fou$ & s&a** !e a2en f$om &e f$ee 'o$ ion of &e es a e.

LEGITI,ATE ASCEN-ANTS I S0RVIVING SPO0SE > the sharing is T for the ascendants collecti*ely and M for the sur*i*ing spouse. 1or the parents or ascendants- the sharing will .e in accordance with Articles ??@>?@A. :"egitimate parentsLascendants as secondary compulsory heirs 9 the legitimate ascending line succeeds only in default of the legitimate descending line.;

ART. <B4. If &e es a o$ *ea#es i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en( &e su$#i#in) s'ouse s&a** !e en i *ed o oneG &i$d of &e &e$edi a$" es a e of &e deceased and &e i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en o ano &e$ &i$d. T&e $emainin) &i$d s&a** !e a &e f$ee dis'osa* of &e es a o$.

ILEGITI,ATE CHIL-REN I S0RVIVING SPO0SE 9 the sharing is 1L! for the illegitimate children or descendants collecti*ely and 1L! for the sur*i*ing spouse. 'haring among illegitimate children 1. f the decedent died during the effecti*ity of the 1AM "I CO$& 9 the sharing will .e equal- inasmuch as the 1amily Code has a.olished the old distinction .etween natural and illegitimate children other than natural or spurious :Arts 1(!- 1(% and 17? of 1C;

ART. <B8. I**e)i ima e c&i*d$en %&o ma" su$#i#e %i & *e)i ima e 'a$en s o$ ascendan s of &e deceased s&a** !e en i *ed o oneGfou$ & of &e &e$edi a$" es a e o !e a2en f$om &e 'o$ ion a &e f$ee dis'osa* of &e es a o$.

ILLEGITI,ATE CHIL-REN I LEGITI,ATE PARENTS the sharing is T for the legitimate parents collecti*ely and M for the illegitimate children collecti*ely. 1or the parents or ascendants- the sharing will .e in accordance with the rules laid down in Articles ??@>?@A. 1or the illegitimate children or descendants- the sharing shall depend on whether death occurred .efore or during the effecti*ity of the 1amily Code.

NOT& 9 the last requisite is not e/plicit in the article .ut can .e deri*ed from the sense and intent of the pro*ision. The law does not regard such marriages with eager appro*al.

ART. BC1. 1&en &e es a o$ dies *ea#in) i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en and no o &e$ com'u*so$" &ei$s( suc& i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en s&a** &a#e a $i)& o oneG&a*f of &e &e$edi a$" es a e of &e deceased. T&e o &e$ &a*f s&a** !e a &e f$ee dis'osa* of &e es a o$.

ART. <B7. 1&en &e %ido% o$ %ido%e$ su$#i#es %i & *e)i ima e c&i*d$en o$ descendan s( and ac2no%*ed)ed na u$a* c&i*d$en( o$ na u$a* c&i*d$en !" *e)a* fic ion( suc& su$#i#in) s'ouse s&a** !e en i *ed o a 'o$ ion equa* o &e *e)i ime of eac& of &e *e)i ima e c&i*d$en %&ic& mus !e a2en f$om &a 'a$ of &e es a e %&ic& &e es a o$ can f$ee*" dis'ose of.

ILLEGITI,ATE CHIL-REN ALONE 9 they get T of the estate collecti*ely. The sharing among the illegitimate children or descendants will depend on whether death occurred .efore or during the effecti*ity of the 1amily Code.

ART. BC@. T&e $i)& s of i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en se fo$ & in &e '$ecedin) a$ ic*es a$e $ansmi ed u'on &ei$ dea & o &ei$ descendan s( %&e &e$ *e)i ima e o$ i**e)i ima e.

ART. <B<. If &e %ido% o$ %ido%e$ su$#i#es %i & *e)i ima e c&i*d$en o$ descendan s( and %i & i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en o &e$ &an ac2no%*ed)ed na u$a*( o$ na u$a* c&i*d$en !" *e)a* fic ion( &e s&a$e of &e su$#i#in) s'ouse s&a** !e &e same as &a '$o#ided in &e '$ecedin) a$ ic*e.

7ight of representation to the legitimate and illegitimate descendants of an illegitimate child. 7ule of Article @A2 compared with 7ule of Article @@2 9 n the case of descendants of legitimate children- the right of representation is gi*en only to legitimate descendants- .y *irtue of Art@@2. The net effect of all this is that the right of representation gi*en to descendants of illegitimate children is 27OA$&7 than the right of representation gi*en to descendants of legitimate children. Thus- an illegitimate child of a predeceased legitimate child cannot inherit .y representation :Art@@2;- while an illegitimate child of an illegitimate child can :Art@A2;. A classic instance of unintended consequence.

The 2 articles are merely reiterations of the rules already laid down in Articles ?@2 and ?@% and need not .e e/plained.

ART. <BB. 1&en &e %ido% o$ %ido%e$ su$#i#es %i & *e)i ima e 'a$en s o$ ascendan s and %i & i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en( suc& su$#i#in) s'ouse s&a** !e en i *ed o oneG ei)& & of &e &e$edi a$" es a e of &e deceased %&ic& mus !e a2en f$om &e f$ee 'o$ ion( and &e i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en s&a** !e en i *ed o oneGfou$ & of &e es a e %&ic& s&a** !e a2en a*so f$om &e dis'osa!*e 'o$ ion. T&e es a o$ ma" f$ee*" dis'ose of &e $emainin) oneGei)& & of &e es a e.

LEGITI,ATE PARENTS I ILLEGITI,ATE CHIL-REN I S0RVIVING SPO0SE 9 the sharing is T for the legitimate parents collecti*ely- M for the illegitimate children collecti*ely and 1L? for the sur*i*ing spouse. 1or the parents or ascendants- the sharing will .e in accordance with the rules laid down in Articles ??@>?@A. 1or the illegitimate children or descendants- the sharing shall depend on whether death occurred .efore or during the effecti*ity of the 1amily Code.

ART. BCA. T&e *e)i ime of &e 'a$en s %&o &a#e an i**e)i ima e c&i*d( %&en suc& c&i*d *ea#es nei &e$ *e)i ima e descendan s( no$ a su$#i#in) s'ouse( no$ i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en( is oneG&a*f of &e &e$edi a$" es a e of suc& i**e)i ima e c&i*d. If on*" *e)i ima e o$ i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en a$e *ef ( &e 'a$en s a$e no en i *ed o an" *e)i ime %&a soe#e$. If on*" &e %ido% o$ %ido%e$ su$#i#es %i & 'a$en s of &e i**e)i ima e c&i*d( &e *e)i ime of &e 'a$en s is oneGfou$ & of &e &e$edi a$" es a e of &e c&i*d( and &a of &e su$#i#in) s'ouse a*so oneGfou$ & of &e es a e.

ART. BCC. If &e on*" su$#i#o$ is &e %ido% o$ %ido%e$( s&e o$ &e s&a** !e en i *ed o oneG&a*f of &e &e$edi a$" es a e of &e deceased s'ouse( and &e es a o$ ma" f$ee*" dis'ose of &e o &e$ &a*f. If &e ma$$ia)e !e %een &e su$#i#in) s'ouse and &e es a o$ %as so*emniKed in a$ icu*o mo$ is( and &e es a o$ died %i &in &$ee mon &s f$om &e ime of &e ma$$ia)e( &e *e)i ime of &e su$#i#in) s'ouse as &e so*e &ei$ s&a** !e oneG &i$d of &e &e$edi a$" es a e( e+ce' %&en &e" &a#e !een *i#in) as &us!and and %ife fo$ mo$e &an fi#e "ea$s. In &e *a e$ case( &e *e)i ime of &e su$#i#in) s'ouse s&a** !e &a s'ecified in &e '$ecedin) 'a$a)$a'&.

ILLEGITI,ATE PARENTS ALONE 9 they get T of the estate. Note that in the illegitimate ascending line- the right $O&' NOT go .eyond the parents. ILLEGITI,ATE PARENTS I S0RVIVING SPO0SE 9 the sharing is M for the parents collecti*ely and M for the spouse. llegitimate parents &JC"B$&$ .y all +inds of children 9 as secondary compulsory heirs- the illegitimate parents are inferior to legitimate parents. 5hereas legitimate parents are e/cluded only .y legitimate children- illegitimate parents are e/cluded .y all +inds of children- legitimate or illegitimate.

RESERVA TRONCAL
S0RVIVING SPO0SE AS SOLE CO,P0LSORF HEIR 9 Genera+ ru+e B T of the estate E?ception 9 1L! of the estate- if the following circumstances are present 9 aE The marriage was in articu+o (ortis .E The testator died within ! months from the time of the marriage cE The parties did not coha.it for more than % yearsand dE The spouse who died was the party in articu+o (ortis at the time of the marriage. A$ . <B1. T&e ascendan %&o in&e$i s f$om &is descendan an" '$o'e$ " %&ic& &e *a e$ ma" &a#e acqui$ed !" )$a ui ous i *e f$om ano &e$ ascendan ( o$ a !$o &e$ o$ sis e$( is o!*i)ed o $ese$#e suc& '$o'e$ " as &e ma" &a#e acqui$ed !" o'e$a ion of *a% fo$ &e !enefi of $e*a i#es %&o a$e %i &in &e &i$d de)$ee and %&o !e*on) o &e *ine f$om %&ic& said '$o'e$ " came. T'e Reser.a Tronca+

Origin

7eser*ista

7eser*atarios O7elati*e wLin !rd degree of )repositusE

RE/0ISITES O. RESERVA TRONCAL

1. T&a &e '$o'e$ " %as acqui$ed !" a descendan 3!re!ositus4 f$om an ascendan o$ f$om a !$o &e$ o$ sis e$ 3ori)in4 !" )$a ui ous i *e. o The term descendant should read person .ecause if the grantor is a .rother or sisterthe one acquiring o.*iously is not a descendant. o Acquisition is .y gratuitous title when the recipient does not gi*e anything in return. t encompasses transmissions .y donation or .y succession of whate*er +ind. @. T&a said descendan %i &ou an issue. 3!re!ositus4 died

;, Gratuitous Tit+e

;, Operation o) La1

)repositus

The )repositus inherits a piece of land from his father- the Origin. 'u.sequently- the )repositus dies intestate- single and without issue- and the land is in turn inherited .y his mother- the 7eser*ista. The 7eser*ista is then required to reser*e the property in fa*or of the )repositus4 paternal relati*es within the !rd degree O7eser*atariosE.

7eser*as and 7e*ersiones in the 'panish Code 1. 7eser*a Giudal 2. 7eser*a Troncal !. 7e*ersion "egal #. 7e*ersion Adopti*a )urpose of the 7eser*a Troncal The reser*e troncal is a special rule designed primarily to assure the return of the reser*a.le property to the ! rd degree relati*es .elonging to the line from which the property originally came- and to a*oid its .eing dissipated .y the relati*es of the inheriting ascendant :the reser*ista;. Also to a*oid the danger that property e/isting for many years in a family4s patrimony might pass gratuitously to outsiders through the accident of marriage and untimely death. PROCESS 9 A T$ansmissions In#o*#ed 1. First Trans)er 9 .y gratuitous title- from a person to his descendant- .rother or sister. 2. Secon* Trans)er 9 .y operation of law- from the transferee in the first transfer :prepositus; to another ascendant :reser*ista;. t is this second transfer that creates the reser*a. !. T'ir* Trans)er 9 from the transferee in the second transfer :reser*ista; to the relati*es within the ! rd degree of the )repositus- coming from the line of the Origin. f there are only two transmissions- there is no reser*a :GonLa+es . CFI;

o 'hould read 9 ,that said person died without legitimate issue- .ecause only +e/iti(ate *escen*ants will pre*ent the property from .eing inherited .y the legitimate ascending line .y operation of law. A. T&a &e '$o'e$ " is in&e$i ed !" ano &e$ ascendan 3reser*ista4 !" o'e$a ion of *a%; and o Transmission .y operation of law is limited .y succession- either to the legitime or .y intestacy. 4. T&a &e$e a$e $e*a i#es %i &in &e A $d de)$ee !e*on)in) o &e *ine f$om %&ic& said '$o'e$ " came 3reser*atarios4. o These relati*es- called the reser*atarios or reser*ees- are those that are within the !rd degree of the line of the Origin.

@ EASIC R0LES I. No inqui$" is o !e made !e"ond &e O$i)inI ,edia e Sou$ce. I does no ma e$ %&o &e o%ne$ of &e '$o'e$ " %as !efo$e i %as acqui$ed !" &e O$i)in. II. A** &e $e*a ions&i's amon) &e 'a$ ies mus !e *e)i ima e. T&e '$o#isions of A$ <B1 on*" a''*" o *e)i ima e $e*a i#es. 4 PARTIES TO THE RESERVA TRONCAL 1. ORIGIN OR THE ,E-IATE SO0RCE o =e is either the ascendant or a .rother or sister of the )repositus. o Ascendant from any degree of ascent. o 2rotherL'ister 9 2 'chools of Thought aE 7elationship must .e of =A"1 2"OO$ 9 .ecause otherwise the property would not change lines. This means that if the relationship is 1ull 2lood- there is no reser*e .ecause then it would not .e possi.le to identify the line of origin. .E t does not matter whether the fraternal relationship is of the full or half>.lood. n either case- a reser*e may arise. 'ince the law ma+es no distinction- we should not ma+e one. @. PREPOSIT0S o =e is either the descendant or a .rotherL sister of the Origin who recei*es the property from the Origin .y gratuitous title. Thus- in the scheme of the reser*a troncal- he is the 1 7'T transferee of the property. o 5hile the property is still with the )repositus- there is yet NO 7&'&7GA. The reser*a arises only upon the second transfer. o Consequently- while the property is owned .y the )repositus- he has all the rights of ownership o*er it

and may e/ercise such rights in order to pre*ent a reser*a from arising. =e can do this .y 9 aE 'u.stituting or alienating the property .E 2equeathing or de*ising it either to the potential reser*ista or to !rd persons :su.Dect to constraints of the legitime; cE )artitioning in such a way as to assign the property to parties other than the potential reser*ista :again su.Dect to the constraints of the legitime;. o n this sense- the )repositus is deemed the Ar.iter of the 7eser*a Troncal. A. RESERVISTA 3RESERVOR4 o =e is an ascendant of the )repositus- of whate*er degree. The 7eser*ista must .e an ascendant ot'er t'an the OriginL Mediate 'ource :if the latter is also an ascendant;. o The law is clear > it refers to the OriginL Mediate 'ource as another ascendant. f these two parties are the same person- there would .e no reser*a troncal. o 'hould the OriginLMediate 'ource and the 7eser*ista .elong to $ifferent "ines6 - &/ample3 A recei*es .y donation a parcel of land from his paternal grandfather J. Bpon A4s deaththe parcel passes .y intestacy to his father I :J4s son;. The property ne*er left the line- is I o.liged to reser*e6 - One Giew 9 NO- .ecause another ascendant is one .elonging to a line other than that of the reser*ista. - Another Giew 9 I&'- .ecause :1; the law ma+es no distinction- and :2; the purpose of the reser*e is not only curati*e .ut also pre*enti*e- i.e. to pre*ent the property from lea*ing the line. 4. RESERVATARIOS 3RESERVEES4 o The reser*a is in fa*or of a class- collecti*ely referred to as the 7eser*atarios :reser*ees;. o RE/0IRE,ENTS TO EE A RESERVATARIO= 1? He mus !e %i &in &e A$d de)$ee consan)uini " f$om &e P$e'osi us. of

- As long- therefore- as the reser*atario is ali*e at the time of the reser*arista4s death- he qualifies as such- e.en i) 'e 1as concei.e* an* -orn a)ter t'e Prepositus2 *eat'. o P$efe$ence Amon) &e Rese$#a a$ios - Bpon death of the ascendant reser*ista- the reser*a.le property should pass- not to all the reser*atorios as a class- .ut only to those N&A7&'T in degree to the descendant :prepositus;- e/cluding those reser*atarios of more remote degree. :Pa*ura .. ;a+*o.ino; - n other words- the reser*e troncal merely determines the group of relati*es :reser*atarios; to whom the property should .e returned< .ut 1it'in t'at /roup- the indi*idual right to the property should .e decided .y the applica.le rules of ordinary intestate succession- since Art?@1 does not specify otherwise. - Thus- according to the )adura ruling- which su.Dects the choice of reser*atarios to the rules of intestate succession- those reser*atarios nearer in degree of relationship to the )repositus will e/clude those more remotely related. o Re'$esen a ion Amon) &e Rese$#a a$ios - As in intestate succession- the rule of preference of degree among reser*atarios is qualified .y the rule of representation. - The right of representation cannot .e alleged when the one claiming the same as a reser*atario of the reser*a.le property is not among the relati*es within the !rd degree .elonging to the line from which such property came- inasmuch as the right granted .y the Ci*il Code in Art?11 is in the highest degree personal and for the e/clusi*e .enefit of designated persons who are the relati*es withint the !rd degree of the person from whm the reser*a.le property came. Thereforerelati*es of the #th degree and the succeeding degrees can ne*er .e considered as reser*atarios since the law does not recogniHe them as such. - Ne*ertheless- there is a right of representation on the part of the reser*atarios who are within the ! rd degree mentioned .y law- as in the case of nephews of the deceased person from whom the reser*a.le property came. These reser*atarios ha*e the right to represent their ascendants :fathers and mothers; who are the .rothers of the said deceased person and relati*es within the !rd degree in accordance with Art?11. :F+orentino .. F+orentino; - Actually- there will only .e 1 instance of representation among the reser*atarios- which is in case o) t'e Prepositus -ein/ sur.i.e* -, -rot'ersKsisters an* c'i+*ren o) a pre*ecease* or incapacitate* -rot'er or sister. Nu$idica* Na u$e of Rese$#a T$onca* The Duridical nature of the reser*e troncal may .e *iewed from 2 aspects 9 from that of the reser*ista and that of the reser*atarios. 1. Nu$idica* Na u$e f$om &e #ie%'oin of &e RESERVISTA - Manresa says that ,the ascendant is in the first place a B'B17BCTBA7I who should use and enDoy the things according to their nature- in the manner and form already set forth in the Code referring to use and usufruct.0 - 2ut since in addition to .eing the usufructuary- he is- e*en though CON$ T ONA""I- the owner in fee simple of property- he CAN $ ')O'& of it in the manner pro*ided in Articles @7# and @7( of the Code. - The conclusion is that the person required .y Art?11 to reser*e the right has- .eyond any dou.t at all- the rights of use and usufruct. =e hasmoreo*er- the "&8A" T T"& and $OM N ON-

@? He mus !e*on) o &e *ine f$om %&ic& &e '$o'e$ " came. T&is is de e$mined !" &e O$i)inI,edia e Sou$ce. - f an ascendant- the Mediate 'ource is either of the paternal or maternal line. - f a half>.rother or half>sister- the same is true. - f howe*er- it is a .rother or sister of the full .lood- it would not .e possi.le to distinguish the lines. - To those who hold the opinion that a reser*a would not e/ist in such case of full .lood si.lings- Manresa4s comment should .e the norm3 ,that the question of line would .e indifferent.0 o Guestion B (ust t'e Reser.atario a+so -e re+ate* to t'e Me*iate Source@ - ,an$esa sa"s NO- the article spea+s solely of 2 lines- the paternal and the maternal of the descendant- without regard to su.di*isions. - 'ancheH 7oman says I&'- otherwise results would arise completely contrary to the purpose of this reser*a- which is to pre*ent the property from passing to persons not of the line of origin. o 7eser*a in fa*or of reser*atarios as a C"A'' > to -e 3ua+i)ie* as a reser.atario0 is it necessar, t'at one (ust a+rea*, -e LIVING 1'en t'e prepositus *ies@ - NO- .ecause the reser*a is esta.lished in fa*or of a 87OB) or C"A''- the relati*es within the ! rd degree- and not in fa*or of specific indi*iduals.

although under a CON$ T ON su.sequent :whether or not there e/ist at the time of his death relati*es within the !rd degree of the descendant from whom they inherit in the line whence the property proceeds;. - Clearly- he has- under an e/press pro*ision of lawthe right to dispose of the property reser*ed- and to dispose of is to alienate- although under a condition. =e has the right to reco*er it- .ecause he is the one who possesses or should possess it and ha*e title to it- although a limited and re*oca.le one. n a word- the legal title and dominion- e*en though under a condition- reside in him while he li*es. After the right required .y law to .e reser*ed has .een assured- he can do anything that a genuine owner can do. :E*roso . Sa-+an; 1rom E*roso- the following may .e deri*ed3 A. The reser*ista4s right o*er the reser*ed property is one of ownership. 2. The ownership is su.Dect to a RESOLUTOR" CON4ITION- i.e. the e/istence of reser*atorias at the time of the reser*ista4s death. C. The right of ownership is aliena.le- .ut su.Dect to the same resolutory condition. $. The reser*ista4s right of ownership is registera.le. @. Nu$idica* Na u$e f$om &e #ie%'oin of &e RESERVATARIOS - The nature of the reser*atarios4 right is- Manresa says- that ,during the whole period .etween the constitution in legal form of the right required .y law to .e reser*ed and the e/tinction thereof- the relati*es within the !rd degree- after the right that in their turn may pertain to them has .een assuredha*e only an &J)&CTAT ON and therefore they do not e*en ha*e the capacity to transmit that e/pectation to their heirs.0 - The relati*es within the !rd degree in whose fa*or the right is reser*ed cannot dispose of the property- first .ecause it is in no way- either actually- constructi*ely or formally- in their possession< and- moreo*er- .ecause they ha*e no title of ownership or of fee simple which they can transmit to another- on the hypothesis that only when the person who must reser*e the right should die .efore them will they ta+e their place in the succession of the descendant of whom they are relati*es within the !rd degree- that is to say- a second contingent place in said legitimate succession in the fashion of aspirants to a possi.le future legacy. :E*roso .. Sa-+an; - The reser*a instituted .y law instituted .y law in fa*or of the heirs within the ! rd degree .elonging to the line from which the reser*a.le property cameconstitutes a 7&A" 7 8=T which the reser*e may alienate and dispose of- al.eit conditionally- the CON$ T ON .eing that the alienation shall transfer ownership to the *endee only if an when the reser*e sur*i*es the person o.liged to reser*e. :Sienes .. Esparcia; 1rom Sienes- the following may .e deri*ed3 A. The reser*atarios ha*e a right of e?pectanc, o*er the property. 2. The right is su.Dect to a SUSPENSIVE CON4ITIONi.e. the e/pectancy ripens into ownership if the reser*atarios sur*i*e the reser*ista. C. The right is aliena.le- .ut su.Dect to the same suspensi*e condition. $. The right is registera.le. 1lorentino *. 1lorentino also held that the reser*ista has NO )O5&7 to appoint- .y will- which specific indi*idual of the reser*atarios were to get the reser*ed property. :As also held in 8onHales *. C1 ;. The reser*ees do not inherit from the reser*oir .ut from the )7&)O' TB'- of whom the reser*ees are the heirs mortis

causa su.Dect to the condition that they must sur*i*e the reser*or. :Pa*ura .. ;a+*o.ino as cited in GonLa+es .. CFI; T&e $u*e in &is Ju$isdic ion( &e$efo$e( is &a u'on &e $ese$#is a:s dea &( &e '$o'e$ " 'asses !" s $ic o'e$a ion of *a% 3acco$din) o &e $u*es of in es a e succession( as &e*d in Padu$a4( o &e '$o'e$ $ese$#a a$ios. T&us( &e se*ec ion of %&ic& $ese$#a a$ios %i** )e &e '$o'e$ " is made !" *a% and no !" &e $ese$#is a.

T&e P$o'e$ " Rese$#ed Any +ind of property is reser*a.le. A sugar quota allotmentas incorporeal property- was held to .e reser*a.le in Ro*ri/ueL .. Ro*ri/ueL. &ffect of 'u.stitution o The *ery same property must go through the process of transmissions- in order for the reser*a to arise. Thusthe same property must come from the Mediate 'ource- to the )repositus .y gratuitous title- and to the reser*ista .y operation of law. o f the prepositus su.stitutes the property .y selling.artering or e/changing it- the su.stitute cannot -e reser.e*. o Note that while the property is with the )repositusthere is yet no reser*a- which commences when the property id recei*ed .y the reser*ista. o Consequently- the )repositus has- o*er the propertyp+enar, po1ers o) o1ners'ip- and he may e/ercise these powers to thwart the potential reser*a. The )repositus is the ar.iter of the reser*a. KB&'T ON 9 would there .e a reser*a if the )repositus sold the property under pacto de retro and then redeemed it6 7eser*ed )roperty $oes Not 1orm )art of the 7eser*ista4s &state Bpon his $eath o The contention that an intestacy proceeding is still necessary rests upon the assumption that the reser*atario will succeed in- or inherit- the reser*a.le property from the reser*ista. This is not true. The reser*atario is not the reser*ista4s successor mortis causa nor is the reser*a.le property part of the reser*ista4s estate< the reser*atario recei*es the property as a conditional heir of the )repositus- said property merely re*erting to the line of origin from which it had temporarily and accidentally strayed during the reser*ista4s lifetime. o t is a consequence of these principles that upon the death of the reser*ista- the reser*atario nearest to the prepositus .ecomes- automatically and .y operation of law- the owner of the reser*a.le property. As already stated- that property is no part of the estate of the reser*ista- and does not e*en answer for the de.ts of the latter. =ence- its acquisition .y the reser*atario may .e entered in the property records without necessity of estate proceedings- since the .asic requisites therefor appear of record. :Cano .. 4irector; o Of course- where the registration decree merely specifies the reser*a.le character of the propertywithout determining the identity of the reser*atario or where se*eral reser*atarios dispute the property among themsel*esfurther proceedings are una*oida.le. o As a consequence of &e $u*e *aid do%n in Cano( since &e $ese$#ed '$o'e$ " is no com'u ed as 'a$ of &e $ese$#is a:s es a e( i is no a2en in o accoun in de e$minin) &e *e)i imes of &e $ese$#is a:s com'u*so$" &ei$s 7&'&7GA MAJ MA 9 7&'&7GA M N MA o )ro.lem3 if 2 circumstances occur

- The prepositus ma+es a will instituting the ascendant>reser*ista to the whole or a part of the free portion- and - There is left in the )repositus4 estate- upon his death- in addition to the reser*ed propertyproperty not reser*a.le. o 2 Theories ha*e .een Ad*anced - 7eser*a Ma/ima 9 as much of the potentially reser*a.le property as possi.le must .e deemed included in the part that passes .y operation of law. This ,ma/imiHes0 the scope of the reser*a. - Rese$#a ,inima 9 e*ery single property in the )repositus4 estate must .e deemed to pass- partly .y will and partly .y operation of law- in the same proportion that the part gi*en .y will .ears to the part not so gi*en. o 7eser*a Minima is more widely accepted. Ri)& s and O!*i)a ions There are no specific implementing articles on the reser*a troncal. Bnder the Old Code- the pro*isions .iu*a+ were e/tended to the tronca+- thus the rights of the reser*atarios and the corresponding o.ligations of the reser*ista were3 a. To in*entory the reser*ed properties .. To annotate the reser*a.le character :if registered immo*a.les; in the 7egistry of )roperty within @A days from acceptance .y the reser*ista. c. To appraise the immo*a.les d. To secure .y means of mortgage3 :i; the indemnity for any deterioration of or damage to the property occasioned .y the reser*ista4s fault or negligenceand :ii; the payment of the *alue of such reser*ed mo*a.les as may ha*e .een alienated .y the reser*ista onerously or gratuitously. The a.olition of the reser*a *iudal has caused some uncertainty whether these requirements still apply. t was held in Su(a,a .. IAC that the requirement of annotation remains- despite the a.olition of reser*a *iudalas .ased on 'ec%1 of )$1%2@ pro*iding for con*eyance and other dealings .y registered owners. Su(a,a is howe*er- silent on 2 points3 1. 5ithin what period must the annotation .e madeand 2. 5hether the other requirements of the old *iudal also remain.

the testator4s power to depri*e the compulsory heirs of their legitime. &JC&)T ON 9 the only instance in which the law allows the testator to depri*e the compulsory heirs of their legitimes is -ISINHERITANCE under Arts@1%>@2!- the grounds .eing set forth under Arts@1@>@21.

Tes a o$ -e#oid of Po%e$ o Im'ose Eu$dens on Le)i ime As also reiterated in Art?72- the testator cannot impair the legitime- as a consequence of the principle that the legitime passes .y strict operation of law. EHCEPTIONS 9 1&en &e La% )$an s &e Tes a o$ Some Po%e$ o#e$ &e Le)i ime 1. Article 1A?A par2 9 ,A parent who- in the interest of his or her familydesires to +eep any agricultural- industrial- or manufacturing enterprise intact- may a*ail himself of the right granted him in this article- .y ordering that the legitime of the other children to whom the property is not assigned- .e paid in cash.0 2. Article 1A?! par1 9 ,&*ery co>heir has a right to demand the di*ision of the estate unless the testator should ha*e e/pressly for.idden its partition- in which case the period of indi*ision shall not e/ceed 2A years as pro*ided in article #@#. This power of the testator to prohi.it di*ision applies to the legitime.0

Res $ic ions on Le)i ime Im'osed !" La% A. Article 1%@- 1amily Code ,The 1amily =ome shall continue despite the death of one or .oth spouses or of the unmarried head of the family for a period of 1A years or for as long as there is a minor .eneficiary- and the heirs cannot partition the same unless the court finds compelling reasons therefor. This rule shall apply regardless of whoe*er owns the property or constituted the family home.0 2. The 7eser*a Troncal

A$ . BC5. E#e$" $enuncia ion o$ com'$omise as $e)a$ds a fu u$e *e)i ime !e %een &e 'e$son o%in) i and &is com'u*so$" &ei$s is #oid( and &e *a e$ ma" c*aim &e same u'on &e dea & of &e fo$me$; !u &e" mus !$in) o co**a ion %&a e#e$ &e" ma" &a#e $ecei#ed !" #i$ ue of &e $enuncia ion o$ com'$omise. 7eason for the 7ule 2efore the predecessor4s death- the heir4s right is simply inchoate. $uty to Collate Any property which the compulsory heir may ha*e gratuitously recei*ed from his predecessor .y *irtue of the renunciation or compromise will .e considered an ad*ance on his legitime and must .e duly credited. 'cope of )rohi.ition This article applies only to transactions of compromise or renunciation .etween the predecessor and the prospecti*e compulsory heir. KB&'T ON 9 s a transaction .etween the prospecti*e compulsory heir and another prospecti*e compulsory heir- or .etween a prospecti*e compulsory heir and a strangerinterdicted6 I&' under Article 1!#7 par23 ,No contract may .e entered into upon future inheritance e/cept in cases e/pressly pro*ided .y law.0 A$ . BC8. An" com'u*so$" &ei$ o %&om &e es a o$ &as *ef !" an" i *e *ess &an &e *e)i ime !e*on)in) o &im ma" demand &a &e same !e fu**" sa isfied. 7 8=T O1 COM)"&T ON O1 "&8 T M&

E+ in)uis&men of &e Rese$#a T$onca* The reser*e troncal is e/tinguished .y3 1. $eath of the 7eser*ista 2. $eath of A"" the 7eser*atarios !. 7enunciation .y A"" the 7eser*atarios- pro*ided that no other reser*atario is .orn su.sequently #. Total fortuitous loss of the reser*ed property %. Confusion or merger of rights- as when the reser*atarios acquire the reser*ista4s right .y a contract inter *i*os (. )rescription or ad*erse possession A$ . BC4. T&e es a o$ canno de'$i#e &is com'u*so$" &ei$s of &ei$ *e)i ime( e+ce' in cases e+'$ess*" s'ecified !" *a%. Nei &e$ can &e im'ose u'on &e same an" !u$den( encum!$ance( condi ion( o$ su!s i u ion of an" 2ind %&a soe#e$. As already laid down in Art??(- the legitime is not within the testator4s control. t passes to the compulsory heirs .y strict operation of law. Tes a o$ -e#oid of Po%e$ o -e'$i#e Com'u*so$" Hei$s of Le)i ime t is the law- not the testator- which determines the transmission of the legitimes. Consequently- it is not within

This rule applies only to transmissions .y /ratuitous tit+e.

Cross>7eferences- related articles Art?%% 9 if the title .y which the testator transmitted property is intestate succession Art. ?%%. The share of a child or descendant omitted in a will must first .e ta+en from the part of the estate not disposed of .y the will- if any< if that is not sufficient- so much as may .e necessary must .e ta+en proportionally from the shares of the other compulsory heirs. n relation to Arts@A@ and @1A

,ANNER O. CO,P0TING THE HERE-ITARF ESTATE

1. In#en o$" a** &e E+is in) Asse s aE This will in*ol*e appraisalL*aluation of the e/isting assets at the time of the decedent4s death .E These assets include only those properties that sur*i*e the decedent- i.e. those which are not e/tinguished .y his death :in relation to articles 77# and 777;. cE The *alue determined .y this in*entory will constitute the GROSS ASSETS. -educ 0n'aid -e! s and C&a$)es aE All unpaid o.ligations of the decedent should .e deducted from the gross assets. .E Only those o.ligations with monetary *alue which are not e/tinguished .y death are considered. Thus- those o.ligations which are purely personal are not ta+en into account. cE The difference .etween the gross assets and the unpaid o.ligations will .e the AVAILA;LE ASSETS. Add &e Va*ue of -ona ions In e$ Vi#os aE To the a*aila.le assets should .e added all the inter .i.os donations made .y the decedent. .E The donations inter .i.os shall .e *alued as of the time they were respecti*ely made. Any increase or decrease in *alue from the time they were made to the time of the decedent4s death shall .e for the account of the donee- since the donation transfers ownership to the donee. cE The sum of the a*aila.le assets and all the donations inter .i.os is the NET HERE4ITAR" ESTATE.

