Matlab Toolbox PSAT

PSAT
Power System Analysis Toolbox Quick Reference Manual for PSAT version 2.1.2, June 26, 2008
Federico Milano
Copyright c 2003 - 2008 Federico Milano
Note
PSAT is a Matlab toolbox for static and dynamic analysis and control of electric power systems. The PSAT project began in September 2001, while I was a Ph.D. candidate at the Universit a degli Studi di Genova, Italy. The rst public version date back to November 2002, when I was a Visiting Scholar at the University of Waterloo, Canada. I am currently maintaining PSAT in the spare time, while I am working as associate professor at the Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain. PSAT is provided free of charge, in the hope it can be useful and other people can use and improve it, but please be aware that this toolbox comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type warranty at the Matlab prompt. PSAT is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions. Refer to the GNU Public License for details. PSAT is a work in progress. Features, structures and data formats can be partially or completely changed in future versions. Be sure to visit often my webpage in order to get the last version: http://www.uclm.es/area/gsee/Web/Federico/psat.htm If you nd bugs or have any suggestions, please send me an e-mail at: Federico.Milano@uclm.es or you can subscribe to the PSAT Forum, which is available at: http://groups.yahoo.com/groups/psatforum
Important Note. Although the PSAT code and a reduced manual that briey describes the PSAT format are distributed for free, the full documentation is no longer provided for free. Also technical assistance on the program is no longer provided for free. If you are interested in such service, please contact the author to get an agreement.
Acknowledgements
I wish to thank very much Professor C. A. Ca nizares for his priceless help, teachings and advises. Thanks also for providing me a webpage and a link to my software in the main webpage of the E&CE Deparment, University of Waterloo, Canada. Many thanks to the moderators of the PSAT Forum for spending their time on answering tons of messages: Luigi Vanfretti, Juan Carlos Morataya, Raul Rabinovici, Ivo Smon, and Zhen Wang. Thanks to Hugo M. Ayres, Marcelo S. Castro, Alberto Del Rosso, Jasmine, Igor Kopcak, Liu Lin, Lars Lindgren, Marcos Miranda, Juan Carlos Morataya, Difahoui Rachid, Santiago Torres, and Luigi Vanfretti for their relevant contributions, corrections and bug xes.
Contents
1 Introduction 1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 PSAT vs. Other Matlab Toolboxes . . . . 1.3 Outlines of the Full PSAT Documentation 1.4 Outlines of the Quick Reference Manual . 1.5 Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Getting Started 2.1 Download . . . . . . . 2.2 Requirements . . . . . 2.3 Installation . . . . . . 2.4 Launching PSAT . . . 2.5 Loading Data . . . . . 2.6 Running the Program 2.7 Displaying Results . . 2.8 Saving Results . . . . 2.9 Settings . . . . . . . . 2.10 Network Design . . . . 2.11 Tools . . . . . . . . . . 2.12 Interfaces . . . . . . . 3 PSAT Data Fomat 4 Data Format Conversion 5 Command Line Usage 5.1 Basics . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Advanced Usage . . . . 5.3 Command Line Options 5.4 Example . . . . . . . . . 1 1 4 4 5 5 7 7 7 8 9 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 47 51 51 54 55 56
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6 Running PSAT on GNU Octave 59 6.1 Setting up PSAT for Running on GNU Octave . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 6.1.1 How does the conversion works? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6.2 Basic Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 v
vi
CONTENTS
6.3
Plot Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61 63 63 68 70 76 77 79 81 82 83 85 91 95 99
A Global Structures & Classes A.1 General Settings . . . . . . . . A.2 Other Settings . . . . . . . . . A.3 System Properties and Settings A.4 Outputs and Variable Names . A.5 User Dened Models . . . . . . A.6 Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.7 Command Line Usage . . . . . A.8 Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . A.9 Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B Matlab Functions C Other Files and Folders D PSAT Forum Bibliography
Chapter 1
Introduction
This chapter presents an overview of PSAT features and a comparison with other Matlab toolboxes for power system analysis. The outlines of this documentation and a list of PSAT users around the world are also provided.
