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Maris Stella High School Name: ___________________

GCE O Level Science Biology Class (Index No.): Sec 4__ ( )


09 Term 3 GEP LESSON 3 Date: ________________

Osmosis & diffusion, enzymes

1. Molecules in a liquid, aqueous solution or a gas would have kinetic energy and would
be moving in random directions.
2. If there are more of a specific type of molecule in one region and less in another
region, you will find that the distribution of these molecules will even out after some
time.
3. This NET (overall) movement of molecules from the more concentrated region to the
less concentrated region is known as DIFFUSION.
4. The stage where the molecules are evenly distributed is known as DYNAMIC
EQUILIBRIUM. (DYNAMIC: Molecules are still moving in random directions,
EQUILIBRIUM: Molecules are evenly distributed)
5. This movement occurs spontaneously and does not require energy: PASSIVE
TRANSPORT.
6. A similar kind of movement occurs when water molecules are involved. When this
occurs across a partially permeable membrane, we call this process OSMOSIS.
7. Both osmosis and diffusion occur DOWN a water potential/concentration GRADIENT.
8. Water always enters and leaves the cells and bloodstream through osmosis.
9. For other solutes, eg. glucose, cells usually cannot just rely on diffusion to take in
glucose (as it only enables cells to take up glucose until equilibrium is reached). Hence
usually cells will sometimes pump in solutes using energy: ACTIVE TRANSPORT. (Not
in your syllabus)
10. Main factors affecting diffusion/osmosis:
• Temperature: Increasing temp makes the molecules gain KE. More KE, faster
movement, faster rate of diffusion.
• Surface area of membrane across which transport of molecules occurs:
Increasing surface area means more molecules can cross the membrane at any
one time, this increases rate of diffusion.
• Gradient: The steeper the gradient (ie, the greater the difference in conc between
the 2 regions), the faster the rate of diffusion.
ENZYMES; Factors affecting rate of enzyme reactions:
1. Temperature
2. pH
3. Enzyme Concentration
4. Substrate Concentration

How temperature affects rate of enzyme activity:


•Rate of enzyme activity depends on kinetic energy (K.E.) of molecules:
1. Rise in temperature
2. Rise in kinetic energy of molecules
3. Rise in collisions between enzymes and substrate molecules
4. Increase chance of formation of enzyme substrate complex
5. Increase in rate of reaction

Denaturation
•Occurs when 3D protein structure changes its shape
•Results in the loss/changing of active sites
•No longer acts as a catalyst
•Caused by acids, alkalis and extreme heat (boiling)
•Irreversible
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Potato cylinders were cut into discs of even thickness. 10 pieces were weighed and then put into
a petri dish filled with 0.1 mol dm-3 sucrose solution. After half an hour, the discs were removed
and blotted dry and their final mass were measured. This experiment was repeated by
immersing equal number of potato discs at different concentrations of sucrose solution.
The results were recorded in the following table:

Concentration of sucrose Initial mass (g) Percentage change in mass (%)


solution (mol dm-3)
0.1 1.58 +13
0.2 1.63 +5
0.3 1.49 -4
0.4 1.52 -12
0.5 1.66 -20
0.6 1.55 -28
(a) Use the data in the first column and in the third column to plot a graph [3]

(b) (i) What is the final mass of the potato discs immersed at the sucrose solution of 0.6 mol
dm-3? Show your calculation. [2]

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Explain the results obtained. [2]

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) Draw a labeled diagram to show the appearance of a potato cell that had been immersed
in the above sucrose solution. [3]
2. The diagram below shows an experiment setup.

Glass
tube

Rubber
band
Visking tubing

15% sucrose solution

Distilled
water

The height of the liquid level inside the glass tube is measured at regular intervals. The results are
shown in the following table.

Time (min) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Height of the
liquid level (cm) 0 3 6 9 11.5 13.5 15 16 16

(a) Plot a graph to show the above result. [3]

(b) Describe and explain the result from 0 minute to 35 minutes. [3]

(c) What is the height of the liquid level at 22 minutes? [1]

(d) What results would you expect when this Visking tubing is immersed in a beaker of 30% sucrose
solution instead of distilled water? Explain your answer. [3]
3. Catalase, an enzyme, is present in all living cells including those of potato and liver. It
speeds up the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide as shown by the equation:

catalase
hydrogen peroxide oxygen + water

The oxygen is given off as a gas which can be collected over water, as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Two different tissues, potato and liver, were used for this investigation. Samples, each of
one gram, were prepared from both tissues. Some of the samples were left raw and others
were boiled. Some samples were left as one cube and others were chopped into small
pieces as shown in Table 3.1.

2 cm3 hydrogen peroxide was added to each sample. The volume of oxygen produced in
five minutes was collected in the measuring cylinders, as shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1

(a) (i) Complete Table 3.2, by reading the values for oxygen collected in the
measuring cylinders in Table 3.1. [2]

Table 3.2

tissue volume of oxygen collected from each sample / cm3

A B C D

potato

liver

(ii) Plot the volumes of oxygen collected from the samples as a bar chart on a
graph paper. [4]
(iii) Describe the difference in results between sample A for potato and sample A
for liver.

………………………………………………………………….………………………

……………………………………………………………………………….…………

………………………………………………………….…………………………...[2]

(iv) There is a difference between the samples for A and B for liver.
Suggest an explanation for this difference.

…………………………………………………………………………….……………

………………………………………………………………………….………………

……………………………………………….……………………………………...[2]

(b) State the importance of samples C and D in this investigation.

………………………………………………………………………….…………………...[1]

(c) Suggest how you could test that the gas given off was oxygen.

………………………………………………………………………….…………………...[1]
Maris Stella High School Name: ___________________
GCE O Level Science Biology Class (Index No.): Sec 4__ ( )
09 Term 3 GEP LESSON 3 MS Date: ________________

1. (a) Title; plotting of axis correctly; and clearly showing interception point on graph;
(b) Initial mass = 1.55 g
Final change = 28%
Hence final mass = 1.55 x 28/100 = 0.434 g;
= 1.55 – 0.434 = 1.116g = 1.12 g; (correct to 2 dp)
(c) The potato was placed in a hypertonic solution
The water potential in the potato was higher than that of the solution;
Water moved out from the potato into the sucrose solution by osmosis;
(d)

Labels: cytoplasm (showing it has shrunk away from cell wall);


cell wall (showing that it remains the same);
cell sap (at the vacuole).

2 a) Axes with labels;


All points are correctly plotted;
Points are joined with a smooth curve;
b) The liquid level rises rapidly and reaches the peak/optimum at 35 minutes;
The water potential of the sucrose solution is lower than that of distilled water;
Water passes through the partially permeable membrane by osmosis into the solution, which
causes
the liquid level to rise;
c) 12.20 – 12.40 cm;
d) The liquid level inside the glass tube drops;
The 30% sucrose solution has a lower water potential than the 15% sucrose solution in the tubing;
Water passes through the partially permeable membrane by osmosis into the 30% sucrose solution
which causes the liquid level to drop;

3 (a) (i)
volume of oxygen collected from each sample / cm3
tissue
A B C D
potato 5 7 0 0

liver 8 10 0 0

[2]
(ii) labeled axes; appropriate scale; bar chart; bars for treatments next to each other;
(iii) liver able to breakdown more hydrogen peroxide;
liver contains more enzymes than potato;
(iv) chopped up liver increase surface area;
more enzymes in contact with hydrogen peroxide;
(b) confirm that enzymes cause hydrogen peroxide to decompose;
(c) oxygen will rekindle a glowing splint;

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