T&e '$inci'*e unde$*"in) &is $u*e on com'*e ion of *e)i ime is &a an" &in) &a a com'u*so$" &ei$ $ecei#es !" )$a ui ous i *e f$om &e '$edecesso$ is conside$ed an a *ance on le)iti"e and is deduc ed &e$ef$om &JC&)T ON' 1. Art1A(2 9 if the predecessor ga*e the compulsory heir a donation inter *i*os and pro*ided that it was not to .e charged against the legitime. 2. Art1A(! 9 testamentary dispositions made .y the predecessor to the compulsory heir- unless the testator pro*ides that it should .e considered part of the legitime. A$ . BC7. Tes amen a$" dis'osi ions &a im'ai$ o$ diminis& &e *e)i ime of &e com'u*so$" &ei$s s&a** !e $educed on 'e i ion of &e same( insofa$ as &e" ma" !e inofficious o$ e+cessi#e. 2ased on the same principle as art@A#. f the testamentary dispositions e/ceed the disposa.le portion- the compulsory heirs may demand their reduction to the e/tent hat the legitimes ha*e .een impaired. To allow the testator to ma+e testamentary dispositions that impair the legitime would in effect allow him to depri*e the compulsory heirs of part of their legitime 9 an act which is prohi.ited .y Art@A#. This article should .e read together with Art@11. A$ . BC<. To de e$mine &e *e)i ime( &e #a*ue of &e '$o'e$ " *ef a &e dea & of &e es a o$ s&a** !e conside$ed( deduc in) a** de! s and c&a$)es( %&ic& s&a** no inc*ude &ose im'osed in &e %i**. To &e ne #a*ue of &e &e$edi a$" es a e( s&a** !e added &e #a*ue of a** dona ions !" &e es a o$ &a a$e su!Jec o co**a ion( a &e ime &e made &em. The N&T =&7&$ TA7I &'TAT& Articles ???>@A! set forth the legitimes of the compulsory heirs- either inheriting alone or in *arious com.inations. Those articles ga*e the legitimes in the form of fractions- or proportions of the decedent4s estate. This article ma+es possi.le the computation of the a.solute amounts of the legitimes .y laying down the manner of computing the net *alue of the estate :the net hereditary estate;- on which the proportions are .ased.

@.

A.

COLLATION Collation is the act .y *irtue of which descendants or other forced heirs who inter*ene in the di*ision of the inheritance of an ascendant .ring into the common mass- the property which they recei*ed from him- s that the di*ision may .e made according to law and the will of the testator. Collation is only required of compulsory heirs succeeding with other compulsory heirs and in*ol*es property or rights recei*ed .y donation or gratuitous title during the lifetime of the decedent. The purpose is to attain equality among the compulsory heirs in so far as possi.le for it is presumed that the intention of the testator or predecessor in interest in ma+ing a donation or gratuitous transfer to a forced heir is to gi*e him something in ad*ance on account of his share in the estate- and that the predecessor4s will is to treat all his heirs equally- in the a.sence of any e/pression to the contrary. Collation does not impose any lien on the property or the su.Dect matter of collationa.le donation. 5hat is .rought to collation is not the property donated itself- .ut rather the *alue of such property at the time it was donated- the rationale .eing that the donation is a real alienation which con*eys ownership upon its acceptance- hence any increase in *alue or any deterioration or loss thereof is for the account of the heir or donee. :ViLcon*e . CA; A$ . BCB. -ona ions )i#en o c&i*d$en s&a** !e c&a$)ed o &ei$ *e)i ime. -ona ions made o s $an)e$s s&a** !e c&a$)ed o &a 'a$ of &e es a e of %&ic& &e es a o$ cou*d &a#e dis'osed !" &is *as %i**.

Insofa$ as &e" ma" !e inofficious o$ ma" e+ceed &e dis'osa!*e 'o$ ion( &e" s&a** !e $educed acco$din) o &e $u*es es a!*is&ed !" &is Code. A$ . B1C. -ona ions %&ic& an i**e)i ima e c&i*d ma" &a#e $ecei#ed du$in) &e *ife ime of &is fa &e$ o$ mo &e$( s&a** !e c&a$)ed o &is *e)i ime. S&ou*d &e" e+ceed &e 'o$ ion &a can !e f$ee*" dis'osed of( &e" s&a** !e $educed in &e manne$ '$esc$i!ed !" &is Code. $onations nter Gi*os to Compulsory =eirs $onations inter *i*os to a compulsory heir shall .e imputed to his legitime- i.e. considered as an ad*ance on his legitime. Co*erage of 7ule o Applies to A"" compulsory heirs o Note that these 2 articles omit :inad*ertently; ascendants who succeed as compulsory heirs. This rule applies to them as well. o 1or o.*ious reasons- this rule has no application to a sur.i.in/ spouse. &/ception o This rule of imputation to the legitime will not apply if the donor pro*ided otherwise :in relation to Article 1A(2;- in which case the donation will .e imputed to the disposa.le portion of the estate.

These reductions shall .e to the e/tent required to complete the legitimes- e*en if in the process the disposition is reduced to nothing. An a''a$en conf*ic e+is s !e %een &is a$ ic*e and A$ B5C( $e)a$din) &e o$de$ of '$efe$ence amon) *e)acies and de#ises( s&ou*d $educ ions !e necessa$". :'ee discussions under Art@%A;

-EVISESILEGACIES O. 0S0.R0CTI LI.E ANN0ITIESI PENSIONS 0N-ER PAR. A The following principles shall .e .orne in mind3 A. f- upon .eing capitaliHed according to actuarial standards- the *alue of the grant e/ceeds the free portion :i.e. it impairs the legitime;- it has to .e reduced.ecause the legitime cannot .e impaired. 2.The testator can impose no usufruct or any other encum.rance on the part that passes as legitime. C. 'u.Dect to the 2 rules stated- the compulsory heirs may elect .etween3 i. Ceding to the de*iseeLlegatee the free portion:or the proportional part thereof corresponding to the said legacyLde*ise- in case there are other dispositions;- or ii. Complying with the terms of the usufruct or life annuity or pension. A$ . B1@. If &e de#ise su!Jec o $educ ion s&ou*d consis of $ea* '$o'e$ "( %&ic& canno !e con#enien *" di#ided( i s&a** )o o &e de#isee if &e $educ ion does no a!so$! oneG&a*f of i s #a*ue; and in a con $a$" case( o &e com'u*so$" &ei$s; !u &e fo$me$ and &e *a e$ s&a** $eim!u$se eac& o &e$ in cas& fo$ %&a $es'ec i#e*" !e*on)s o &em. T&e de#isee %&o is en i *ed o a *e)i ime ma" $e ain &e en i$e '$o'e$ "( '$o#ided i s #a*ue does no e+ceed &a of &e dis'osa!*e 'o$ ion and of &e s&a$e 'e$ ainin) o &im as *e)i ime. This rule co*ers cases where3 1E The de*ise has to .e reduced- and 2E The thing gi*en as a de*ise is indi*isi.le R0LES 1. If &e e+ en of $educ ion is LESS THAN O of &e #a*ue of &e &in) 9 i s&ou*d !e )i#en o &e e*isee@. If &e e+ en of $educ ion is O OR ,ORE of &e #a*ue of &e &in) 9 i s&ou*d !e )i#en o &e co"!ulsor# heir. n either case- there should .e pecuniary reim.ursement to the party who did not get his physical portion of the thing de*ised. A$ . B1A. If &e &ei$s o$ de#isees do no c&oose o a#ai* &emse*#es of &e $i)& )$an ed !" &e '$ecedin) a$ ic*e( an" &ei$ o$ de#isee %&o did no &a#e suc& $i)& ma" e+e$cise i ; s&ou*d &e *a e$ no ma2e use of i ( &e '$o'e$ " s&a** !e so*d a 'u!*ic auc ion a &e ins ance of an" one of &e in e$es ed 'a$ ies. This article applies if neither party :the compulsory heirLs and the de*isee; elects to e/ercise his right under Art@12. =ow the Thing $e*ised 'hould .e $isposed Of3 A. Any other heir or de*isee- who elects to do so- may acquire the thing and pay the parties :the compulsory heir and the de*isee in question; their respecti*e shares in money. 2. f no heir or de*isee elects to acquire it- it shall .e sold at pu-+ic auction and the net proceeds accordingly di*ided .etween the parties concerned. Note 9 this rule of constructi*e partition is similar to that in co> ownership :Art#@?; and in partition of the decedent4s estate :Art1A?(;- e/cept that- in these two latter cases- the acquisition .y one of the co>owners or co>heirs can .e done only if all the co>owners or co>heirs agree to such acquisition.

$onations nter Gi*os to 'trangers A stranger is anyone who does not succeed as a compulsory heir. $onations inter *i*os to strangers are necessarily imputed to the $ ')O'A2"& )O7T ON. A$ . B11. Af e$ &e *e)i ime &as !een de e$mined in acco$dance %i & &e &$ee '$ecedin) a$ ic*es( &e $educ ion s&a** !e made as fo**o%s= >1? -ona ions s&a** !e $es'ec ed as *on) as &e *e)i ime can !e co#e$ed( $educin) o$ annu**in)( if necessa$"( &e de#ises o$ *e)acies made in &e %i**; >@? T&e $educ ion of &e de#ises o$ *e)acies s&a** !e '$o $a a( %i &ou an" dis inc ion %&a e#e$. If &e es a o$ &as di$ec ed &a a ce$ ain de#ise o$ *e)ac" !e 'aid in '$efe$ence o o &e$s( i s&a** no suffe$ an" $educ ion un i* &e *a e$ &a#e !een a''*ied in fu** o &e 'a"men of &e *e)i ime. >A? If &e de#ise o$ *e)ac" consis s of a usuf$uc o$ *ife annui "( %&ose #a*ue ma" !e conside$ed )$ea e$ &an &a of &e dis'osa!*e 'o$ ion( &e com'u*so$" &ei$s ma" c&oose !e %een com'*"in) %i & &e es amen a$" '$o#ision and de*i#e$in) o &e de#isee o$ *e)a ee &e 'a$ of &e in&e$i ance of %&ic& &e es a o$ cou*d f$ee*" dis'ose. This pro*ision implements the principle laid down in Articles ?72??( and @A# > the in*iola.ility of the legitime. Thus- if the legitimes are impaired- the gratuitous dispositions of the testator :either inter .i.os or (ortis causa; ha*e to .e set aside or reduced as may .e required to co*er the legitimes. ,e &od of Reduc ion There is an order of priorities to .e o.ser*ed in the reduction of the testator4s gratuitous dispositions- thus 9 A. 1irst- reduce pro rata the non>preferred legacies and de*ises :Art@11 O2E;- and the testamentary dispositions :Art@A7;. Among these legacies- de*ises and testamentary dispositions- there is no preference. 2. 'econd- reduce pro rata the preferred legacies and de*ises :Art@11- last par.; C. Third- reduce the donations inter .i.os according to the in*erse order of their dates :i.e. the oldest is the most preferred; :Art77!;.

A$ . B14. T&e es a o$ ma" de#ise and !equea & &e f$ee 'o$ ion as &e ma" deem fi . 'imply a re>statement of Art?#2. SECTION %- 5ISIN8E4ITANCE A$ . B15. A com'u*so$" &ei$ ma"( in consequence of disin&e$i ance( !e de'$i#ed of &is *e)i ime( fo$ causes e+'$ess*" s a ed !" *a%. Art@A# sets forth the rule that the testator cannot depri*e the compulsory heirs of the legitime. The sole e/ception to this rule is $ ' N=&7 TANC&. Thus- disinheritance is the only instance in which the testator may depri*e his compulsory heirs of their legitime.

RE/0ISITES O. A VALI- -ISINHERITANCE

1. 2. t must .e made in a 1i** - Must .e formally *alid and admitted to pro.ate t must .e for a Cause specified .y law under Articles @1( in relation to Articles @1@>@21 - For 4escen*ants $Artic+e 616& aE 8uilty of an Attempt Against the "ife of the Testator or the latter4s spouse- descendants or ascendants .E Accused Testator of Crime punisha.le .y ( years or more- and the accusation is found to .e 8roundless cE Con*icted of Adultery or Concu.inage with 'pouse of the Testator dE 2y 1raud- Giolence- ntimidation or Bndue nfluence causes Testator to Ma+e 5ill or Change 1 already made. eE 7efusal without Dustifia.le cause to support the parent or ascendant who disinherits fE Maltreatment of testator .y wordLdeed gE "eads dishonora.le or disgraceful life hE Con*iction of a crime carrying ci*il interdiction

- For Ascen*ants $Artic+e 6 :& aE A.andoned children or induced daughters to li*e corrupt or immoral life or attempted against their *irtue .E Con*icted of attempt against life of testatorhis or her spouse- descendant or ascendants cE Accused testator of a Crime punisha.le .y mprisonment for ( years or more- if the accusation has .een found to .e 1alse dE Con*icted of adultery L concu.inage with the spouse of the testator eE 2y 1raud- Giolence- ntimidation or Bndue nfluence causes testator to Ma+e a 5ill or Change one already made. fE "oss of )arental Authority for causes specified in this Code gE 7efusal to support Children or $escendants 5LO Dustifia.le cause hE Attempt .y 1 of the parents against the life of the other- unless there has .een reconciliation .etween them - For Sur.i.in/ Spouse $Artic+e 6 1& aE Con*icted of Attempt against life of Testator- hisLher descendantsLascendants. .E Accused Testator of a Crime punisha.le with imprisonment for ( years or more- and the accusation is fond to .e 1alse. cE 'pouse- .y 1raud- Giolence- ntimidation- or Bndue nfluence causes the testator to ma+e a 5ill or change one already made. dE =as gi*en cause for legal separation eE =as gi*en grounds for loss of parental authority fE BnDustifia.le refusal to support the children or the other spouse - f this is not present- or the cause specified is not among those set forth in the Code- there is ineffecti*e disinheritance under article @1?. !. t must S'ecif" the cause :Arts @1( and @1?; - f this is not present- there is ineffecti*e disinheritance under article @1?. t must .e 0ncondi iona* t must .e To a* The cause must .e T$ue f the truth of the cause is $enied- it must .e P$o#ed .y the proponent. - f the contro*erted cause is not pro*ed- there is ineffecti*e disinheritance under article @1?. - All the disinherited heir need do is deny the cause and the .urden is thrown upon those who would uphold the disinheritance.

#. %.

Note 9 the strictness of the requisites indicates the policy of the law. t regards disinheritance with disfa*or and will grant it only with reluctance- .ecause disinheritance results in depri*ation of legitime. E..ECT O. -ISINHERITANCE The effect of disinheritance is not Dust depri*ation of the leigtime- .ut tota+ e?c+usion of the disinherited heir from the inheritance. Thus- the disinherited heir forfeits3 A. =is legitime2. =is intestate portion- if any- and C. Any testamentary disposition made in a prior will of the disinheriting testator.

(. 7.

A$ . B18. -isin&e$i ance can !e effec ed on*" &$ou)& a %i** %&e$ein &e *e)a* cause &e$efo$ s&a** !e s'ecified. Made in a 5ill 9 the 1 st clause of this article constitutes the first requisite of disinheritance- that it must .e made in a will. The will o.*iously- must .e 1O7MA""I GA" $ and must .e admitted to )7O2AT&. "egal Cause 9 is the 2nd requisite for a *alid disinheritance. The causes allowed .y law are enumerated in Articles @1@ :for descendants;- @2A :for ascendants; and @21 :for the sur*i*ing spouse;. A$ . B17. T&e !u$den of '$o#in) &e $u & of &e cause fo$ disin&e$i ance s&a** $es u'on &e o &e$ &ei$s of &e es a o$( if &e disin&e$i ed &ei$ s&ou*d den" i .

1. 7T= requisite 9 it must .e noted that the truth here is not presumed- it must .e pro*ed. All the disinherited heir need do is deny the cause and the .urden is thrown upon those who would uphold the disinheritance. A$ . B1<. -isin&e$i ance %i &ou a s'ecifica ion of &e cause( o$ fo$ a cause &e $u & of %&ic&( if con $adic ed( is no '$o#ed( o$ %&ic& is no one of &ose se fo$ & in &is Code( s&a** annu* &e ins i u ion of &ei$s insofa$ as i ma" '$eJudice &e 'e$son disin&e$i ed; !u &e de#ises and *e)acies and o &e$ es amen a$" dis'osi ions s&a** !e #a*id o suc& e+ en as %i** no im'ai$ &e *e)i ime. This article sets forth requisites ! and ( of disinheritance. INE..ECTIVE -ISINHERITANCE f the disinheritance lac+s one or other of the requisites mentioned in this article- the heir in question gets his legitime. As to whether he will also get any part of the intestate portion or not- this depends on whether the testator ga*e away the free portion through testamentary dispositions. o f he did- these dispositions are GA" $ and the compulsory heir improperly disinherited gets only his legitime. o f the testator did not- the compulsory heir will .e entitled to his corresponding share of the free portion as well. Note the difference .etween the effect of ineffecti*e disinheritance and that of preterition under article ?%#3 Art. ?%#. The preterition or omission of one- some- or all of the compulsory heirs in the direct line- whether li*ing at the time of the e/ecution of the will or .orn after the death of the testator- shall annul the institution of heir< .ut the de*ises and legacies shall .e *alid insofar as they are not inofficious. f the omitted compulsory heirs should die .efore the testator- the institution shall .e effectual- without preDudice to the right of representation. @.

Has !een found Gui* " of an A em' A)ains &e Life of &e Tes a o$ o$ &e *a e$:s s'ouse( descendan s o$ ascendan s o The word atte(pt here is used non>technically and should not .e construed to limit the pro*ision to the attempted stage of the felony. o All stages of commission are included 9 whether attempted- frustrated- or consummated. o The felony- o.*iously- must .e an intentional one. o 1 NA" CONG CT ON is required. o Kuestion 9 must the disinheritance .e su.sequent to the con*iction or may it precede the con*iction6 - 2y the wording of the law- it seems that it must .e su.sequent :6; Has Accused &e Tes a o$ of a C$ime 'unis&a!*e !" 8 "ea$s o$ mo$e( and &e accusa ion is found o !e G$ound*ess o The word accuse* here is used generically and will include3 aE 1iling of a complaint .efore the prosecutor- or .E )resenting incriminating e*idence against the testator- or cE &*en suppressing e/culpatory e*idence o The crime of which the testator is accused must carry a penalty of at least ( years imprisonment. - )rof. 2alane says that the terminology used should .e ,more than ( years imprisonment0 .ecause ( years still falls within prision correcciona+. 1 day .eyond that places it within the ne/t higher penalty of prision (a,or. - f the penalty prescri.ed is prision correccionaldoes it fall under the contemplation of this paragraph6 o The testator must .e ACKB TT&$. o The accusation must .e found to .e /roun*+ess- i.e. the Dudgment of acquittal must state that either 9 aE No crime was committed or .E The accused did not commit the crime o An acquittal .ased on reasona.le ground will not .e a ground for disinheritance.

A$ . B1B. T&e fo**o%in) s&a** !e sufficien causes fo$ &e disin&e$i ance of c&i*d$en and descendan s( *e)i ima e as %e** as i**e)i ima e= >1? 1&en a c&i*d o$ descendan &as !een found )ui* " of an a em' a)ains &e *ife of &e es a o$( &is o$ &e$ s'ouse( descendan s( o$ ascendan s; >@? 1&en a c&i*d o$ descendan &as accused &e es a o$ of a c$ime fo$ %&ic& &e *a% '$esc$i!es im'$isonmen fo$ si+ "ea$s o$ mo$e( if &e accusa ion &as !een found )$ound*ess; >A? 1&en a c&i*d o$ descendan &as !een con#ic ed of adu* e$" o$ concu!ina)e %i & &e s'ouse of &e es a o$; >4? 1&en a c&i*d o$ descendan !" f$aud( #io*ence( in imida ion( o$ undue inf*uence causes &e es a o$ o ma2e a %i** o$ o c&an)e one a*$ead" made; >5? A $efusa* %i &ou Jus ifia!*e cause o su''o$ &e 'a$en o$ ascendan %&o disin&e$i s suc& c&i*d o$ descendan ; >8? ,a* $ea men of &e es a o$ !" %o$d o$ deed( !" &e c&i*d o$ descendan ; >7? 1&en a c&i*d o$ descendan *eads a dis&ono$a!*e o$ dis)$acefu* *ife; ><? Con#ic ion of a c$ime %&ic& ca$$ies %i & i &e 'ena* " of ci#i* in e$dic ion. T&e$e a$e < Causes fo$ disin&e$i ance of C&i*d$en o$ -escendan s 9 1&e &e$ Le)i ima e o$ I**e)i ima e :E?c+usi.e enu(eration;

A.

Has !een Con#ic ed of Adu* e$" o$ Concu!ina)e %i & &e S'ouse of &e Tes a o$ o 1inal Con*iction is required o 'ame question 9 must the disinheritance .e su.sequent to the con*iction6 E" .$aud( Vio*ence( In imida ion o$ 0ndue Inf*uence causes &e Tes a o$ o ,a2e a 1i** o$ C&an)e one a*$ead" made. Refusa* 1IO Jus ifia!*e cause o Su''o$ &e 'a$en o$ ascendan %&o disin&e$i s o There must ha*e .een a need and a demand for support :in relation to Art 2A! of the 1amily Code; Art. 2A!. The o.ligation to gi*e support shall .e demanda.le from the time the person who has a right to recei*e the same needs it for maintenance.ut it shall not .e paid e/cept from the date of Dudicial or e/tra>Dudicial demand. 'upport pendente lite may .e claimed in accordance with the 7ules of Court. )ayment shall .e made within the first fi*e days of each corresponding month or when the recipient dies- his heirs shall not .e o.liged to return what he has recei*ed in ad*ance. o The demand must ha*e .een unEusti)ia-+, re)use*. 7efusal may .e Dustified if the o.ligor does not ha*e enough resources for all whom he is o.liged to support. The ascendants are only !rd in the hierarchy of preference among claimants of support :under Art2AA par! of the 1amily Code;.

4.

5.

Art. 2AA. 5hen the o.ligation to gi*e support falls upon two or more persons- the payment of the same shall .e di*ided .etween them in proportion to the resources of each. =owe*er- in case of urgent need and .y special circumstances- the Dudge may order only one of them to furnish the support pro*isionally- without preDudice to his right to claim from the other o.ligors the share due from them. 5hen two or more recipients at the same time claim support from one and the same person legally o.liged to gi*e it- should the latter not ha*e sufficient means to satisfy all claims- the order esta.lished in the preceding article shall .e followed- unless the concurrent o.ligees should .e the spouse and a child su.Dect to parental authority- in which case the child shall .e preferred. 8. ,a* $ea men of &e es a o$ !" %o$d o$ deed o This will include a wide range of misdeeds- .ut it is required that the act of *er.al or physical assault is of a serious nature. o No con*iction is required- in fact- it is not e*en required that any criminal case .e filed. o Consequently- a physical assault that would not fall under par1 as an attempt against the life of the testator- the latter4s spouse- descendants or ascendants- can fall under this paragraph. Leads a dis&ono$a!*e o$ dis)$acefu* *ife o The operati*e word here is ,lead.0 There must .e 'a-itua+it, to the conduct to ma+e it fall under this paragraph. o The dishonora.le or disgraceful conduct or pattern of .eha*ior need not .e se/ual in nature- although it may often .e that. 'urely- a child or descendant whose li*elihood is drug>pushing or smuggling is li*ing a dishonora.le and disgraceful life. Con#ic ion of a c$ime ca$$"in) ci#i* in e$dic ion o 1inal Con*iction is required. o The accessory penalty of ci*il interdiction is imposed with the principal penalties of death- rec+usion perpetua and rec+usion te(pora+ :under Articles #A> #1 of the 7)C;. o 'ame question 9 must the disinheritance .e su.sequent to the con*iction6

There are also ? Causes for the $isinheritance of )arents or Ascendants- whether "egitimate or llegitimate. : E?c+usi.e enu(eration; 1. 1&en &e 'a$en s &a#e a!andoned &ei$ c&i*d$en o$ induced &ei$ dau)& e$s o *i#e a co$$u' o$ immo$a* *ife o$ a em' ed a)ains &ei$ #i$ ue o This paragraph encompasses ! grounds3 aE A!andonmen 9 also includes those penaliHed .y law under articles 27(>277 of the 7)CArticle %@ of )$(A! and all conduct constituting repeated or total refusal or failure to care for the child. According to the case of C'ua .. Ca-an/-an/- mere acquiescence without more is not sufficient to constitute a.andonment. =owe*er- when the mother completely withheld her presence- her lo*eher care and the opportunity to show maternal affection< and totally denied her support and maintenance- her silence and inaction ha*ing .een prolonged for such a time- then it can .e legally inferred that there is a.andonment. Guestion B 1i++ consent to a*option o) a c'i+* constitute a-an*on(ent@ .E Inducemen o *i#e a co$$u' and immo$a* *ife 9 under Art2!1:2; of the 1amily Code as a ground for suspension or depri*ation of parental authority. cE A em' a)ains required here. @. A. Vi$ ue 9 no con*iction is

7.

Con#ic ed of a em' a)ains *ife of es a o$( &is o$ &e$ s'ouse( descendan o$ ascendan s. Has Accused es a o$ of a C$ime 'unis&a!*e !" Im'$isonmen fo$ 8 "ea$s o$ mo$e( if &e accusa ion &as !een found o !e .a*se. Has !een Con#ic ed of adu* e$" o$ concu!ina)e %i & &e s'ouse of &e es a o$. E" .$aud( Vio*ence( In imida ion o$ 0ndue Inf*uence causes es a o$ o ,a2e a 1i** o$ C&an)e one a*$ead" made. T&e Loss of Pa$en a* Au &o$i " fo$ causes s'ecified in &is Code o Not all causes for loss of parental authority are grounds for disinheritance. 1or instance- attainment of the age of maDority is not a ground. Only those causes which in*ol*e culpa.ility on the part of the parents will pro*ide grounds for disinheritance. aE Cudicial depri*ation of parental authority .ased on ground of se/ual a.use :Arts2!2 1C; .E "oss of parental authority as a result of Cudicial declaration of a.andonment of a child :Art22@O!E 1C; cE Cudicial $epri*ation of )arental Authority on the grounds of3 i. &/cessi*ely harsh or cruel treatment of the child ii. 8i*ing the child corrupting orderscounsel or e/ample. iii. Compelling the child to .eg- or i*. 'u.Decting the child or allowing him to .e su.Dected to acts of lasci*iousness :Art2!1 1C; Refusa* o su''o$ &e C&i*d$en o$ -escendan s %i &ou Jus ifia!*e cause A em' !" one of &e 'a$en s a)ains &e *ife of &e o &e$( un*ess &e$e &as !een a $econci*ia ion !e %een &em.

4. 5.

<.

8.

A$ . B@C. T&e fo**o%in) s&a** !e sufficien causes fo$ &e disin&e$i ance of 'a$en s o$ ascendan s( %&e &e$ *e)i ima e o$ i**e)i ima e= >1? 1&en &e 'a$en s &a#e a!andoned &ei$ c&i*d$en o$ induced &ei$ dau)& e$s o *i#e a co$$u' o$ immo$a* *ife( o$ a em' ed a)ains &ei$ #i$ ue; >@? 1&en &e 'a$en o$ ascendan &as !een con#ic ed of an a em' a)ains &e *ife of &e es a o$( &is o$ &e$ s'ouse( descendan s( o$ ascendan s; >A? 1&en &e 'a$en o$ ascendan &as accused &e es a o$ of a c$ime fo$ %&ic& &e *a% '$esc$i!es im'$isonmen fo$ si+ "ea$s o$ mo$e( if &e accusa ion &as !een found o !e fa*se; >4? 1&en &e 'a$en o$ ascendan &as !een con#ic ed of adu* e$" o$ concu!ina)e %i & &e s'ouse of &e es a o$; >5? 1&en &e 'a$en o$ ascendan !" f$aud( #io*ence( in imida ion( o$ undue inf*uence causes &e es a o$ o ma2e a %i** o$ o c&an)e one a*$ead" made; >8? T&e *oss of 'a$en a* au &o$i " fo$ causes s'ecified in &is Code; >7? T&e $efusa* o su''o$ &e c&i*d$en o$ descendan s %i &ou Jus ifia!*e cause; ><? An a em' !" one of &e 'a$en s a)ains &e *ife of &e o &e$( un*ess &e$e &as !een a $econci*ia ion !e %een &em.

7. <.

)aragraphs 2- !- #- % and 7 are the same grounds for disinheritance of a descendant or child.

A$ . B@1. T&e fo**o%in) s&a** !e sufficien causes fo$ disin&e$i in) a s'ouse= >1? 1&en &e s'ouse &as !een con#ic ed of an a em' a)ains &e *ife of &e es a o$( &is o$ &e$ descendan s( o$ ascendan s; >@? 1&en &e s'ouse &as accused &e es a o$ of a c$ime fo$ %&ic& &e *a% '$esc$i!es im'$isonmen of si+ "ea$s o$ mo$e( and &e accusa ion &as !een found o !e fa*se; >A? 1&en &e s'ouse !" f$aud( #io*ence( in imida ion( o$ undue inf*uence cause &e es a o$ o ma2e a %i** o$ o c&an)e one a*$ead" made; >4? 1&en &e s'ouse &as )i#en cause fo$ *e)a* se'a$a ion; >5? 1&en &e s'ouse &as )i#en )$ounds fo$ &e *oss of 'a$en a* au &o$i "; >8? 0nJus ifia!*e $efusa* o su''o$ &e c&i*d$en o$ &e o &e$ s'ouse. There are ( causes for disinheriting a 'pouse 9 these grounds are e/clusi*e. 1. S'ouse is con#ic ed of an A em' a)ains &e *ife of &e Tes a o$( &is o$ &e$ descendan s o$ ascendan s. @. S'ouse Accused Tes a o$ of a C$ime fo$ %&ic& &e *a% '$esc$i!es im'$isonmen fo$ 8 "ea$s o$ mo$e( and &e accusa ion is fond o !e .a*se. T&e S'ouse( !" .$aud( Vio*ence( In imida ion( o$ 0ndue Inf*uence causes &e es a o$ o ma2e a 1i** o$ c&an)e one a*$ead" made. S'ouse &as )i#en cause fo$ *e)a* se'a$a ion o A decree of legal separation is not required. o According to Art%% of the 1amily Code- there are 1A grounds for legal separation3 aE 7epeated physical *iolence or grossly a.usi*e conduct directed against the petitioner- a common child or a child of the petitioner :natural or adopted;. .E )hysical *iolence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to change religious or political affiliation cE Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner- a common child- or a child of petitioner :natural or adopted; to engage in prostitution or conni*ance in such corruption or inducement. dE 1inal Dudgment sentencing the respondent to imprisonment of more than ( years- e*en if pardoned. eE $rug addiction or ha.itual alcoholism of the respondent fE "es.ianism or homose/uality of the respondent gE Contracting .y the respondent of a su.sequent .igamous marriage- whether in the )hilippines or a.road hE 'e/ual infidelity or per*ersion iE Attempt .y the respondent against the life of the petitioner DE A.andonment of the petitioner .y respondent without Dustifia.le cause for more than 1 year. 5. 8. Has )i#en )$ounds fo$ *oss of 'a$en a* au &o$i " 0nJus ifia!*e $efusa* o su''o$ &e c&i*d$en o$ &e o &e$ s'ouse

Meaning of 7econciliation 9 either an e/press pardon e/tended .y the testator to the offending heir or unequi*ocal conduct of the testator towards the offending heir which re*eals the testator4s intent to forgi*e the offense. aE f &/press )ardon 9 a general pardon e/tended .y the testator on his death.ed to all who ha*e offended him will not suffice< it must .e a pardon e/pressly and concretely e/tended to the offender- who accepts it. .E f conduct 9 the intent to forgi*e must .e clear. This is ultimately a question of fact which will .e resol*ed- in case of contro*ersy- .y the courts. &ffect of 7econciliation aE f it occurs .efore disinheritance is made 9 right to disinherit is e/tinguished .E f it occurs after the disinheritance is made 9 disinheritance is set aside. The effects of setting aside the disinheritance are3 i. The disinherited heir is restored to his legitime ii. f the disinheriting will did not dispose of the disposa.le portion- the disinherited heir is entitled to his proportionate share :in intestacy; if any- of the disposa.le portion. iii. f the disinheriting will disposed of disposa.le portion :or any part thereof; in fa*or of testamentary heirslegatees or de*isees- such dispositions remain *alid. Article @22 is in relation to Article 1A!!. A$ . B@A. T&e c&i*d$en and descendan s of &e 'e$son disin&e$i ed s&a** a2e &is o$ &e$ '*ace and s&a** '$ese$#e &e $i)& s of com'u*so$" &ei$s %i & $es'ec o &e *e)i ime; !u &e disin&e$i ed 'a$en s&a** no &a#e &e usuf$uc o$ adminis $a ion of &e '$o'e$ " %&ic& cons i u es &e *e)i ime. 7ight of 7epresentation in $isinheritance The right of representation is granted only to descendants of disinherited descendants. This rule is laid down in Art@72 par1 which pro*ides3 ,the right of representation ta+es place in the direct descending line- .ut ne*er in the ascending.0 Thus- a disinherited child will .e represented .y his children or other descendants. =owe*er- if the heir disinherited is a parentLascendant or spouse- the children or the descendants of the disinherited heir do not ha*e any right of representation. Thus- this article is carelessly worded. &/tent of 7epresentation The representati*e ta+e the place of the disinherited heir not only with respect to the legitime- .ut also to any intestate portion that the disinherited heir would ha*e inherited. 7epresentation therefore occurs in compulsory and intestate succession- .ut not in testamentary succession. SECTION 7LEGACIES AN5 5E<ISES A$ . B@4. A** &in)s and $i)& s %&ic& a$e %i &in &e comme$ce of man !e !equea &ed o$ de#ised. $efinition of "egacies and $e*ises 9 legacies and de*ises are codally defined :.y indirection; in Art7?2 par2 A more accurate definition of the terms can .e found either in Art((A of the 'panish Code or in Castan 9 o Article ((A of the 'panish Code - "egacy3 testamentary disposition of personal property .y particular title - $e*ise3 testamentary disposition of real property .y particular title o Castan - "egacy3 testamentary disposition of specific or generic personal property

A.