1.1
Overview
PSAT is a Matlab toolbox for electric power system analysis and control. The command line version of PSAT is also Octave compatible. PSAT includes power ow, continuation power ow, optimal power ow, small signal stability analysis and time domain simulation. All operations can be assessed by means of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and a Simulink-based library provides an user friendly tool for network design. PSAT core is the power ow routine, which also takes care of state variable initialization. Once the power ow has been solved, further static and/or dynamic analysis can be performed. These routines are: 1. Continuation power ow; 2. Optimal power ow; 3. Small signal stability analysis; 4. Time domain simulations; 5. Phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement. In order to perform accurate power system analysis, PSAT supports a variety of static and dynamic component models, as follows: Power Flow Data: Bus bars, transmission lines and transformers, slack buses, PV generators, constant power loads, and shunt admittances. CPF and OPF Data: Power supply bids and limits, generator power reserves, generator ramping data, and power demand bids and limits. 1
1 Introduction
Switching Operations: Transmission line faults and transmission line breakers. Measurements: Bus frequency and phasor measurement units (PMU). Loads: Voltage dependent loads, frequency dependent loads, ZIP (impedance, constant current and constant power) loads, exponential recovery loads [8,11], thermostatically controlled loads [9], Jimmas loads [10], and mixed loads. Machines: Synchronous machines (dynamic order from 2 to 8) and induction motors (dynamic order from 1 to 5). Controls: Turbine Governors, Automatic Voltage Regulators, Power System Stabilizer, Over-excitation limiters, Secondary Voltage Regulation (Central Area Controllers and Cluster Controllers), and a Supplementary Stabilizing Control Loop for SVCs. Regulating Transformers: Load tap changer with voltage or reactive power regulators and phase shifting transformers. FACTS: Static Var Compensators, Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors, Static Synchronous Source Series Compensators, Unied Power Flow Controllers, and High Voltage DC transmission systems. Wind Turbines: Wind models, Constant speed wind turbine with squirrel cage induction motor, variable speed wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator, and variable speed wind turbine with direct drive synchronous generator. Other Models: Synchronous machine dynamic shaft, sub-synchronous resonance model, and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. Besides mathematical routines and models, PSAT includes a variety of utilities, as follows: 1. One-line network diagram editor (Simulink library); 2. GUIs for settings system and routine parameters; 3. User dened model construction and installation; 4. GUI for plotting results; 5. Filters for converting data to and from other formats; 6. Command logs. Finally, PSAT includes bridges to GAMS and UWPFLOW programs, which highly extend PSAT ability of performing optimization and continuation power ow analysis. Figure 1.1 depicts the structure of PSAT.
Input
Simulink Models
Other Data Format Saved Results Data Files
Simulink Library
Simulink Model Conversion
Power Flow & State Variable Initialization
Conversion Utilities
Settings
User Dened Models
Interfaces GAMS Static Analysis Optimal PF Continuation PF UWpow PMU Placement Time Domain Simulation Dynamic Analysis Small Signal Stability
PSAT
Command History
Plotting Utilities
Output
Text Output
Save Results
Graphic Output
Figure 1.1: PSAT at a glance.
1 Introduction
Table 1.1: Matlab-based packages for power system analysis Package PF CPF OPF SSSA TDS EMT GUI CAD EST MatEMTP Matpower PAT PSAT PST SPS VST
1.2
PSAT vs. Other Matlab Toolboxes
Table 1.1 depicts a rough comparison of the currently available Matlab-based software packages for power electric system analysis. These are: 1. Educational Simulation Tool (EST) [16]; 2. MatEMTP [12]; 3. Matpower [18]; 4. Power System Toolbox (PST) [7, 6, 5] 5. Power Analysis Toolbox (PAT) [14]; 6. SimPowerSystems (SPS) [15];1 7. Voltage Stability Toolbox (VST) [4, 13]. The features illustrated in the table are standard power ow (PF), continuation power ow and/or voltage stability analysis (CPF-VS), optimal power ow (OPF), small signal stability analysis (SSSA) and time domain simulation (TDS) along with some aesthetic features such as graphical user interface (GUI) and graphical network construction (CAD).
1.3
Outlines of the Full PSAT Documentation
The full PSAT documentation consists in seven parts, as follows. Part I provides an introduction to PSAT features and a quick tutorial. Part II describes the routines and algorithms for power system analysis. Part III illustrates models and data formats of all components included in PSAT.
1 Since
Matlab Release 13, SimPowerSystems has replaced the Power System Blockset package.
1.4 Outlines of the Quick Reference Manual
Part IV describes the Simulink library for designing network and provides hints for the correct usage of Simulink blocks. Part V provides a brief description of the tools included in the toolbox. Part VI presents PSAT interfaces for GAMS and UWPFLOW programs. Part VII illustrates functions and libraries contributed by PSAT users. Part VIII depicts a detailed description of PSAT global structures, functions, along with test system data and frequent asked questions. The GNU General Public License and the GNU Free Documentation License are also reported in this part.
1.4
Outlines of the Quick Reference Manual
The quick reference manual describes the installation; the complete PSAT format; the PSAT-Simulink Library; the command line usage on Matlab and GNU Octave; and the complete list of stuctures, classes and functions.
1.5
Users
PSAT is currently used in more than 50 countries. These include: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Barbados, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Guatemala, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Laos, Macedonia, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Per u, Philippines, Poland, Puerto Rico, Romania, Spain, Slovenia, South Africa, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, USA, Venezuela, and Vietnam. Figure 1.2 depicts PSAT users around the world.
PSAT users
Figure 1.2: PSAT around the world.
Chapter 2
Getting Started
This chapter explains how to download, install and run PSAT. The structure of the toolbox and a brief description of its main features are also presented.
2.1
Download
www.uclm.es/area/gsee/Web/Federico/psat.htm
PSAT can be downloaded at:
or following the Downloads link at: www.power.uwaterloo.ca The latter link and is kindly provided by Prof. Claudio A. Ca nizares, who has been my supervisor for 16 months (September 2001-December 2002), when I was a Visiting Scholar at the E&CE of the University of Waterloo, Canada.
