The War of Time: Occupy, Communization and the Military Question

Benjamin Noys ( !"#$

%ou can ha&e a proletarian insurrection on the condition that the others hold their fire' (f they dump t)o tan* +attalions on you, the proletarian re&olution is as ,ood as nothin,' -ndr. Malrau/ (in 0irilio !!1: ""2$

3Occupy4 o+&iously has a military connotation' (t is a counter5 discourse and counter5practice to not only the &arious military occupations ((ra6 and -f,hanistan$, +ut also to the e&eryday occupation of space and time +y capital and the 7tate' 8espite this reference, the military 6uestion 9 the 6uestion of the role, po)er, and the lethality of military inter&ention 9 has not +een particular central to the de+ates o&er the strate,y of occupation' Of course, the 6uestion has +een critical for those protests in the 3-ra+ 7prin,4: from the e6ui&ocal role of the army in :,ypt to the militarized repression found in Bahrain and 7yria, and on to the am+i,uous military stru,,le in ;i+ya +y the 3resistance4, )ith <N support' Within the protest mo&ements, and nota+ly the occupy mo&ements,

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in countries li*e the <7, the <= and 7pain (>reece )ould +e different$, the military 6uestion has tended to +e raised &ia the militarization of policin,' (n the case of the <= the deployment of tear ,as and +aton rounds as responses to the student protests and riotin, 3for the first time on the mainland4, refers to the colonial e/perience of (reland and the military5police5secret ser&ices fusion that )as already tried in this 3la+oratory4 for counter5insur,ency' Questions of &iolence ha&e, certainly on the side of the protestors, remained at a relati&ely lo) le&el' ?ere ( )ant to approach the military 6uestion in relation to these contemporary forms of stru,,le' ( )ill do so in a rather o+li6ue fashion' (n the first instance, ( )ant to re5e/amine the seminal theoretical )or* of @aul 0irilio on the role of the military, in particular his t)o *ey )or*s of the "AB!s: Speed and Politics ("ABB$ and Popular Defense and Ecological Struggles ("ABC$'" My reason for doin, so is not only that they resonate in terms of these contemporary stru,,les, +ut also that they pose crucial 6uestions around the possi+ilities and limits of )hat he calls 3popular defence4 (0irilio "AA!$' ( then )ant to compare 0irilio4s account of the forms of proletarianizion and resistance to some recent )or* in the pro+lematic *no)n as 3communization4, especially the )or* of Theori Communiste (TC$ (see Noys (ed'$ !""$' The reason for this

is not that 3communization4, as of yet, forms any particular major Dason -dams ( !" $ has used 0irilio to reflect on strate,ic difficulties and tensions in the 3Occupy4 mo&ement, +ut not directly raised the military 6uestion' ( o)e Dason -dams for the encoura,ement to pursue these speculations'
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role in these contemporary stru,,les' (n fact, as a pro+lematic it has +een insistent on tracin, the limits of these ne) forms of stru,,le, )hile attendin, to )hat these 3limits4 mi,ht indicate for a future re&olutionary communism' Eather, ( )ant to attend to a

con&er,ence in pro+lematic of 0irilio and TC around the e/haustion of pre&ious modes of stru,,le +ased on )or*ers4 identity' (n this con&er,ence ( )ant to pro+e the emer,ence of the military 6uestion as a pro+lem of reflection, analysis, and practice' One +rief remar* +efore +e,innin, this tas*F it is nota+le that often reflections on the military 6uestion can slip into a 3techno5 fetishism4 or replication of the nihilism of 3pure )ar4 (0irilio "AA!: 1C$' (n a recent re&ie) of =arl Marlantes4s fictionalized account of his 0ietnam e/perience Matterhorn ( !"!$, Dac*son ;ears4s ( !"!$ noted the implication of 3G)Har as authentic e/perience: this is the nihilist ed,e of modern militarism, unalloyed +y moral pretension'4 This 3nihilist ed,e4 often ta*es the form of aesthetic a)e at the destructi&e po)er of military force and its technical means' ( dou+t )hether ( can entirely a&oid this pro+lem in )hat follo)s' ( do, ho)e&er, )ant to su,,est that the military 6uestion +e confronted )ithout, as far as possi+le, concedin, to this fetishization'