4.

)aragraphs 1- 2- !- % and ( are also enumerated under grounds for disinheritance of a descendant or child. A$ . B@@. A su!sequen $econci*ia ion !e %een &e offende$ and &e offended 'e$son de'$i#es &e *a e$ of &e $i)& o disin&e$i ( and $ende$s ineffec ua* an" disin&e$i ance &a ma" &a#e !een made.

- $e*ise3 testamentary disposition of specific or generic real property. t is important- in defining a legacy or a de*ise- to distinguish it from a testamentary disposition to an heir .ecause of the effects of preterition. &ssentially- the difference is that an 'eir recei.es an a+i3uot or )ractiona+ part o) t'e in'eritance- whereas a legatee or de*isee recei*es specific or generic personalty or realtyrespecti*ely. 5hat can .e de*ised or .equeathed > anything within the commerce of man. t is not required that the thing de*ised or .equeathed .elong to the testator. "imitations on "egacy or $e*ise 9 it should not impair the legitime. A$ . B@5. A es a o$ ma" c&a$)e %i & *e)acies and de#ises no on*" &is com'u*so$" &ei$s !u a*so &e *e)a ees and de#isees. T&e *a e$ s&a** !e *ia!*e fo$ &e c&a$)e on*" o &e e+ en of &e #a*ue of &e *e)ac" o$ &e de#ise $ecei#ed !" &em. T&e com'u*so$" &ei$s s&a** no !e *ia!*e fo$ &e c&a$)e !e"ond &e amoun of &e f$ee 'o$ ion )i#en &em. A$ . B@8. 1&en &e es a o$ c&a$)es one of &e &ei$s %i & a *e)ac" o$ de#ise( &e a*one s&a** !e !ound. S&ou*d &e no c&a$)e an"one in 'a$ icu*a$( a** s&a** !e *ia!*e in &e same '$o'o$ ion in %&ic& &e" ma" in&e$i . 5=O is charged with the "egacy Genera+ Ru+e 9 the &state E?ception 9 howe*er- the testator may impose the .urden on a testamentary heir or a legatee or de*isee. f he does so- then the heir- legatee or de*isee charged will- if he accepts the disposition in his fa*or- .e .ound to deli*er the legacy or de*ise to the person specified. This will .e in the nature of a su.sidiary legacy or de*ise. As far as the heir- legatee or de*isee charged is concerned- it will .e a MO$&. The wording of Art@2% is erroneous .ecause a compulsory heir- as such- cannot .e .urdened with a legacy or de*ise .ecause that would impair his legitime. Only a testa(entar, 'eir can .e so .urdened. &/tent of lia.ility of heir- de*isee or legatee in case of su.sidiary legacies or de*ises 9 the *alue of the .enefit recei*ed from the testator. A$ . B@7. If %o o$ mo$e &ei$s a2e 'ossession of &e es a e( &e" s&a** !e so*ida$i*" *ia!*e fo$ &e *oss o$ des $uc ion of a &in) de#ised o$ !equea &ed( e#en &ou)& on*" one of &em s&ou*d &a#e !een ne)*i)en . The lia.ility imposed .y this article is .ased on malice- fault or negligence. This lia.ility will also attach to the e/ecutor or administrator in the proper cases. A$ . B@<. T&e &ei$ %&o is !ound o de*i#e$ &e *e)ac" o$ de#ise s&a** !e *ia!*e in case of e#ic ion( if &e &in) is inde e$mina e and is indica ed on*" !" i s 2ind. 5=O is "ia.le in case of &G CT ON6 8eneral 7ule 9 the &state n case of a su.sidiary legacy or de*ise 9 the heir- legatee or de*isee charged. A$ . B@B. If &e es a o$( &ei$( o$ *e)a ee o%ns on*" a 'a$ of( o$ an in e$es in &e &in) !equea &ed( &e *e)ac" o$ de#ise s&a** !e unde$s ood *imi ed o suc& 'a$ o$ in e$es ( un*ess &e es a o$ e+'$ess*" dec*a$es &a &e )i#es &e &in) in i s en i$e ". A$ . BAC. T&e *e)ac" o$ de#ise of a &in) !e*on)in) o ano &e$ 'e$son is #oid( if &e es a o$ e$$oneous*" !e*ie#ed &a &e &in) 'e$ ained o &im. Eu if &e &in) !equea &ed(

&ou)& no !e*on)in) o &e es a o$ %&en &e made &e %i**( af e$%a$ds !ecomes &is( !" %&a e#e$ i *e( &e dis'osi ion s&a** a2e effec . A$ . BA1. If &e es a o$ o$de$s &a a &in) !e*on)in) o ano &e$ !e acqui$ed in o$de$ &a i !e )i#en o a *e)a ee o$ de#isee( &e &ei$ u'on %&om &e o!*i)a ion is im'osed o$ &e es a e mus acqui$e i and )i#e &e same o &e *e)a ee o$ de#isee; !u if &e o%ne$ of &e &in) $efuses o a*iena e &e same( o$ demands an e+cessi#e '$ice &e$efo$( &e &ei$ o$ &e es a e s&a** on*" !e o!*i)ed o )i#e &e Jus #a*ue of &e &in). A$ . BA@. T&e *e)ac" o$ de#ise of a &in) %&ic& a &e ime of &e e+ecu ion of &e %i** a*$ead" !e*on)ed o &e *e)a ee o$ de#isee s&a** !e ineffec i#e( e#en &ou)& ano &e$ 'e$son ma" &a#e some in e$es &e$ein. If &e es a o$ e+'$ess*" o$de$s &a &e &in) !e f$eed f$om suc& in e$es o$ encum!$ance( &e *e)ac" o$ de#ise s&a** !e #a*id o &a e+ en . A$ . BAA. If &e &in) !equea &ed !e*on)ed o &e *e)a ee o$ de#isee a &e ime of &e e+ecu ion of &e %i**( &e *e)ac" o$ de#ise s&a** !e %i &ou effec ( e#en &ou)& i ma" &a#e su!sequen *" a*iena ed !" &im. If &e *e)a ee o$ de#isee acqui$es i )$a ui ous*" af e$ suc& ime( &e can c*aim no &in) !" #i$ ue of &e *e)ac" o$ de#ise; !u if i &as !een acqui$ed !" one$ous i *e &e can demand $eim!u$semen f$om &e &ei$ o$ &e es a e. A$ . BA4. If &e es a o$ s&ou*d !equea & o$ de#ise some &in) '*ed)ed o$ mo$ )a)ed o secu$e a $eco#e$a!*e de! !efo$e &e e+ecu ion of &e %i**( &e es a e is o!*i)ed o 'a" &e de! ( un*ess &e con $a$" in en ion a''ea$s. T&e same $u*e a''*ies %&en &e &in) is '*ed)ed o$ mo$ )a)ed af e$ &e e+ecu ion of &e %i**. An" o &e$ c&a$)e( 'e$'e ua* o$ em'o$a$"( %i & %&ic& &e &in) !equea &ed is !u$dened( 'asses %i & i o &e *e)a ee o$ de#isee. A$ . BA5. T&e *e)ac" of a c$edi a)ains a &i$d 'e$son o$ of &e $emission o$ $e*ease of a de! of &e *e)a ee s&a** !e effec i#e on*" as $e)a$ds &a 'a$ of &e c$edi o$ de! e+is in) a &e ime of &e dea & of &e es a o$. In &e fi$s case( &e es a e s&a** com'*" %i & &e *e)ac" !" assi)nin) o &e *e)a ee a** $i)& s of ac ion i ma" &a#e a)ains &e de! o$. In &e second case( !" )i#in) &e *e)a ee an acqui ance( s&ou*d &e $eques one. In !o & cases( &e *e)ac" s&a** com'$ise a** in e$es s on &e c$edi o$ de! %&ic& ma" !e due &e es a o$ a &e ime of &is dea &. A$ . BA8. T&e *e)ac" $efe$$ed o in &e '$ecedin) a$ ic*e s&a** *a'se if &e es a o$( af e$ &a#in) made i ( s&ou*d !$in) an ac ion a)ains &e de! o$ fo$ &e 'a"men of &is de! ( e#en if suc& 'a"men s&ou*d no &a#e !een effec ed a &e ime of &is dea &. T&e *e)ac" o &e de! o$ of &e &in) '*ed)ed !" &im is unde$s ood o disc&a$)e on*" &e $i)& of '*ed)e. A$ . BA7. A )ene$ic *e)ac" of $e*ease o$ $emission of de! s com'$ises &ose e+is in) a &e ime of &e e+ecu ion of &e %i**( !u no su!sequen ones. "egacy L $e*ise of a thing owned in part .y the testator :Art@2@; 8eneral 7ule 9 con*eys only the interest or part owned .y the testator &/ception 9 if the testator pro*ides otherwise- *iH3 aE =e may con*ey more than he owns 9 the estate should try to acquire the part or interest owned .y other parties. f the other parties are unwilling to alienatethe estate should gi*e the legateeLde*isee the monetary equi*alent- .y analogy with Art@!1. .E =e may con*ey less than he owns :Art7@#; "egacy L $e*ise of a Thing 2elonging to Another :Arts@!A>@!1;

f the testator ordered the acquisition of the thing 9 the order should .e complied with. f the owner is unwilling to part with the thing- the legateeLde*isee should .e gi*en the monetary equi*alent. f the testator erroneously .elie*ed that the thing .elonged to him 9 the legacy or de*ise is GO $. o E8CEPT i) su-se3uent to t'e (a>in/ o) t'e *isposition0 t'e t'in/ is ac3uire* -, t'e testator onerous+, or /ratuitous+,0 t'e *isposition is .a+i*ate*. f the testator +new that the thing did not .elong to him .ut did not order its acquisition 9 the Code is ' "&NT on this. The most rational solution seems to .e that such a disposition should .e considered GA" $- .ecause3 aE The fact that the testator- with +nowledge of the other person4s ownership- .equeathed the thing- implies an order to acquire .E At worst- there is a dou.t- and dou.ts should .e resol*ed in fa*or of testacy :Arts 7?? and 7@1; Art. 7??. f a testamentary disposition admits of different interpretations- in case of dou.t- that interpretation .y which the disposition is to .e operati*e shall .e preferred. Art. 7@1. The words of a will are to recei*e an interpretation which will gi*e to e*ery e/pression some effect- rather than one which will render any of the e/pressions inoperati*e< and of two modes of interpreting a will- that is to .e preferred which will pre*ent intestacy.

A$ . BA<. A *e)ac" o$ de#ise made o a c$edi o$ s&a** no !e a''*ied o &is c$edi ( un*ess &e es a o$ so e+'$ess*" dec*a$es. In &e *a e$ case( &e c$edi o$ s&a** &a#e &e $i)& o co**ec &e e+cess( if an"( of &e c$edi o$ of &e *e)ac" o$ de#ise. A$ . BAB. If &e es a o$ o$de$s &e 'a"men of %&a &e !e*ie#es &e o%es !u does no in fac o%e( &e dis'osi ion s&a** !e conside$ed as no %$i en. If as $e)a$ds a s'ecified de! mo$e &an &e amoun &e$eof is o$de$ed 'aid( &e e+cess is no due( un*ess a con $a$" in en ion a''ea$s. T&e fo$e)oin) '$o#isions a$e %i &ou '$eJudice o &e fu*fi**men of na u$a* o!*i)a ions. "egacy L $e*ise to a Creditor :Art@!?; 8eneral 7ule 9 will .e treated li+e any other legacy L de*ise and therefore will not .e imputed to the de.t. &/ception 9 will .e imputed to the de.t if the testator so pro*ides- and if the de.t e/ceeds the legacy L de*ise- the e/cess may .e demanded as an o.ligation of the estate. NOT& 9 if the testator does pro*ide that the legacy L de*ise should .e imputed to the de.t and the amount of the de.t is equal to or more than the *alue of the legacyLde*ise it would .e folly for the creditor to accept the ,.enefit.0 =e will .e much .etter off renouncing the legacyLde*ise and filing a claim for the credit. Testamentary nstruction to )ay a $e.t :Art@!@; aE This is not a testamentary disposition- .ut merely a direction to discharge a ci*il o.ligation. .E nstruction to pay non>e/isting de.t 9 should .e $ '7&8A7$&$- .ecause this would so+ution in*e-iti. cE nstruction to pay more than what is due 9 effecti*e only as to what is due- unless the .igger amount specified constitutes a natural o.ligation under Articles 1#2! 9 1#!A. A$ . B4C. In a* e$na i#e *e)acies o$ de#ises( &e c&oice is '$esumed o !e *ef o &e &ei$ u'on %&om &e o!*i)a ion o )i#e &e *e)ac" o$ de#ise ma" !e im'osed( o$ &e e+ecu o$ o$ adminis $a o$ of &e es a e if no 'a$ icu*a$ &ei$ is so o!*i)ed. If &e &ei$( *e)a ee o$ de#isee( %&o ma" &a#e !een )i#en &e c&oice( dies !efo$e ma2in) i ( &is $i)& s&a** 'ass o &e $es'ec i#e &ei$s. Once made( &e c&oice is i$$e#oca!*e. In &e a* e$na i#e *e)acies o$ de#ises( e+ce' as &e$ein '$o#ided( &e '$o#isions of &is Code $e)u*a in) o!*i)a ions of &e same 2ind s&a** !e o!se$#ed( sa#e suc& modifica ions as ma" a''ea$ f$om &e in en ion e+'$essed !" &e es a o$. A+ternati.e +e/acies K *e.ises $efinition 9 One which pro*ides that- among se*eral things mentioned- only one is to .e gi*en. 7ight of Choice 8eneral 7ule 1E The estate- through the e/ecutor or administrator 9 in a direct legacy or de*ise 2E The heir- legatee- or de*isee charged 9 in a su.sidiary legacy or de*ise These parties are- analogously- in the position of the de.tor. &/ception 9 the legateeLde*isee- if the testator so pro*ides.

"egacy L $e*ise of a Thing Already 2elonging to the "egatee L $e*isee or 'u.sequently Acquired .y =im :Articles @!2 and @!!; f the thing already .elonged to the legateeLde*isee at the time of the e/ecution of the will 9 the legacy or de*ise is GO $. t is not *alidated .y an alienation .y the legatee Lde*isee su.sequent to the ma+ing of the will. NOT& 9 articles @!2 par 1 and @!! par 1 say essentially the same thing and should .e merged. f the thing was owned .y another person at the time of the ma+ing of the will and acquired thereafter .y the legateeLde*isee3 aE f the testator erroneously .elie*ed that it .elonged to him 9 legacy or de*ise is GO $ .E f the testator was not in error 9 - f the thing was acquired onerously .y legateeLde*isee 9 the legatee or de*isee is entitled to reim.ursement. - f the thing was acquired gratuitously .y legateeLde*isee 9 nothing more is due. f the thing was owned .y the testator at the time of the ma+ing of the will and acquired thereafter from him .y the legateeLde*isee 9 Articles @!2 and @!! are ' "&NT on this.ut Article @%7 par 2 can .e applied and the legacyLde*ise should .e deemed re*o+ed.

"egacy L $e*ise to remo*e an encum.rance o*er a thing .elonging to the legatee L de*isee under Art@!2 par2 9 GA" $- if the encum.rance can .e remo*ed for a consideration. "egacy L $e*ise of a thing pledged or mortgaged under Article @!# 9 the encum.rance must .e remo*ed .y paying the de.tBN"&'' the testator intended otherwise. "egacy of Credit or 7emission :Articles @!%>@!7; Applies only to amount still unpaid at the time of the testator4s death :under Art@!%; 7e*o+ed if testator su.sequently sues the de.tor for collection ::Article @!(; f 8eneric- applies only to those e/isting at the time of e/ecution of the will :under Articles @!7 and 7@!;- unless otherwise pro*ided.

f the person who is to choose dies .efore choice is made3 aE f the choice .elonged to e/ecutor or administrator 9 the right is transmitted to his successor in office. .E f the choice .elongs to an heir- legatee or de*isee 9 the right is transmitted to his own heirs. The choice is irre*oca.le.

 )ro*isions suppletorily go*erning 9 Articles 11@@>12A%- on alternati*e o.ligations. A$ . B41. A *e)ac" of )ene$ic 'e$sona* '$o'e$ " s&a** !e #a*id e#en if &e$e !e no &in)s of &e same 2ind in &e es a e. A de#ise of inde e$mina e $ea* '$o'e$ " s&a** !e #a*id on*" if &e$e !e immo#a!*e '$o'e$ " of i s 2ind in &e es a e. T&e $i)& of c&oice s&a** !e*on) o &e e+ecu o$ o$ adminis $a o$ %&o s&a** com'*" %i & &e *e)ac" !" &e de*i#e$" of a &in) %&ic& is nei &e$ of infe$io$ no$ of su'e$io$ qua*i ". A$ . B4@. 1&ene#e$ &e es a o$ e+'$ess*" *ea#es &e $i)& of c&oice o &e &ei$( o$ o &e *e)a ee o$ de#isee( &e fo$me$ ma" )i#e o$ &e *a e$ ma" c&oose %&ic&e#e$ &e ma" '$efe$. A$ . B4A. If &e &ei$( *e)a ee o$ de#isee canno ma2e &e c&oice( in case i &as !een )$an ed &im( &is $i)& s&a** 'ass o &is &ei$s; !u a c&oice once made s&a** !e i$$e#oca!*e. Generic +e/acies K *e.ises 7ules on Galidity :Article @#1; A. 8eneric "egacy 9 *alid e*en if no such mo*a.les e/ist in the testator4s estate upon his death. The estate will simply ha*e to acquire what is gi*en .y legacy. 2. 8eneric $e*ise 9 *alid only if there e/ists such an immo*a.le in the testator4s estate at the time of his death. Note 9 this distinction as found in the 'panish Code perpetuates the rule in the )artidas e*en if it has .ecome artificial and ar.itrary in modern times.

If &e es a o$ o$ du$in) &is *ife ime used o )i#e &e *e)a ee a ce$ ain sum of mone" o$ o &e$ &in)s !" %a" of su''o$ ( &e same amoun s&a** !e deemed !equea &ed( un*ess i !e ma$2ed*" dis'$o'o$ iona e o &e #a*ue of &e es a e. A$ . B45. If a 'e$iodica* 'ension( o$ a ce$ ain annua*( mon &*"( o$ %ee2*" amoun is !equea &ed( &e *e)a ee ma" 'e i ion &e cou$ fo$ &e fi$s ins a**men u'on &e dea & of &e es a o$( and fo$ &e fo**o%in) ones %&ic& s&a** !e due a &e !e)innin) of eac& 'e$iod; suc& 'a"men s&a** no !e $e u$ned( e#en &ou)& &e *e)a ee s&ou*d die !efo$e &e e+'i$a ion of &e 'e$iod %&ic& &as commenced. "egacy for &ducation $uration 9 age of maDority or the completion of a professional- *ocational or general course- whiche*er comes later. n the latter instance- only if the legatee pursues his studies diligently. Amount o )rimarily 9 that fi/ed .y the testator o 'econdarily 9 that which is proper- as determined .y 2 *aria.les3 :1; the social standing and circumstances of the legatee- and :2; the *alue of the disposa.le portion of the estate. "egacy for 'upport $uration 9 the legatee4s lifetime- unless the testator has pro*ided otherwise Amount o )rimarily 9 that fi/ed .y the testator o 'econdarily 9 that which the testator during his lifetime used to gi*e the legatee .y way of supportunless mar+edly disproportionate to the *alue of the disposa.le portion o Tertiarily 9 that which is reasona.le- on the .asis of 2 *aria.les3 :1; the social standing and the circumstances of the legatee- and :2; the *alue of the disposa.le portion. "egacy of a )eriodical )ension $emanda.ility 9 upon the testator4s death and the succeeding ones at the .eginning of the period without duty to reim.urse should the legatee due .efore the lapse of the period. NOT& 9 this should .e harmoniHed with the rules on settlement of estates- i.e. the de.ts should first .e paid .efore any testamentary grants can .e complied with :unless the legatee files a 2ON$ under 7ule @A sec1 of 7OC;. =owe*er- should the legacy pro*e to .e inofficiousthe date of effecti*ity shall retroact to the decedent4s death.

7ight of Choice :Article @#2>@#!; 8eneral 7ule 9 the e/ecutor or administrator- acting for the estate. o &/ception 9 if the testator gi*es the right of choice to the legatee L de*isee- or to the heirs on whom the o.ligation to gi*e the .enefit is imposed :in a su.sidiary legacy or de*ise; Li(itation on C'oice 9 the choice must .e limited to something which is neither superior nor inferior in quality. This rule applies whether the choice .elongs to the e/ecutorLadministrator or the legateeLde*isee. o n relation to Art12#( of the CC 9 ,5hen the o.ligation consists in the deli*ery of an indeterminate or generic thing- whose quality and circumstances ha*e not .een stated- the creditor cannot demand a thing of superior quality. Neither can the de.tor deli*er a thing of inferior quality. The purpose of the o.ligation and other circumstances shall .e ta+en into consideration.0 Fina+it, o) C'oice 9 irre*oca.le- once made. Trans(issi-i+it, o) Ri/'t to C'oose 1. f the choice .elongs to the e/ecutor L administrator and he dies .efore ma+ing the choice 9 the right is transmitted to his successor in the position. 2. f the choice .elongs to the legateeLde*isee and he dies .efore ma+ing the choice 9 the right passes to his heirs.

A$ . B48. If &e &in) !equea &ed s&ou*d !e su!Jec o a usuf$uc ( &e *e)a ee o$ de#isee s&a** $es'ec suc& $i)& un i* i is *e)a**" e+ in)uis&ed. This article lays down the same rule as Art@!# par!.

A$ . B47. T&e *e)a ee o$ de#isee acqui$es a $i)& o &e 'u$e and sim'*e *e)acies o$ de#ises f$om &e dea & of &e es a o$( and $ansmi s i o &is &ei$s. $emanda.ility- Ownership and 1ruits of "egaciesL $e*ises -emandG a!i*i " Pu$e and -e e$min ae Pu$e and Gene$ic Bpon Testator4s death Bpon Testator4s death 1&en O%ne$s&i' Ves s Bpon Testator4s death a. i) )ro( testator2s estate 9 .$ui s Bpon the testator4s death :under Art@#?; Bpon determi> nation-

A$ . B44. A *e)ac" fo$ educa ion *as s un i* &e *e)a ee is of a)e( o$ !e"ond &e a)e of maJo$i " in o$de$ &a &e *e)a ee ma" finis& some '$ofessiona*( #oca iona* o$ )ene$a* cou$se( '$o#ided &e 'u$sues &is cou$se di*i)en *". A *e)ac" fo$ su''o$ *as s du$in) &e *ife ime of &e *e)a ee( if &e es a o$ &as no o &e$%ise '$o#ided. If &e es a o$ &as no fi+ed &e amoun of suc& *e)acies( i s&a** !e fi+ed in acco$dance %i & &e socia* s andin) and &e ci$cums ances of &e *e)a ee and &e #a*ue of &e es a e.

1i & a Sus'ensi #e Te$m

Bpon the arri*al of the term

1i & a Sus'ensi #e Condi ion

Bpon the happening of the condition

upon testator4s death .. i) ac3uire* )ro( a #r* person 9 upon acquisition Bpon arri*al of the term.ut the right to it *ests upon the testator4s death :under Art?7?; Bpon the testator4s death- if the condition is fulfilled :under Art11?7;

unless testator pro*ides otherwise :Art@#@;

1. 2. !. #. %. (.

7emuneratory legacies or de*ises "egacies or de*ises declared .y the testator to .e preferential "egacies for support "egacies for education "egacies or de*ises of a specific- determinate thing which forms a part of the estate All others- pro rata

Bpon the arri*al of the term :implied from Art??%;

Article @%A and Article @11 Article @11 also contains a rule for reduction of legacies and de*ises and the order of preference there is different3 it simply pro*ides that all the non>preferred legaciesLde*ises will .e reduced pro rata- and the preferred legaciesLde*ises are reduced last. t is a rule different from that set forth in Art@%A. )ossi.le reconciliation .etween the 2 articles 9 eac' artic+e can -e /i.en its o1n area o) app+ica-i+it,. o Article @11 will apply if reductions ha*e to .e made .ecause the "&8 T M&' ha*e .een impaired- i.e. if the legaciesLde*ises ha*e e/ceeded the disposa.le portion o Article @%A will apply if the reason for the reduction is not the impairment of legitimes- i.e. there are no legitimes .ecause there are no compulsory heirs or the legitimes ha*e already .een satisfied through donations inter .i.os.

Bpon the happening of the conditionunless testator pro*ides otherwise :Art??# in rel. to Art11?7;

Art. 11?7. The effects of a conditional o.ligation to gi*e- once the condition has .een fulfilled- shall retroact to the day of the constitution of the o.ligation. Ne*ertheless- when the o.ligation imposes reciprocal prestations upon the parties- the fruits and interests during the pendency of the condition shall .e deemed to ha*e .een mutually compensated. f the o.ligation is unilateral- the de.tor shall appropriate the fruits and interests recei*ed- unless from the nature and circumstances of the o.ligation it should .e inferred that the intention of the person constituting the same was different. n o.ligations to do and not to do- the courts shall determinein each case- the retroacti*e effect of the condition that has .een complied with. A$ . B4<. If &e *e)ac" o$ de#ice is of a s'ecific and de e$mina e &in) 'e$ ainin) o &e es a o$( &e *e)a ee o$ de#isee acqui$es &e o%ne$s&i' &e$eof u'on &e dea & of &e es a o$( as %e** as an" )$o%in) f$ui s( o$ un!o$n offs'$in) of anima*s( o$ unco**ec ed income; !u no &e income %&ic& %as due and un'aid !efo$e &e *a e$Ms dea &. .$om &e momen of &e es a o$Ms dea &( &e &in) !equea &ed s&a** !e a &e $is2 of &e *e)a ee o$ de#isee( %&o s&a**( &e$efo$e( !ea$ i s *oss o$ de e$io$a ion( and s&a** !e !enefi ed !" i s inc$ease o$ im'$o#emen ( %i &ou '$eJudice o &e $es'onsi!i*i " of &e e+ecu o$ o$ adminis $a o$. A$ . B4B. If &e !eques s&ou*d no !e of a s'ecific and de e$mina e &in)( !u is )ene$ic o$ of quan i "( i s f$ui s and in e$es s f$om &e ime of &e dea & of &e es a o$ s&a** 'e$ ain o &e *e)a ee o$ de#isee if &e es a o$ &as e+'$ess*" so o$de$ed. A$ . B5C. If &e es a e s&ou*d no !e sufficien o co#e$ a** &e *e)acies o$ de#ises( &ei$ 'a"men s&a** !e made in &e fo**o%in) o$de$= >1? Remune$a o$" *e)acies o$ de#ises; >@? Le)acies o$ de#ises dec*a$ed !" &e es a o$ o !e '$efe$en ia*; >A? Le)acies fo$ su''o$ ; >4? Le)acies fo$ educa ion; >5? Le)acies o$ de#ises of a s'ecific( de e$mina e &in) %&ic& fo$ms a 'a$ of &e es a e; >8? A** o &e$s '$o $a a. Order of )reference among "egacies and $e*ises in case the &state is Not 'ufficient for All of them

A$ . B51. T&e &in) !equea &ed s&a** !e de*i#e$ed %i & a** i s accesso$ies and accesso$ies and in &e condi ion in %&ic& i ma" !e u'on &e dea & of &e es a o$. The o.ligation to deli*er the accessions and accessories e/ists e*en if the testator does not e/plicitly pro*ide for it. This is the same rule laid down in Art11((- which pro*ides3 Art. 11((. The o.ligation to gi*e a determinate thing includes that of deli*ering all its accessions and accessoriese*en though they may not ha*e .een mentioned The crucial time is the testator2s *eat'- .ecause that is when successional rights *est :under Art777;. That is why the thing must .e deli*ered in the condition in which it is at that time. A$ . B5@. T&e &ei$( c&a$)ed %i & a *e)ac" o$ de#ise( o$ &e e+ecu o$ o$ adminis $a o$ of &e es a e( mus de*i#e$ &e #e$" &in) !equea &ed if &e is a!*e o do so and canno disc&a$)e &is o!*i)a ion !" 'a"in) i s #a*ue. Le)acies of mone" mus !e 'aid in cas&( e#en &ou)& &e &ei$ o$ &e es a e ma" no &a#e an". T&e e+'enses necessa$" fo$ &e de*i#e$" of &e &in) !equea &ed s&a** !e fo$ &e accoun of &e &ei$ o$ &e es a e( !u %i &ou '$eJudice o &e *e)i ime. This article conforms to the rule of identity in the performance of o.ligations :under Art12##;3 Art. 12##. The de.tor of a thing cannot compel the creditor to recei*e a different one- although the latter may .e of the same *alue as- or more *alua.le than that which is due. n o.ligations to do or not to do- an act or for.earance cannot .e su.stituted .y another act or for.earance against the o.ligeeUs will. A$ . B5A. T&e *e)a ee o$ de#isee canno a2e 'ossession of &e &in) !equea &ed u'on &is o%n au &o$i "( !u s&a** $eques i s de*i#e$" and 'ossession of &e &ei$ c&a$)ed %i & &e *e)ac" o$ de#ise( o$ of &e e+ecu o$ o$ adminis $a o$ of &e es a e s&ou*d &e !e au &o$iKed !" &e cou$ o de*i#e$ i . Although the efficacy of a legacy or de*ise *ests upon the testator4s death- actual deli*ery does not ta+e place at that time. $e.ts first ha*e to .e paid- then legitimes ha*e to .e determined- and the testamentary dispositions Oincluding legacies and de*isesE computed lest they impair the legitimes. t is only after these steps ha*e .een ta+en that the .eneficiaries of the will can ta+e possession.

A$ . B54. T&e *e)a ee o$ de#isee canno acce' a 'a$ of &e *e)ac" o$ de#ise and $e'udia e &e o &e$( if &e *a e$ !e one$ous. S&ou*d &e die !efo$e &a#in) acce' ed &e *e)ac" o$ de#ise( *ea#in) se#e$a* &ei$s( some of &e *a e$ ma" acce' and &e o &e$s ma" $e'udia e &e s&a$e $es'ec i#e*" !e*on)in) o &em in &e *e)ac" o$ de#ise. A$ . B55. T&e *e)a ee o$ de#isee of %o *e)acies o$ de#ises( one of %&ic& is one$ous( canno $enounce &e one$ous one and acce' &e o &e$. If !o & a$e one$ous o$ )$a ui ous( &e s&a** !e f$ee o acce' o$ $enounce !o &( o$ o $enounce ei &e$. Eu if &e es a o$ in ended &a &e %o *e)acies o$ de#ises s&ou*d !e inse'a$a!*e f$om eac& o &e$( &e *e)a ee o$ de#isee mus ei &e$ acce' o$ $enounce !o &. An" com'u*so$" &ei$ %&o is a &e same ime a *e)a ee o$ de#isee ma" %ai#e &e in&e$i ance and acce' &e *e)ac" o$ de#ise( o$ $enounce &e *a e$ and acce' &e fo$me$( o$ %ai#e o$ acce' !o &. 7ules on Acceptance and 7epudiation of "egacies L $e*ises "egacies ma .e tota+ or partia+- as implied under Art@%# par1. o &/ception 9 f the legacyLde*ise is partly onerous and partly gratuitous- the recipient cannot accept the gratuitous part and renounce the onerous part. Any other com.ination howe*er is permitted. Acceptance or 7epudiation .y =eirs of "egateeL $e*isee 9 if the legatee or de*isee dies .efore accepting or renouncing- his heirs shall e/ercise such right as to their pro>indi*iso share- and in the same manner as the legatee or de*isee. 2 "egaciesL$e*ises to the 'ame 7ecipient o f .oth gratuitous 9 the recipient may accept or renounce either or .oth o f .oth onerous 9 same rule- may accept or renounce either or .oth o f one gratuitous and the other onerous 9 the recipient cannot accept the gratuitous and renounce the onerous. Any other com.ination is permitted. "egacyL$e*ise to One who is Also a Compulsory =eir 9 the recipient may accept either or .oth- the legacyLde*ise and the legitime. :in relation to Art1A%%; &ffect if the 5ill )ro*ides Otherwise 9 all of the a.o*e rules apply in the a.sence of a stipulation in the will pro*iding otherwise. f there is a stipulation- the testator4s wishes shall go*ern.