2.2
Requirements
PSAT 2.1.2 can run on Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, and Windows operating systems and on Matlab versions from 5.3 to 7.6 (R2008a) and Octave version 3.0.0.1 The Simulink library and the GUIs can be used on Matlab 7.0 (R14) or higher. On older versions of Matlab and on GNU Octave, only the command line mode of PSAT is available. Chapters 5 and 6 provide further details on the command line usage on Matlab and on GNU Octave. The requirements of PSAT for running on Matlab are minimal: only the basic Matlab and Simulink packages are needed, except for compiling user dened models, which requires the Symbolic Toolbox. If using Octave 3.0.0, the extra packages Java and JHandles,2 even though not necessary right now, will likely be required in future releases.
1 Available 2 Available
at www.gnu.org/software/octave at octave.sourgeforge.net
2 Getting Started
2.3
Installation
Extract the zipped les from the distribution tarball in a new directory (do not overwirte an old PSAT directory). On Unix or Unix-like environment, make sure the current path points at the folder where you downloaded the PSAT tarball and type at the terminal prompt: $ gunzip psat-version.tar.gz $ tar xvf psat-version.tar or: $ tar zxvf psat-version.tar or, if the distribution archive comes in the zip format: $ unzip psat-version.zip where version is the current PSAT version code. The procedure above creates in the working directory a psat2 folder which contains all les and all directories necessary for running PSAT. On a Windows platform, use WinZip or similar program to unpack the PSAT tarball. Most recent releases of Windows zip programs automatically supports gunzip and tar compression and archive formats. Some of these programs (e.g. WinZip) ask for creating a temporary directory where to expand the tar le. If this is the case, just accept and extract the PSAT package. Finally, make sure that the directory tree is correctly created. Then launch Matlab. Before you can run PSAT, you need to update your Matlab path, i.e. the list of folders where Matlab looks for functions and scripts. You may proceed in one of the following ways: 1. Open the GUI available at the menu File/Set Path of the main Matlab window. Then type or browse the PSAT folder and save the session. Note that on some Unix platforms, it is not allowed to overwrite the pathdef.m le and you will be requested to write a new pathdef.m in a writable location. If this is the case, save it in a convenient folder but remember to start future Matlab session from that folder in order to make Matlab to use your custom path list. 2. If you started Matlab with the -nojvm option, you cannot launch the GUI from the main window menu. In this case, use the addpath function, which will do the same job as the GUI but at the Matlab prompt. For example: >> addpath /home/username/psat
or: >> addpath c:\Document and Settings\username\psat
2.4 Launching PSAT
For further information, refer to the on-line documentation of the function addpath or the Matlab documentation for help. 3. Change the current Matlab working directory to the PSAT folder and launch PSAT from there. This works since PSAT checks the current Matlab path list denition when it is launched. If PSAT does not nd itself in the list, it will use the addpath function as in the previous point. Using this PSAT feature does not always guarantee that the Matlab path list is properly updated and is not recommended. However, this solution is the best choice in case you wish maintaining dierent PSAT versions in dierent folders. Note 1: PSAT will not work properly if the Matlab path does not contain the PSAT folder. Note 2: PSAT makes use of four internal folders (images, build, themes, and filters). It is highly recommended not to change the position and the names of these folders. PSAT can work properly only if the current Matlab folder and the data le folders are writable. Furthermore, if you want to build and install user dened components, the PSAT folder should also be writable. Note 3: To be able to run dierent PSAT versions, make sure that your pathdef.m le does not contain any PSAT folder. You should also reset the Matlab path or restart Matlab anytime you want to change PSAT version.
2.4
>> psat
Launching PSAT
After setting the PSAT folder in the Matlab path, type from the Matlab prompt:
This will create all the classes and the structures required by the toolbox, as follows:3 >> who Your variables are: Algeb Area Breaker Bus Buses Demand Dfig Exc Exload Fault Jimma LIB Line Lines Ltc PQ PQgen PV Param Path SAE1 SAE2 SAE3 SNB SSR Sssc Statcom State Supply Svc Upfc Varname Varout Vltn Wind
3 By default, all variables previously initialized in the workspace are cleared. If this is not desired, just comment or remove the clear all statement at the beginning of the script le psat.m.
10
2 Getting Started
Figure 2.1: Main graphical user interface of PSAT.
Busfreq CPF Cac Cluster Comp Cswt DAE Ddsg
Fig File Fl GAMS Hdl History Hvdc Initl
Mass Mixed Mn Mot NLA OPF Oxl PMU
Phs Pl Pmu Pod Pss Rmpg Rmpl Rsrv
SSSA SW Servc Settings Shunt Snapshot Sofc Source
Syn Tap Tcsc Tg Theme Thload Twt UWPFLOW
Ypdp ans clpsat filemode jay
and will open the main user interface window4 which is depicted in Fig. 2.1. All modules and procedures can be launched from this window by means of menus, push buttons and/or shortcuts.
4 This window should always be present during all operations. If it is closed, it can be launched again by typing fm main at the prompt. In this way, all data and global variables are preserved.