Endo-Colonization (n his )or* of the "AB!s @aul 0irilio offers a startlin, account of the emer,ence of 7tate and capitalist po)er in terms of military po)er' While inde+ted to Mar/ or, more precisely :n,els, )ho researched

military 6uestions in detail,

0irilio4s narrati&e offers si,nificant

departures from the more familiar Mar/ist account' Ori,inatin, in his )or* as an ur+anist, 0irilio +ecame fascinated +y the spatial dimension of )ar and its role in crystallizin, the forms of contemporary po)er (0irilio "AC#: "5#$' ?e rethin*s the proletarian condition in military terms' ?is analysis proposes that the

proletarian +ody is 3produced4 throu,h semi5colonization +y the military class, )hich seizes ,oods and &alue to support their o)n indolent and parasitic e/istence (0irilio "AA!: IC$' (n response the proletariat forms itself into a counter53)ar5machine4, militarizin, itself in the compact formations of the march and the &iolence of sa+ota,e to seize the streets and en,a,e in retention of the instruments of &iolence' (n this model the forms of the traditional )or*ers4 mo&ement 9 nota+ly parties and unions 9 +ecome alternati&e 3armies4 to counter this military domination' Jor 0irilio this path leads to failure, and the a+solute &iolence of nuclear )ar si,nals the 3end of the proletariat4: 3(n this sense, the proletariat4s determinin, role in history stopped )ith the +om+in, of ?iroshima'4 (0irilio "AA!: A$ The result is 3 a kind of absolute

colonization4 (0irilio "AA!: # $, in )hich the military class finally eliminates any localization or ecolo,y of resistance' This is )hat 3To my mind, there )as some hocus5pocus +et)een Mar/ and :n,els' :n,els )as a)are of the reality of )ar, e&en if he didn4t see it the )ay )e do' There )as also the idea of )ar as reappropriated +y the )or*in, class' The )or*in, class, especially at the +e,innin, of trade unionism, )as a com+at unit' This relation of Mar/ism to )ar )asn4t really clear at the outset'4 (0irilio in 0irilio K ;otrin,er "AC#: "!2$
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0irilio calls 3endo5colonization4' (t is &isi+le in the passa,e from the desperate holdin, on of the 0ietnamese a,ainst the ecolo,ical destruction of their territory, to the disappearance (in the "AB!s$ of the @alestinians from any territory into the final deterritorialized space of the media' (f this endo5colonization is successful, then the people are reduced to domesticated animals, the status of the 3 human commodity4 (0irilio "AA!: 12$' The aim of military occupation is to 3reduceGLH a population to the status of a movable slave, a commodity4 (0irilio "AA!: 2I$' (n fact, 3One no) colonizes only one4s o)n population' One underde&elops one4s o)n economy'4 (0irilio in 0irilio K ;otrin,er "AC#: A2$ The final response of the @alestinians to this reduction is a suicidal popular assault, as popular defence is no lon,er possi+le' (mplicitly trac*in, the rise of neoli+eralism 0irilio lin*s this condition to the ithdra al of the 7tate, )hich then inha+its a

3doctrine of security4 (0irilio "AA!: 2B$ permittin, inter&ention any)here' (n the face of the 3terrorism4 of the "AB!s, the 7tate e&ol&es a ne) modellin, of po)er as 3a )orld5)ide police chase, a fearsome +lend of military and judicial &iolence'4 (0irilio "AA!: 1#$ This characterization o+&iously resonates )ith the dominance of neoli+eralism and the instantiation, in the 4!!s, of the 3)ar on terror4' 0irilio presciently captured the sense of ne) forms of asymmetric )arfare and the 3hosta,e5holdin,4 function of military control in contemporary mediatized societies' (n this situation

traditional forms of popular resistance and )hat 0irilio calls 3ecolo,ical stru,,les4, the 3the simple freedom to come and ,o, as )ell as the freedom to remain, to stay put4 (0irilio "AA!: A"$, +ecome put into 6uestion' This 3ecolo,ical stru,,le4, the ri,ht to stay put, o+&iously spea*s to the situation of 3occupy4, )hich attempts to place a limit on the intrusion into )hat remains of 3pu+lic4 space' (t tries to reinstantiate a ne) fi,ure of su+jecti&ity 9 the AAM 9 to find a 3,roundin,4 of resistance' (n this )ay, implicitly if not e/plicitly, it tries to refi,ure the situation of the people from this status as 3mo&a+le commodity4 into immo&a+le protestor' Of course, )hile it spea*s to that conjuncture the difficulty remains concernin, the military po)er that 0irilio identifies as the ori,in of this