!e !" $eason of nu**i " of &e con $ac ( &e *e)ac" o$ de#ise s&a** no &e$eaf e$ !e #a*id( un*ess &e $eacquisi ion s&a** &a#e !een effec ed !" #i$ ue of &e e+e$cise of &e $i)& of $e'u$c&ase; >A? If &e &in) !equea &ed is o a**" *os du$in) &e *ife ime of &e es a o$( o$ af e$ &is dea & %i &ou &e &ei$Ms fau* . Ne#e$ &e*ess( &e 'e$son o!*i)ed o 'a" &e *e)ac" o$ de#ise s&a** !e *ia!*e fo$ e#ic ion if &e &in) !equea &ed s&ou*d no &a#e !een de e$mina e as o i s 2ind( in acco$dance %i & &e '$o#isions of A$ ic*e B@<. This article enumerates the instances when the legacyLde*ise is 7&GOF&$ 2I O)&7AT ON O1 "A5 1. T7AN'1O7MAT ON o f for e/ample the testator con*erts a plantation to a fishpond. A" &NAT ON o The alienation .y the testator may .e gratuitous or onerous. o The alienation re*o+es the legacyLde*ise e*en if for any reason the thing re*erts to the testator. o E?ceptions aE f the re*ersion is caused .y the annulment of the alienation and the cause for annulment was *itiation of consent on the grantor4s part- either .y reason or incapacity or duress. .E f the re*ersion is .y *irtue of redemption in a sale with pacto *e retro. TOTA" "O'' o This will .e a cause for re*ocation only if it ta+es place -e)ore the testator4s death. o 1ortuitous loss after the testator4s death will not constitute re*ocation .ecause legally- the disposition ta+es effect upon death. o Therefore- fortuitous loss after the testator4s death will simply .e an instance of ,res perit domino0 and will .e .orne .y the legateeLde*isee.

2.

!.

A$ . B5<. A mis a2e as o &e name of &e &in) !equea &ed o$ de#ised( is of no consequence( if i is 'ossi!*e o iden if" &e &in) %&ic& &e es a o$ in ended o !equea & o$ de#ise. This principle is already set forth in Art7?@ A$ . B5B. A dis'osi ion made in )ene$a* e$ms in fa#o$ of &e es a o$Ms $e*a i#es s&a** !e unde$s ood o !e in fa#o$ of &ose nea$es in de)$ee. This article is misplaced .ecause it applies not Dust to legateeLde*isees .ut to all testamentary heirs as well. t should .e placed under the chapter on , nstitution of =eir.0

A$ . B58. If &e *e)a ee o$ de#isee canno o$ is un%i**in) o acce' &e *e)ac" o$ de#ise( o$ if &e *e)ac" o$ de#ise fo$ an" $eason s&ou*d !ecome ineffec i#e( i s&a** !e me$)ed in o &e mass of &e es a e( e+ce' in cases of su!s i u ion and of &e $i)& of acc$e ion. 7ules in Case of 7epudiation .y or ncapacity of "egateeL$e*isee 1. )rimarily 9 'B2'T TBT ON 2. 'econdarily 9 ACC7&T ON !. Tertiarily 9 NT&'TACI A$ . B57. T&e *e)ac" o$ de#ise s&a** !e %i &ou effec = >1? If &e es a o$ $ansfo$ms &e &in) !equea &ed in suc& a manne$ &a i does no $e ain ei &e$ &e fo$m o$ &e denomina ion i &ad; >@? If &e es a o$ !" an" i *e o$ fo$ an" cause a*iena es &e &in) !equea &ed o$ an" 'a$ &e$eof( i !ein) unde$s ood &a in &e *a e$ case &e *e)ac" o$ de#ise s&a** !e %i &ou effec on*" %i & $es'ec o &e 'a$ &us a*iena ed. If af e$ &e a*iena ion &e &in) s&ou*d a)ain !e*on) o &e es a o$( e#en if i

CHAPTER A LEGAL OR INTESTATE S0CCESSION

SECTION 1GENE4AL '4O<ISIONS A$ . B8C. Le)a* o$ in es a e succession a2es '*ace= >1? If a 'e$son dies %i &ou a %i**( o$ %i & a #oid %i**( o$ one %&ic& &as su!sequen *" *os i s #a*idi "; >@? 1&en &e %i** does no ins i u e an &ei$ o( o$ dis'ose of a** &e '$o'e$ " !e*on)in) o &e es a o$. In suc& case( *e)a* succession s&a** a2e '*ace on*" %i & $es'ec o &e '$o'e$ " of %&ic& &e es a o$ &as no dis'osed; >A? If &e sus'ensi#e condi ion a ac&ed o &e ins i u ion of &ei$ does no &a''en o$ is no

fu*fi**ed( o$ if &e &ei$ dies !efo$e &e es a o$( o$ $e'udia es &e in&e$i ance( &e$e !ein) no su!s i u ion( and no $i)& of acc$e ion a2es '*ace; >4? 1&en &e &ei$ ins i u ed is inca'a!*e of succeedin)( e+ce' in cases '$o#ided in &is Code. "egal or ntestate 'uccession $efined Not defined .y the Code- unli+e testamentary and mi/ed succession. 2ut the draft Code- as well as the 'panish Code defines intestate succession as ta+ing place ,.y operation of law in the a.sence of a *alid will.0 And the 'panish Code pro*ides that ,succession results from a person4s will as manifested in a testament- or in default thereof- .y operation of law.0 INSTANCES 1HEN LEGAL OR INTESTATE S0CCESSION OPERATE1. If a 'e$son dies %i &ou a %i**( o$ %i & a #oid %i**( o$ one %&ic& &as su!sequen *" *os i s #a*idi ". o ! instances with the same legal result 9 there is no will. o A will that has su.sequently lost its *alidity is one that has .een 7&GOF&$ under Articles ?!A>?!7 without a later one ta+ing its place. Galidity should read ,efficacy.0 @. 1&en &e %i** does no ins i u e an &ei$ o( o$ dis'ose of a** &e '$o'e$ " !e*on)in) o &e es a o$. In suc& case( *e)a* succession s&a** a2e '*ace on*" %i & $es'ec o &e '$o'e$ " of %&ic& &e es a o$ &as no dis'osed. o n these instances- intestacy may .e tota+ or partia+. If &e sus'ensi#e condi ion a ac&ed o &e ins i u ion of an &ei$ does no &a''en o$ is no fu*fi**ed( o$ if &e &ei$ dies !efo$e &e es a o$( o$ $e'udia es &e in&e$i ance( &e$e !ein) no su!s i u ion and no $i)& of acc$e ion a2es '*ace o ntestacy here may also .e total or partial- depending on the e/tent of the disposition that turns out to .e inoperati*e. 1&en &e &ei$ ins i u ed is inca'a!*e of succeedin)( e+ce' in cases '$o#ided in &is Code. o ncapacity to succeed under Articles 1A27- 1A2? and 1A!2. ntestacy here may .e tota+ or partia+.

The presumed will of the decedent- which would distri.ute the estate in accordance with the lo*e and affection he has for his family and close relati*es- and in default of these persons- the presumed desire of the decedent to promote charita.le and humanitarian acti*ities. Manresa says that the law of intestacy is founded on the presumed will of the deceased. "o*e- it is said first descends- then ascends- and finally spreads sideways. Thus- the law first calls the descendants- then the ascendants and finally the collaterals- always preferring those closer in degree than those of remoter degrees.

EASIC R0LES O. INTESTACF 1. T&e Ru*e of P$efe$ence of Lines The ! lines of relationship are3 aE The descending .E The ascending- and cE The collateral The law lays down an order of preference among these lines- such that the descending e/cludes the ascending and the collateral- and the ascending e/cludes the collateral.

@.

T&e Ru*e of P$o+imi " of -e)$ee The nearer e/clude the more remote :Art@(2 par1; without preDudice to representation. T&e Ru*e of Equa*i " Amon) Re*a i#es of &e Same -e)$ee This rule is corollary of the pre*ious one3 f the nearer e/clude the more remote- logically those of equal degree should inherit in equal shares :Art@(2 par2; 5 EHCEPTIONS aE The rule of preference of lines .E The distinction .etween legitimate and illegitimate filiation :the ratio under present law is 231; under Article @?! in relation to Article ?@% as amended .y Art17( of the 1amily Code. cE The 7ule of $i*ision .y line in the Ascending "ine under Art@?7 par2 dE The $istinction .etween 1ull>2lood and =alf> 2lood relationship among 2rothers and 'isters- as well as nephews and nieces under Articles 1AA( and 1AA?. eE 7epresentation

A.

A.

4.

O &e$ Causes of In es ac" 5. Ha''enin) of a Reso*u o$" Condi ion 8. E+'i$a ion of a Reso*u o$" Te$m 7. P$e e$i ion A$ . B81. In defau* of es amen a$" &ei$s( &e *a% #es s &e in&e$i ance( in acco$dance %i & &e $u*es &e$einaf e$ se fo$ &( in &e *e)i ima e and i**e)i ima e $e*a i#es of &e deceased( in &e su$#i#in) s'ouse( and in &e S a e. A$ . B8@. In e#e$" in&e$i ance( &e $e*a i#e nea$es in de)$ee e+c*udes &e mo$e dis an ones( sa#in) &e $i)& of $e'$esen a ion %&en i '$o'e$*" a2es '*ace. Re*a i#es in &e same de)$ee s&a** in&e$i in equa* s&a$es( su!Jec o &e '$o#isions of a$ ic*e 1CC8 %i & $es'ec o $e*a i#es of &e fu** and &a*f !*ood( and of A$ ic*e B<7( 'a$a)$a'& @( conce$nin) di#ision !e %een &e 'a e$na* and ma e$na* *ines. &/clusion and Concurrence in ntestacy ntestacy operates on the same principles as succession to the legitime. There are 2 principles operating sometimes simultaneously- sometimes singly 9 &JC"B' ON and CONCB77&NC&. 8roups of intestate heirs and the different com.inations in intestacy are outlined under Arts. @7?>1A1A. 2asis of ntestate 'uccession

SU;SECTION 1. ! Re+ations'ip A$ . B8A. P$o+imi " of $e*a ions&i' is de e$mined !" &e num!e$ of )ene$a ions. Eac& )ene$a ion fo$ms a de)$ee. A$ . B84. A se$ies of de)$ees fo$ms a *ine( %&ic& ma" !e ei &e$ di$ec o$ co**a e$a*. A di$ec *ine is &a cons i u ed !" &e se$ies of de)$ees amon) ascendan s and descendan s. A co**a e$a* *ine is &a cons i u ed !" &e se$ies of de)$ees amon) 'e$sons %&o a$e no ascendan s and descendan s( !u %&o come f$om a common ances o$. A$ . B85. T&e di$ec *ine is ei &e$ descendin) o$ ascendin). T&e fo$me$ uni es &e &ead of &e fami*" %i & &ose %&o descend f$om &im. T&e *a e$ !inds a 'e$son %i & &ose f$om %&om &e descends. A$ . B88. In &e *ine( as man" de)$ees a$e coun ed as &e$e a$e )ene$a ions o$ 'e$sons( e+c*udin) &e '$o)eni o$.

In &e di$ec *ine( ascen is made o &e common ances o$. T&us( &e c&i*d is one de)$ee $emo#ed f$om &e 'a$en ( %o f$om &e )$andfa &e$( and &$ee f$om &e )$ea G)$and'a$en . In &e co**a e$a* *ine( ascen is made o &e common ances o$ and &en descen is made o &e 'e$son %i & %&om &e com'u a ion is o !e made. T&us( a 'e$son is %o de)$ees $emo#ed f$om &is !$o &e$( &$ee f$om &is unc*e( %&o is &e !$o &e$ of &is fa &e$( fou$ f$om &is fi$s cousin( and so fo$ &.

DESCENDING DIRECT ASCENDING LINE DIRECT & COLLATERAL COLLATERAL DESCENDING DIRECT & ASCENDING DIRECT

o Co++atera+s -, 4e/rees - 1irst degree 9 none - 'econd degree 9 .rothers L sisters - Third degree i. Bncles L Aunts ii. Nephews L Nieces - 1ourth degree i. 1irst Cousins ii. 2rothersL'isters of a grand>parent :grand>uncles L grand>aunts; iii. 8randchildren of a .rotherLsister :grand>nephewsLgrand>nieces; - 1ifth degree i. Children of a first cousin ii. 1irst cousins of a parent iii. 2rothersLsisters of a great>grandparent i*. 8reat grandchildren of a .rotherLsister A$ . B87. .u** !*ood $e*a ions&i' is &a e+is in) !e %een 'e$sons %&o &a#e &e same fa &e$ and &e same mo &e$. Ha*f !*ood $e*a ions&i' is &a e+is in) !e %een 'e$sons %&o &a#e &e same fa &e$( !u no &e same mo &e$( o$ &e same mo &e$( !u no &e same fa &e$. mportance of distinction .etween full>.lood and half>.lood relationship 9 with reference to .rothers and sisters and nephews and nieces- there is a ratio of 231 for full>.lood and half>.lood relationship- respecti*ely. :Arts1AA( and 1AA?; 5ith respect to collateral relati*es- the full>.lood and half>.lood relationship is NOT MAT&7 A". A$ . B8<. If &e$e a$e se#e$a* $e*a i#es of &e same de)$ee( and one o$ some of &em a$e un%i**in) o$ inca'aci a ed o succeed( &is 'o$ ion s&a** acc$ue o &e o &e$s of &e same de)$ee( sa#e &e $i)& of $e'$esen a ion %&en i s&ou*d a2e '*ace. ACCRETION IN INTESTACF There is accretion in intestacy among heirs of the same degree- in case of )7&$&C&A'&- NCA)AC TI or 7&NBNC AT ON of any one of them. :Art1A1%; 1E n case of pre*ecease or incapacit,- representationif proper- will )7&G&NT accretion from occurring. 2E 7elati*es must .e in the same +ind of relationship 9 for accretion to ta+e place the heirs in*ol*ed must .e in the same +ind of relationship to the decedent. This is .ecause of the principle of the pre)erence o) +ines in intestate succession. Thus- there can .e no accretion among a grandchild- a grandparent and a .rother of the decedent :e*en if they are all related to him in the 2nd degree; .ecause they are not inheriting together in the first place. A$ . B8B. If &e in&e$i ance s&ou*d !e $e'udia ed !" &e nea$es $e*a i#e( s&ou*d &e$e !e one on*"( o$ !" a** &e nea$es $e*a i#es ca**ed !" *a% o succeed( s&ou*d &e$e !e se#e$a*( &ose of &e fo**o%in) de)$ee s&a** in&e$i in &ei$ o%n $i)& and canno $e'$esen &e 'e$son o$ 'e$sons $e'udia in) &e in&e$i ance. E..ECT O. REN0NCIATION EF ALL IN THE SA,E -EGREE The right of succession should first .e passed on the heirs in succeeding degrees :in successi*e order; .efore the ne/t line can succeed- .ecause of the rule of preference of lines. Thus3 1E T&e descendin) *ine fi$s 9 if all the descendants of a certain degree renounce- succession passes to the descendants of the ne/t degree :i.e. grandchildren;and so on- a* in*e)initu(. 2E T&e ascendin) *ine ne+ 9 should no one .e left in the descending line- the heirs in the ascending line acquire the right of succession- again in order of degrees of pro/imity.

LINE 9 a series of degrees forms a line :Article @(# par1; aE -i$ec > degrees among ascendants and descendants :Art@(# par2; i. $escending 9 Bnites the head of the family with those who descend from him :Article @(% par2; ii. Ascending 9 .inds a person with those from whom he descends :Article @(% par!; .E Co**a e$a* 9 $egrees among persons who are not ascendants or descendants .ut come from a common ancestor :Article @(# par!; i. 4irect and Co++atera+ 9 importance of distinction3 the *irect is preferred o*er the co++atera+. ii. 4escen*in/ direct and Ascen*in/ direct 9 importance of distinction 9 the *escen*in/ is preferred o*er the ascen*in/.
DIRECT LINE DEGREE COLLATERAL LINE

CO,P0TATION O. -EGREES A. -i$ec Line 9 there is no legal limit to the num.er of degrees for entitlement to intestate succession. The practica+ +i(it is of course- human mortality. o Mo*e o) Countin/ 4e/rees in 4irect Line - One generation W one degree - )arent to child W 1 degree - 8randparent to 8randchild W 2 degrees - 8reat>8randparent to 8reat>8randchild W ! degrees 2. Co**a e$a* Line 9 computation of degree is important in the collateral line .ecause intestate succession e/tends only to the .I.TH 35 &4 -EGREE of Co**a e$a* $e*a ions&i' OArt1A1AE o Mo*e o) Countin/ 4e/rees in t'e Co++atera+ Line :Art@(( par!; i. 1rom the reference point- ascend to nearest common ancestor :if there are more than 1 nearest common ancestor- choose any one.; ii. Then descend to the other reference point iii. Num.er of generations constituting the ascent and the descent is the degree of the collateral relationship.

!E T&e co**a e$a* *ine *as 9 only if A"" the descendants and ascendants renounce will the collateral relati*es acquire the right to succeed. )redecease or ncapacity .y All in the 'ame $egree This e*entuality is not pro*ided for .y the article. The rules outlined- howe*er- are equally applica.le to such situatione?cept in cases 1'ere REPRESENTATION is proper :in descending line; 7epresentation does not apply in cases of uni*ersal renunciation outlined a.o*e- .ecause there is no representation in renunciation. :Art@77; SU;SECTION . ! Ri/'t o) Representation A$ . B7C. Re'$esen a ion is a $i)& c$ea ed !" fic ion of *a%( !" #i$ ue of %&ic& &e $e'$esen a i#e is $aised o &e '*ace and &e de)$ee of &e 'e$son $e'$esen ed( and acqui$es &e $i)& s %&ic& &e *a e$ %ou*d &a#e if &e %e$e *i#in) o$ if &e cou*d &a#e in&e$i ed. A$ . B71. T&e $e'$esen a i#e is ca**ed o &e succession !" &e *a% and no !" &e 'e$son $e'$esen ed. T&e $e'$esen a i#e does no succeed &e 'e$son $e'$esen ed !u &e one %&om &e 'e$son $e'$esen ed %ou*d &a#e succeeded. A$ . B7@. T&e $i)& of $e'$esen a ion a2es '*ace in &e di$ec descendin) *ine( !u ne#e$ in &e ascendin). In &e co**a e$a* *ine( i a2es '*ace on*" in fa#o$ of &e c&i*d$en of !$o &e$s o$ sis e$s( %&e &e$ &e" !e of &e fu** o$ &a*f !*ood. A$ . B7A. In o$de$ &a $e'$esen a ion ma" a2e '*ace( i is necessa$" &a &e $e'$esen a i#e &imse*f !e ca'a!*e of succeedin) &e deceden . A$ . B74. 1&ene#e$ &e$e is succession !" $e'$esen a ion( &e di#ision of &e es a e s&a** !e made 'e$ s i$'es( in suc& manne$ &a &e $e'$esen a i#e o$ $e'$esen a i#es s&a** no in&e$i mo$e &an %&a &e 'e$son &e" $e'$esen %ou*d in&e$i ( if &e %e$e *i#in) o$ cou*d in&e$i . A$ . B75. 1&en c&i*d$en of one o$ mo$e !$o &e$s o$ sis e$s of &e deceased su$#i#e( &e" s&a** in&e$i f$om &e *a e$ !" $e'$esen a ion( if &e" su$#i#e %i & &ei$ unc*es o$ aun s. Eu if &e" a*one su$#i#e( &e" s&a** in&e$i in equa* 'o$ ions. A$ . B78. A 'e$son ma" $e'$esen &im %&ose in&e$i ance &e &as $enounced. A$ . B77. Hei$s %&o $e'udia e $e'$esen ed. &ei$ s&a$e ma" no !e

E. C.

Inca'aci " o$ 0n%o$ &iness( and -isin&e$i ance

nstance when 7epresentation N&G&7 operates 9 7&NBNC AT ON

IN 1HAT DIN-S O. S0CCESSION REPRESENTATION OPERATES A. "&8 T M& or compulsory succession o There is no e/press pro*ision on representation in the legitime- e/cept Art@2! in case of disinheritance. 2. NT&'TACI or legal succession There is no representation in testa(entar, succession

IN 1HAT LINE -OES REPRESENTATION OETAIN A. 5ith respect to the "&8 T M& 9 in the direct descending line only :Art@72; 2. 5ith respect to NT&'TACI 9 the general rule is in the direct descending line as well- &JC&)T in one instancein the collateral line 9 in case of nephews and nieces representing .rothers and sisters of the deceased :Art@7%; 7&)7&'&NTAT ON 2I ILLEGITI,ATE C= "$7&N f the child to .e represented is +e/iti(ate 9 only legitimate childrenLdescendants can represent him :Art@@2; f the child to .e represented is i++e/iti(ate 9 2OT= legitimate and illegitimate childrenLdescendants can represent him :Arts@A2- @?@ and @@A; Thus H Le/iti(ate A Le/it. A1 I++e/it. A@ Le/it. E1 I++e/iti(ate E I++e/it. E@

S'ou+* A an* ; -ot' pre*ecease 80 on+, A1 can represent A -ut -ot' ;1 an* ; can represent ; 7epresentation O1 and 2I and adopted child 9 an adopted child can N& T=&7 represent nor .e represented. o The rationale for the rule .arring an adopted from representing and .eing represented is that the legal relationship created .y adoption is strict+, -et1een t'e a*opte* an* t'e a*opte*. t does not e/tend to the relati*es of either party. :Teotico *. $el Gal;

7&)7&'&NTAT ON $efinition 9 a right created .y fiction of law- .y *irtue of which the representati*e is raised to the place and the degree of the person represented- and acquires the rights which the latter would ha*e if he were li*ing or if he cou+* 'a.e in'erite*. :Art@7A; o Criticisms 9 the term ,representation0- it has .een suggested that a .etter term to call this legal process is either 'ere*itar, su-ro/ation or successiona+ su-ro/ation .ecause the person inheriting in another4s stead actually represents no one and truly succeeds in his own right. The term ,fiction of law0 is criticiHed as inaccurate- as well- .ecause the law has ample authority to predetermine who are to .e called to inherit- and the law needs no resort to fictions .ut merely to ma+e use of its power to designate those who are to ta+e the inheritance. INSTANCES 1HEN REPRESENTATION OPERATES A. P$edecease

7&)7&'&NTAT ON 2I 7&NOBNC&7 Although a renounce cannot .e represented- he can represent the person whose inheritance he has renounced :Art@7(;. This is .ecause in the 2 nd sentence of Art@71- the representati*e does not succeed the person represented .ut the one whom the person represented would ha*e succeeded. &/ample 9 A is the father of 2 and C is the son of 2- and therefore the grandchild of A. 2 dies and C renounces his inheritance. 2ut if A dies and there is a right of representation- C can still inherit from A in representation of 2- e*en if C pre*iously renounced his inheritance from 2. This is .ecause in the latter case- C is inheriting from A and not from 2.

HO1 REPRESENTATION OPERATES )&7 'T 7)&' 9 the representati*e or representati*es recei*e only what the person represented would ha*e recei*ed. f there is more than 1 representati*e in the same degree- then di*ide the portion &KBA""I- without preDudice to the distinction .etween legitimate and illegitimate children when applica.le.

 R0LES ON /0ALI.ICATION A. T&e $e'$esen a i#e mus !e qua*ified o succeed &e deceden . 3A$ B7A4 o Again- the rationale is found in the 2nd sentence of Art@71- stating that the representati*e does not succeed the person represented .ut the one whom the person represented would ha*e succeeded. E. C. T&e $e'$esen a i#e need no !e qua*ified o succeed &e 'e$son $e'$esen ed 3A$ B714 T&e 'e$son $e'$esen ed need no !e qua*ified o succeed &e deceden . o n fact- the reason why representation is ta+ing place is that the person represented is not qualified.ecause of predecease- incapacity or disinheritance.

o Therefore- the share of C who predeceased J- the share of $ who is unworthy- and the share of & who renounced- will all accrue to A and 2 as co>heirs. o 'o- A and 2 will each get T of the )!AA-AAA- or )1%A-AAA each. 'upposing J dies NT&'TAT&- all the other facts .eing the same- how is J4s estate to .e apportioned6 o A- 2- C- $ and & are supposed to get (A-AAA each :the free portion is T of the whole estate so the free portion is )!AA-AAA di*ided .y % +ids W (A-AAA each;. o =owe*er- since & renounced his share- his )(A+ portion will- .y ACC7&T ON- .e di*ided equally among the rest of the +ids of J. o Therefore- A- 2- C and $ will get an additional )1%-AAA each plus their own )(A+ portion- they will get 7%+ each. o =owe*er- since C predeceased the testator- he may .e represented .y C1 and C2- who will each get )!7-%AA :the )7%+ share of C to .e di*ided .y 2- assuming .oth C1 and C2 are legitimate children of C;. o Also- since $ is unworthy to succeed- he may .e represented .y $1 and $2- who will get )!7-%AA each :)7%+ share di*ided .y 2;

REPRESENTATION EF GRAN-CHIL-REN ANREPRESENTATION EF NEPHE1SINIECES= -iffe$ence in Ru*e A. If ALL &e c&i*d$en a$e disqua*ified 9 the grandchildren still inherit .y representation :what the parents should ha*e gotten; under Art@?2. 2. If ALL &e !$o &e$sIsis e$s a$e disqua*ified 9 the nephews and nieces inherit )&7 CA) TA under Art@7%.

'ome 'uggestions 9 more e/plicit pro*isions on3 o 5hat are the occasions or causes for the operation of representation6 o n what +inds of succession does representation operate6 PRO;LEM ON REPRESENTATION Note0 I2( not sure a-out t'e ans1ers0 p+ease re!c'ec> J has % legit +ids- ! of whom ha*e their own +ids. H A E C1 C C@ -1 -@ E1 E E@

'upposing J ma+es a 5 "" :T&'TAM&NTA7I; instituting all his % +ids to the free portion< then C predeceases him- $ is unworthy to succeed and upon his death- & renounces. =ow is J4s estate- worth )(AA-AAA to .e apportioned6 o A- 2- C- $ and & are supposed to get (A-AAA each :the free portion is T of the whole estate so the free portion is )!AA-AAA di*ided .y % +ids W (A-AAA each;. o =owe*er- there is NO 7&)7&'&NTAT ON in Testamentary $isposition. SECTION @. 9 OR-ER O. INTESTATE S0CCESSION INTESTACF 9 R0LES O. EHCL0SION AN- CONC0RRENCE HEIRS 1. @. A. 4. 5. Le)i ima e C&i*d$en I**e)i ima e C&i*d$en Le)i ima e Pa$en s I**e)i ima e Pa$en s Su$#i#in) S'ouse EHCL0-E )arents- Collaterals and the 'tate llegitimate parentscollaterals and the state Collaterals and the state Collaterals and the state Collaterals- &JC&)T .rothers- sistersnephews and niecesand the 'tate CONC0R The sur*i*ing spouse and illegitimate children 'ur*i*ing spouse- legitimate children and the legitimate parents llegitimate children and the sur*i*ing spouse 'ur*i*ing spouse "egitimate children- illegitimate children- legitimate parentsillegitimate parents and .rotherssisters- nephews and nieces. ARE EHCL0-E- EF No one No one "egitimate children "egitimate and illegitimate children No one

8.

7. <.

E$o &e$s( sis e$s( ne'&e%s and nieces O &e$ Co**a e$a*s T&e S a e

All other collateral relati*es up to %th degree and the state Collaterals remoter in degree- and the state No one

'ur*i*ing spouse

"egitimate N illegitimate children- and legitimate N illegitimate parents All others &*eryone

Collaterals in the same degree No one

CO,EINATIONS IN INTESTATE S0CCESSION HEIR 1. Le)i ima e c&i*d$en SHARE 5hole estate- equally di*ided PROVISION Art. @7@. "egitimate children and their descendants succeed the parents and other ascendants- without distinction as to se/ or age- and e*en if they should come from different marriages. An adopted child succeeds to the property of the adopting parents in the same manner as a legitimate child. Art. @?!. f illegitimate children sur*i*e with legitimate children- the shares of the former shall .e in the proportions prescri.ed .y Article ?@%. Art. 17( 1AM "I CO$&. llegitimate children shall use the surname and shall .e under the parental authority of their mother- and shall .e entitled to support in conformity with this Code. The legitime of each illegitimate child shall consist of one>half of the legitime of a legitimate child. &/cept for this modification- all other pro*isions in the Ci*il Code go*erning successional rights shall remain in force. Art. @@(. f a widow or widower and legitimate children or descendants are left- the sur*i*ing spouse has in the succession the same share as that of each of the children. Art. @@@. 5hen the widow or widower sur*i*es with legitimate children or their descendants and illegitimate children or their descendants- whether legitimate or illegitimate- such widow or widower shall .e entitled to the same share as that of a legitimate child. Art. 17( 1AM "I CO$&. llegitimate children shall use the surname and shall .e under the parental authority of their mother- and shall .e entitled to support in conformity with this Code. The legitime of each illegitimate child shall consist of one>half of the legitime of a legitimate child. &/cept for this modification- all other pro*isions in the Ci*il Code go*erning successional rights shall remain in force. Art. @?%. n default of legitimate children and descendants of the deceased- his parents and ascendants shall inherit from him- to the e/clusion of collateral relati*es. Art. @?7. n default of the father and mother- the ascendants nearest in degree shall inherit. 'hould there .e more than one of equal degree .elonging to the same line they shall di*ide the inheritance per capita< should they .e of different lines .ut of equal degree- one>half shall go to the paternal and the other half to the maternal ascendants. n each line the di*ision shall .e made per capita. Art. @@1. f legitimate ascendants are left- the illegitimate children shall di*ide the inheritance with them- ta+ing one>half of the estate- whate*er .e the num.er of the ascendants or of the illegitimate children. Art. @@7. 5hen the widow or widower sur*i*es with legitimate parents or ascendants- the sur*i*ing spouse shall .e entitled to one>half of the estate- and

@.

Le)i ima e c&i*d$en and I**e)i ima e c&i*d$en

5hole estate with T share of 1 legit child for &AC= illegitimate child

A.

Le)i ima e c&i*d$en and su$#i#in) s'ouse Le)i ima e c&i*d$en( su$#i#in) s'ouse and i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en

5hole estate- di*ided equallyincluding the sur*i*ing spouse

4.

5hole estate- the spouse getting the share of 1 legitimate child and the illegitimate child getting T the share of 1 legitimate child.

5.

Le)i ima e 'a$en s a*one

5hole estate- equally

8.

Le)i ima e ascendan s

5hole estate- di*ision equally .y line

7.

Le)i ima e 'a$en s and i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en Le)i ima e 'a$en s and su$#i#in) s'ouse

<.