2.5 Loading Data
11
2.5
Loading Data
Almost all operations require that a data le is loaded. The name of this le is always displayed in the edit text Data File of the main window. To load a le simply double click on this edit text, or use the rst button of the tool-bar, the menu File/Open/Data File or the shortcut <Ctr-d> when the main window is active. The data le can be either a .m le in PSAT format or a Simulink model created with the PSAT library. If the source is in a dierent format supported by the PSAT format conversion utility, rst perform the conversion in order to create the PSAT data le. It is also possible to load results previously saved with PSAT by using the second button from the left of the tool-bar, the menu File/Open/Saved System or the shortcut <Ctr-y>. To allow portability across dierent computers, the .out les used for saving system results include also the original data which can be saved in a new .m data le. Thus, after loading saved system, all operations are allowed, not only the visualization of results previously obtained. There is a second class of les that can be optionally loaded, i.e. perturbation or disturbance les. These are actually Matlab functions and are used for setting independent variables during time domain simulations. In order to use the program, it is not necessary to load a perturbation le, not even for running a time domain simulation.
2.6
Running the Program
Setting a data le does not actually load or update the component structures. To do this, one has to run the power ow routine, which can be launched in several ways from the main window (e.g. by the shortcut <Ctr-p>). The last version of the data le is read each time the power ow is performed. The data are updated also in case of changes in the Simulink model originally loaded. Thus it is not necessary to load again the le every time it is modied. After solving the rst power ow, the program is ready for further analysis, such as Continuation Power Flow, Optimal Power Flow, Small Signal Stability Analysis, Time Domain Simulation, PMU placement, etc. Each of these procedures can be launched from the tool-bar or the menu-bar of the main window.
2.7
Displaying Results
Results can be generally displayed in more than one way, either by means of a graphical user interface in Matlab or as a ascii text le. For example power ow results, or whatever is the actual solution of the power ow equations of the current system, can be inspected with a GUI (in the main window, look for the menu View/Static Report or use the shortcut <Ctr-v>). Then, the GUI allows to save the results in a text le. The small signal stability and the PMU placement GUIs have similar behaviors. Other results requiring a graphical output, such as continuation power ow results, multi-objective power ow computations or time
12
2 Getting Started
domain simulations, can be depicted and saved in .eps les with the plotting utilities (in the main window, look for the menu View/Plotting Utilities or use the shortcut <Ctr-w>). Refer to the chapters where these topics are discussed for details and examples. Some computations and several user actions result also in messages stored in the History structure. These messages/results are displayed one at the time in the static text banner at the bottom of the main window. By double clicking on this banner or using the menu Options/History a user interface will display the last messages. This utility can be useful for debugging data errors or for checking the performances of the procedures.5
2.8
Saving Results
At any time the menu File/Save/Current System or the shortcut <Ctr-a> can be invoked for saving the actual system status in a .mat le. All global structures used by PSAT are stored in this le which is placed in the folder of the current data le and has the extension .out. Also the data le itself is saved, to ensure portability across dierent computers. Furthermore, all static computations allow to create a report in a text le that can be stored and used later. The extensions for these les are as follows: .txt for reports in plain text; .xls for reports in Excel;
A .tex for reports in L TEX.
The report le name are built as follows: [data file name] [xx].[ext] where xx is a progressive number, thus previous report les will not be overwritten.6 All results are placed in the folder of the current data le, thus it is important to be sure to have the authorization for writing in that folder. Also the text contained in the command history can be saved, fully or in part, in a [data file name] [xx].log le.
2.9
Settings
The main settings of the system are directly included in the main window an they can be modied at any time. These settings are the frequency and power bases,
5 All errors displayed in the command history are not actually errors of the program, but are due to wrong sequence of operations or inconsistencies in the data. On the other hand, errors and warnings that are displayed on the Matlab prompt are more likely bugs and it would be of great help if you could report these errors to me whenever you encounter one. 6 Well, after writing the 99th le, the le with the number 01 is actually overwritten without asking for any conrmation.
2.10 Network Design
13
starting and ending simulation times, static and dynamic tolerance and maximum number of iterations. Other general settings, such as the xed time step used for time domain simulations or the setting to force the conversion of PQ loads into constant impedances after power ow computations, can be modied in a separate windows (in the main window, look for the menu Edit/General Settings or use the shortcut <Ctr-k>). All these settings and data are stored in the Settings structure which is fully described in Appendix A. The default values for some elds of the Settings structure can be restored by means of the menu Edit/Set Default. Customized settings can be saved and used as default values for the next sessions by means of the menu File/Save/Settings. Computations requiring additional settings have their own structures and GUIs for modifying structure elds. For example, the continuation power ow analysis refers to the structure CPF and the optimal power ow analysis to the structure OPF. These structures are described in the chapters dedicated to the corresponding topics. A dierent class of settings is related to the PSAT graphical interface appearance, the preferred text viewer for the text outputs and the settings for the command history interface.
2.10
Network Design
The Simulink environment and its graphical features are used in PSAT to create a CAD tool able to design power networks, visualize the topology and change the data stored in it, without the need of directly dealing with lists of data. However, Simulink has been thought for control diagrams with outputs and inputs variables, and this is not the best way to approach a power system network. Thus, the time domain routines that come with Simulink and its ability to build control block diagrams are not used. PSAT simply reads the data from the Simulink model and writes down a data le. The library can be launched from the main window by means of the button with the Simulink icon in the menu-bar, the menu Edit/Network/Edit Network/Simulink Library or the shortcut <Ctr-s>.
