Propulsion Relations PDF

10.
1 Basic Propulsion Relations
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10.1 Basic Propulsion Relations

This chapter is devoted to the basic laws governing propulsion systems. The chapter will give an overview of the set of equations used in the field of spacecraft propulsion. Understanding these laws is necessary in order to be able to select an appropriate propulsion system and to design its components. The basic laws include the Rocket Equation, the rocket thrust force and other propulsion performance parameters. In addition two types of propulsion are presented together with the appropriate set of equations characterizing the systems in question.
http://www.energy.kth.se/compedu/webcompedu/S1_Heat_and_Power_Technology/...
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10.2 Educational Objectives
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10.2 Educational Objectives

This chapter will cover the following topics: Basic Rocket Equation Determination and measure of rocket thrust force Determination of the mass of propulsion systems Key parameters which determine propulsion performance, Principles of chemical and electric propulsion systems, Chemical and electric propulsion system constraints
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10.3 Basic Equation of Thrust
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10.3 Basic Equation of Thrust

Basic propulsion equations are based on Newton Law of Motion For constant propellant exhaust velocity ve at thruster nozzle outlet, and with thrust force F collinear to ve, gives the The Basic Equation for Force of Thrust
From the Law of Conservation of Momentum follows:
which is the change of momentum of the spacecraft. This implies the change of momentum of the expelled propellant.
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10.4 Basic Rocket Equation
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10.4 Basic Rocket Equation

Total Velocity Increment v of a spacecraft:
This formula can be also written in a form called Basic Rocket Equation
Basic
Rocket Equation Tsiolkovsky -Equation
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10.5 Total Impulse
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10.5 Total Impulse

From the Basic Rocket Equation follows with mf = mS/C mP: Propellant Quantity required for a Spacecraft velocity change v:
The Total Impulse delivered by a certain quantity of propellant is calculated by:
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10.6 Propulsion Performance Factors
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10.6 Propulsion Performance Factors

Propulsion Performance is determined by Specific Impulses which permits an objective and comparative evaluation of thrust engines and propulsion systems of different designs and with different propellants:
Thruster Performance Factor The most useful parameter for determining thrust engine (or thruster) performance is Thruster-specific Impulse:
The Isp is defined as the impulse delivered per unit mass of propellant and which can be easily obtained by Test.
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10.7 Effective Exhaust Velocity
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10.7 Effective Exhaust Velocity

- Effective exhaust velocity
From its definition as the thrust per unit rate of mass flow of propellant, it follows that ve is numerical the same as the Isp as defined above with SI units of m/s. ve is the effective exhaust velocity, because it is determined by test. Therefore, in all propulsion related calculations with ve, - although called 'thruster exhaust velocity' hereinafter-, the effective exhaust velocity has to be applied, if not stated otherwise.
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10.8 Propulsion System Performance
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10.8 Propulsion System Performance

Propulsion System Performance Factor: System-specific Impulse, Issp Another very important quantity is the System-specific Impulse, Issp, which is the total impulse, Itot delivered by the system, divided by the total mass, mPS, of the propulsion system, that is, all of the propulsion system and not only the propellant as for Isp:
The mass of propulsion systems can be determined with help of the overall Propulsion System Mass Fraction, mps/ mS/C.
more equations
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10.9 Type of Propulsion Systems
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10.9 Type of Propulsion Systems

The basic propulsion mathematical formulas presented have to be further expanded for today's commonly used on-board spacecraft propulsion system types:
Chemical Propulsion Systems The energy to produce thrust is stored in the propellant, which is released by chemical reactions and the propellant is then accelerated to a high velocity by expanding it in form of gas through a nozzle.
Electric Propulsion Systems The energy to produce thrust is not stored in the propellant but has to be supplied from outside by an extra power source, e.g. nuclear, solar radiation receivers or batteries. Thrust is produced by: - expansion of hot gas (which is heated by electric current) - accelerating of charged particles in electric or magnetic fields to high expulsion velocities.
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10.10 Chemical Propulsion
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10.10 Chemical Propulsion

Chemical Propulsion is based on the principle of converting chemical energy into kinetic energy of the exhaust gases in a nozzle of a rocket propulsion device. Typically, rockets using solid propellants are called motors and rockets using liquids are called engines. The term thruster is used for small thrust applications, e.g. in spacecraft auxiliary propulsion systems.
Rocket propulsion device basic parts
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10.11 Performance Parameters
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10.11 Performance Parameters