"egitimate parents get T of the estate di*ided equally .etween them and the illegitimate children get T of the estate di*ided also equally "egit parents get T of the estate and the sur*i*ing spouse gets the other half

the legitimate parents or ascendants to the other half. B. Le)i ima e 'a$en s( su$#i#in) s'ouse and i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en "egit parents get T- the sur*i*ing spouse gets M and the illegitimate children get M. Art. 1AAA. f legitimate ascendants- the sur*i*ing spouseand illegitimate children are left- the ascendants shall .e entitled to one>half of the inheritance- and the other half shall .e di*ided .etween the sur*i*ing spouse and the illegitimate children so that such widow or widower shall ha*e one>fourth of the estateand the illegitimate children the other fourth. Art. @??. n the a.sence of legitimate descendants or ascendants- the illegitimate children shall succeed to the entire estate of the deceased. Art. @@?. f a widow or widower sur*i*es with illegitimate children- such widow or widower shall .e entitled to one>half of the inheritance- and the illegitimate children or their descendants- whether legitimate or illegitimate- to the other half. Art. @@#. n default of the father or mother- an illegitimate child shall .e succeeded .y his or her sur*i*ing spouse who shall .e entitled to the entire estate. f the widow or widower should sur*i*e with .rothers and sisters- nephews and nieces- she or he shall inherit one>half of the estate- and the latter the other half. Art. @@%. n the a.sence of legitimate descendants and ascendants- and illegitimate children and their descendants- whether legitimate or illegitimate- the sur*i*ing spouse shall inherit the entire estatewithout preDudice to the rights of .rothers and sistersnephews and nieces- should there .e any- under article 1AA1. 1A. Su$#i#in) s'ouse and i**e)i ima e 'a$en s 'pouse gets T of estateillegitimate parents get the other T No pro*ision- .ut .y analogy to Art@@7. Art. @@7. 5hen the widow or widower sur*i*es with legitimate parents or ascendants- the sur*i*ing spouse shall .e entitled to one>half of the estate- and the legitimate parents or ascendants to the other half. Art. 1AA1. 'hould .rothers and sisters or their children sur*i*e with the widow or widower- the latter shall .e entitled to one>half of the inheritance and the .rothers and sisters or their children to the other half. Art. @@#. n default of the father or mother- an illegitimate child shall .e succeeded .y his or her sur*i*ing spouse who shall .e entitled to the entire estate. f the widow or widower should sur*i*e with .rothers and sisters- nephews and nieces- she or he shall inherit one>half of the estate- and the latter the other half. Art. @@!. f an illegitimate child should die without issueeither legitimate or illegitimate- his father or mother shall succeed to his entire estate< and if the childUs filiation is duly pro*ed as to .oth parents- who are .oth li*ing- they shall inherit from him share and share ali+e. Art. @@!. f an illegitimate child should die without issueeither legitimate or illegitimate- his father or mother shall succeed to his entire estate< and if the childUs filiation is duly pro*ed as to .oth parents- who are .oth li*ing- they shall inherit from him share and share ali+e. Art. 1AA#. 'hould the only sur*i*ors .e .rothers and sisters of the full .lood- they shall inherit in equal shares. Art. 1AA(. 'hould .rother and sisters of the full .lood sur*i*e together with .rothers and sisters of the half .lood- the former shall .e entitled to a share dou.le that of the latter. Art. 1AA%. 'hould .rothers and sisters sur*i*e together

1C. I**e)i ima e c&i*d$en 11. I**e)i ima e c&i*d$en and su$#i#in) s'ouse

The whole estate- di*ided equally

The illegitimate children get T and the sur*i*ing spouse gets the other T

1@. Su$#i#in) s'ouse

The whole estate

14. Su$#i#in) s'ouse and *e)i ima e !$o &e$s( sis e$s( ne'&e%s and nieces 15. Su$#i#in) s'ouse and i**e)i ima e !$o &e$( sis e$s( ne'&e%s and nieces

'pouse gets T and the legitimate 2'NN get T- with the nephews and nieces inheriting .y representation in proper cases 'pouse gets T while illegitimate 2'NN get T- with representation

18. I**e)i ima e 'a$en s

The whole estate

17. I**e)i ima e 'a$en s and an" c&i*d$en

llegitimate parents are e/cluded .y the children

1<. Le)i ima e !$o &e$s and sis e$s

5hole estate- half .lood gets T of full .lood4s share :231;

1B. Le)i ima e

5hole estate- 231 for half .lood-

!$o &e$s P sis e$s( ne'&e%s P nieces

with representation for nephews and nieces

with nephews and nieces- who are the children of the descendantUs .rothers and sisters of the full .loodthe former shall inherit per capita- and the latter per stirpes. Art. 1AA?. Children of .rothers and sisters of the half .lood shall succeed per capita or per stirpes- in accordance with the rules laid down for the .rothers and sisters of the full .lood. Art. 1AA@. 'hould there .e neither .rothers nor sisters nor children of .rothers or sisters- the other collateral relati*es shall succeed to the estate. The latter shall succeed without distinction of lines or preference among them .y reason of relationship .y the whole .lood. And the case of ;aca,o . ;orro(eo No article go*erning No article go*erning

@C. Ne'&e%s and nieces %i & unc*es and aun s

Bncles and aunts are e/cluded. The nephews and nieces get the whole estate

@1. I**e)i ima e !$o &e$s and sis e$s @@. I**e)i ima e !$o &e$s P sis e$s( ne'&e%s P nieces @A. Ne'&e%s and nieces

5hole estate- 231 full and half .lood 5hole estate

5hole- )&7 CA) TA- 231 ratio

Art. @7%. 5hen children of one or more .rothers or sisters of the deceased sur*i*e- they shall inherit from the latter .y representation- if they sur*i*e with their uncles or aunts. 2ut if they alone sur*i*e- they shall inherit in equal portions. Art. 1AA?. Children of .rothers and sisters of the half .lood shall succeed per capita or per stirpes- in accordance with the rules laid down for the .rothers and sisters of the full .lood. Art. 1AA@. 'hould there .e neither .rothers nor sisters nor children of .rothers or sisters- the other collateral relati*es shall succeed to the estate. The latter shall succeed without distinction of lines or preference among them .y reason of relationship .y the whole .lood. Art. 1A1A. The right to inherit a. intestato shall not e/tend .eyond the fifth degree of relationship in the collateral line. Art. 1A11. n default of persons entitled to succeed in accordance with the pro*isions of the preceding 'ections- the 'tate shall inherit the whole estate.

@4. O &e$ co**a e$a*s

5hole- )&7 CA) TA- nearer e/cludes the more remote in degree

@5. T&e s a e

5hole estate

AS TO THE STATE Assignment and disposition of decedent4s asses aE f decedent was a resident of the )hilippines at ANI Time i. )ersonal )roperty 9 to municipality of last residence ii. 7eal )roperty 9 where situated .E f decedent was N&G&7 a resident of the )hilippines 9 where property is situated- whether real or personal property.

A$ . B7<. Succession 'e$ ains( in descendin) di$ec *ine.

&e fi$s

'*ace(

&e

1HO ARE THE INTESTATE HEIRS 3no in o$de$4 A. "egitimate ChildrenL$escendants 2. llegitimate ChildrenL$escendants C. "egitimate )arentsLAscendants $. llegitimate )arents &. 'ur*i*ing 'pouse 1. 2rothers- 'isters- Nephews- Nieces 8. Other Collaterals up to the %th degree =. The 'tate The first % classes of intestate heirs are also compulsory heirs. There is also an o*erlapping of compulsory and intestate succession- i.e. the legitime and the intestate portions merge. There is a *ery close parallel .etween the rules of compulsory succession and those of intestate succession.

=ow property is to .e used aE 1or the .enefit of pu.lic educational and charita.le institutions in the respecti*e municipalitiesLcities .E Alternati*ely- at the instance of an interested partyor (otu proprio- court may order creation of a permanent trust for the .enefit of the institutions concerned. SECTION +- O45E4 O, INTESTATE S7CCESSION

SU;SECTION 1. ! 4escen*in/ 4irect Line

A$ . B7B. Le)i ima e c&i*d$en and &ei$ descendan s succeed &e 'a$en s and o &e$ ascendan s( %i &ou dis inc ion as o se+ o$ a)e( and e#en if &e" s&ou*d come f$om diffe$en ma$$ia)es. An ado' ed c&i*d succeeds o &e '$o'e$ " of &e ado' in) 'a$en s in &e same manne$ as a *e)i ima e c&i*d.

 The right of an adopted child in relation to the adopter is go*erned .y sections 17 and 1? of 7A?%%2- which lays down the same rule that an adopted child succeeds to the property of the adopting parents in the same manner as a legitimate child. A$ . B<C. T&e c&i*d$en of &e deceased s&a** a*%a"s in&e$i f$om &im in &ei$ o%n $i)& ( di#idin) &e in&e$i ance in equa* s&a$es. A$ . B<1. S&ou*d c&i*d$en of &e deceased and descendan s of o &e$ c&i*d$en %&o a$e dead( su$#i#e( &e fo$me$ s&a** in&e$i in &ei$ o%n $i)& ( and &e *a e$ !" $i)& of $e'$esen a ion. A$ . B<@. T&e )$andc&i*d$en and o &e$ descendan s s&a** in&e$i !" $i)& of $e'$esen a ion( and if an" one of &em s&ou*d &a#e died( *ea#in) se#e$a* &ei$s( &e 'o$ ion 'e$ ainin) o &im s&a** !e di#ided amon) &e *a e$ in equa* 'o$ ions. 8randchildren do not inherit per capita e*en if all children die 9 they inherit per stirpes- &JC&)T if A"" children renounce- then the grandchildren will inherit in their own right L per capita. A$ . B<A. If i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en su$#i#e %i & *e)i ima e c&i*d$en( &e s&a$es of &e fo$me$ s&a** !e in &e '$o'o$ ions '$esc$i!ed !" A$ ic*e <B5. The proportion of the shares of legitimate and illegitimate children has .een simplified to 231 .y *irtue of the amendments introduced .y Articles 1(! and 17( of the 1amily Code. n this com.ination- care should .e ta+en lest the legitimes of the legitimate children .e impaired. Consequently- a 2>step process should .e o.ser*ed 9 1E 'egregate the legitimes of the children 9 .oth legitimate and illegitimate 2E f any residue is left- apportion it in the proportion of 231. t is possi.le 9 depending on the num.er of legitimates and illegitimates 9 that the estate may not e*en .e sufficient to satisfy the legitimes- in which case- the second step in the process will not e*en .e feasi.le. n fact- in such case- the legitimes of the ""&8 T MAT&' will ha*e to .e reduced pro rata. A$ . B<4. In case of &e dea & of an ado' ed c&i*d( *ea#in) no c&i*d$en o$ descendan s( &is 'a$en s and $e*a i#es !" consan)uini " and no !" ado' ion( s&a** !e &is *e)a* &ei$s. 7epealed .y 'ections 17 and 1? of 7A?%%2. SU;SECTION . ! Ascen*in/ 4irect Line A$ . B<5. In defau* of *e)i ima e c&i*d$en and descendan s of &e deceased( &is 'a$en s and ascendan s s&a** in&e$i f$om &im( o &e e+c*usion of co**a e$a* $e*a i#es. A$ . B<8. T&e fa &e$ and mo &e$( if *i#in)( s&a** in&e$i in equa* s&a$es. S&ou*d one on*" of &em su$#i#e( &e o$ s&e s&a** succeed o &e en i$e es a e of &e c&i*d. A$ . B<7. In defau* of &e fa &e$ and mo &e$( &e ascendan s nea$es in de)$ee s&a** in&e$i . S&ou*d &e$e !e mo$e &an one of equa* de)$ee !e*on)in) o &e same *ine &e" s&a** di#ide &e in&e$i ance 'e$ ca'i a; s&ou*d &e" !e of diffe$en *ines !u of equa* de)$ee( oneG&a*f s&a** )o o &e 'a e$na* and &e o &e$ &a*f o &e ma e$na* ascendan s. In eac& *ine &e di#ision s&a** !e made 'e$ ca'i a. There is no right of representation in the ascending line.

SU;SECTION #. ! I++e/iti(ate C'i+*ren A$ . B<<. In &e a!sence of *e)i ima e descendan s o$ ascendan s( &e i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en s&a** succeed o &e en i$e es a e of &e deceased. A$ . B<B. If( o)e &e$ %i & i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en( &e$e s&ou*d su$#i#e descendan s of ano &e$ i**e)i ima e c&i*d %&o is dead( &e fo$me$ s&a** succeed in &ei$ o%n $i)& and &e *a e$ !" $i)& of $e'$esen a ion. Only difference 9 an illegitimate child can .e represented .i either an illegitimate or legitimate child of his. 5hile a legitimate child can only .e represented .y a legitimate child of his. A$ . BBC. T&e &e$edi a$" $i)& s )$an ed !" &e %o '$ecedin) a$ ic*es o i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en s&a** !e $ansmi ed u'on &ei$ dea & o &ei$ descendan s( %&o s&a** in&e$i !" $i)& of $e'$esen a ion f$om &ei$ deceased )$and'a$en . A$ . BB1. If *e)i ima e ascendan s a$e *ef ( &e i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en s&a** di#ide &e in&e$i ance %i & &em( a2in) oneG&a*f of &e es a e( %&a e#e$ !e &e num!e$ of &e ascendan s o$ of &e i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en. A$ . BB@. An i**e)i ima e c&i*d &as no $i)& o in&e$i a! in es a o f$om &e *e)i ima e c&i*d$en and $e*a i#es of &is fa &e$ o$ mo &e$; no$ s&a** suc& c&i*d$en o$ $e*a i#es in&e$i in &e same manne$ f$om &e i**e)i ima e c&i*d. ,E,ORIQER This is the well>+nown and much criticiHed successional .arrier .etween legitimate and illegitimate relati*es of a decedent. A$ . BBA. If an i**e)i ima e c&i*d s&ou*d die %i &ou issue( ei &e$ *e)i ima e o$ i**e)i ima e( &is fa &e$ o$ mo &e$ s&a** succeed o &is en i$e es a e; and if &e c&i*dMs fi*ia ion is du*" '$o#ed as o !o & 'a$en s( %&o a$e !o & *i#in)( &e" s&a** in&e$i f$om &im s&a$e and s&a$e a*i2e. A$ . BB4. In defau* of &e fa &e$ o$ mo &e$( an i**e)i ima e c&i*d s&a** !e succeeded !" &is o$ &e$ su$#i#in) s'ouse %&o s&a** !e en i *ed o &e en i$e es a e. If &e %ido% o$ %ido%e$ s&ou*d su$#i#e %i & !$o &e$s and sis e$s( ne'&e%s and nieces( s&e o$ &e s&a** in&e$i oneG &a*f of &e es a e( and &e *a e$ &e o &e$ &a*f. SU;SECTION 7. ! Sur.i.in/ Spouse There are no rules on marriage mortis cause :unli+e in legitimes; A$ . BB5. In &e a!sence of *e)i ima e descendan s and ascendan s( and i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en and &ei$ descendan s( %&e &e$ *e)i ima e o$ i**e)i ima e( &e su$#i#in) s'ouse s&a** in&e$i &e en i$e es a e( %i &ou '$eJudice o &e $i)& s of !$o &e$s and sis e$s( ne'&e%s and nieces( s&ou*d &e$e !e an"( unde$ a$ ic*e 1CC1. A$ . BB8. If a %ido% o$ %ido%e$ and *e)i ima e c&i*d$en o$ descendan s a$e *ef ( &e su$#i#in) s'ouse &as in &e succession &e same s&a$e as &a of eac& of &e c&i*d$en. This rule holds e*en if there is only 1 legitimate child- in which case- the child and the sur*i*ing spouse will di*ide the estate equally. 5hen the law spea+s of ,.rothers and sisters- nephews and nieces0 as legal heirs of an illegitimate child- it refers to i++e/iti(ate -rot'ers an* sisters as 1e++ as to t'e c'i+*ren0 1'et'er +e/iti(ate or i++e/iti(ate0 o) suc' -rot'ers an* sisters. A$ . BB7. 1&en &e %ido% o$ %ido%e$ su$#i#es %i & *e)i ima e 'a$en s o$ ascendan s( &e su$#i#in) s'ouse s&a** !e en i *ed o oneG&a*f of &e es a e( and &e *e)i ima e 'a$en s o$ ascendan s o &e o &e$ &a*f.

o I as sur*i*ing spouse 9 M of estate W )1%A-AAA A$ . BB<. If a %ido% o$ %ido%e$ su$#i#es %i & i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en( suc& %ido% o$ %ido%e$ s&a** !e en i *ed o oneG &a*f of &e in&e$i ance( and &e i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en o$ &ei$ descendan s( %&e &e$ *e)i ima e o$ i**e)i ima e( o &e o &e$ &a*f. A$ . BBB. 1&en &e %ido% o$ %ido%e$ su$#i#es %i & *e)i ima e c&i*d$en o$ &ei$ descendan s and i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en o$ &ei$ descendan s( %&e &e$ *e)i ima e o$ i**e)i ima e( suc& %ido% o$ %ido%e$ s&a** !e en i *ed o &e same s&a$e as &a of a *e)i ima e c&i*d. A$ . 1CCC. If *e)i ima e ascendan s( &e su$#i#in) s'ouse( and i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en a$e *ef ( &e ascendan s s&a** !e en i *ed o oneG&a*f of &e in&e$i ance( and &e o &e$ &a*f s&a** !e di#ided !e %een &e su$#i#in) s'ouse and &e i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en so &a suc& %ido% o$ %ido%e$ s&a** &a#e oneGfou$ & of &e es a e( and &e i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en &e o &e$ fou$ &. A$ . 1CC1. S&ou*d !$o &e$s and sis e$s o$ &ei$ c&i*d$en su$#i#e %i & &e %ido% o$ %ido%e$( &e *a e$ s&a** !e en i *ed o oneG&a*f of &e in&e$i ance and &e !$o &e$s and sis e$s o$ &ei$ c&i*d$en o &e o &e$ &a*f. A$ . 1CC@. In case of a *e)a* se'a$a ion( if &e su$#i#in) s'ouse )a#e cause fo$ &e se'a$a ion( &e o$ s&e s&a** no &a#e an" of &e $i)& s )$an ed in &e '$ecedin) a$ ic*es. SU;SECTION <. ! Co++atera+ Re+ati.es A$ . 1CCA. If &e$e a$e no descendan s( ascendan s( i**e)i ima e c&i*d$en( o$ a su$#i#in) s'ouse( &e co**a e$a* $e*a i#es s&a** succeed o &e en i$e es a e of &e deceased in acco$dance %i & &e fo**o%in) a$ ic*es. n o a* in es ac"- the sharings would ha*e .een 9 :according to Art@@7; o A and 2 to T of the estate W )!AA-AAA o I to T of the estate W )!AA-AAA The intended recipient of the undisposed portion is I since she is the one to whom the entire free portion went in total intestacy :since A and 2 simply got their legitimes. Therefore- since part of the free portion was gi*en away .y will- the remainder should .e gi*en to I. Hence0 Caritas Mani+a /ets 1K9 or P5<0:::. A an* ; /et M or P#::0::: *i.i*e* -et1een t'e(0 so P1<:0::: eac'. " t'en /ets P <0:::. A++ s'ares tota+ to t'e P=::0::: estate.

A$ . 1CC5. S&ou*d !$o &e$s and sis e$s su$#i#e o)e &e$ %i & ne'&e%s and nieces( %&o a$e &e c&i*d$en of &e descendan Ms !$o &e$s and sis e$s of &e fu** !*ood( &e fo$me$ s&a** in&e$i 'e$ ca'i a( and &e *a e$ 'e$ s i$'es. A$ . 1CC8. S&ou*d !$o &e$ and sis e$s of &e fu** !*ood su$#i#e o)e &e$ %i & !$o &e$s and sis e$s of &e &a*f !*ood( &e fo$me$ s&a** !e en i *ed o a s&a$e dou!*e &a of &e *a e$. A$ . 1CC7. In case !$o &e$s and sis e$s of &e &a*f !*ood( some on &e fa &e$Ms and some on &e mo &e$Ms side( a$e &e on*" su$#i#o$s( a** s&a** in&e$i in equa* s&a$es %i &ou dis inc ion as o &e o$i)in of &e '$o'e$ ". A$ . 1CC<. C&i*d$en of !$o &e$s and sis e$s of &e &a*f !*ood s&a** succeed 'e$ ca'i a o$ 'e$ s i$'es( in acco$dance %i & &e $u*es *aid do%n fo$ &e !$o &e$s and sis e$s of &e fu** !*ood. A$ . 1CCB. S&ou*d &e$e !e nei &e$ !$o &e$s no$ sis e$s no$ c&i*d$en of !$o &e$s o$ sis e$s( &e o &e$ co**a e$a* $e*a i#es s&a** succeed o &e es a e. T&e *a e$ s&a** succeed %i &ou dis inc ion of *ines o$ '$efe$ence amon) &em !" $eason of $e*a ions&i' !" &e %&o*e !*ood. A$ . 1C1C. T&e $i)& o in&e$i a! in es a o s&a** no e+ end !e"ond &e fif & de)$ee of $e*a ions&i' in &e co**a e$a* *ine.

A$ . 1CC4. S&ou*d &e on*" su$#i#o$s !e !$o &e$s and sis e$s of &e fu** !*ood( &e" s&a** in&e$i in equa* s&a$es. )rescripti*e period for the claim is 1 G& I&A7' from the deli*ery of the property to the state or political su.di*ision concerned. 5ho may ma+e the claim 9 any person entitled .y succession to the estate- including any heir of any +ind of succession- legitimetestamentary or intestate. THE PROELE, O. PARTIAL INTESTACF The com.inations laid down in Articles @7?>1A1# co*er only cases of TOTA" intestacy. There is no pro*ision to go*ern cases of partial intestacy when the decedent has left a will disposing of part- .ut not all- of the disposa.le portion. =ow then should the estate .e di*ided if the decedent died with a will .ut the will does not dispose of the entire free or disposa.le portion6 The pro.lem is sol*ed .y inference- .earing in mind the law4s intent- thus3 1E Trace where the free portion went in total intestacy 2E 'ince part of that free portion was disposed of .y will- the testamentary pro*ision should .e carried outand what is left of the free portion should then .e gi*en to the intended .eneficiary in intestacy. &JAM)"& J died- lea*ing as his sur*i*ors his legitimate parents A and 2 and his wife I- without any children. =e left a will gi*ing 1L? of his entire estate to Caritas Manila. =is net estate is worth )(AA-AAA.

SU;SECTION =. ! T'e State A$ . 1C11. In defau* of 'e$sons en i *ed o succeed in acco$dance %i & &e '$o#isions of &e '$ecedin) Sec ions( &e S a e s&a** in&e$i &e %&o*e es a e. A$ . 1C1@. In o$de$ &a &e S a e ma" a2e 'ossession of &e '$o'e$ " men ioned in &e '$ecedin) a$ ic*e( &e 'e$ inen '$o#isions of &e Ru*es of Cou$ mus !e o!se$#ed. A$ . 1C1A. Af e$ &e 'a"men of de! s and c&a$)es( &e 'e$sona* '$o'e$ " s&a** !e assi)ned o &e munici'a*i " o$ ci " %&e$e &e deceased *as $esided in &e P&i*i''ines( and &e $ea* es a e o &e munici'a*i ies o$ ci ies( $es'ec i#e*"( in %&ic& &e same is si ua ed. If &e deceased ne#e$ $esided in &e P&i*i''ines( &e %&o*e es a e s&a** !e assi)ned o &e $es'ec i#e munici'a*i ies o$ ci ies %&e$e &e same is *oca ed. Suc& es a e s&a** !e fo$ &e !enefi of 'u!*ic sc&oo*s( and 'u!*ic c&a$i a!*e ins i u ions and cen e$s( in suc& munici'a*i ies o$ ci ies. T&e cou$ s&a** dis $i!u e &e

)7OC&''LAN'5&7 The will is not inofficious- since it disposes only of 1L? of the estate- the disposa.le portion .eing M. The *e)i imes of the compulsory heirs are 9 o A and 2 as legitimate parents 9 T of estate W )!AA-AAA

es a e as &e $es'ec i#e needs of eac& !eneficia$" ma" %a$$an . T&e cou$ ( a &e ins ance of an in e$es ed 'a$ "( o$ on i s o%n mo ion( ma" o$de$ &e es a!*is&men of a 'e$manen $us ( so &a on*" &e income f$om &e '$o'e$ " s&a** !e used. A$ . 1C14. If a 'e$son *e)a**" en i *ed o &e es a e of &e deceased a''ea$s and fi*es a c*aim &e$e o %i & &e cou$ %i &in fi#e "ea$s f$om &e da e &e '$o'e$ " %as de*i#e$ed o &e S a e( suc& 'e$son s&a** !e en i *ed o &e 'ossession of &e same( o$ if so*d &e munici'a*i " o$ ci " s&a** !e accoun a!*e o &im fo$ suc& 'a$ of &e '$oceeds as ma" no &a#e !een *a%fu**" s'en .

@?

One of &e 'e$sons &us ca**ed die !efo$e &e es a o$( o$ $enounce &e in&e$i ance o$ !e inca'aci a ed o $ecei#e i . o 7enunciation- predecease or incapacity of one or more .ut "&'' T=AN A"" of the instituted heirs.

A$ . 1C17. T&e %o$ds SoneG&a*f fo$ eac&S o$ Sin equa* s&a$esS o$ an" o &e$s %&ic&( &ou)& desi)na in) an a*iquo 'a$ ( do no iden if" i !" suc& desc$i' ion as s&a** ma2e eac& &ei$ &e e+c*usi#e o%ne$ of de e$mina e '$o'e$ "( s&a** no e+c*ude &e $i)& of acc$e ion. In case of mone" o$ fun)i!*e )oods( if &e s&a$e of eac& &ei$ is no ea$ma$2ed( &e$e s&a** !e a $i)& of acc$e ion.

CHAPTER 4 A$ . 1C1<. In *e)a* succession &e s&a$e of &e 'e$son %&o PROVISIONS CO,,ON TO TESTATE AN- INTESTATE S0CCESSIONS
SECTION 1- 4IG8T O, ACC4ETION A$ . 1C15. Acc$e ion is a $i)& !" #i$ ue of %&ic&( %&en %o o$ mo$e 'e$sons a$e ca**ed o &e same in&e$i ance( de#ise o$ *e)ac"( &e 'a$ assi)ned o &e one %&o $enounces o$ canno $ecei#e &is s&a$e( o$ %&o died !efo$e &e es a o$( is added o$ inco$'o$a ed o &a of &is coG&ei$s( coG de#isees( o$ coG*e)a ees. A$ . 1C18. In o$de$ &a &e $i)& of acc$e ion ma" a2e '*ace in a es amen a$" succession( i s&a** !e necessa$"= >1? T&a %o o$ mo$e 'e$sons !e ca**ed o &e same in&e$i ance( o$ o &e same 'o$ ion &e$eof( '$o indi#iso; and >@? T&a one of &e 'e$sons &us ca**ed die !efo$e &e es a o$( o$ $enounce &e in&e$i ance( o$ !e inca'aci a ed o $ecei#e i . ACC7&T ON $efinition 9 a right .y *irtue of which- when 2 or more persons are called to the same inheritance- de*ise or legacy- the part assigned to the one who renounces or cannot recei*e his share- or who died .efore the testator. Occasions for Operation of Accretion aE 7&NBNC AT ON .E )7&$&C&A'& cE NCA)AC TI ELE,ENTS .OR ACCRETION IN TESTA,ENTARF S0CCESSION 1? @ o$ mo$e 'e$sons a$e ca**ed o &e same in&e$i ance( o$ o &e same 'o$ ion &e$eof( !ro in i*iso o Meaning of pro indi*iso3 &ither the co>heirs are instituted without indi*idual designation of shares- e/. , institute A and 2 to T of my estate.0 Or The co>heirs are instituted with the specification that they share equally :,in equal shares0; or that they ha*e the same fractional sharing for each :Art1A17;. &/amples3 , institute A- 2 and C to T of my estate in equal shares-0 or , institute A- 2 and C to T of my estate- each of them to ta+e 1L! of such T.0 5ill accretion occur if the fractional sharings of the co>heirs are unequal6 I&'. All that the law requires is that the institution .e pro in*i.iso- which means ,as undi*ided0 or ,in common0. The term does not import equality of shares. Thus- accretion will occur e*en if the sharings are unequal- as long as the result is co>ownership.

$e'udia es &e in&e$i ance s&a** a*%a"s acc$ue o &is coG &ei$s.

n intestacy- accretion occurs 9 A. n repudiation or renunciation 9 accretion is su.ordinate to representation in intestacy. 2. n predecease- only if representation does not ta+e place C. n incapacity or unworthiness- only if representation does not ta+e place. The co>heirs in whose fa*or accretion occurs must .e co>heirs in the same category as the e/cluded heir. &/ample- if J dies intestate and is sur*i*ed .y his wife I and his .rothers A- 2 and C. f C renounces- his portion goes to A and 2 .y accretion. I is not an accruing co> heir- not .eing of the same category or class. A$ . 1C1B. T&e &ei$s o %&om &e 'o$ ion )oes !" &e $i)& of acc$e ion a2e i in &e same '$o'o$ ion &a &e" in&e$i . 8eneral 7ule > Accretion should .e proportional. A$ . 1C@C. T&e &ei$s o %&om &e in&e$i ance acc$ues s&a** succeed o a** &e $i)& s and o!*i)a ions %&ic& &e &ei$ %&o $enounced o$ cou*d no $ecei#e i %ou*d &a#e &ad. &JC&)T ON' to general rule that accretion should .e proportional 9 aE .E n testamentary succession- if the testator pro*ides otherwisef the o.ligation is purely persona- and hence intransmissi.le.

A$ . 1C@1. Amon) &e com'u*so$" &ei$s &e $i)& of acc$e ion s&a** a2e '*ace on*" %&en &e f$ee 'o$ ion is *ef o %o o$ mo$e of &em( o$ o an" one of &em and o a s $an)e$. S&ou*d &e 'a$ $e'udia ed !e &e *e)i ime( &e o &e$ coG&ei$s s&a** succeed o i in &ei$ o%n $i)& ( and no !" &e $i)& of acc$e ion. 1'T paragraph 9 ! +inds of succession3 compulsorytestamentary and intestate. These ! are distinct- although they may operate simultaneously. Conse3uent+,0 accretion is restricte* in its operation 1it'in t'e con)ines o) t'e particu+ar >in* o) succession in.o+.e*. 2N$ paragraph 9 there is NO ACC7&T ON in the "&8 T M&. n most cases- this rule will not su.stantially affect the operation of the legitime. The possi.le significance of this is when it comes to the computation of legitimes of illegitimate children or the sur*i*ing spouse- when concurring with legitimate children. A$ . 1C@@. In es amen a$" succession( %&en &e $i)& of acc$e ion does no a2e '*ace( &e #acan 'o$ ion of &e ins i u ed &ei$s( if no su!s i u e &as !een desi)na ed( s&a** 'ass o &e *e)a* &ei$s of &e es a o$( %&o s&a** $ecei#e i %i & &e same c&a$)es and o!*i)a ions.

 n the testamentary succession- accretion is su.ordinate to su.stitution- if the testator so pro*ided. This is .ecause su.stitution is the testator4s e/press intent- whereas accretion is merely his i(p+ie* intent. O.*iously- if there is neither su.stitution nor accretion- the part left *acant will lapse into intestacy and will .e disposed of accordingly. A$ . 1C@A. Acc$e ion s&a** a*so a2e '*ace amon) de#isees( *e)a ees and usuf$uc ua$ies unde$ &e same condi ions es a!*is&ed fo$ &ei$s. SECTION +- CA'ACIT; TO S7CCEE5 9; WILL O4 9; INTESTAC; A$ . 1C@4. Pe$sons no inca'aci a ed !" *a% ma" succeed !" %i** o$ a! in es a o. T&e '$o#isions $e*a in) o inca'aci " !" %i** a$e equa**" a''*ica!*e o in es a e succession. The general rule is in fa*or of capacity to succeed- as long as the successor has Duridical personality. ncapacity must .e .ased on some legal ground and must .e shown. The second paragraph is inaccurate. 'ome grounds for incapacity to succeed .y will ha*e no application to compulsory or intestate succession. The articles laying down the cause of incapacity to succeed are Articles 1A27- 2A2? and 1A!2. A. Article 1A27 pars. 1>% 9 applica.le only to testamentary succession 2. Article 1A27 par( 9 applica.le to A"" +inds of succession C. Article 1A2? 9 applica.le only to testamentary succession $. Article 1A!2 9 applica.le to A"" +inds of succession A$ . 1C@5. In o$de$ o !e ca'aci a ed o in&e$i ( &e &ei$( de#isee o$ *e)a ee mus !e *i#in) a &e momen &e succession o'ens( e+ce' in case of $e'$esen a ion( %&en i is '$o'e$. A c&i*d a*$ead" concei#ed a &e ime of &e dea & of &e deceden is ca'a!*e of succeedin) '$o#ided i !e !o$n *a e$ unde$ &e condi ions '$esc$i!ed in a$ ic*e 41. RE/0IRE,ENT .OR CAPACITF TO S0CCEE- O. NAT0RAL PERSONS A. Gene$a* $u*e 9 mus !e LIVING %&en succession o'ens 1. 5hen succession opens 9 the decedent4s death under Art777 2. Meaning of ,li*ing0 9 it is enough that the heirde*isee or legatee .e already concei.e* when the decedent dies- pro*ided it .e .orn later- in accordance with Articles #A and #1. nheriting is fa*ora.le to the child. If ins i u ion is su!Jec o a Sus'ensi#e Condi ion o 'uccessor must A"'O .e li*ing when the condition happens :Art1A!# par!;. Thus- in a conditional institution- the successor must .e li*ing 2OT= when the decedent dies AN$ when the condition happens. If ins i u ion su!Jec o a Sus'ensi#e Te$m o The requirement of .eing ali*e applies only at the moment of the decedent4s death- the successor need not .e ali*e- when the term arri*es :Art?7?;

&/ample 9 J has 2 sons A and 2. 2 was disinherited .y J. J died in 1@?%. n 1@?? 2 .egot a child. 24s child cannot represent 2 in the succession to J.

A$ . 1C@8. A es amen a$" dis'osi ion ma" !e made o &e S a e( '$o#inces( munici'a* co$'o$a ions( '$i#a e co$'o$a ions( o$)aniKa ions( o$ associa ions fo$ $e*i)ious( scien ific( cu* u$a*( educa iona*( o$ c&a$i a!*e 'u$'oses. A** o &e$ co$'o$a ions o$ en i ies ma" succeed unde$ a %i**( un*ess &e$e is a '$o#ision o &e con $a$" in &ei$ c&a$ e$ o$ &e *a%s of &ei$ c$ea ion( and a*%a"s su!Jec o &e same. RE/0IRE,ENT .OR CAPACITF O. N0RI-ICAL PERSONS TO S0CCEE t must already &J 'T as a Duridical person when the decedent dies. OrganiHations or associations which do not possess Duridical personality cannot succeed- .ecause legally- they would not e/ist. The enumeration of Duridical persons is found in Art ##3 Art. ##. The following are Duridical persons3 O1E The 'tate and its political su.di*isions< O2E Other corporations- institutions and entities for pu.lic interest or purpose- created .y law< their personality .egins as soon as they ha*e .een constituted according to law< O!E Corporations- partnerships and associations for pri*ate interest or purpose to which the law grants a Duridical personality- separate and distinct from that of each shareholder- partner or mem.er. 1or institutions su.Dect to suspensi*e conditions or termsthe rules outlined in the pre*ious article apply.

E.