2.11
Tools
Several tools are provided with PSAT, e.g. data format conversion functions and user dened model routines. The data format conversion routines (see Chapter 4) allow importing data les from other power system software packages. However, observe that in some cases the conversion cannot be complete since data dened for commercial software have more features than the ones implemented in PSAT. PSAT static data les can be converted into the IEEE Common Data Format.
14
2 Getting Started
2.12
Interfaces
PSAT provides interfaces to GAMS and UWPFLOW, which highly extend PSAT ability to perform OPF and CPF analysis respectively. The General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) is a high-level modeling system for mathematical programming problems. It consists of a language compiler and a variety of integrated high-performance solvers. GAMS is specically designed for large and complex scale problems, and allows creating and maintaining models for a wide variety of applications and disciplines [1]. UWPFLOW is an open source program for sophisticated continuation power ow analysis [2]. It consists of a set of C functions and libraries designed for voltage stability analysis of power systems, including voltage dependent loads, HVDC, FACTS and secondary voltage control.
Chapter 3
PSAT Data Fomat

This chapter describes the complete data format of all components and devices implementes in PSAT. The mathematical models are not included in the quick reference manual. Refer to the full PSAT documentation for the description of the models. Table 3.1: Bus Data Format (Bus.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 Variable Vb V0 0 Ai Ri Description Bus number Voltage base Voltage amplitude initial guess Voltage phase initial guess Area number (not used yet...) Region number (not used yet...) Unit int kV p.u. rad int int
15
Table 3.2: Line Data Format (Line.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Variable k m Sn Vn fn r x b Imax Pmax Smax u Description From Bus To Bus Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Line length not used Resistance Reactance Susceptance not used not used Current limit Active power limit Apparent power limit Connection status Unit int int MVA kV Hz km p.u. (/km) p.u. (H/km) p.u. (F/km) p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
Table 3.3: Transformer Data Format (Line.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Variable k m Sn Vn fn kT r x a Imax Pmax Smax u Description From Bus To Bus Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating not used Primary and secondary voltage ratio Resistance Reactance not used Fixed tap ratio Fixed phase shift Current limit Active power limit Apparent power limit Connection status Unit int int MVA kV Hz kV/kV p.u. p.u. p.u./p.u. deg p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
16
Table 3.4: Alternative Line Data Format (Lines.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Variable k m Sn Vn fn r x b u Description From Bus To Bus Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Resistance Reactance Susceptance Connection status Unit int int MVA kV Hz p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
Table 3.5: Three-Winding Transformer Data Format (Twt.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Variable Sn fn Vn1 Vn2 Vn3 r12 r13 r23 x12 x13 x23 a Imax1 Imax2 Imax3 Pmax1 Pmax2 Pmax3 Smax1 Smax2 Smax3 u Description Bus number of the 1th winding Bus number of the 2nd winding Bus number of the 3rd winding Power rating Frequency rating Voltage rating of the 1th winding Voltage rating of the 2nd winding Voltage rating of the 3rd winding Resistance of the branch 1-2 Resistance of the branch 1-3 Resistance of the branch 2-3 Reactance of the branch 1-2 Reactance of the branch 1-3 Reactance of the branch 2-3 Fixed tap ratio Current limit of the 1th winding Current limit of the 2nd winding Current limit of the 3rd winding Real power limit of the 1th winding Real power limit of the 2nd winding Real power limit of the 3rd winding Apparent power limit of the 1th winding Apparent power limit of the 2nd winding Apparent power limit of the 3rd winding Connection status Unit int int int MVA Hz kV kV kV p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u./p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
17
Table 3.6: Slack Generator Data Format (SW.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Variable Sn Vn V0 0 Qmax Qmin Vmax Vmin Pg 0 z u Description Bus number Power rating Voltage rating Voltage magnitude Reference Angle Maximum reactive power Minimum reactive power Maximum voltage Minimum voltage Active power guess Loss participation coecient Reference bus Connection status Unit int MVA kV p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1} {0, 1}
Table 3.7: PV Generator Data Format (PV.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Variable Sn Vn Pg V0 Qmax Qmin Vmax Vmin u Description Bus number Power rating Voltage rating Active Power Voltage Magnitude Maximum reactive power Minimum reactive power Maximum voltage Minimum voltage Loss participation coecient Connection status Unit int MVA kV p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
18
Table 3.8: PQ Load Data Format (PQ.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Variable Sn Vn PL QL Vmax Vmin z u Description Bus number Power rating Voltage rating Active Power Reactive Power Maximum voltage Minimum voltage Allow conversion to impedance Connection status Unit int MVA kV p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1} {0, 1}
Table 3.9: PQ Generator Data Format (PQgen.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Variable Sn Vn Pg Qg Vmax Vmin z u Description Bus number Power rating Voltage rating Active Power Reactive Power Maximum voltage Minimum voltage Allow conversion to impedance Connection status Unit int MVA kV p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1} {0, 1}
Table 3.10: Shunt Admittance Data Format (Shunt.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Variable Sn Vn fn g b u Description Bus number Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Conductance Susceptance Connection status Unit int MVA kV Hz p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
19
Table 3.11: Area & Regions Data Format (Areas.con and Regions.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Variable Sn Pex Ptol P% Pnet Qnet Description Area/region number Slack bus number for the area/region Power rate Interchange export (> 0 = out) Interchange tolerance Annual growth rate Actual real power net interchange Actual reactive power net interchange Unit int int MVA p.u. p.u. % p.u. p.u.