3delocalization4'

The End of Programmatism (n a rather uncanny )ay 0irilio4s analysis do&etails )ith that of the Marseille5+ased ,roup Theori Communiste (TC$ and their

announcement of the 3end of pro,rammatism4' (n this thesis capitalism and the )or*ers4 mo&ement remained loc*ed in a duel in )hich the capitalist ne,ation of the proletariat ,enerated the affirmation of the )or*ers4 identity' 3@ro,rammatism4 refers to this affirmation as a pro,ramme to +e realized, and one structured +y the capital5la+our relationship (Bro)n periodizin, hypothesis, in )hich the !"": passa,e $' TC offer a from formal

su+sumption 9 su+sumption under capital of )or*ers, )ith )or*ers still producin, in forms e/ternal to capital (such as peasants tillin, their o)n fields, +ut +rin,in, the produce to a capitalist mar*et$ 9 to real su+sumption 9 in )hich the )or*er is dra)n into capital, as in production line )or* (or capitalist a,riculture$ 9 produces shiftin, confi,urations of stru,,le' The period of formal su+sumption dra)s to an end around "A"B, )ith the emer,ence of a ne) cycle of stru,,les around real su+sumption that in&ol&e affirmin, the )or*er4s identity' This 3pro,rammatism4 comes into crisis )ith the second phase of real su+sumption, +e,innin, in the early "AB!s, and a ne) cycle of stru,,les that su,,est the limit of this identity' Capital4s 3a+andonment4 of the )or*er, and )or*er4s stru,,les of a+senteeism, sa+ota,e, and )ildcat stri*es, open ne) 3lines of fli,ht4 that hollo) out the traditional formations of pro,rammatism (unions, parties, etc'$ (n the analysis of TC this cycle of stru,,le does not simply end the proletarian condition (3)e are all middle5class no)4$, +ut reconfi,ures it to su,,est the necessity (rather than the choice$ of the proletariat as the self5a+olishin, class' They ar,ue that: 3Communisation is prefi,ured e&ery time the e/istence of the proletariat is produced as somethin, alien to it, as an o+jecti&e constraint )hich is e/ternalised in the &ery e/istence of capital4 (E'7' !"": A2$' The 3appearance4 of communization is one at the

ed,e or limit of stru,,le in )hich class itself 3appears as an e/ternal constraint, a limit to o&ercome'4 (E'7' !"": A2$ (n this historical

model these shifts in stru,,le put communism as communization on the a,enda, shorn of pre&ious 3)or*erist4 illusions'# (t )ould +e the )or*ers4 protests of the "A1!s and "AB!s, )hich countered these affirmations' -lso, the capitalist response of decouplin, the )or*er from )or* )ould also dispense )ith the affirmation of )or*er4s identity as an essential 3moment4 for capitalist reproduction' <nder these t)in shearin, pressures the affirmati&e forms of )or*er4s identity )ould +e hollo)ed out' Eather than this simply +ein, the si,n of defeat, TC ar,ue that it si,nals a recomposition of stru,,le )ith the proletariat as the pole of ne,ation, structured )ithin and a,ainst a capitalist system that no lon,er re6uired the 3)or*in, class4 as mediator' The comparison +et)een 0irilio and TC +ecomes clearer if )e consider the "AB# occupation and self5mana,ement +y )or*ers of the ;ip )atch factory in BeNanson' -t the time se&eral on the Jrench far5left, primarily Maoists, re,arded this act of occupation as the si,nal that )or*ers no lon,er re6uired the ,uidance of parties or militants to direct their stru,,les' This, at least, )as the conclusion of Dac6ues EanciOre (EanciOre !"": A!F Bro)n !"": !$' - similar

conclusion )as dra)n +y the former Maoist militants >uy ;ardreau and Christian Dam+et: We came to realize at a certain point that the masses had ,otten all they could out of us, that intellectuals had This is also contrary to the 3communizin,4 theory of >illes 8au&. and =arl Nesic, )ho treat 3communizin,4 as a persistent possi+ility yet to +e realized, rather than a ne) historical possi+ility (see Endnotes !!C$'
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nothin, left to ,i&e them' :&erythin, )e had done had passed o&er into the masses themsel&es' Witness the e&ents at ;ip' (t )as +ecomin, clear that there )as no lon,er any sense in militancy' (in 7tarr "AA2: A"$ There )ere, ho)e&er, dissident &oices' The Jrench ultra5left journal !gation ar,ued that the )or*ers of ;ip had reached a limit 9 the limit of self5mana,ement (!gation !!BF Bro)n !"": !$' The ;ip