A$ . 1C@7. T&e fo**o%in) a$e inca'a!*e of succeedin)= >1? T&e '$ies %&o &ea$d &e confession of &e es a o$ du$in) &is *as i**ness( o$ &e minis e$ of &e )os'e* %&o e+ ended s'i$i ua* aid o &im du$in) &e same 'e$iod; >@? T&e $e*a i#es of suc& '$ies o$ minis e$ of &e )os'e* %i &in &e fou$ & de)$ee( &e c&u$c&( o$de$( c&a' e$( communi "( o$)aniKa ion( o$ ins i u ion o %&ic& suc& '$ies o$ minis e$ ma" !e*on); >A? A )ua$dian %i & $es'ec o es amen a$" dis'osi ions )i#en !" a %a$d in &is fa#o$ !efo$e &e fina* accoun s of &e )ua$dians&i' &a#e !een a''$o#ed( e#en if &e es a o$ s&ou*d die af e$ &e a''$o#a* &e$eof; ne#e$ &e*ess( an" '$o#ision made !" &e %a$d in fa#o$ of &e )ua$dian %&en &e *a e$ is &is ascendan ( descendan ( !$o &e$( sis e$( o$ s'ouse( s&a** !e #a*id; >4? An" a es in) %i ness o &e e+ecu ion of a %i**( &e s'ouse( 'a$en s( o$ c&i*d$en( o$ an" one c*aimin) unde$ suc& %i ness( s'ouse( 'a$en s( o$ c&i*d$en; >5? An" '&"sician( su$)eon( nu$se( &ea* & office$ o$ d$u))is %&o oo2 ca$e of &e es a o$ du$in) &is *as i**ness; >8? Indi#idua*s( associa ions and co$'o$a ions no 'e$mi ed !" *a% o in&e$i . )ars. 1>% apply only to T&'TAM&NTA7I 'uccession. They ha*e no application to the legitime or to intestacy. Thus- a person may .e disqualified to succeed .y will under these paragraphs .ut will still .e entitled to a legitime or to an intestate portion. t is unfortunate that these paragraphs- :e/cept )ar!- which clearly limits its application to testamentary dispositions; do not state clearly that they only apply to testamentary succession and not to the legitime or intestacy. )ar( is misplaced .ecause it pro*ides for disqualification. t should .e made a separate article. TOTA"

C.

7epresentation NOT an e/ception to 7equirement The requirement that the successor should .e ali*e when the decedent dies is a.solute. There is no e/ception to this rule- the pro*isions of this article notwithstanding. 1or representation to occur- the representation must at least already .e concei*ed when the decedent dies- .ecause of the pro*isions of Articles @71 and @7!.

 Rationa+e o) Pars. 1!< 9 the law- in imposing a disqualificationsee+s to pre*ent any possi.le a.use of the moral or spiritual ascendancy for purposes of testamentary .enefit. This disqualification is pere(ptor,. No actual duress or influence need .e shown- these are conclusi*ely presumed. )roof of a.sence of duress or influence is irrele*ant and will not remo*e the disqualification. PERSONS INCAPACITATE- TO S0CCEE1. P$ies o$ minis e$ of &e )os'e* o 7equisites3 aE The will must ha*e .een e/ecuted during the testator4s last illness .E The spiritual ministration must ha*e .een e/tended during the last illness. cE The will must ha*e .een e/ecuted during or after the spiritual ministration. o Notwithstanding the seemingly restricti*e terms of this disqualification- it applies not only to Christian priests- pastors- ministers and so forth- .ut also to all indi*iduals .elonging to other religions- sects or cults- whose office or function is to e/tend the peculiar spiritual ministrations of their creed. @. P$ies :s 4 & de)$ee $e*a i#es and &is C&u$c& o )urpose of disqualification 9 to pre*ent indirect *iolations or circum*entions of par1. o 'pouse of religious minister 9 does the prohi.ition apply to the spouse of the minister6 I&'. Although the Catholic priest s celi.ate- the priesthood or ministry of other denominations or religions are not. Certainly- the mischief sought to .e a*erted can .e perpetrated .y the spouse. Gua$dian as o dis'osi ion !efo$e .ina* Accoun in) o %'en *is3ua+i)ication app+ies 9 the will must ha*e .een e/ecuted .y the ward during the effecti*ity of the guardianship- which means at anytime .etween the commencement of the guardianship and its dissolution. o %'at >in* o) /uar*ians'ip co.ere* 9 terms of disqualification seem to .e limited to guardians o*er the property. n *iew- howe*er- of the purpose of the prohi.ition- the argument that this prohi.ition should apply as well to guardians o*er the person is most tena.le. o E?ception 9 a guardian who happens to .e an ascendant- descendant- .rother- sister or spouse of the ward>testator is e/cluded from the prohi.ition. Curiously- thus e/ception is not allowed in the other paragraphs. 4. A es in) %i ness o$ S'ouse( Pa$en s( C&i*d$en o$ an" one c*aimin) unde$ suc& %i ness( s'ouse( 'a$en s o$ c&i*d$en o &ssentially a reiteration of the disqualification in Art?2!- .ut cast more in general terms- since this article nullifies not Dust legacies and de*ises .ut all testamentary dispositions made in the witness4 fa*or. o NOT& 9 there is a discrepancy .etween this paragraph and Art?2!- which allows for an e/ception3 i.e. if there are ! other competent witnesses. T'at e?ception s'ou+* -e rea* into t'is para/rap'. P&"sician( su$)eon( nu$se( &ea* & office$ o$ d$u))is o 'cope of )rohi.ition 9 the person must ha*e ta>en care of the testator during the latter4s final illness. ,Ta+ing Care0 means medical attendance with some re/u+arit, or continuit, that the possi.ility of duress or influence e/ists. o =owe*er- the pharmacist who only happens to fill a prescription does not fall under the interdiction.

8.

Indi#idua*s( associa ions 'e$mi ed !" *a%

and

co$'o$a ions

no

2ewildering *ariations in the rules 9 5hy do some paragraphs :pars 2 and #; disqualify relati*es .ut another :par%; does not6 5hy is the e/ception in par! not applied to paragraphs 1 and %6 The reason is that the article is deri*ed from *arious sources 9 from the Old Code- the Code of Ci*il )rocedure and the ideas of the Code Commission. A$ . 1C@<. T&e '$o&i!i ions men ioned in a$ ic*e 7AB( conce$nin) dona ions in e$ #i#os s&a** a''*" o es amen a$" '$o#isions. The $isqualification laid down .y this article applies only to T&'TAM&NTA7I 'BCC&'' ON 2y the pro*isions of this article- those are disqualified from recei*ing donations under Art7!@ are li+ewise disqualified from recei*ing testamentary dispositions from the parties specified in that article. Art. 7!@. The following donations shall .e *oid3 O1E Those made .etween persons who were guilty of adultery or concu.inage at the time of the donation< O2E Those made .etween persons found guilty of the same criminal offense- in consideration thereof< O!E Those made to a pu.lic officer or his wife- descedants and ascendants- .y reason of his office. n the case referred to in No. 1- the action for declaration of nullity may .e .rought .y the spouse of the donor or donee< and the guilt of the donor and donee may .e pro*ed .y preponderance of e*idence in the same action. A$ . 1C@B. S&ou*d &e es a o$ dis'ose of &e %&o*e o$ 'a$ of &is '$o'e$ " fo$ '$a"e$s and 'ious %o$2s fo$ &e !enefi of &is sou*( in )ene$a* e$ms and %i &ou s'ecif"in) i s a''*ica ion( &e e+ecu o$( %i & &e cou$ Ms a''$o#a* s&a** de*i#e$ oneG&a*f &e$eof o$ i s '$oceeds o &e c&u$c& o$ denomina ion o %&ic& &e es a o$ ma" !e*on)( o !e used fo$ suc& '$a"e$s and 'ious %o$2s( and &e o &e$ &a*f o &e S a e( fo$ &e 'u$'oses men ioned in A$ ic*e 1C1A. RE/0ISITES A. $isposition for prayers and pious wor+s for the .enefit of the testator4s soul 2. No specification of application of the disposition Apportionment of the $isposition or its )roceeds A. One>half :1L2; to the Church or denomination to which the testator .elonged 2. One>half :1L2; to the 'tate- to .e applied as pro*ided for under Art1A1! A$ . 1CAC. Tes amen a$" '$o#isions in fa#o$ of &e 'oo$ in )ene$a*( %i &ou desi)na ion of 'a$ icu*a$ 'e$sons o$ of an" communi "( s&a** !e deemed *imi ed o &e 'oo$ *i#in) in &e domici*e of &e es a o$ a &e ime of &is dea &( un*ess i s&ou*d c*ea$*" a''ea$ &a &is in en ion %as o &e$%ise. T&e desi)na ion of &e 'e$sons %&o a$e o !e conside$ed as 'oo$ and &e dis $i!u ion of &e '$o'e$ " s&a** !e made !" &e 'e$son a''oin ed !" &e es a o$ fo$ &e 'u$'ose; in defau* of suc& 'e$son( !" &e e+ecu o$( and s&ou*d &e$e !e no e+ecu o$( !" &e Jus ice of &e 'eace( &e ma"o$( and &e munici'a* $easu$e$( %&o s&a** decide !" a maJo$i " of #o es a** ques ions &a ma" a$ise. In a** &ese cases( &e a''$o#a* of &e Cou$ of .i$s Ins ance s&a** !e necessa$". T&e '$ecedin) 'a$a)$a'& s&a** a''*" %&en &e es a o$ &as dis'osed of &is '$o'e$ " in fa#o$ of &e 'oo$ of a defini e *oca*i ". The named .eneficiaries here are the poor- either of a definite locality :par!; or of no designated locality :par1;. n the latter case- the .eneficiaries shall .e the poor of the testator4s domicile- unless e/cluded .y the testator in his will.

A.

5.

 5ho are to determine the indi*idual .eneficiaries within the class designated .y the testator6 A. The person authoriHed .y the testator or in his default2. The e/ecutor- or in his defaultC. The administrator. n fact- the committee specified in this article will ha*e no occasion to function. A$ . 1CA1. A es amen a$" '$o#ision in fa#o$ of a disqua*ified 'e$son( e#en &ou)& made unde$ &e )uise of an one$ous con $ac ( o$ made &$ou)& an in e$media$"( s&a** !e #oid. 7ationale 9 5hat cannot .e done .y direction cannot .e done .y indirection. The simulation must .e pro*ed- for this article to apply. &ffect of simulation or circum*ention 9 The article pro*ides that the disposition is *oid- hence ineffecti*e .oth as to the intended .eneficiary and the intermediary. The intestate heirs- to whom the property would go- ha*e the right to claim the nullity. A$ . 1CA@. T&e fo**o%in) a$e inca'a!*e of succeedin) !" $eason of un%o$ &iness= >1? Pa$en s %&o &a#e a!andoned &ei$ c&i*d$en o$ induced &ei$ dau)& e$s o *ead a co$$u' o$ immo$a* *ife( o$ a em' ed a)ains &ei$ #i$ ue; >@? An" 'e$son %&o &as !een con#ic ed of an a em' a)ains &e *ife of &e es a o$( &is o$ &e$ s'ouse( descendan s( o$ ascendan s; >A? An" 'e$son %&o &as accused &e es a o$ of a c$ime fo$ %&ic& &e *a% '$esc$i!es im'$isonmen fo$ si+ "ea$s o$ mo$e( if &e accusa ion &as !een found )$ound*ess; >4? An" &ei$ of fu** a)e %&o( &a#in) 2no%*ed)e of &e #io*en dea & of &e es a o$( s&ou*d fai* o $e'o$ i o an office$ of &e *a% %i &in a mon &( un*ess &e au &o$i ies &a#e a*$ead" a2en ac ion; &is '$o&i!i ion s&a** no a''*" o cases %&e$ein( acco$din) o *a%( &e$e is no o!*i)a ion o ma2e an accusa ion; >5? An" 'e$son con#ic ed of adu* e$" o$ concu!ina)e %i & &e s'ouse of &e es a o$; >8? An" 'e$son %&o !" f$aud( #io*ence( in imida ion( o$ undue inf*uence s&ou*d cause &e es a o$ o ma2e a %i** o$ o c&an)e one a*$ead" made; >7? An" 'e$son %&o !" &e same means '$e#en s ano &e$ f$om ma2in) a %i**( o$ f$om $e#o2in) one a*$ead" made( o$ %&o su''*an s( concea*s( o$ a* e$s &e *a e$Ms %i**; ><? An" 'e$son %&o fa*sifies o$ fo$)es a su''osed %i** of &e deceden . This article applies to a++ >in*s o) succession GRO0N-S .OR 0N1ORTHINESS 1. Pa$en s %&o &a#e a!andoned &ei$ c&i*d$en o$ induced &ei$ dau)& e$s o *ead a co$$u' o$ immo$a* *ife( o$ a em' ed a)ains &ei$ #i$ ue o There are ! grounds gi*en3 1E A.andonment of the child 2E nducement of a daughter to lead a corrupt or immoral life !E Attempt against a daughter4s *irtue o All these ! grounds are also grounds for disinheritance of parents or ascendants under Art@2A. The same rules apply. @. Pe$son con#ic ed of an a em' a)ains &e *ife of &e es a o$( &is o$ &e$ s'ouse( descendan s o$ ascendan s o Also a ground for disinheritance under Art@1@. The same rules apply. Pe$son %&o accused &e es a o$ of a c$ime fo$ %&ic& &e *a% '$esc$i!ed im'$isonmen fo$ 8 "ea$s o$ mo$e( if &e accusa ion &as !een found o !e )$ound*ess

o Also a ground for disinheritance under Art@1@. The same rules apply. 4. An" &ei$ of fu** a)e %&o( &a#in) 2no%*ed)e of &e #io*en dea & of &e es a o$( s&ou*d fai* o $e'o$ i o an office$ of &e *a% %i &in a mon &( unless &e au &o$i ies &a#e a*$ead" a2en ac ion o One requisite of this ground for disqualification ma+es this paragraph non>operati*e 9 a legal o.ligation to ma+e an accusation. There is no such o.ligation under the present law. o =owe*er- the 7equisites of this paragraph are 9 aE The heir has +nowledge of the *iolent death of the decedent .E The heir is of legal age cE The heir fails to report it to an officer of the law within a month after learning of it dE The authorities ha*e not yet ta+en action eE There is a legal o.ligation for the heir to ma+e an accusation. Pe$son con#ic ed of adu* e$" o$ concu!ine a)e %i & &e s'ouse of &e es a o$ o Also a ground for disinheritance under Art@1@. The same rules apply. An" 'e$son %&o !" f$aud( #io*ence( in imida ion o$ undue inf*uence s&ou*d cause &e es a o$ o ma2e a %i** o$ o c&an)e one a*$ead" made o Also a ground for disinheritance under Art@1@. The same rules apply. Pe$son %&o !" &e same means '$e#en s ano &e$ f$om ma2in) a %i**( o$ f$om $e#o2in) one a*$ead" made( o$ %&o su''*an s( concea*s( o$ a* e$s &e *a e$:s %i** Pe$son %&o fa*sifies o$ fo$)es a su''osed %i** of &e deceden

5.

8.

7.

<.

E..ECT O. 0N1ORTHINESS Bnworthiness gi*es rise to tota+ *is3ua+i)ication- i.e. the unworthy heir is incapacitated to succeed from the offended party .y ANI 1O7M O1 'BCC&'' ON. T'us0 un1ort'iness an* *isin'eritance 'a.e i*entica+ e))ects. Un1ort'iness is *isin'eritance i(pose* -, +a1. That unworthiness depri*es the unworthy heir e*en of the legitime is clear from Article 1A!%. A$ . 1CAA. T&e cause of un%o$ &iness s&a** !e %i &ou effec if &e es a o$ &ad 2no%*ed)e &e$eof a &e ime &e made &e %i**( o$ if( &a#in) 2no%n of &em su!sequen *"( &e s&ou*d condone &em in %$i in). 7estoration to Capacity 9 the unworthiness is set aside and the unworthy heir restored to capacity in 2 ways3 1. A written condonation- or 2. The e/ecution .y the offended party of a will with +nowledge of the cause of unworthiness. Kuestion 9 regarding the second mode- is it enough that the offended party e/ecute a will with +nowledge of the e/istence of the cause of unworthiness6 o 2alane says that the .etter opinion is that it is NOT enough- the will must either institute the unworthy heir or restore him to capacity. Common G$ounds fo$ 0n%o$ &iness and -isin&e$i ance= Conf*ic in) ,odes of Lif in) -isqua*ifica ion 3A$ ic*es 1CAA and B@@4 A.Most of the grounds for unworthiness are also grounds for disinheritance under Art1A!2. There is no pro.lem if the offended party does not choose to disinherit the offending heir- .ecause then only the rules of unworthiness will operate. 'hould the offended party- howe*er- elect to disinherit the offender- the 2 set of rules on disinheritance and unworthiness would o*erlap.

A.

The pro.lem then arises3 =O5 ' T=& $ 'KBA" 1 &$ =& 7 7&'TO7&$ TO CA)AC TI6 Bnder the rules on disinheritance- a su-se3uent reconci+iation is enou/' OArt@22E< under those on unworthiness- either a 1ritten par*on or a su-se3uent 1i++ is required. 'upposing that there is a reconciliation .ut nothing in writing- will it .e correct to conclude that the heir is restored to capacity under the rule on disinheritance .ut stays disqualified under the rule on unworthiness6 2alane says this seems unaccepta.le .ecause that would ma+e the rules on unworthiness :which is .y operation of law and is only the implied will of the offended party; pre*ail o*er those on disinheritance :which is his e/press will;

7epresentation in the Collateral "ine f the unworthy heir is a .rother or sister- his children :nephews and nieces of the decedent; will represent under art@72 par2. 'econd )aragraph 9 Articles 22%>22( of the 1amily Code should .e read together with the second paragraph of this article 9 A. As to usu)ruct 9 the prohi.ition in this pro*ision has .ecome unnecessary .ecause of Art22( par2 of the 1amily Code. 2. As to a*(inistration 9 the disqualification remains- and this right shall .e e/ercised either .y a Dudicially appointed guardian or those *ested .y law with su.stitute parental authority under Art21( of the 1amily Code. A$ . 1CA8. A*iena ions of &e$edi a$" '$o'e$ "( and ac s of adminis $a ion 'e$fo$med !" &e e+c*uded &ei$( !efo$e &e Judicia* o$de$ of e+c*usion( a$e #a*id as o &e &i$d 'e$sons %&o ac ed in )ood fai &; !u &e coG&ei$s s&a** &a#e a $i)& o $eco#e$ dama)es f$om &e disqua*ified &ei$. 8ood 1aith of Transferee as $etermining 1actor of Galidity The *alidity of the alienation is determined .y the good faith or .ad faith of the transferee- not of the transferor :the e/cluded heir; 1or the transferee to .e in good faith- he must ha*e acquired the thing )or .a+ue and 1it'out >no1+e*/e of the defect of the transferor4s title. Thus- a donee cannot claim the .enefit of this pro*isionsince he did not acquire for *alue. Note that in cases of *alid alienations .y the disqualified heirthe rightful heirs are not without a remedy3 they may go after the disqualified heir for damages. A$ . 1CA7. T&e un%o$ &" &ei$ %&o is e+c*uded f$om &e succession &as a $i)& o demand indemni " o$ an" e+'enses incu$$ed in &e '$ese$#a ion of &e &e$edi a$" '$o'e$ "( and o enfo$ce suc& c$edi s as &e ma" &a#e a)ains &e es a e. The right of reim.ursement granted .y this article to the e/cluded heir is irrespecti*e of his .ad faith .ecause the e/penses referred to in this article are necessary e/penses which ha*e to .e reim.ursed e*en to a possessor in .ad faith :under Articles ##! and %#( par1; A$ . 1CA<. An" 'e$son inca'a!*e of succession( %&o( dis$e)a$din) &e '$o&i!i ion s a ed in &e '$ecedin) a$ ic*es( en e$ed in o &e 'ossession of &e &e$edi a$" '$o'e$ "( s&a** !e o!*i)ed o $e u$n i o)e &e$ i i s accessions. He s&a** !e *ia!*e fo$ a** &e f$ui s and $en s &e ma" &a#e $ecei#ed( o$ cou*d &a#e $ecei#ed &$ou)& &e e+e$cise of due di*i)ence. The disqualified heir- referred to in this article- who too+ possession of the hereditary property- is a possessor in .ad faith- .ecause he too+ possession ,disregarding the pro*ision stated in the preceding articles.0 =ence- the law applies to him the rules on possession in .ad faith3 1. The o.ligation to return- with accessions 2. "ia.ility for fruits which were recei*ed and could ha*e .een recei*ed. These are the same rules laid down in Art%#@. )eriod for action to reco*er 9 Bnder Art 1A#A- % years. A$ . 1CAB. Ca'aci " o succeed is )o#e$ned !" &e *a% of &e na ion of &e deceden . National law of decedent go*erns capacity 9 note that it is the national law of the $&C&N$&NT and not that of the heir that go*erns the capacity to succeed. This is the same principle as Art1( par2. Art. 1(. 7eal property as well as personal property is

2. T=B'- the most accepta.le reconciliation seems to .e the following3 1. f offended party $O&' NOT MAF& A 5 "" su.sequent to the occurrence of the common cause 9 apply article 1A!!- unworthiness sets in ipso )acto and written condonation is necessary to restore capacity. 2. f offended party MAF&' A 5 "" su.sequent to the occurrence of the common cause 9 a. f he +new of the cause i. f he disinherits 9 art@22- disinheritance is ineffecti*e. ii. f he institutes or pardons the offender 9 offender restored to capacity. iii. f will is silent 9 this is disputed. 2ut the .etter opinion is that the unworthiness stays. .. f he did not +now of the cause 9 unworthiness stays A$ . 1CA4. In o$de$ o Jud)e &e ca'aci " of &e &ei$( de#isee o$ *e)a ee( &is qua*ifica ion a &e ime of &e dea & of &e deceden s&a** !e &e c$i e$ion. In cases fa**in) unde$ Nos. @( A( o$ 5 of A$ ic*e 1CA@( i s&a** !e necessa$" o %ai un i* fina* Jud)men is $ende$ed( and in &e case fa**in) unde$ No. 4( &e e+'i$a ion of &e mon & a**o%ed fo$ &e $e'o$ . If &e ins i u ion( de#ise o$ *e)ac" s&ou*d !e condi iona*( &e ime of &e com'*iance %i & &e condi ion s&a** a*so !e conside$ed. 5hen Capacity is to .e $etermined A. 8eneral 7ule 9 the time of the decedent4s death o 2ecause that is when successional rights *est. 2. f institution is su.Dect to suspensi*e condition 9 1. Time of the decedent4s death AN$ 2. Time of the happening of the condition f final Dudgment is a requisite of unworthiness 9 at the time of final Dudgment.

C.

A$ . 1CA5. If &e 'e$son e+c*uded f$om &e in&e$i ance !" $eason of inca'aci " s&ou*d !e a c&i*d o$ descendan of &e deceden and s&ou*d &a#e c&i*d$en o$ descendan s( &e *a e$ s&a** acqui$e &is $i)& o &e *e)i ime. T&e 'e$son so e+c*uded s&a** no enJo" &e usuf$uc and adminis $a ion of &e '$o'e$ " &us in&e$i ed !" &is c&i*d$en. 7epresentation in Bnworthiness Bnworthiness is one of the ! occasions for representation to operate. &/tent of 7epresentation 7epresentation in unworthiness :as also in predecease and disinheritance; e/tends not only to the legitime .ut also to whate*er portion in intestate succession the person represented may ha*e .een entitled to. The first paragraph of the article should not .e ta+en to imply that representation is confined to the legitime.

su.Dect to the law of the country where it is stipulated. =owe*er- intestate and testamentary successions- .oth with respect to the order of succession and to the amount of successional rights and to the intrinsic *alidity of testamentary pro*isions- shall .e regulated .y the national law of the person whose succession is under consideration- whate*er may .e the nature of the property and regardless of the country wherein said property may .e found. A$ . 1C4C. T&e ac ion fo$ a dec*a$a ion of inca'aci " and fo$ &e $eco#e$" of &e in&e$i ance( de#ise o$ *e)ac" s&a** !e !$ou)& %i &in fi#e "ea$s f$om &e ime &e disqua*ified 'e$son oo2 'ossession &e$eof. I ma" !e !$ou)& !" an" one %&o ma" &a#e an in e$es in &e succession. % years prescripti*e period 9 applies .oth to the declaration of incapacity of the heir and the reco*ery of the inheritance or portion thereof wrongfully possessed .y the disqualified heir. n effect- this is a special prescripti*e period for this action. t is an e/ception to the prescripti*e periods for reco*ery of mo*a.les :?years; and of immo*a.les :!Ayears; laid down respecti*ely in Articles 11#A and 11#1. A$ . 1C4A. No 'e$son ma" acce' o$ $e'udia e an in&e$i ance un*ess &e is ce$ ain of &e dea & of &e 'e$son f$om %&om &e is o in&e$i ( and of &is $i)& o &e in&e$i ance. Acceptance or renunciation must .e made +nowingly. Bnless the successor has +nowledge of the two things mentioned in this article- his acceptance or renunciation is not effecti*e. A$ . 1C44. An" 'e$son &a#in) &e f$ee dis'osa* of &is '$o'e$ " ma" acce' o$ $e'udia e an in&e$i ance. An" in&e$i ance *ef o mino$s o$ inca'aci a ed 'e$sons ma" !e acce' ed !" &ei$ 'a$en s o$ )ua$dians. Pa$en s o$ )ua$dians ma" $e'udia e &e in&e$i ance *ef o &ei$ %a$ds on*" !" Judicia* au &o$iKa ion. T&e $i)& o acce' an in&e$i ance *ef o &e 'oo$ s&a** !e*on) o &e 'e$sons desi)na ed !" &e es a o$ o de e$mine &e !eneficia$ies and dis $i!u e &e '$o'e$ "( o$ in &ei$ defau* ( o &ose men ioned in A$ ic*e 1CAC. 7equirement for )ersonal Acceptance or 7enunciation Capacity to act is required for personal acceptance or renunciation. Acceptance or 7enunciation on .ehalf of minors or other incapacitated parties Minors and other capacitated parties may accept or renounce on+, t'rou/' t'eir +e/a+ representati.es. =owe*erfor renunciation there is the added requirement of court appro.a+. The rules for renunciation are stricter than those for acceptance. Acceptance of Testamentary 8rants to the )oor The persons empowered in Art1A!A to select the recipients of testamentary grants to the poor in general are li+ewise empowered to accept on their .ehalf. Note that3 1. These authoriHed indi*iduals can only accept- not reDect the grant. 2. The persons selected as qualified recipients are- for their own part- free to accept or renounce the .enefit. A$ . 1C45. T&e *a%fu* $e'$esen a i#es of co$'o$a ions( associa ions( ins i u ions and en i ies qua*ified o acqui$e '$o'e$ " ma" acce' an" in&e$i ance *ef o &e *a e$( !u in o$de$ o $e'udia e i ( &e a''$o#a* of &e cou$ s&a** !e necessa$".

SECTION 3ACCE'TANCE AN5 4E'75IATION O, T8E IN8E4ITANCE A$ . 1C41. T&e acce' ance o$ $e'udia ion of &e in&e$i ance is an ac %&ic& is 'u$e*" #o*un a$" and f$ee. Acceptance of nheritance a 1ree Act The acceptance of property through succession 9 whether in the form of a legitime- testamentary succession or intestacy 9 is- li+e the acceptance of a donation- essentially free and *oluntary. No one can .e required to accept a .enefit3 Non potest +i-era+itas no+enti a*3uiri. The following articles lay down the requirements for acceptance and repudiation. t should .e noted that the rules for acceptance are much more " 2&7A" than those for repudiation. This is .ecause acceptance is .eneficial whereas repudiation is preDudicial to the successor. A$ . 1C4@. T&e effec s of &e acce' ance o$ $e'udia ion s&a** a*%a"s $e $oac o &e momen of &e dea & of &e deceden . This has the same underlying philosophy as Art777. The moment of death is the time succession *ests. 7&T7OACT G TI 9 A. Of Acceptance 9 the successor will .e deemed to ha*e owned and possessed the property from the precise moment of the decedent4s death. This rule has consequences with respect to acquisiti*e prescriptioncapacity to succeed- representation- etc. 2. Of 7enunciation 9 the renouncer is deemed ne*er to ha*e owned or possessed the property. Consequentlythe su.stitute- co>heir or intestate heir who gets the property in default of the renouncer is deemed to ha*e owned and possessed it from the moment of the decedent4s death. C. Conditional nstitutions 9 the principle of retroacti*ity is not o*erridden e*en if the institution is su.Dect to a suspensi*e condition. Bpon the happening of the condition- the property passes to the heir .ut with retroacti*e effect. This is the same principle enunciated in conditional o.ligations :Art11?7;. 'imilarly- if the condition does not happen- the property goes to the appropriate successor- with the same retroacti*e effect. =owe*er- for conditional institutions- the pro*isions of Art??A should .e complied with- to wit- the property should .e placed under administration during the interim.

A$ . 1C48. Pu!*ic officia* es a!*is&men s can nei &e$ acce' no$ $e'udia e an in&e$i ance %i &ou &e a''$o#a* of &e )o#e$nmen . These pro*isions lay down rules similar to those concerning acceptance or renunciation on .ehalf of minors and incompetents. The legal representati*es may accept or renounce the testamentary grant on .ehalf of the entity represented- .ut for renunciation- court appro*al is- additionally required. A$ . 1C47. A ma$$ied %oman of a)e ma" $e'udia e an in&e$i ance %i &ou &e consen of &e$ &us!and. Acceptance or renunciation .y a Married person There is no suggestion in this article that a married man of age does not ha*e the capacity to renounce without his wife4s consent. The rule is more accurately worded as follows 9 A married person of age and not incapacitated for any reason may accept or renounce an inheritance without his or her spouse4s consent. A$ . 1C4<. -eafGmu es %&o can $ead and %$i e ma" acce' o$ $e'udia e &e in&e$i ance 'e$sona**" o$ &$ou)& an a)en . S&ou*d &e" no !e a!*e o $ead and %$i e( &e in&e$i ance s&a** !e acce' ed !" &ei$ )ua$dians. T&ese )ua$dians ma" $e'udia e &e same %i & Judicia* a''$o#a*.

 Capacity of $eaf>mute to accept or renounce 9 this article must .e correlated with Art1!27- which pro*ides3 Art. 1!27. The following cannot gi*e consent to a contract3 O1E Bnemancipated minors< O2E nsane or demented persons- and deaf>mutes who do not +now how to write. Thus- a deaf>mute who can read and write has contractual capacity- and can accept or renounce on his own .ehalf. =owe*er- an illiterate deaf>mute is incompetent and the rules on acceptance and renunciation through a representati*e apply. :Art1A##; A$ . 1C4B. Acce' ance ma" !e e+'$ess o$ aci . An e+'$ess acce' ance mus !e made in a 'u!*ic o$ '$i#a e documen . A aci acce' ance is one $esu* in) f$om ac s !" %&ic& &e in en ion o acce' is necessa$i*" im'*ied( o$ %&ic& one %ou*d &a#e no $i)& o do e+ce' in &e ca'aci " of an &ei$. Ac s of me$e '$ese$#a ion o$ '$o#isiona* adminis $a ion do no im'*" an acce' ance of &e in&e$i ance if( &$ou)& suc& ac s( &e i *e o$ ca'aci " of an &ei$ &as no !een assumed. F N$' O1 ACC&)TANC& A. &/press 1. )u.lic $ocuments or 2. )ri*ate 5riting 2. Tacit C. mplied :Art1A%7; A$ . 1C5C. An in&e$i ance is deemed acce' ed= >1? If &e &ei$s se**s( dona es( o$ assi)ns &is $i)& o a s $an)e$( o$ o &is coG&ei$s( o$ o an" of &em; >@? If &e &ei$ $enounces &e same( e#en &ou)& )$a ui ous*"( fo$ &e !enefi of one o$ mo$e of &is coG&ei$s; >A? If &e $enounces i fo$ a '$ice in fa#o$ of a** &is coG &ei$s indisc$imina e*"; !u if &is $enuncia ion s&ou*d !e )$a ui ous( and &e coG&ei$s in %&ose fa#o$ i is made a$e &ose u'on %&om &e 'o$ ion $enounced s&ou*d de#o*#e !" #i$ ue of acc$e ion( &e in&e$i ance s&a** no !e deemed as acce' ed. TAC T ACC&)TANC& nferred from acts re*ealing an intent to accept. n generala tacit acceptance is inferred from acts of ownership performed .y the heir o*er the property. The enumeration in this article is i++ustrati.e .ut not e/clusi*e. nstances of Tacit Acceptance A. )ar1 9 Onerous or gratuitous con*eyance in fa*or of onesome or all of his co>heirs or to a stranger. This is an act of ownership- which necessarily implies that the heir has accepted the inheritance. 2. )ar2 9 8ratuitous renunciation in fa*or of one or some of his co>heirs. This is not in fact a renunciation .ut a con*eyance in fa*or of the co>heirs specified. t parta+es of the nature of donation and therefore must conform to the prescri.ed form of donations under Arts 7#?>7#@. f the gratuitous ,renunciation0 is in fa*or of A"" the heirs .ut in proportions $ 11&7&NT from those in which they would recei*e .y accretion- it is still a con*eyance and must .e treated as a tacit acceptance. A fortiori- if the renunciation in fa*or of one or some of the co>heirs is for an onerous consideration- there is an acceptance. C. )ar! 9 Onerous renunciation in fa*or of all the co>heirs indiscriminately< this is not in fact a renunciation .ut a sale f his portion and therefore constitutes a tacit acceptance.