Table 3.12: Power Supply Data Format (Supply.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Variable Sn P S0 max PS min PS PS CP0 CP1 CP2 CQ0 CQ1 CQ2 u kT B Qmax g Qmin g C upS C dwS u Description Bus number Power rating Active power direction Maximum power bid Minimum power bid Actual active power bid Fixed cost (active power) Proportional cost (active power) Quadratic cost (active power) Fixed cost (reactive power) Proportional cost (reactive power) Quadratic cost (reactive power) Commitment variable Tie breaking cost Loss participation factor Maximum reactive power Qmax g Minimum reactive power Qmin g Congestion up cost Congestion down cost Connection status Unit int MVA p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. $/h $/MWh $/MW2 h $/h $/MVArh $/MVAr2 h boolean $/MWh p.u. p.u. $/h $/h {0, 1}
This eld is used only for the CPF analysis. This eld is an output of the OPF routines and can be left zero.
20
Table 3.13: Power Reserve Data Format (Rsrv.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 Variable Sn max PR min PR CR u Description Bus number Power rating Maximum power reserve Minimum power reserve Reserve oer price Connection status Unit int MVA p.u. p.u. $/MWh {0, 1}
Table 3.14: Generator Power Ramping Data Format (Rmpg.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Variable Sn Rup Rdown UT DT U Ti DTi CSU u Description Supply number Power rating Ramp rate up Ramp rate down Minimum # of period up Minimum # of period down Initial # of period up Initial # of period down Start up cost Connection status Unit int MVA p.u./h p.u./h h h int int $ {0, 1}
Table 3.15: Load Ramping Data Format (Rmpl.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Variable Sn Rup Rdown Tup Tdown nup ndown u Description Bus number Power rating Ramp rate up Ramp rate down Minimum up time Minimum down time Number of period up Number of period down Connection status Unit int MVA p.u./min p.u./min min min int int {0, 1}
21
Table 3.16: Power Demand Data Format (Demand.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Variable Sn P D0 QD0 max PD min PD PD CP0 CP1 CP2 CQ0 CQ1 CQ2 u kT B C upD C dwD u Description Bus number Power rating Active power direction Reactive power direction Maximum power bid Minimum power bid Optimal active power bid Fixed cost (active power) Proportional cost (active power) Quadratic cost (active power) Fixed cost (reactive power) Proportional cost (reactive power) Quadratic cost (reactive power) Commitment variable Tie breaking cost Congestion up cost Congestion down cost Connection status Unit int MVA p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. $/h $/MWh $/MW2 h $/h $/MVArh $/MVAr2 h boolean $/MWh $/h $/h {0, 1}
These elds are used for both the CPF analysis and the OPF analysis. This eld is an output of the OPF routines and can be left blank.
Table 3.17: Demand Prole Data Format (Ypdp.con) Column 1-24 25-48 49-72 73-96 97-127 121-144 145-151 152-203 204 205 206 Variable t k (1) t (2) k t k (3) t k (4) t (5) k t k (6) k k Description Daily prole for a winter working day Daily prole for a winter weekend Daily prole for a summer working day Daily prole for a summer weekend Daily prole for a spring/fall working day Daily prole for a spring/fall weekend Prole for the days of the week Prole for the weeks of the year Kind of the day Day of the week Week of the year Unit % % % % % % % % {1, . . . , 6} {1, . . . , 7} {1, . . . , 52}
22
Table 3.18: Fault Data Format (Fault.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Variable Sn Vn fn tf tc rf xf Description Bus number Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Fault time Clearance time Fault resistance Fault reactance Unit int MVA kV Hz s s p.u. p.u.