)or*ers had +een una+le to ,o +eyond their o)n factory and )ere limited to restartin, a capitalist enterprise' 7o, )hile reco,nizin, this )as a stru,,le, for !gation it is limited +y its failure to ,o +eyond the limits of the )or*ers4 identity as )or*ers' (t is this point, as )e ha&e seen, )hich is ta*en up in more detail +y TC' (n the case of 0irilio, his point is similar' With more sympathy, 0irilio re,ards this stru,,le as the attempt to hold on to an ecolo,ical 3niche4 of stru,,le' ?e remar*s: The trade unions *ne) )hat they )ere doin, )hen they ordered the )or*ers to carefully maintain their tools of production' (t4s as if, in their minds, these tools )ere the last representation of the ori,inal en&ironment, the ,uarantee and mainstay of their entire le,al e/istence' (0irilio "AA!: 2I$ While certainly, in a fashion some)hat similar to !gation, 0irilio sees this stru,,le as outpaced +y the 3delocalizin,4 forces of the 7tate and capital, he also refuses to simply condemn this attempt at 3attachment4'

Resistance; Futile or Otherwise (f )e place these articulations in dialo,ue )e can say that the 3military 6uestion4 no) plays out in terms of the ne) forms and possi+ilities of the 3proletarian condition4' 0irilio concludes that the dispersion of military po)er across space and time puts an end to the traditional ri,ht of resistance 9 ,rounded in a particular territory and the preser&ation of means of &iolence' (n fact, 3depri&ed of their producti&e arsenal, they Gthe proletariatH stop +ein, pri&ile,ed economic partners in the pact of military semi5colonization'4 (0irilio "AA!: 2#$ The collapse of the place of the pact +et)een the military and ci&ilians means that: 3Jrom no) on, military assault is shapeless in time and or,iastic participation is no more than the irrational support of a techno"logistical supra"nationality, the final sta,e of delocalization, and thus of ser&itude'4 (0irilio "AA!: B $ This 3disappearance4 means that )e cannot locate a moment of resistance, and so find the dissolution of resistance'I The pessimistic conclusion of 0irilio is that re&olution is o&er and only re&olutionary resistance remains, +ut as )e ha&e seen this seems lar,ely ineffecti&e' (n typically hyper+olic fashion he

concludes: We can all drop dead' (n any case, they no lon,er need us: ro+ots and computers )ill ta*e care of production' War is automatized, and alon, )ith it the po)er of decision' They This dia,nosis +ears some similarity to that of Carl 7chmitt in his Theory of the Partisan ("A1#$'
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no lon,er need men, soldiers or )or*ers, only means of a+solute e/termination, on the commercial le&el as else)here' (0irilio in 0irilio K ;otrin,er "AC#: "! $ While this re,isters capital4s a+andonment of 3la+our4, as also re,istered +y TC, it e/tends it to a &ision of annihilation that falls outside the still remainin, 3mo&in, contradiction4 of capital4s need for la+our' On the contrary, TC ar,ue that ne) forms of 3suicidal4 stru,,le re,ister the limits of this delocalization, )hile continuin, to contest it' (n these stru,,les )or*ers no lon,er try to hold on to a )a,e la+our that has failed, +ut instead are 3forced4 into a 3rift4 )ith that identity' The result is the +urnin, do)n of factories, attempts to claim as hi,h a redundancy payment as possi+le, and other 3e/its4 from )or* (E'7' !"": ""A$' These stru,,les ha&e an e6ui&ocal

status, indicatin, +oth the tra,edy of )or*ers depri&ed of the identity of the )or*er and the fleetin, prefi,uration of a 3de5 essentialisation4 of la+our (E'7 !"": " !$' Contrary to 0irilio4s sense of the e/haustion of the 3proletariat4 under the threat of

e/termination, TC su,,est that the 3rift4 of proletarian self5a+olishin, can su,,est the possi+le emer,ence of a ne) communizin, process of re&olution' While 0irilio tends to an apocalyptic pessimism, TC4s e&asion of the military 6uestion produces some moments of seemin,ly remar*a+le optimism concernin, the 3communizin,4 process of re&olution:

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The confrontation )ith the state immediately poses the pro+lem of arms, )hich can only +e sol&ed +y settin, up a distri+ution net)or* to support com+at in an almost infinite multiplicity of places' Military and social acti&ities are insepara+le, the simultaneous, constitution of and a mutually or of

interpenetratin,:

front

determinate zones of com+at is the death of the re&olution' ( !"": 21$ While )e mi,ht ha&e some a,reement )ith this statement the le&el of a+straction )ith )hich it is posed ma*es it remar*a+ly hard to see ho) it )ill ,ain purchase a,ainst the 3military +ody4 of a compact and trans5national rulin, class' :lse)here TC concede there may +e 3the possi+ility of a multitude of small, +ar+aric )ars'4 (E'7' !"": "#C$ The hope of TC is that the &ery speed of the communizin, process )ill outpace the military and lo,istical capacities of the capitalist class: (t Gthe re&olutionH permits the a+olition to an e&er ,reater e/tent of all competition and di&ision +et)een

proletarians, ma*in, this the content and the unfoldin, of its armed confrontation )ith those )hom the capitalist class can still mo+ilize, inte,rate and reproduce )ithin its social relations' ( !"": 21$ (t is the rapid e/pansion of the 3proletarian condition4, no lon,er tied to the usual or,anizational and )a,e forms, )hich )ill permit an

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o&ercomin,, it is claimed, of the fraction of the military (and its capacity for destruction$ still inte,rated in capital' Therefore, they sta*e communization on an effect of acceleration: This is )hy all the measures of communization )ill ha&e to +e a &i,orous action for the dismantlin, of the connections )hich lin* our enemies and their material support: these )ill ha&e to +e rapidly destroyed, )ithout the possi+ility of return' ( !"": 21F my italics$ - similar trope occurs in the communzin, te/t +y Eocamadur P Blaumachen on the ;ondon riots of !" ' They conclude: The dynamic of class stru,,le today can ne&er +e &ictorious, +ecause it )ill *eep findin, class stru,,le itself as its limit, up to the point )hen the multiplication of rifts )ill +ecome the o&ercomin, of class +elon,in, (and therefore of class self5or,anization$, as a re&olution )ithin the re&olution, as communizin, measures, that )ill either de5capitalize (communize$ life further and further or +e crushed' ( !" $ Of course, the 6uestion is )hether the speed in&o*ed +y TC, the spread of communization in the process of re&olution, )ill 3de5 capitalise life further4 3or +e crushed4' (t is, to me, the rather san,uinary tendency to not ta*e seriously the second possi+ility that seems pro+lematic' This is 0irilio4s 6uestion' ?e notes the disappearance of the military from their o)n )ar5machine, pointin, out that the Captain

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of ?M7 7heffield had no time to react to the launchin, of an :/ocet missile launched from a 7uper :tendard aircraft, )hose pilot o+eyed the injunction of 3Jire and Jor,et4 (0irilio in 0irilio K ;otrin,er "AC#: "C$' The ship )as destroyed' Be&erly 7il&er ( !!#$ has also pointed out that a,ainst the ,reat citizen5armies, )hich allo)ed )or*ers to then ma*e a claim on the 7tates )hich had unleashed them in )ar, the response has +een to professionalize, pri&atize, and minimize the role of )or*ers in )ar 9 in line )ith the ,eneral tendency of capitalism to replace &aria+le capital )ith constant capital' (n the jar,on of the <7 military in re,ards to drones, the aim is the 3compression of the *ill chain4 9 the remo&al or minimisation of human in&ol&ement from destruction' (t is perhaps not hard to ima,ine these hard)ired 3moral drones4 re,ardin, proletarian re&olution as an immoral act' (n fact, this +an*in, on speed and mo&ement is precisely the ,round of the 3)ar of time4 0irilio identified as the pro+lem of the military class' The )ar of acceleration turns on ne) technolo,ies that push humans out of the domain of choice and control, in fa&our of an autonomous and automatic deterrence' While ( am, of course, not assimilatin, TC to this discourse, )e can see that )hat )e ha&e here is, precisely, a 3)ar of time4' On the one hand, )e ha&e the elimination or minimisation of la+our from the process of )arfare, to increase the speed and &iolence of military response' On the other hand, )e find the seemin, necessity of the rapid dispersion of re&olution to counter this possi+ility' There are t)o symmetrical