8ratuitous renunciation in fa*or of the co>heirs indiscriminately 9 this is a true renunciation and cannot .e treated as a tacit acceptance. ndiscriminate renunciation means a renouncement- gratuitously made- in fa*or of all the co>heirs who would get the renounced portion .y *irtue of accretion. The same rule applies e*en if the part renounced in this manner is the legitime- notwithstanding that there is no accretion in the legitime- as long as the renunciation is indiscriminate. A$ . 1C51. T&e $e'udia ion of an in&e$i ance s&a** !e made in a 'u!*ic o$ au &en ic ins $umen ( o$ !" 'e i ion '$esen ed o &e cou$ &a#in) Ju$isdic ion o#e$ &e es amen a$" o$ in es a e '$oceedin)s. 1O7M' O1 7&NBNC AT ON A. )u.lic or Authentic :genuine; nstrument 2. )etition filed in the 'ettlement )roceedings 1orm of renunciation stricter 9 the law has stricter requisites for renunciation- since it is not .eneficial to the heir. A$ . 1C5@. If &e &ei$ $e'udia es &e in&e$i ance o &e '$eJudice of &is o%n c$edi o$s( &e *a e$ ma" 'e i ion &e cou$ o au &o$iKe &em o acce' i in &e name of &e &ei$. T&e acce' ance s&a** !enefi &e c$edi o$s on*" o an e+ en sufficien o co#e$ &e amoun of &ei$ c$edi s. T&e e+cess( s&ou*d &e$e !e an"( s&a** in no case 'e$ ain o &e $enounce$( !u s&a** !e adJudica ed o &e 'e$sons o %&om( in acco$dance %i & &e $u*es es a!*is&ed in &is Code( i ma" !e*on). This is an instance of accion pau+iana- which is the right gi*en to creditors to impugn or set aside contracts- transactions or dispositions of their de.tors which will preDudice or defraud them. The same principle is e/pressed in Art1177 and Art1!1! of the Ci*il Code. Art. 1177. The creditors- after ha*ing pursued the property in possession of the de.tor to satisfy their claims- may e/ercise all the rights and .ring all the actions of the latter for the same purpose- sa*e those which are inherent in his person< they may also impugn the acts which the de.tor may ha*e done to defraud them. Art. 1!1!. Creditors are protected in cases of contracts intended to defraud them. The right of the creditor to accept the inheritance in the name of the de.tor e/tends only to the amount or *alue necessary to satisfy the credit. Any amount in e/cess of that may .e *alidly renounced .y the de.tor>heir. A$ . 1C5A. If &e &ei$ s&ou*d die %i &ou &a#in) acce' ed o$ $e'udia ed &e in&e$i ance &is $i)& s&a** !e $ansmi ed o &is &ei$s. This rule is a consequence of the principle that the rieght of succession *ests at the moment of death. Therefore- the right of the heir who dies .efore accepting or renouncing is already *ested and is transmitted to the heir4s heirs. The right to the inheritance itself forms part of the inheritance of the heir and therefore- the heir of the heir can e/ercise the right granted .y this article only if he :the heir4s heir; accepts his own predecessor4s inheritance. f he renounces- o.*iously he cannot e/ercise this right. A$ . 1C54. S&ou*d &e$e !e se#e$a* &ei$s ca**ed o &e in&e$i ance( some of &em ma" acce' and &e o &e$s ma" $e'udia e i . f there are se*eral heirs- their right to accept or right corresponds to the aliquot share to which they are entitled.

 Thus- if J dies and I- his heir- himself dies .efore accepting or renouncing the inheritance- lea*ing A- 2 and C as his own heirs 9 A- 2 and C each has the right to accept or renounce his corresponding 1L! interest in whate*er I was entitled to inherit from J. Kuestion 9 should one or more of the heirs renounce- to whom will the repudiated portion go6 To the ones who accept- .y accretion6 Or to the intestate heirs of the decedent whose inheritance the predecessor of the heirs was una.le to accept or renounce6 A$ . 1C55. If a 'e$son( %&o is ca**ed o &e same in&e$i ance as an &ei$ !" %i** and a! in es a o( $e'udia es &e in&e$i ance in &is ca'aci " as a es amen a$" &ei$( &e is unde$s ood o &a#e $e'udia ed i in !o & ca'aci ies. S&ou*d &e $e'udia e i as an in es a e &ei$( %i &ou 2no%*ed)e of &is !ein) a es amen a$" &ei$( &e ma" s i** acce' i in &e *a e$ ca'aci ". This article go*erns the situation when a person is 2OT= a testamentary heir :or legatee or de*isee and an intestate heir;with respect to the same inheritance. 7B"&' A. f he renounces as testamentary heir :or legatee or de*isee; 9 he is deemed to ha*e renounced as intestate heir as well. 2. f he renounces as intestate heir 1it'out >no1+e*/e o) 'is -ein/ a testa(entar, 'eir :or legatee or de*isee; 9 he is NOT deemed to ha*e renounced as testamentary heir and may therefore accept or renounce separately in the latter capacity. 7ationale 9 the testamentary disposition is the e?press 1i++ of the testator- whereas intestacy is only his i(p+ie* 1i++. One who renounces the e/press will is deemed to ha*e renounced the implied also- .ut not the other way around. Kuestion 9 supposing the heir renounces as intestate heir with +nowledge of his .eing testamentary heir- may he accept in the latter capacity6 2alane says I&'- in light of the rationale of the rule. NON>A))" CA2 " TI O1 7B"& TO "&8 T M& n *iew of the rationale of the rule- should the heir .e simultaneously a compulsory heir and a testamentary heirhe can accept either or .oth. The legitime passes not .ecause of any implied will or wish of the decedent .ut .y strict operation of law- irrespecti*e of the decedent4s wishes. Thus- the term a- intestate in this article refers solely to intestate succession. To the same effect is the rule laid down in Art@%% par2regarding a person who is simultaneously a compulsory heir and a legatee or de*isee. A$ . 1C58. T&e acce' ance o$ $e'udia ion of an in&e$i ance( once made( is i$$e#oca!*e( and canno !e im'u)ned( e+ce' %&en i %as made &$ou)& an" of &e causes &a #i ia e consen ( o$ %&en an un2no%n %i** a''ea$s. &JC&)T ON' TO T=& 7B"& O1 1 NA" TI O1 ACC&)TANC& O7 7&NBNC AT ON A. Gitiated Consent 9 the factors are3 1. Giolence 2. ntimidation !. Bndue nfluence #. Mista+e %. 1raud 2. Appearance of an un+nown will 9 this applies if the newly> disco*ered will is su.sequent to any will which may ha*e formed the .asis for the acceptance or renouncement. The new will :assuming it is *alid and admitted to pro.ate; reopens the whole affair and will call for a new acceptance or renunciation. A$ . 1C57. 1i &in &i$ " da"s af e$ &e cou$ &as issued an o$de$ fo$ &e dis $i!u ion of &e es a e in acco$dance %i & &e Ru*es of Cou$ ( &e &ei$s( de#isees and *e)a ees s&a**

si)nif" o &e cou$ &a#in) Ju$isdic ion %&e &e$ &e" acce' o$ $e'udia e &e in&e$i ance. If &e" do no do so %i &in &a ime( &e" a$e deemed o &a#e acce' ed &e in&e$i ance. This is M)" &$ ACC&)TANC& 9 the failure to signify the acceptance or renunciation within the !A>day period specified .y this article Gui tacet consentire .i*etur 9 silence means yes. SECTION $- E&EC7TO4S AN5 A5:INIST4ATO4S A$ . 1C5<. A** ma e$s $e*a in) o &e a''oin men ( 'o%e$s and du ies of e+ecu o$s and adminis $a o$s and conce$nin) &e adminis $a ion of es a es of deceased 'e$sons s&a** !e )o#e$ned !" &e Ru*es of Cou$ . 5ith reference to 7ules 7?>@A of the 7ules of Court. A$ . 1C5B. If &e asse s of &e es a e of a deceden %&ic& can !e a''*ied o &e 'a"men of de! s a$e no sufficien fo$ &a 'u$'ose( &e '$o#isions of A$ ic*es @@AB o @@51 on P$efe$ence of C$edi s s&a** !e o!se$#ed( '$o#ided &a &e e+'enses $efe$$ed o in A$ ic*e @@44( No. <( s&a** !e &ose in#o*#ed in &e adminis $a ion of &e deceden Ms es a e. n relation to Articles 22!@>22%1 and 22##

A$ . 1C8C. A co$'o$a ion o$ associa ion au &o$iKed o conduc &e !usiness of a $us com'an" in &e P&i*i''ines ma" !e a''oin ed as an e+ecu o$( adminis $a o$( )ua$dian of an es a e( o$ $us ee( in *i2e manne$ as an indi#idua*; !u i s&a** no !e a''oin ed )ua$dian of &e 'e$son of a %a$d. 7ule 7? of the 7oC go*erns the issuance of letters testamentary and of administration and should .e read together with this article. SECTION 1- COLLATION T=7&& M&AN N8' O1 T=& T&7M ,CO""AT ON0 A' B'&$ N T=& 11 A7T C"&'3 1. Collation as COM)BTAT ON 9 :add; o This is a simple accounting or arithmetical process- where.y the *alue of all donations inter .i.os made .y the decedent is added to his a*aila.le assets in order to arri*e at the *alue of the net hereditary estate. o Article @A? 2. Collation as M)BTAT ON 9 :su.tract; o This is the process .y which donations inter .i.os made .y the decedent are correspondingly charged either to the donee4s legitime or against the disposa.le portion. o Articles @A@ and @1A Collation as 7&TB7N 9 o This ta+es place when a donation inter .i.os is found to .e ino))icious :i.e. e/ceeds the disposa.le portion; and so much of its *alue as is inofficious is returned to the decedent4s estate to satisfy the legitimes. o Articles @A@ and @1A also pro*ide for this.

!.

A$ . 1C81. E#e$" com'u*so$" &ei$( %&o succeeds %i & o &e$ com'u*so$" &ei$s( mus !$in) in o &e mass of &e es a e an" '$o'e$ " o$ $i)& %&ic& &e ma" &a#e $ecei#ed f$om &e deceden ( du$in) &e *ife ime of &e *a e$( !" %a" of dona ion( o$ an" o &e$ )$a ui ous i *e( in o$de$ &a i ma" !e com'u ed in &e de e$mina ion of &e *e)i ime of eac& &ei$( and in &e accoun of &e 'a$ i ion.

 This article refers to the COM)BTAT ON of all donations inter *i*os made .y the decedent- for the purpose of determining the *alue of the net estate. This is e/actly the same thing that is referred to in Art@A? par2. The process is purely arithmetical- and is merely paper computation. 5hat 'hould .e ncluded in the Computation A"" donations inter *i*os 9 whether made to compulsory heirs or to strangers- should .e included in the computation of the net hereditary estate. This is the ! rd step in the process of computing the net hereditary estate under Art@A?. Galue to .e Computed Only the *alue of the property donated AT T=& T M& T=& $ONAT ON 5A' MA$& is to .e computed since in donations ownership transfers at the time the donation is perfected. Thus- any su.sequent increase in *alue is for the donee4s .enefit- and any decrease is for his account. )urpose of the Article is to determine the amount of the net estate so as to ensure that the legitimes are not impaired. A$ . 1C8@. Co**a ion s&a** no a2e '*ace amon) com'u*so$" &ei$s if &e dono$ s&ou*d &a#e so e+'$ess*" '$o#ided( o$ if &e donee s&ou*d $e'udia e &e in&e$i ance( un*ess &e dona ion s&ou*d !e $educed as inofficious. Collation in the sense of M)BTAT ON That donations inter *i*os made .y the decedent to a compulsory heir are- as a general rule- imputed to or charged against the heir4s legitime. R0LES ON I,P0TATION O. -ONATIONS INTER VIVOS= A. -ona ions in e$ #i#os o com'u*so$" &ei$s o 873 'hould .e imputed to the heir4s legitime and is considered as an ad*ance on the legitime. o &JC&)T ON' 9 1. f the donor pro*ides in the $eed of $onation otherwise 2. f the donee renounces the inheritance.ecause in this case the donee gi*es up his status as a compulsory heir and therefore cannot .e considered as one. o n case either e/ception applies- the donation will ha*e to .e imputed to the 17&& )O7T ON. o Kuestion 9 supposing the compulsory heir recei*ed a donation inter *i*os from the decedent .ut the *alue of the donation e/ceeds the donee4s legitime6 The donation will .e imputed to the donee4s legitime to the e/tent of the lefitime4s *alue and the e/cess- to the free portion. E. C. -ona ions in e$ #i#os o s $an)e$s o mputed to the free portion Ins ances %&en dona ions in e$ #i#os a$e o !e im'u ed o &e .REE PORTION 1. 5hen made to strangers 2. 5hen made to compulsory heirs- and the donor so pro*ides that it will .e imputed to the free portion !. 5hen made to compulsory heirs who renounce the inheritance #. 5hen in e/cess of the compulsory heir4s legitimeas to the e/cess.

This article applies to $onations Mortis Cause :the pre*ious article applies to donations inter *i*os;. Therefore- here the testamentary disposition is as a general rule- not deemed as an ad*ance on the legitime. R0LE ON TESTA,ENTARF -ISPOSITIONS TO CO,P0LSORF HEIRS 873 they should NOT .e imputed to the legitime .ut to the free portion. =ence- the compulsory heir recei*es the testamentary disposition in addition to his legitime. &JC&)T ON3 if the testator pro*ides otherwise. Then the testamentary disposition in fa*or of the heir 5 "" .e M&78&$ with his legitime. That will ma+e the disposition illusory. A$ . 1C84. 1&en &e )$andc&i*d$en( %&o su$#i#e %i & &ei$ unc*es( aun s( o$ cousins( in&e$i f$om &ei$ )$and'a$en s in $e'$esen a ion of &ei$ fa &e$ o$ mo &e$( &e" s&a** !$in) o co**a ion a** &a &ei$ 'a$en s( if a*i#e( %ou*d &a#e !een o!*i)ed o !$in)( e#en &ou)& suc& )$andc&i*d$en &a#e no in&e$i ed &e '$o'e$ ". T&e" s&a** a*so !$in) o co**a ion a** &a &e" ma" &a#e $ecei#ed f$om &e deceden du$in) &is *ife ime( un*ess &e es a o$ &as '$o#ided o &e$%ise( in %&ic& case &is %is&es mus !e $es'ec ed( if &e *e)i ime of &e coG &ei$s is no '$eJudiced. Collation in the sense of M)BTAT ON This article applies to 2 instances3 1. 5hen the grandchildren of the decedent inheriting .y representation concurrently with children of the decedent :uncles and aunts of the grandchildren; who are inheriting in their own right- or 2. The grandchildren inherit .y representation with other grandchildren :cousins of the grandchildren;. 5hat the 8randchildren ha*e to Collate or mpute to the "egitime A. 5hate*er the parent whom they are representing would ha*e .een o.liged to collate< and 2. 5hate*er they themsel*es ha*e recei*ed from the grandparent .y gratuitous title- su.Dect to the same rules and e/ceptions in Art1A(2. A$ . 1C85. Pa$en s a$e no o!*i)ed o !$in) o co**a ion in &e in&e$i ance of &ei$ ascendan s an" '$o'e$ " %&ic& ma" &a#e !een dona ed !" &e *a e$ o &ei$ c&i*d$en. Collation in the sense of M)BTAT ON. A person should not collate what his parent ga*e to his child since he is not the recipient of the con*eyance. Against what part of the estate the con*eyance is imputa.le 9 the donation to the grandchild should .e imputed to the 17&& )O7T ON- since the donation is to a stranger. A$ . 1C88. Nei &e$ s&a** dona ions o &e s'ouse of &e c&i*d !e !$ou)& o co**a ion; !u if &e" &a#e !een )i#en !" &e 'a$en o &e s'ouses Join *"( &e c&i*d s&a** !e o!*i)ed o !$in) o co**a ion oneG&a*f of &e &in) dona ed. Collation in the sense of M)BTAT ON 7B"&' ON $ONAT ON' TO T=& ')OB'& O1 T=& C= "$ A. $onations made .y a person to his son>in>law or daughter>in>law are '&)A7AT& property of the donee and should not .e imputed to the legitime of the donor4s child :the donee4s spouse;. The donation is one made to a stranger. 2. f the donation is made to the spouse CO NT"I- one>half .elongs to the donor4s child and should .e treated in accordance with Art1A(2 and the other half is the property of the donor4s son or daughter>in>law and should .e treated as a donation to a stranger. o This presumption of equality of aliquot shares :as to the T di*ision .etween spouses; will yield to a different designation .y the donor.

A$ . 1C8A. P$o'e$ " *ef !" %i** is no deemed su!Jec o co**a ion( if &e es a o$ &as no o &e$%ise '$o#ided( !u &e *e)i ime s&a** in an" case $emain unim'ai$ed. Collation in the sense of M)BTAT ON.

 These rules are consistent with the 1amily Code 9 A. n AC) 9 Article @2 par. 1 Art. @2. The following shall .e e/cluded from the community property3 O1E )roperty acquired during the marriage .y gratuitous title .y either spouse- and the fruits as well as the income thereof- if any- unless it is e/pressly pro*ided .y the donor- testator or grantor that they shall form part of the community property< 2. n C)8 9 Art1A@ O2E and Article 11!. Art. 1A@. The following shall .e the e/clusi*e property of each spouse3 O2E That which each acquires during the marriage .y gratuitous title< Art. 11!. )roperty donated or left .y will to the spousesDointly and with designation of determinate shares- shall pertain to the donee>spouses as his or her own e/clusi*e property- and in the a.sence of designationshare and share ali+e- without preDudice to the right of accretion when proper. A$ . 1C87. E+'enses fo$ su''o$ ( educa ion( medica* a endance( e#en in e+ $ao$dina$" i**ness( a''$en ices&i'( o$dina$" equi'men ( o$ cus oma$" )if s a$e no su!Jec o co**a ion.

The items under this article constitute donations .y the parent to the child and therefore should .e treated li+e other donations to compulsory heirs under art1A(2. A$ . 1C7C. 1eddin) )if s !" 'a$en s and ascendan s consis in) of Je%e*$"( c*o &in)( and ou fi ( s&a** no !e $educed as inofficious e+ce' insofa$ as &e" ma" e+ceed oneG en & of &e sum %&ic& is dis'osa!*e !" %i**. This article applies only to 1e**in/ /i)ts gi*en .y parents or ascendants to children or descendants. 'cope and Operation of this Article 9 A. The article co*ers only wedding gifts consisting of Dewelry- clothing and wedding outfit. According to Manresa- outfit includes the items necessary for an indi*idual4s personal use. t does not include other property- whether real or personal- that would .e go*erned .y Art1A(2. 2. "iterally construed- this article seems to state that the *alue of such wedding gifts cannot go .eyond 1L1A of the free portion of the donor4s estate. Any e/cess will .e considered inofficious and should .e returned in the same manner and at the same time as other inofficious donations. t further seems that as o the allowa.le 1L1Athis is to .e imputed to the free portion. o The question is why should the gift .e reduced as inofficious Dust .ecause it e/ceeds 1L1A of the free portion6 o 'O- Manresa interprets the article to mean t'at t'e /i)t 1i++ -e i(pute* to t'e )ree portion to t'e e?tent o) 1K1: o) t'e )ree portion. ;e,on* t'at .a+ue0 t'e e?cess 1i++ -e i(puta-+e to t'e recipient2s +e/iti(e.

Collation in the sense of COM)BTAT ON :add;. The e/penses mentioned should not e*en .e included in the computation of the decedent4s estate. This is in effect a qualification of or an e/ception to the rule in Art1A(1. The reason is that it would .e e/tremely impractical or impossi.le to ma+e an accounting of all these items. Custice =ofilena says these are not really donations .ut e/penses. According to Tolentino- educational e/penses in the elementary and high school le*els are considered as e/penses and not su.Dect to collation- .ut higher le*els of education should .e collated. ,'upport0 in this article has a restricti*e meaning- it $O&' NOT include e/penses for the recipient4s professional- *ocational or other career .ecause these are items go*erned .y Art1A(?. A$ . 1C8<. E+'enses incu$$ed !" &e 'a$en s in )i#in) &ei$ c&i*d$en a '$ofessiona*( #oca iona* o$ o &e$ ca$ee$ s&a** no !e !$ou)& o co**a ion un*ess &e 'a$en s so '$o#ide( o$ un*ess &e" im'ai$ &e *e)i ime; !u %&en &ei$ co**a ion is $equi$ed( &e sum %&ic& &e c&i*d %ou*d &a#e s'en if &e &ad *i#ed in &e &ouse and com'an" of &is 'a$en s s&a** !e deduc ed &e$ef$om. Collation in the sense of M)BTAT ON This article states that as a general rule3 o The e/penses incurred .y the parents for the child4s professional- *ocational or other career :i.e. courses .eyond the secondary le*el; are an e/ception to the rule laid down in Art1A(2. o =ence- these e/penses- if not inofficious- although donations- should NOT .e charged against the recipient4s legitime .ut against the 17&& )O7T ON- unless the parents pro*ide otherwise. Contrary )ro*ision .y parents > o 'hould the parents pro*ide otherwise- the child is entitled under this article to deduct from the said amount the sum corresponding to what his parents would ha*e spent on him had he stayed at home and loafed. A$ . 1C8B. An" sums 'aid !" a 'a$en in sa isfac ion of &e de! s of &is c&i*d$en( e*ec ion e+'enses( fines( and simi*a$ e+'enses s&a** !e !$ou)& o co**a ion. Collation in the sense of M)BTAT ON

A$ . 1C71. T&e same &in)s dona ed a$e no o !e !$ou)& o co**a ion and 'a$ i ion( !u on*" &ei$ #a*ue a &e ime of &e dona ion( e#en &ou)& &ei$ Jus #a*ue ma" no &en &a#e !een assessed. T&ei$ su!sequen inc$ease o$ de e$io$a ion and e#en &ei$ o a* *oss o$ des $uc ion( !e i acciden a* o$ cu*'a!*e( s&a** !e fo$ &e !enefi o$ accoun and $is2 of &e donee. Collation in 2 senses3 COM)BTAT ON N M)BTAT ON 5hat *alue is to .e computed and imputed3 o Only the *alue of the thing donated at t'e ti(e t'e *onation 1as (a*e should .e considered in the computation of the donor4s estate. o 'imilarly- only the thing4s *alue at t'e ti(e t'e *onation 1as (a*e should .e impited whether to the legitime or to the free portion. 7eason 9 any appreciation or depreciation of the thing after that time should .e for the donee4s account- since the donation transfers ownership to him. A$ . 1C7@. In &e co**a ion of a dona ion made !" !o & 'a$en s( oneG&a*f s&a** !e !$ou)& o &e in&e$i ance of &e fa &e$( and &e o &e$ &a*f( o &a of &e mo &e$. T&a )i#en !" one a*one s&a** !e !$ou)& o co**a ion in &is o$ &e$ in&e$i ance. Collation in 2 senses3 COM)BTAT ON N M)BTAT ON CO NT $ONAT ON' The 1st sentence of this article presupposes either a regime of AC) or of C)8 .etween the donor spouses. A Doint donation .y them will .e treated- upon dissolution of the property regime- as pertaining in equal shares to the estate of each. $ONAT ON' 2I ON& )A7&NT A"ON& 'uch a donation will .e of separately>owned property and should .e treated as such.

A$ . 1C7A. T&e doneeMs s&a$e of &e es a e s&a** !e $educed !" an amoun equa* o &a a*$ead" $ecei#ed !" &im; and &is coG&ei$s s&a** $ecei#e an equi#a*en ( as muc& as 'ossi!*e( in '$o'e$ " of &e same na u$e( c*ass and qua*i ". Collation in the sense of M)BTAT ON This article requires not only equi*alence in amount- .ut as far as possi.le- also in the +ind of property recei*ed. This of course will yield to a different agreement among the heirs. A$ . 1C74. S&ou*d &e '$o#isions of &e '$ecedin) a$ ic*e !e im'$ac ica!*e( if &e '$o'e$ " dona ed %as immo#a!*e( &e coG&ei$s s&a** !e en i *ed o $ecei#e i s equi#a*en in cas& o$ secu$i ies( a &e $a e of quo a ion; and s&ou*d &e$e !e nei &e$ cas& o$ ma$2e a!*e secu$i ies in &e es a e( so muc& of &e o &e$ '$o'e$ " as ma" !e necessa$" s&a** !e so*d a 'u!*ic auc ion. If &e '$o'e$ " dona ed %as mo#a!*e( &e coG&ei$s s&a** on*" &a#e a $i)& o se*ec an equi#a*en of o &e$ 'e$sona* '$o'e$ " of &e in&e$i ance a i s Jus '$ice. This article pro*ides for the closes analogue to strict equi*alence- in case there are not enough of the same things to distri.ute among all. Again- this will yield to a contrary agreement among the heirs. A$ . 1C75. T&e f$ui s and in e$es of &e '$o'e$ " su!Jec o co**a ion s&a** no 'e$ ain o &e es a e e+ce' f$om &e da" on %&ic& &e succession is o'ened. .o$ &e 'u$'ose of asce$ ainin) &ei$ amoun ( &e f$ui s and in e$es of &e '$o'e$ " of &e es a e of &e same 2ind and qua*i " as &a su!Jec o co**a ion s&a** !e made &e s anda$d of assessmen . Collation in the sense of 7&TB7N 7ationale f any donation turns out to .e inofficious- then the o.ligation to return it to the estate arises as of the time the succession *ests- which is the time of the decedent4s death.ecause it is from that time the compulsory heir4s right to the inheritance .ecomes a.solute. 1rom that time therefore the compulsory heir is entitled to the fruits. &/tent of 7ight to 1ruits The entiret, of the fruits and interests shall pertain to the compulsory heir- on+, i) t'e *onation is TOTALL" ino))icious. f the donation is only partia++, ino))icious- the right to the fruits and interests shall .e )7O7AT&$ .etween the compulsory heir and the donee- in proportion to their respecti*e interests o*er the property. A$ . 1C78. T&e coG&ei$s a$e !ound o $eim!u$se o &e donee &e necessa$" e+'enses %&ic& &e &as incu$$ed fo$ &e '$ese$#a ion of &e '$o'e$ " dona ed o &im( &ou)& &e" ma" no &a#e au)men ed i s #a*ue. T&e donee %&o co**a es in 2ind an immo#a!*e %&ic& &as !een )i#en o &im mus !e $eim!u$sed !" &is coG &ei$s fo$ &e im'$o#emen s %&ic& &a#e inc$eased &e #a*ue of &e '$o'e$ "( and %&ic& e+is a &e ime &e 'a$ i ion if effec ed. As o %o$2s made on &e es a e fo$ &e me$e '*easu$e of &e donee( no $eim!u$semen is due &im fo$ &em; &e &as( &o%e#e$( &e $i)& o $emo#e &em( if &e can do so %i &ou inJu$in) &e es a e. Collation in the sense of 7&TB7N The rules in this article go*ern necessar, :par1;- use)u+ :par2; and orna(enta+ :par!; e/penses incurred .y the donee who is now o.liged to return. TOTA" O7 )A7T A" 7&TB7N The e/tent of the application of the rules in this article depends on the e/tent of the o.ligation to return- thus3

1.

f the thing has to .e returned in its &NT 7&TI .ecause the donation is totally inofficious 9 a. Necessary e/penses 9 reim.ursement must .e to the full e/tent of the e/penses incurred. This is in relation to Art%#( par13 Art. %#(. Necessary e/penses shall .e refunded to e*ery possessor< .ut only the possessor in good faith may retain the thing until he has .een reim.ursed therefor. .. Bseful e/penses 9 reim.ursement must .e to the full e/tent pro*ided that the impro*ement is still in e/istence. This is in relation to Art%#( par23 Bseful e/penses shall .e refunded only to the possessor in good faith with the same right of retention- the person who has defeated him in the possession ha*ing the option of refunding the amount of the e/penses or of paying the increase in *alue which the thing may ha*e acquired .y reason thereof. Ornamental e/penses 9 NO reim.ursement demanda.le- .ut the right to remo*al is granted if no inDury to the estate will .e cause. This is in relation to Article %#?3 Art. %#?. &/penses for pure lu/ury or mere pleasure shall not .e refunded to the possessor in good faith< .ut he may remo*e the ornaments with which he has em.ellished the principal thing if it suffers no inDury there.y- and if his successor in the possession does not prefer to refund the amount e/pended.

c.

2.

f the thing has to .e returned only in )A7T .ecause the donation is only partially inofficious a. Necessary and useful e/penses 9 the reim.ursement is also partial- in proportion to the *alue to .e returned. .. Ornamental e/penses 9 the same rule as in total return- unless the property is physically di*ided and the ornament happens to .e located in the portion assigned to the donee- in which case he will ha*e all the rights of ownership.

Confusion in terminology 9 the situation treated in this article is really a case of reduction of inofficious donations and the rules set forth in this article really .elong in the pro*isions on inofficious donations in Articles @1A- @1A and @11. The confusion would ha*e .een a*oided if the Code had not insisted on using the term collation so *ariedly. A$ . 1C77. S&ou*d an" ques ion a$ise amon) &e coG&ei$s u'on &e o!*i)a ion o !$in) o co**a ion o$ as o &e &in)s %&ic& a$e su!Jec o co**a ion( &e dis $i!u ion of &e es a e s&a** no !e in e$$u' ed fo$ &is $eason( '$o#ided adequa e secu$i " is )i#en. The di*ision and distri.ution of the estate can .e made partiallyshould there .e contro*ersy as to the inclusion of certain items in the computation of the estate4s *alue or the imputation of the heirs4 shares. The distri.ution can proceed on the items that are not contro*erted. SECTION %- 'A4TITION AN5 5IST4I97TION O, T8E ESTATE SU;SECTION 1. ! Partition The immediate effect of the decedent4s death is the *esting of the successional rights of the successors- .ecause the rights to the succession are transmitted from the moment of the death of the decedent.

 5hat the successors acquire *ested rights o*er is the net estate and the net estate is what remains after all the unpaid de.ts of the decedent are paid- and the *alue of all the donations inter *i*os is added. Thus- de.ts first ha*e to .e paid< it is possi.le- if the de.ts e/ceed the assets- that after the de.ts are paid- there will .e no estate to spea+ of. f howe*er the decedent4s gross assets e/ceed his lia.ilities- or if there are inofficious donations to .e returned- his net estate passes to his successors :heirs- legatees- de*isees; at the precise moment of death. The estate howe*er- is a mass of properties- usually consisting of *arious items. The immediate effect therefore- of the decedent4s death as far as successional rights are concerned- is a CO>O5N&7'= ) of the heirs o*er the entire mass. The legatees and de*isees will acquire a right to the specific items gi*en to them- assuming the legacies and de*ises are not inofficious. The actual partition of the estate among the heirs terminating the co>ownership can .e done .asically through 2 methods3 1. &/traDudicial agreement among the heirs- or 2. Cudicial proceedings The sequence may .e outlines as3 1. Bpon decedent4s death 9 co>ownership of heirs o*er net hereditary or parti.le estate 2. 'u.sequent )artition a. 2y e/traDudicial agreement under 7ule 7# 'ec1 of the 7OC .. Through Dudicial order in appropriate proceedings under 7ule @A 7oC Actually- the Dudicial proceeding in which the partition is ordered comprises the entire settlement of the estate of the decedentco*ered .y 7ules 7!>@A of the 7oC n this part of successional law- i.e. the partition of the estatesu.stanti*e law and procedural law intersect. A$ . 1C7<. 1&e$e &e$e a$e %o o$ mo$e &ei$s( &e %&o*e es a e of &e deceden is( !efo$e i s 'a$ i ion( o%ned in common !" suc& &ei$s( su!Jec o &e 'a"men of de! s of &e deceased. A$ . 1C7B. Pa$ i ion( in )ene$a*( is &e se'a$a ion( di#ision and assi)nmen of a &in) &e*d in common amon) &ose o %&om i ma" !e*on). T&e &in) i se*f ma" !e di#ided( o$ i s #a*ue. )artition ends the co>ownership among the co>heirs as to the thing partitioned. F N$' O1 )A7T T ON A. Actual 9 physical di*ision of the thing among the co>heirs 2. Constructi*e 9 any act- other than physical di*ision- which terminates the co>ownership :such as sale to a ! rd person 9 in relation to Articles 1A?2 and 1A?(;. A$ . 1C<C. S&ou*d a 'e$son ma2e 'a$ i ion of &is es a e !" an ac in e$ #i#os( o$ !" %i**( suc& 'a$ i ion s&a** !e $es'ec ed( insofa$ as i does no '$eJudice &e *e)i ime of &e com'u*so$" &ei$s. A 'a$en %&o( in &e in e$es of &is o$ &e$ fami*"( desi$es o 2ee' an" a)$icu* u$a*( indus $ia*( o$ manufac u$in) en e$'$ise in ac ( ma" a#ai* &imse*f of &e $i)& )$an ed &im in &is a$ ic*e( !" o$de$in) &a &e *e)i ime of &e o &e$ c&i*d$en o %&om &e '$o'e$ " is no assi)ned( !e 'aid in cas&. )A7T T ON 2I CAB'ANT& The causante :decedent; can himself effect the partition of his estate. 1. Nature o) Partition -, Causante 9 a partition made .y the causante has the ff. characteristics3 a. t ta+es effect only upon death.. t is re*oca.le as long as the causante is ali*e< hence the causante can change or modify it- or e*en rescind it during his lifetime.

o These characteristics stem from the fact that the partition is .ased on succession as the mode of transfer and succession is necessarily mortis causa. 'uccession- in our law- cannot ta+e place during the causante4s lifetime< that would .e a donation inter *i*os- not succession. 2. Ho1 causante (a, (a>e t'e Partition 9 a. 2y 5 ""- or .. 2y Act nter Gi*os i. 1orm of )artition .y Act nter Gi*os 9 there is authority to the effect that a partition inter *i*os should .e in 1ritin/ and in a pu-+ic instru(ent. :1aDardo *. 1aDardo; 2ut in an o.iter- 'C held that e*en an oral partition is *alid. :Cha*eH *. AC; ii. n case of a partition inter *i*os- must there .e a prior will6 Certainly- a mere partition inter *i*os which does not o.ser*e the formalities of a will cannot .y itself- ma+e testamentary dispositions .ecause that would circum*ent the requirement that dispositions mortis causa can .e made only .y means of a will. A person cannot- in the guise of ma+ing a partition- ma+e disposition of property to ta+e effect upon his death. Hustice HOFI sa,s t'at i) partition is (a*e -, pri.ate 1ritin/0 a)ter 1'ic' a 1i++ is e?ecute*0 t'e su-se3uent 1i++ 4OES NOT cure t'e pri.ate 1ritin/. T'ere)ore0 t'e partition is not e))ecti.e. A+sua B;etts .. CA pro*ides that the partition inter *i*os is *oid e*en if a su.sequent will is e/ecuted in conformity with the pro*isions of the prior partition. The case of Le/asto .. VerLosa pro*ides that a mere partition not connected to a will is not .inding. The act of disposition has to .e .y will- .ut the partitionLdistri.ution may .e done .y will or in writing. 'till- it must .e pursuant to or connected to a 5 "".