Table 3.19: Breaker Data Format (Breaker.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Variable Sn Vn fn u t1 t2 u1 u2 Description Line number Bus number Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Connection status First intervention time Second intervention time Apply rst intervention Apply second intervention Unit int int MVA kV Hz {0, 1} s s {0, 1} {0, 1}
Table 3.20: Bus Frequency Measurement Data Format (Busfreq.con) Column 1 2 3 4 Variable Tf T u Description Bus number Time constant of the high-pass lter Time constant of the low-pass lter Connection status Unit int s s {0, 1}
Table 3.21: Phasor Measurement Unit Data Format (Pmu.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 Variable Vn fn Tv T u Description Bus number Voltage rate Frequency rate Voltage magnitude time constant Voltage phase time constant Connection status Unit int kV Hz s s {0, 1}
23
Table 3.22: Voltage Dependent Load Data Format (Mn.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Variable Sn Vn P0 Q0 P Q z u Description Bus number Power rating Voltage rating Active power rating Reactive power rating Active power exponent Reactive power exponent Initialize after power ow Connection status Unit int MVA kV % (p.u.) % (p.u.) {1, 0} {1, 0}
Table 3.23: ZIP Load Data Format (Pl.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Variable Sn Vn fn g IP Pn b IQ Qn z u Description Bus number Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Conductance Active current Active power Susceptance Reactive current Reactive power Initialize after power ow Connection status Unit int MVA kV Hz % (p.u.) % (p.u.) % (p.u.) % (p.u.) % (p.u.) % (p.u.) {1, 0} {1, 0}
Table 3.24: Frequency Dependent Load Data Format (Fl.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Variable kP P P kQ Q Q TF u Description Bus number Active power percentage Active power voltage coecient Active power frequency coecient Reactive power percentage Reactive power voltage coecient Reactive power frequency coecient Filter time constant Connection status Unit int % % s {1, 0}
24
Table 3.25: Exponential Recovery Load Data Format (Exload.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Variable Sn Vn fn TP TQ s t s t u Description Bus number Power rating Active power voltage coecient Active power frequency coecient Real power time constant Reactive power time constant Static real power exponent Dynamic real power exponent Static reactive power exponent Dynamic reactive power exponent Connection status Unit int MVA kV Hz s s {1, 0}
Table 3.26: Thermostatically Controlled Load Data Format (Thload.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Variable Kp Ki Ti T1 Ta Tref Gmax K1 KL u Description Bus number Percentage of active power Gain of proportional controller Gain of integral controller Time constant of integral controller Time constant of thermal load Ambient temperature Reference temperature Maximum conductance Active power gain Ceiling conductance output Connection status Unit int % p.u./p.u. p.u./p.u. s s F or C F or C p.u./p.u. ( F or C)/p.u. p.u./p.u. {0, 1}
25
Table 3.27: Jimmas Data Format (Jimma.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Variable Sn Vn fn Tf PLZ PLI PLP QLZ QLI QLP KV u Description Bus number Power rate Voltage rate Frequency rate Time constant of the high-pass lter Percentage of active power V 2 Percentage of active power V Percentage of constant active power Percentage of reactive power V 2 Percentage of reactive power V Percentage of constant reactive power Coecient of the voltage time derivative Connection status Unit int MVA kV Hz s % % % % % % 1/s {0, 1}
Table 3.28: Mixed Data Format (Mixload.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Variable Sn Vn fn Kpv Kpv Tpv Kpv Kpv Tqv Tf v Tf t u Description Bus number Power rate Voltage rate Frequency rate Frequency coecient for the active power Percentage of active power Voltage exponent for the active power Time constant of dV /dt for the active power Frequency coecient for the reactive power Percentage of reactive power Voltage exponent for the reactive power Time constant of dV /dt for the reactive power Time constant of voltage magnitude lter Time constant of voltage angle lter Connection status Unit int MVA kV Hz p.u. % s p.u. % s s s {0, 1}
26
Table 3.29: Synchronous Machine Data Format (Syn.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Variable Sn Vn fn xl ra xd x d x d Td 0 Td 0 xq x q x q Tq 0 Tq 0 M = 2H D K KP P Q TAA S (1.0) S (1.2) nCOI u Description Bus number Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Machine model Leakage reactance Armature resistance d-axis synchronous reactance d-axis transient reactance d-axis subtransient reactance d-axis open circuit transient time constant d-axis open circuit subtransient time constant q -axis synchronous reactance q -axis transient reactance q -axis subtransient reactance q -axis open circuit transient time constant q -axis open circuit subtransient time constant Mechanical starting time (2 inertia constant) Damping coecient Speed feedback gain Active power feedback gain Active power ratio at node Reactive power ratio at node d-axis additional leakage time constant First saturation factor Second saturation factor Center of inertia number Connection status Unit int MVA kV Hz p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. s s p.u. p.u. p.u. s s kWs/kVA gain gain [0,1] [0,1] s int {0, 1} Model all all all all all all all III, IV, V.1, V.2, V.3, VI, VIII II, III, IV, V.1, V.2, V.3, VI, VIII V.2, VI, VIII III, IV, V.1, V.2, V.3, VI, VIII V.2, VI, VIII III, IV, V.1, V.2, V.3, VI, VIII IV, V.1, VI, VIII V.2, VI, VIII IV, V.1, VI, VIII V.1, V.2, VI, VIII all all III, IV, V.1, V.2, VI III, IV, V.1, V.2, VI all all V.2, VI, VIII III, IV, V.1, V.2, VI, VIII III, IV, V.1, V.2, VI, VIII all all
27
optional elds