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ris*s, it seems to me' We could, first, o&erestimate the military capacities of the 3trans5national military class4, and there+y

en,ender our o)n stasis, if not e&en reification and fetishization of military po)er (a ris* run +y 0irilio$' 7econdly, ho)e&er, )e could also disre,ard the military 6uestion +y simply relyin, on the 3superior4 speed of re&olution' (t seems to +e this second ris* is run +y certain formulations of TC' Of course, 3Occupy4 is, or )as, a hetero,eneous formation, or set of formations, that often aimed to +rea* outside of this *ind of ossification' (f anythin,, in the typolo,y )e ha&e traced, it lies closest (in ,eneral$ to 0irilio4s insistence on the continuation of ecolo,ical resistance in the a+sence of re&olution' (n this )ay it seems not so much that it e&ades the military 6uestion as that it positi&ely refuses it, precisely to escape the discourse of 3pure )ar4 that 0irilio ar,ues is at the heart of Western nihilism (0irilio "AA!: 1C$' - similar claim could +e made for TC' My su,,estion in reply is a modest one' While this is a lauda+le aim, it mi,ht +e that a politics of dispersion, resonance, and acceleration, )ill ha&e to confront not only the inertial effects of the 3practico5inert4, +ut also the militarized forms of the capitalist 7tate that deploy and en,a,e )ith e/actly these ne) forms to produce their o)n de5localization and localization of po)er'

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Bibliograph -dams, Dason ( !" $, 3Occupy Time4, #adical Philosophy "B": "25"C'

Bro)n, Nathan ( !""$, 3Eed years: -lthusser4s lesson, EanciOre4s error and the real mo&ement of history4, #adical Philosophy "B!: "15 I'

Endnotes " ( !!C$'

;ears, Dac*son ( !"!$, 3Mad Mon*ey' Ee&ie) of Matterhorn +y =arl Marlantes4, $ondon #evie of %ooks GOnlineH # '"C: "25"B'

http:PP)))'lr+'co'u*P&# Pn"CPjac*son5learsPmad5mon*ey

!gation ( !!B$, 3;ip and the 7elf5Mana,ed Counter5Ee&olution4 G"AB#H, trans' @eter Eachleff and -lan Wallach,

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EanciOre, Dac6ues ( !""$, &lthusser's $esson G"ABIH, trans' :miliano Battista, ;ondon: Continuum'

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Eocamadur P Blaumachen, 3The feral underclass hits the streets: On the :n,lish riots and other ordeals4, S(C) (nternational *ournal for Communization ( !" $, http:PPsic'communisation'netPenPthe5feral5underclass5hits5the5 streetsQ8o*uWi*iRe"AB1Iaffec+!#II!"ae"fcAdf!# f++ # 8ecem+er !" $ (-ccessed

E'7' ( !""$, 3The @resent Moment4, S(C) (nternational *ournal for Communization " ( !""$: A25"II' http:PPriff5raff'sePenPsic"Psic5"5!B5the5present5moment'pdf (-ccessed # 8ecem+er !" $

7chmitt, Carl ( !!B$, Theory of the Partisan, trans' >' ;' <lmen, Ne) %or*: Telos @u+lishin,'

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7tarr, @eter ("AA2$, $ogics of +ailed #evolt) +rench Theory &fter May ',-, 7tanford: 7tanford <ni&ersity @ress'

Theori Communiste ( !""$, 3Communization in the @resent Tense4, in Communization and its Discontents, ed' Benjamin Noys, Broo*lyn: -utonomedia P Minor Compositions, pp'I"52C'

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0irilio, @aul ("AA!$, Popular Defense and Ecological Struggles G"ABCH, trans' Mar* @olizzotti, Ne) %or*: 7emiote/t(e$'

0irilio, @aul ( !!1$, Speed and Politics G"ABBH, trans' Marc @olizzotti, Ne) %or*: 7emiote/t(e$'

0irilio @aul, and 7yl&Ore ;otrin,er ("AC#$, Pure .ar, trans' Mar* @olizzotti, Ne) %or*: 7emiote/t(e$'

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