10.

Thin Cylinder
Theory at a Glance (for IES, GATE, PSU)
1. Thin Rings
Uniformly distributed loading (radial) may be due to either
Internal pressure or external pressure Centrifugal force as in the case of a rotating ring

Case-I: Internal pressure or external pressure

s = qr

Where q = Intensity of loading in kg/cm of Oce r = Mean centreline of radius s = circumferential tension or hoops tension (Radial loading ducted outward)

Unit stress,

s qr = A A

Circumferential strain, c =

qr AE

Diametral strain, ( d ) = Circumferential strain, ( c )

Case-II: Centrifugal force

w 2 r 2 Hoop's Tension, s = g s w 2 r Radial loading, q = = r g

Hoop's stress,

Where w = wt. per unit length of circumferential element

= Angular velocity

s w 2 2 = . r A Ag

2. Thin Walled Pressure Vessels

For thin cylinders whose thickness may be considered small compared to their diameter.

Inner dia of the cylinder (d i ) > 15 or 20 wall thickness (t)

Page 308 of 429

Chapter-10

Thin Cylinder

S K Mondals

3. General Formula
1
r1
Where

2
r2

p t

1 =Meridional stress at A 2 =Circumferential / Hoop's stress

P = Intensity of internal gas pressure/ fluid pressure t = Thickness of pressure vessel.

4. Some cases:

Cylindrical vessel

1 =

pr pD = 2t 4t

2 =
=

pr pD = t 2t

r1 , r2 = r

max =

1 2
2

pr pD = 4t 8t
pr pD = 2t 4t
and [r1 = r2 = r]

Spherical vessel

1 = 2 =

Conical vessel

1 =
Notes:

py tan [ r1 ] 2t cos
'V' of
1/3

2 =

py tan t cos

2
Volume the spherical shell,

2 1

V=

Di3

6V Di =

Design of thin cylindrical shells is based on hoop's stress

5. Volumetric Strain (Dilation)

Rectangular block,

V =x + y + z V0

Cylindrical pressure vessel

1=Longitudinal strain =

1
E

2
E

pr [1 2 ] 2 Et

pr [1 2 ] E E 2 Et V pr pD Volumetric Strain, [5 4 ] = [5 4 ] =1 +2 2 = Vo 2 Et 4 Et

2 =Circumferential strain =

i.e. Volumetric strain, (v ) = longitudinal strain (1 ) + 2 circumferential strain (2 )

Spherical vessels

=1 =2 =

pr [1 ] 2 Et

Page 309 of 429

Chapter-10

V 3 pr [1 ] = 3 = V0 2 Et

Thin Cylinder

S K Mondals

6. Thin cylindrical shell with hemispherical end

Condition for no distortion at the junction of cylindrical and hemispherical portion

t2 1 = t1 2

Where, t1= wall thickness of cylindrical portion t2 = wall thickness of hemispherical portion

7. Alternative method
Consider the equilibrium of forces in the z-direction acting on the part cylinder shown in figure. Force due to internal pressure p acting on area D2/4 = p. D2/4 Force due to longitudinal stress sL acting on area Dt = 1 Dt

Equating:
or

p. D2/4 = 1 Dt

1 =

pd pr = 4t 2t

Now consider the equilibrium of forces in the x-direction acting on the sectioned cylinder shown in figure. It is assumed that the circumferential stress 2 is constant through the thickness of the cylinder. Force due to internal pressure p acting on area Dz = pDz Force due to circumferential stress 2 acting on area 2tz = 2 2tz

Equating: pDz = 2 2tz

or 2 =

pD pr = 2t t

Page 310 of 429