!. )ossi.le &ffect of Amended 5ording of Art1A?A3 The old Code used the term ,testator0 while Art1A?A used the term ,person0. Bnder the present pro*ision- a partition inter *i*os can .e *alidly made e*en without a prior supporting will- pro*ided that it is not used to ma+e mortis causa dispositions Nothing can ta+e the place of a will to dispose of property mortis causa. =ence- the only way a partition without a will can .e *alid is .y following strictly the intestate portions pro*ided .y law3 i.e. the partition should conform e/actly to the portions pro*ided .y law in intestate succession- for then the causante would not .e ma+ing testamentary dispositions in the partition 9 the dispositions would .e .y *irtue of intestate succession. "imitation on )artition .y Causante The legitimes of the causante4s compulsory heirs cannot .e impaired .y partition made .y him- whether in a will or .y an act inter *i*os- pursuant to Art@A#. )aragraph 2 9 )artition to Feep an &nterprise ntact t seems only a parent is allowed the pri*ilege of this paragraph. t is understood that this pri*ilege to ma+e the partition in such a way as to +eep the enterprise intact can .e e/ercised only if enough cash or other property is a*aila.le to satisfy the legitimes of the other children. Bnder no circumstances should the legitimes .e impaired. A$ . 1C<1. A 'e$son ma"( !" an ac in e$ #i#os o$ mo$ is causa( in $us &e me$e 'o%e$ o ma2e &e 'a$ i ion af e$ &is dea & o an" 'e$son %&o is no one of &e coG&ei$s. T&e '$o#isions of &is and of &e '$ecedin) a$ ic*e s&a** !e o!se$#ed e#en s&ou*d &e$e !e amon) &e coG

&ei$s a mino$ o$ a 'e$son su!Jec o )ua$dians&i'; !u &e manda a$"( in suc& case( s&a** ma2e an in#en o$" of &e '$o'e$ " of &e es a e( af e$ no if"in) &e coG&ei$s( &e c$edi o$s( and &e *e)a ees o$ de#isees. Mandatary cannot .e a co>heir 9 the reason for this prohi.ition is to ensure fairness and impartiality. A$ . 1C<@. E#e$" ac %&ic& is in ended o 'u an end o indi#ision amon) coG&ei$s and *e)a ees o$ de#isees is deemed o !e a 'a$ i ion( a* &ou)& i s&ou*d 'u$'o$ o !e a sa*e( and e+c&an)e( a com'$omise( o$ an" o &e$ $ansac ion. CON'T7BCT G& )A7T T ON )artition may .e actual or constructi*e- in relation to Article 1A7@. This article refers to cases of constructi*e partition. A$ . 1C<A. E#e$" coG&ei$ &as a $i)& o demand &e di#ision of &e es a e un*ess &e es a o$ s&ou*d &a#e e+'$ess*" fo$!idden i s 'a$ i ion( in %&ic& case &e 'e$iod of indi#ision s&a** no e+ceed %en " "ea$s as '$o#ided in a$ ic*e 4B4. T&is 'o%e$ of &e es a o$ o '$o&i!i di#ision a''*ies o &e *e)i ime. E#en &ou)& fo$!idden !" &e es a o$( &e coG o%ne$s&i' e$mina es %&en an" of &e causes fo$ %&ic& 'a$ ne$s&i' is disso*#ed a2es '*ace( o$ %&en &e cou$ finds fo$ com'e**in) $easons &a di#ision s&ou*d !e o$de$ed( u'on 'e i ion of one of &e coG&ei$s. )artition 8enerally a Matter of 7ight As a general rule- any co>heir may demand partition at any time. This is the same rule laid down in Art#@# par13 Art. #@#. No co>owner shall .e o.liged to remain in the co>ownership. &ach co>owner may demand at any time the partition of the thing owned in common- insofar as his share is concerned. Ne*ertheless- an agreement to +eep the thing undi*ided for a certain period of time- not e/ceeding ten years- shall .e *alid. This term may .e e/tended .y a new agreement. A donor or testator may prohi.it partition for a period which shall not e/ceed twenty years. Neither shall there .e any partition when it is prohi.ited .y law. No prescription shall run in fa*or of a co>owner or co>heir against his co>owners or co>heirs so long as he e/pressly or impliedly recogniHes the co>ownership. EHCEPTIONS 9 des'i e &is im'osed indi#ision( 'a$ i ion ma" !e demanded= 1. %'en an, o) t'e causes )or *isso+ution o) a partners'ip occurs0 un*er Arts. 19#:!19#1A Art. 1?!A. $issolution is caused3 O1E 5ithout *iolation of the agreement .etween the partners3 OaE 2y the termination of the definite term or particular underta+ing specified in the agreement< O.E 2y the e/press will of any partner- who must act in good faith- when no definite term or particular is specified< OcE 2y the e/press will of all the partners who ha*e not assigned their interests or suffered them to .e charged for their separate de.ts- either .efore or after the termination of any specified term or particular underta+ing< OdE 2y the e/pulsion of any partner from the .usiness .ona fide in accordance with such a power conferred .y the agreement .etween the partners< O2E n contra*ention of the agreement .etween the partners- where the circumstances do not permit a

dissolution under any other pro*ision of this article.y the e/press will of any partner at any time< O!E 2y any e*ent which ma+es it unlawful for the .usiness of the partnership to .e carried on or for the mem.ers to carry it on in partnership< O#E 5hen a specific thing which a partner had promised to contri.ute to the partnership- perishes .efore the deli*ery< in any case .y the loss of the thing- when the partner who contri.uted it ha*ing reser*ed the ownership thereof- has only transferred to the partnership the use or enDoyment of the same< .ut the partnership shall not .e dissol*ed .y the loss of the thing when it occurs after the partnership has acquired the ownership thereof< O%E 2y the death of any partner< O(E 2y the insol*ency of any partner or of the partnership< O7E 2y the ci*il interdiction of any partner< O?E 2y decree of court under the following article. Art. 1?!1. On application .y or for a partner the court shall decree a dissolution whene*er3 O1E A partner has .een declared insane in any Dudicial proceeding or is shown to .e of unsound mind< O2E A partner .ecomes in any other way incapa.le of performing his part of the partnership contract< O!E A partner has .een guilty of such conduct as tends to affect preDudicially the carrying on of the .usiness< O#E A partner wilfully or persistently commits a .reach of the partnership agreement- or otherwise so conducts himself in matters relating to the partnership .usiness that it is not reasona.ly practica.le to carry on the .usiness in partnership with him< O%E The .usiness of the partnership can only .e carried on at a loss< O(E Other circumstances render a dissolution equita.le. On the application of the purchaser of a partnerUs interest under Article 1?1! or 1?1#3 O1E After the termination of the specified term or particular underta+ing< O2E At any time if the partnership was a partnership at will when the interest was assigned or when the charging order was issued. . %'en t'e Court )in*s co(pe++in/ reasons )or partition. 5hen the co>heirs agree on indi*ision for a period not e/ceeding 1Ayears- renewa.le for li+e periods.

A$ . 1C<4. Vo*un a$" &ei$s u'on %&om some condi ion &as !een im'osed canno demand a 'a$ i ion un i* &e condi ion &as !een fu*fi**ed; !u &e o &e$ coG&ei$s ma" demand i !" )i#in) sufficien secu$i " fo$ &e $i)& s %&ic& &e fo$me$ ma" &a#e in case &e condi ion s&ou*d !e com'*ied %i &( and un i* i is 2no%n &a &e condi ion &as no !een fu*fi**ed o$ can ne#e$ !e com'*ied %i &( &e 'a$ i ion s&a** !e unde$s ood o !e '$o#isiona*. Application of Article 9 nstitutions with a 'uspensi*e Condition 7ationale The heir instituted under a suspensi*e condition acquires no rights unless and until the condition happens. The other heirs not so instituted- howe*er- should not .e depri*ed of their right to demand partition- su.Dect to the o.ligation to protect the inchoate right of the conditional heir- .y furnishing adequate securit,.

A$ . 1C<5. In &e 'a$ i ion of &e es a e( equa*i " s&a** !e o!se$#ed as fa$ as 'ossi!*e( di#idin) &e '$o'e$ " in o *o s( o$ assi)nin) o eac& of &e coG&ei$s &in)s of &e same na u$e( qua*i " and 2ind.

A. &KBA" TI AMON8 CO>=& 7' Kuantitati*e 9 the shares of the co>heirs are not necessarily equal in *alue- .ut are determined .y the law and .y will. Kualitati*e 9 whate*er the aliquot portions .e- howe*er- the law mandates equality in nature- +ind and quality- so that if A gets a parcel of rice land- 2 should also .e gi*en one. &JC&)T ON' L KBA" 1 CAT ON' to the requirement of Kualitati*e &quality 9 1. f the causante has made the partition himself 2. f the co>heirs agree otherwise !. f qualitati*e equality is impossi.le or impractica.le. A$ . 1C<8. S&ou*d a &in) !e indi#isi!*e( o$ %ou*d !e muc& im'ai$ed !" i s !ein) di#ided( i ma" !e adJudica ed o one of &e &ei$s( '$o#ided &e s&a** 'a" &e o &e$s &e e+cess in cas&. Ne#e$ &e*ess( if an" of &e &ei$s s&ou*d demand &a &e &in) !e so*d a 'u!*ic auc ion and &a s $an)e$s !e a**o%ed o !id( &is mus !e done. This is another instance of constructi*e partition3 sale of the thing and di*ision of the proceeds among the heirs. This will ha*e to .e resorted to if the thing is essentially indi*isi.le or in physical partition will so diminish its *alue that it .ecomes unser*icea.le or useless. To whom thing may .e sold3 1. To a !rd person- or 2. f none of the co>heirs o.Dect- to any one of them who is interested. f more than one are interested in .uyingthey may .uy it Dointly and ha*e the proceeds distri.uted among the others to the e/tent of their respecti*e shares. 2ut the co>ownership will continue as to the .uyers. A$ . 1C<7. In &e 'a$ i ion &e coG&ei$s s&a** $eim!u$se one ano &e$ fo$ &e income and f$ui s %&ic& eac& one of &em ma" &a#e $ecei#ed f$om an" '$o'e$ " of &e es a e( fo$ an" usefu* and necessa$" e+'enses made u'on suc& '$o'e$ "( and fo$ an" dama)e &e$e o &$ou)& ma*ice o$ ne)*ec . MBTBA" ACCOBNT N8 Bpon partition- the co>heirs shall render a mutual accounting of .enefits recei*ed and e/penses- .oth necessary and useful- incurred .y each of them. Thus- any heir who .etween the decedent4s death and partition time- recei*ed fruits from the estate shall reim.urse his co>heirs their respecti*e shares- in proportion to the hereditary interest of each. 'imilarly- any heir who incurred necessary or useful e/penses on the hereditary estate may demand reim.ursement from his co>heirs in the same proportion. This article lays down the same rule contained in the Title on Co>ownership under Art%AA3 Art. %AA. Bpon partition- there shall .e a mutual accounting for .enefits recei*ed and reim.ursements for e/penses made. "i+ewise- each co>owner shall pay for damages caused .y reason of his negligence or fraud. A$ . 1C<<. S&ou*d an" of &e &ei$s se** &is &e$edi a$" $i)& s o a s $an)e$ !efo$e &e 'a$ i ion( an" o$ a** of &e coG&ei$s ma" !e su!$o)a ed o &e $i)& s of &e 'u$c&ase$ !" $eim!u$sin) &im fo$ &e '$ice of &e sa*e( '$o#ided &e" do so %i &in &e 'e$iod of one mon & f$om &e ime &e" %e$e no ified in %$i in) of &e sa*e !" &e #endo$. 7ight of an =eir to Con*ey 'hare 2efore )artition 'uccessional rights *est upon the decedent4s death. Consequently- an heir may dispose of his aliquot share after that time< he may do this gratuitously or onerously. 7 8=T O1 7&$&M)T ON N CA'& O1 'A"& n the e*ent any co>heir sells his aliquot portion to a stranger .efore partition time- this article entitles any co>heir to redeem the portion sold. 2.

'ale must .e to a stranger 9 a stranger within the meaning of this article is anyone who is not a co>heir. :2asa *. Aguilar; 5hen right of redemption may .e e/ercised 9 the right may .e e/ercised only -e)ore partition- not after. :Caro *. CA;

7equirement of 5ritten Notice The article gi*es the co>heirs the right of redemption- which can .e e/ercised within one month from written notice to them .y the *endor. 5ritten notice therefore is required< without it the period does not commence to run. The 'C has- as a ruleinterpreted this requirement of written notice strictly. Garcia .. Ca+a+i(an 9 5ritten notice is indispensa.le- actual +nowledge of the sale acquired in some other manners .y the redemptioner- notwithstanding. =e or she is still entitled to written notice to remo*e all uncertainty as to the sale- its terms and its *alidity- and to quiet any dou.t that the alienation is not definiti*e. The law not ha*ing pro*ided for any alternati*e- the method of notifications remains e/clusi*e- though the Code does not prescri.e any particular form of written notice nor any distincti*e method for written notification of redemption. The same rule is laid down in Art1(2A which applies where the co>ownership co*ers speci)ic property. 5hile Article 1A?? applies where the co>ownership co*ers the (ass of the hereditary estate. 2ut the distinction is academic and the rule is the same. Art. 1(2A. A co>owner of a thing may e/ercise the right of redemption in case the shares of all the other co>owners or of any of them- are sold to a third person. f the price of the alienation is grossly e/cessi*e- the redemptioner shall pay only a reasona.le one. 'hould two or more co>owners desire to e/ercise the right of redemption- they may only do so in proportion to the share they may respecti*ely ha*e in the thing owned in common. 5hen more than one co>owner wish to redeem 9 implicit in article 1A?? and e/plicit in article 1(2A is that in such case- A"" the co>owners wishing to redeem may do so- .ut in proportion to each one4s hereditary interest o*er the mass. A$ . 1C<B. T&e i *es of acquisi ion o$ o%ne$s&i' of eac& '$o'e$ " s&a** !e de*i#e$ed o &e coG&ei$ o %&om said '$o'e$ " &as !een adJudica ed. This is particularly important in case of re/istere* +an* .ecause the old title has to .e surrendered so that a new title in the name of the heir may .e issued. A$ . 1CBC. 1&en &e i *e com'$ises %o o$ mo$e 'ieces of *and %&ic& &a#e !een assi)ned o %o o$ mo$e coG&ei$s( o$ %&en i co#e$s one 'iece of *and %&ic& &as !een di#ided !e %een %o o$ mo$e coG&ei$s( &e i *e s&a** !e de*i#e$ed o &e one &a#in) &e *a$)es in e$es ( and au &en ic co'ies of &e i *e s&a** !e fu$nis&ed o &e o &e$ coG&ei$s a &e e+'ense of &e es a e. If &e in e$es of eac& coG&ei$ s&ou*d !e &e same( &e o*des s&a** &a#e &e i *e. This article only pro*ides for the right o*er the document. The co>heirs howe*er ha*e the right to ha*e the title di*ided into indi*idual titles- a separate one for each of the owners to correspond to the separate portions held .y them respecti*ely. SU;SECTION . ! E))ects o) Partition A$ . 1CB1. A 'a$ i ion *e)a**" made confe$s u'on eac& &ei$ &e e+c*usi#e o%ne$s&i' of &e '$o'e$ " adJudica ed o &im. The effect of partition is termination of co>ownership. A$ . 1CB@. Af e$ &e 'a$ i ion &as !een made( &e coG&ei$s s&a** !e $eci'$oca**" !ound o %a$$an &e i *e o( and &e qua*i " of( eac& '$o'e$ " adJudica ed.

 O2" 8AT ON O1 MBTBA" 5A77ANTI )artition among co>heirs imposes upon them the same mutual o.ligation of warranties imposed among co>owners in general. According to Art%A13 ,&*ery co>owner shall- after partition.e lia.le for defects of title and quality of the portion assigned to each of the other co>owners.0 7B"& ON 5A77ANT &' The applica.le rules on warranties are found in Articles 1%#7>1%?A in the title on 'ales- insofar as those articles are not inconsistent with the rules gi*en in this su.section. A$ . 1CBA. T&e $eci'$oca* o!*i)a ion of %a$$an " $efe$$ed o in &e '$ecedin) a$ ic*e s&a** !e '$o'o$ iona e o &e $es'ec i#e &e$edi a$" s&a$es of &e coG&ei$s( !u if an" one of &em s&ou*d !e inso*#en ( &e o &e$ coG&ei$s s&a** !e *ia!*e fo$ &is 'a$ in &e same '$o'o$ ion( deduc in) &e 'a$ co$$es'ondin) o &e one %&o s&ou*d !e indemnified. T&ose %&o 'a" fo$ &e inso*#en &ei$ s&a** &a#e a $i)& of ac ion a)ains &im fo$ $eim!u$semen ( s&ou*d &is financia* condi ion im'$o#e. )roportional "ia.ility of Co>heirs on 5arranty 2urdens should .e proportional to .enefits. nsol*ency of One of O.ligors 9 should one of the co>heirs .ound to ma+e good the warranty .e insol*ent- his portion shall .e .orne proportionally .y all- including the one entitled to the warranty3 &/ample > Co>heirs are A- 2- C- $ and & in equal shares of )(A+ each. 2 claims warranty for the total amount of his share .ecause he was e*icted. A- C- $ and & ha*e to contri.ute )12+ each to ma+e good the warranty. 'ince there was e*iction in the amount of )(A+- the total *alue to .e partitioned was only )2#A+hence )#?+ each. 'hould A .e insol*ent- his )12+ share shall .e .orne .y all the others- including 2. =ence- C- $ and & ha*e to contri.ute )!+ more- ma+ing their indi*idual lia.ility )1%+. 2 recei*es a total of )#%+- ha*ing .orne his own share of )!+ from A4s insol*ency. &JC&)T ON to right to reim.ursement from insol*ent o.ligor3 insol*ency that is Dudicially declared- under the nsol*ency "awsince Dudicially declared insol*ency e/tinguishes all o.ligations. A$ . 1CB4. An ac ion o enfo$ce &e %a$$an " amon) &ei$s mus !e !$ou)& %i &in en "ea$s f$om &e da e &e $i)& of ac ion acc$ues. A$ . 1CB5. If a c$edi s&ou*d !e assi)ned as co**ec i!*e( &e coG &ei$s s&a** no !e *ia!*e fo$ &e su!sequen inso*#enc" of &e de! o$ of &e es a e( !u on*" fo$ &is inso*#enc" a &e ime &e 'a$ i ion is made. T&e %a$$an " of &e so*#enc" of &e de! o$ can on*" !e enfo$ced du$in) &e fi#e "ea$s fo**o%in) &e 'a$ i ion. CoG&ei$s do no %a$$an !ad de! s( if so 2no%n o( and acce' ed !"( &e dis $i!u ee. Eu if suc& de! s a$e no assi)ned o a coG&ei$( and s&ou*d !e co**ec ed( in %&o*e o$ in 'a$ ( &e amoun co**ec ed s&a** !e dis $i!u ed '$o'o$ iona e*" amon) &e &ei$s. Credit Assigned to Co>=eir in )artition The warranty co*ers only insol*ency of the decedent4s de.tor at the time of partition- not su.sequent insol*encyfor which the co>heir ta+es the ris+. 1oolhardy is the co>heir who will accept a collecti.le as part of his share in the partition. A credit- e*en under the .est of circumstances- is aleatory. The warranty has a special prescripti*e period of 1 G& O%E I&A7'.

2ad $e.t Assigned to a Co>=eir A co>heir who accepts a +nown .ad de.t as his share is either a fool or a masochist. A$ . 1CB8. T&e o!*i)a ion of %a$$an " amon) coG&ei$s s&a** cease in &e fo**o%in) cases= >1? 1&en &e es a o$ &imse*f &as made &e 'a$ i ion( un*ess i a''ea$s( o$ i ma" !e $easona!*" '$esumed( &a &is in en ion %as o &e$%ise( !u &e *e)i ime s&a** a*%a"s $emain unim'ai$ed; >@? 1&en i &as !een so e+'$ess*" s i'u*a ed in &e a)$eemen of 'a$ i ion( un*ess &e$e &as !een !ad fai &; >A? 1&en &e e#ic ion is due o a cause su!sequen o &e 'a$ i ion( o$ &as !een caused !" &e fau* of &e dis $i!u ee of &e '$o'e$ ". This article enumerates the instances when there is NO MBTBA" 5A77ANTI. t is not accurate to refer to it as a cessation- since there was none to .egin with. These are 9 1. )artition .y the testator himself 9 sa*e where the legitime is impaired. 2. Agreement among the co>heirs to suppress the warranty. !. 'uper*ening e*ents causing the loss or the diminution in *alue. #. 1ault of the co>heir %. 5ai*er SU;SECTION #. ! Rescission an* Nu++it, o) Partition

A$ . 1CB7. A 'a$ i ion ma" !e $escinded o$ annu**ed fo$ &e same causes as con $ac s. CA0SES .OR ANN0L,ENT Art. 1!@A. The following contracts are *oida.le or annulla.lee*en though there may ha*e .een no damage to the contracting parties3 O1E Those where one of the parties is incapa.le of gi*ing consent to a contract< O2E Those where the consent is *itiated .y mista+e*iolence- intimidation- undue influence or fraud. These contracts are .inding- unless they are annulled .y a proper action in court. They are suscepti.le of ratification. CA0SES .OR RESCISSION Art. 1!?1. The following contracts are rescissi.le3 O1E Those which are entered into .y guardians whene*er the wards whom they represent suffer lesion .y more than one>fourth of the *alue of the things which are the o.Dect thereof< O2E Those agreed upon in representation of a.sentees- if the latter suffer the lesion stated in the preceding num.er< O!E Those underta+en in fraud of creditors when the latter cannot in any other manner collect the claims due them< O#E Those which refer to things under litigation if they ha*e .een entered into .y the defendant without the +nowledge and appro*al of the litigants or of competent Dudicial authority< O%E All other contracts specially declared .y law to .e su.Dect to rescission. )aragraphs 1 and 2 are modified .y the following article. A$ . 1CB<. A 'a$ i ion( Judicia* o$ e+ $aGJudicia*( ma" a*so !e $escinded on accoun of *esion( %&en an" one of &e coG &ei$s $ecei#ed &in)s %&ose #a*ue is *ess( !" a *eas oneG fou$ &( &an &e s&a$e o %&ic& &e is en i *ed( conside$in) &e #a*ue of &e &in)s a &e ime &e" %e$e adJudica ed. "&' ON is economic inDury- where the party recei*es less than he is entitled to recei*e. "esion is e/ceedingly difficult to

determine and e*aluate and is *iewed with increasing disfa*or .y modern ci*il law. Amount of "esion The minimum e/tent of lesion for rescission to .e a*aila.le is ON&>1OB7T= or 2%X. Note the slight *ariation from paragraphs 1 and 2 of Art1!?1 which specifies MO7& than M. &*idently- in cases of partition of the inheritance- Art1A@? applies. AN &JC&)T ON TO T= ' A7T C"& 1O""O5 N8 A7T C"&. ' 1OBN$ N T=&

This is NOT preterition under Art?%#. This is simply an omission of a compulsory heir in the partition- the assumption .eing something is left for him in the form of an undisposed portion of the estate. The omitted heir simply gets his rightful share :Non *. CA; f the compulsory heir is one in the direct line and is tota++, omitted from the inheritance- Art?%# applies. A$ . 11C5. A 'a$ i ion %&ic& inc*udes a 'e$son !e*ie#ed o !e an &ei$( !u %&o is no ( s&a** !e #oid on*" %i & $es'ec o suc& 'e$son. This is the re*erse of the preceding article. =ere an outsider is mista+enly included in the partition. The o.*ious remedy is to reco*er the property from him and ha*e it redistri.uted among the proper recipients.

A$ . 1CBB. T&e 'a$ i ion made !" &e es a o$ canno !e im'u)ned on &e )$ound of *esion( e+ce' %&en &e *e)i ime of &e com'u*so$" &ei$s is &e$e!" '$eJudiced( o$ %&en i a''ea$s o$ ma" $easona!*" !e '$esumed( &a &e in en ion of &e es a o$ %as o &e$%ise. This article is an e/ception to the preceding article. A partition made .y the Testator himself is NOT su.Dect to rescission e*en in case of lesion in the amount specified in the preceding article. EHCEPT in &e fo**o%in) cases= 1. mpairment of the legitime :e*en if the lesion is less than one>fourth; 2. Mista+e .y the testator or *itiation of his intent. A$ . 11CC. T&e ac ion fo$ $escission on accoun of *esion s&a** '$esc$i!e af e$ fou$ "ea$s f$om &e ime &e 'a$ i ion %as made. )rescripti*e period of 1OB7 O#E I&A7' 9 this is the same period laid down in the general rule of rescission of contracts under article 1!?@. A$ . 11C1. T&e &ei$ %&o is sued s&a** &a#e &e o' ion of indemnif"in) &e '*ain iff fo$ &e *oss( o$ consen in) o a ne% 'a$ i ion. Indemni " ma" !e made !" 'a"men in cas& o$ !" &e de*i#e$" of a &in) of &e same 2ind and qua*i " as &a a%a$ded o &e '*ain iff. If a ne% 'a$ i ion is made( i s&a** affec nei &e$ &ose %&o &a#e no !een '$eJudiced no$ &ose &a#e no $ecei#ed mo$e &an &ei$ Jus s&a$e. OELIGOR:S OPTIONS 9 it is the co>heir who is sued for rescission who has the option. =e has 2 choices3 1. To ha*e a 7e>partition- or 2. To indemnify the co>heir the amount of the lesion suffered. A$ . 11C@. An &ei$ %&o &as a*iena ed &e %&o*e o$ a conside$a!*e 'a$ of &e $ea* '$o'e$ " adJudica ed o &im canno main ain an ac ion fo$ $escission on &e )$ound of *esion( !u &e s&a** &a#e a $i)& o !e indemnified in cas&. Correlated with the preceding article- this article is unnecessary since anyway it is the party sued who is gi*en the option. A$ . 11CA. T&e omission of one o$ mo$e o!Jec s o$ secu$i ies of &e in&e$i ance s&a** no cause &e $escission of &e 'a$ i ion on &e )$ound of *esion( !u &e 'a$ i ion s&a** !e com'*e ed !" &e dis $i!u ion of &e o!Jec s o$ secu$i ies %&ic& &a#e !een omi ed. ncompleteness of the partition is not a ground for rescission. The remedy is a supplemental partition. A$ . 11C4. A 'a$ i ion made %i & '$e e$i ion of an" of com'u*so$" &ei$s s&a** no !e $escinded( un*ess i '$o#ed &a &e$e %as !ad fai & o$ f$aud on &e 'a$ of o &e$ 'e$sons in e$es ed; !u &e *a e$ s&a** '$o'o$ iona e*" o!*i)ed o 'a" o &e 'e$son omi ed s&a$e %&ic& !e*on)s o &im. &e !e &e !e &e

CO,PARISON O. R0LES ON TESTATE AN- INTESTATE S0CCESSION R0LE RIGHT O. ACCRETION TESTATE Art. 1A1(. n order that the right of accretion may ta+e place in a testamentary succession- it shall .e necessary3 O1E That two or more persons .e called to the same inheritance- or to the same portion thereofpro indi*iso< and O2E That one of the persons thus called die .efore the testator- or renounce the inheritanceor .e incapacitated to recei*e it. Art. 1A22. n testamentary succession- when the right of accretion does not ta+e placethe *acant portion of the instituted heirsif no su.stitute has .een designated- shall pass to the legal heirs of the testator- who shall recei*e it with the same charges and o.ligations. INTESTATE Art. 1A1?. n legal succession the share of the person who repudiates the inheritance shall always accrue to his co> heirs. Art. @(?. f there are se*eral relati*es of the same degreeand one or some of them are unwilling or incapacitated to succeed- his portion shall accrue to the others of the same degree- sa*e the right of representation when it should ta+e place. NOTES Art. 1A1%. Accretion is a right .y *irtue of which- when two or more persons are called to the same inheritance- de*ise or legacy- the part assigned to the one who renounces or cannot recei*e his share- or who died .efore the testatoris added or incorporated to that of his co>heirs- co> de*isees- or co>legatees. Art. 1A1@. The heirs to whom the portion goes .y the right of accretion ta+e it in the same proportion that they inherit. Art. 1A21. Among the compulsory heirs the right of accretion shall ta+e place only when the free portion is left to two or more of them- or to any one of them and to a stranger. 'hould the part repudiated .e the legitime- the other co>heirs shall succeed to it in their own right- and not .y the right of accretion. Art. 1A2%. n order to .e capacitated to inherit- the heirde*isee or legatee must .e li*ing at the moment the succession opens- e/cept in case of representation- when it is proper. A child already concei*ed at the time of the death of the decedent is capa.le of succeeding pro*ided it .e .orn later under the conditions prescri.ed in article #1. Art. 1A%%. f a person- who is called to the same inheritance as an heir .y will and a. intestatorepudiates the inheritance in his capacity as a testamentary heir- he is understood to ha*e repudiated it in .oth capacities. 'hould he repudiate it as an intestate heir- without +nowledge of his .eing a testamentary heir- he may still accept it in the latter capacity. Art. 1A2#. )ersons not incapacitated .y law may succeed .y will or a. intestato. The pro*isions relating to incapacity .y will are equally applica.le to intestate succession.

CAPACITF TO S0CCEE-

Art. 1A2%. n order to .e capacitated to inherit- the heirde*isee or legatee must .e li*ing at the moment the succession opens- e/cept in case of representation- when it is proper. A child already concei*ed at the time of the death of the decedent is capa.le of succeeding pro*ided it .e .orn later under the conditions prescri.ed in article #1. Art. 1A%%. f a person- who is called to the same inheritance as an heir .y will and a. intestatorepudiates the inheritance in his capacity as a testamentary heir- he is understood to ha*e repudiated it in .oth capacities. 'hould he repudiate it as an intestate heir- without +nowledge of his .eing a testamentary heir- he may still accept it in the latter capacity.

ACCEPTANCE OR REP0-IATION O. INHERITANCE

Art. 1A#1. The acceptance or repudiation of the inheritance is an act which is purely *oluntary and free. Art. 1A#2. The effects of the acceptance or repudiation shall always retroact to the moment of the death of the decedent. Art. 1A#!. No person may accept or repudiate an inheritance unless he is certain of the death of the person from whom he is to inherit- and of his right to the inheritance.

HAL. ELOOAN- .0LL ELOOEROTHERS AN- SISTERS REPRESENTA TION

Art. ?#?. f the testator should institute his .rothers and sisters- and he has some of full .lood and others of half .lood- the inheritance shall .e distri.uted equally unless a different intention appears. Art. ?%(. A *oluntary heir who dies .efore the testator

Art. 1AA(. 'hould .rother and sisters of the full .lood sur*i*e together with .rothers and sisters of the half .lood- the former shall .e entitled to a share dou.le that of the latter. Art. @(@. f the inheritance should .e repudiated .y the nearest

Art. @72. The right of representation ta+es place in

transmits nothing to his heirs. A compulsory heir who dies .efore the testator- a person incapacitated to succeed- and one who renounces the inheritance- shall transmit no right to his own heirs e/cept in cases e/pressly pro*ided for in this Code.

relati*e- should there .e one only- or .y all the nearest relati*es called .y law to succeed- should there .e se*eral- those of the following degree shall inherit in their own right and cannot represent the person or persons repudiating the inheritance.

the direct descending line- .ut ne*er in the ascending. n the collateral line- it ta+es place only in fa*or of the children of .rothers or sisters- whether they .e of the full or half .lood. Art. @7!. n order that representation may ta+e place- it is necessary that the representati*e himself .e capa.le of succeeding the decedent. Art. @7#. 5hene*er there is succession .y representationthe di*ision of the estate shall .e made per stirpes- in such manner that the representati*e or representati*es shall not inherit more than what the person they represent would inherit- if he were li*ing or could inherit. Art. @7%. 5hen children of one or more .rothers or sisters of the deceased sur*i*e- they shall inherit from the latter .y representation- if they sur*i*e with their uncles or aunts. 2ut if they alone sur*i*e- they shall inherit in equal portions.