In Chemical Propulsion, thermodynamic relationships have to be applied for the evaluation of the main performance parameters like thruster exhaust velocity and thrust force. Maximum Exhaust Velocity Thrust Force Characteristics of Rocket Thrust Chamber Performance Nozzle Thrust Coefficient
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10.12 Electrical Propulsion
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10.12 Electrical Propulsion

An Electric Propulsion system is a mass expulsion system in which electric energy is used to create or augment the kinetic energy in the expelled mass. Consequently electric power will be of main interest in the performance evaluation of such systems. Kinetic Energy of Ejected Matter
Power of the Jet
Power Input
where is the power conversion efficiency.
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10.13 Summary
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10.13 Summary
Fundamentals of rocket propulsion: - Thrust force is generated by expelling mass (initially stored in the spacecraft) from the spacecraft at high velocity; - Basic Rocket Equation trades off exhaust velocity ve with spacecraft mass fraction R; Propulsion performance is determined by Specific Impulses: - Thruster-specific Impulse, Isp (Ns/kg), which is numerically the same as the effective exhaust velocity v (m/s), - although called 'thruster exhaust e velocity' hereinafter-. The exhaust velocity increases with increasing gas temperature and decreasing molar mass. - Propulsion System-specific Impulse, Issp (Ns/kg), which is the Total Impulse, I (Ns) delivered by the system, divided by the system total mass, mPS (kg). tot Mass of propulsion systems can be determined with help of the overall Propulsion System Mass Fraction, mPS/mS/C. Power is the major constraint for electric thrusters on spacecraft. Therefore thrust levels of electric propulsion will be << thrust levels of chemical propulsion.
NEXT RECOMMENDED STEP: Chapter: "Survey of Spacecraft Propulsion Systems"
2007-03-12
This you must know
Page 1 of 1
This you must know

Thrust force is generated by expelling matter (propellant initially stored in the spacecraft) from the spacecraft by a propulsion system. The amount of thrust is related to how much and at what speed the matter is expelled. Conservation of momentum leads to the Basic Rocket Equation which trades off exhaust velocity with spacecraft mass fraction R. The total impulse Itot [Ns] delivered by a propulsion system depends on the total mass of propellant contained in a spacecraft and the speed at which is expelled. Typically, rockets using solid propellants are called motors and rockets using liquids are called engines. The term thruster is used mainly for small thrust applications, e.g. in spacecraft auxiliary propulsion systems. Propulsion performance is determined by Specific Impulse: - Thruster-specific Impulse, Isp [Ns/kg], is the change in momentum per unit mass of propellant [Ns/kg]; see equation page 6. It is numerically the same as the effective exhaust velocity ve [Ns] of the expelled propellant at the outlet of the thruster nozzle. The exhaust velocity increases with increasing gas temperature and decreasing molar mass of expelled propellant. - Propulsion System-specific Impulse, Issp [Ns/kg], is the Total Impulse, Itot [Ns], delivered by the propellant contained in the system, divided by the system total mass, mPS [kg] (see page 8).
2007-03-12

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10.

1 Basic Propulsion Relations

10.1 Basic Propulsion Relations

10.2 Educational Objectives

10.2 Educational Objectives

10.3 Basic Equation of Thrust

10.3 Basic Equation of Thrust

From the Law of Conservation of Momentum follows:

10.4 Basic Rocket Equation

10.4 Basic Rocket Equation

Rocket Equation Tsiolkovsky -Equation

10.5 Total Impulse

10.5 Total Impulse

The Total Impulse delivered by a certain quantity of propellant is calculated by:

10.6 Propulsion Performance Factors

10.6 Propulsion Performance Factors

10.7 Effective Exhaust Velocity

10.7 Effective Exhaust Velocity

10.8 Propulsion System Performance

10.8 Propulsion System Performance

10.9 Type of Propulsion Systems

10.9 Type of Propulsion Systems

10.10 Chemical Propulsion

10.10 Chemical Propulsion

Rocket propulsion device basic parts

10.11 Performance Parameters

10.11 Performance Parameters

10.12 Electrical Propulsion

10.12 Electrical Propulsion

Power of the Jet

where is the power conversion efficiency.

NEXT RECOMMENDED STEP: Chapter: "Survey of Spacecraft Propulsion Systems"

This you must know

This you must know

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