Table 3.30: Induction Motor Data Format (Mot.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Variable Sn Vn fn sup rS xS rR1 xR1 rR2 xR2 xm Hm a b c tup u Description Bus number Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Model order Start-up control Stator resistance Stator reactance 1st cage rotor resistance 1st cage rotor reactance 2nd cage rotor resistance 2nd cage rotor reactance Magnetization reactance Inertia constant 1st coe. of Tm ( ) 2nd coe. of Tm ( ) 3rd coe. of Tm ( ) Start up time Allow working as brake Connection status Unit int MVA kV Hz int boolean p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. kWs/kVA p.u. p.u. p.u. s {0, 1} {0, 1} all all all all all all III, V all all all V V all all all all all all all all
28
Table 3.31: Turbine Governor Type I Data Format (Tg.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Variable 1 ref0 R Tmax Tmin Ts Tc T3 T4 T5 u Description Generator number Turbine governor type Reference speed Droop Maximum turbine output Minimum turbine output Governor time constant Servo time constant Transient gain time constant Power fraction time constant Reheat time constant Connection status Unit int int p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. s s s s s {0, 1}
Table 3.32: Turbine Governor Type II Data Format (Tg.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Variable 2 ref0 R Tmax Tmin T2 T1 u Description Generator number Turbine governor type Reference speed Droop Maximum turbine output Minimum turbine output Governor time constant Transient gain time constant Not used Not used Not used Connection status Unit int int p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. s s {0, 1}
29
Table 3.33: Exciter Type I Data Format (Exc.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Variable 1 Vr max Vr min 0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Te Tr Ae Be u Description Generator number Exciter type Maximum regulator voltage Minimum regulator voltage Regulator gain 1st pole 1st zero 2nd pole 2nd zero Field circuit time constant Measurement time constant 1st ceiling coecient 2nd ceiling coecient Connection status Unit int int p.u. p.u. p.u./p.u. s s s s s s {0, 1}
Table 3.34: Exciter Type II Data Format (Exc.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Variable 2 Vr max Vr min Ka Ta Kf Tf Te Tr Ae Be u Description Generator number Exciter type Maximum regulator voltage Minimum regulator voltage Amplier gain Amplier time constant Stabilizer gain Stabilizer time constant (not used) Field circuit time constant Measurement time constant 1st ceiling coecient 2nd ceiling coecient Connection status Unit int int p.u. p.u. p.u./p.u. s p.u./p.u. s s s {0, 1}
30
Table 3.35: Exciter Type III Data Format (Exc.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Variable 3 vf max vf min 0 T2 T1 vf 0 V0 Te Tr u Description Generator number Exciter type Maximum eld voltage Minimum eld voltage Regulator gain Regulator pole Regulator zero Field voltage oset Bus voltage oset Field circuit time constant Measurement time constant Not used Not used Connection status Unit int int p.u. p.u. p.u./p.u. s s p.u. p.u. s s {0, 1}
Table 3.36: Over Excitation Limiter Data Format (Oxl.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Variable T0 xd xq If lim vmax u Description AVR number Integrator time constant Use estimated generator reactances d-axis estimated generator reactance q -axis estimated generator reactance Maximum eld current Maximum output signal Connection status Unit int s {0, 1} p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
31
Table 3.37: Power System Stabilizer Data Format (Pss.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Variable vsmax vsmin Kw Tw T1 T2 T3 T4 Ka Ta Kp Kv vamax va min vsmax vs min ethr thr s2 u Description AVR number PSS model PSS input signal 1 , 2 Pg , 3 Vg Max stabilizer output signal Min stabilizer output signal Stabilizer gain (used for in model I) Wash-out time constant First stabilizer time constant Second stabilizer time constant Third stabilizer time constant Fourth stabilizer time constant Gain for additional signal Time constant for additional signal Gain for active power Gain for bus voltage magnitude Max additional signal (anti-windup) Max additional signal (windup) Max output signal (before adding va ) Min output signal (before adding va ) Field voltage threshold Rotor speed threshold Allow for switch S2 Connection status Unit int int int p.u. p.u. p.u./p.u. s s s s s p.u./p.u. s p.u./p.u. p.u./p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. boolean {0, 1} all all III, IV, all all all all III, IV, III, IV, III, IV, III, IV, IV, V IV, V I I IV, V IV, V IV, V IV, V IV, V IV, V IV, V all
II,
II, II, II, II,
V V V V
32
Table 3.38: Central Area Controller Data Format (CAC.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Variable Sn Vn VPref KI KP q1max q1min u Description Pilot bus number Power rating Voltage rating number of connected CC Reference pilot bus voltage Integral control gain Proportional control gain Maximum output signal Minimum output signal Connection status Unit int MVA kV int p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
Table 3.39: Cluster Controller Data Format (Cluster.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Variable Tg (Tsvc ) xtg xeqg (xeqsvc ) Qgr (Qsvcr ) Vsmax Vsmin u Description Central Area Controller number AVR or SVC number Control type (1) AVR; (2) SVC Integral time constant Generator transformer reactance Equivalent reactance Reactive power ratio Maximum output signal Minimum output signal Connection status Unit int int int s p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
33
Table 3.40: Power Oscillation Damper Data Format (Pod.con) Column 1 2 Variable Description Bus or line number FACTS number 1 Bus voltage V 2 Line active power Pij 3 Line active power Pji Input signal 4 Line current Iij 5 Line current Iji 6 Line reactive power Qij 7 Line reactive power Qji 1 SVC 2 TCSC FACTS type 3 STATCOM 4 SSSC 5 UPFC Max stabilizer output signal Min stabilizer output signal Stabilizer gain (used for in model I) Wash-out time constant First stabilizer time constant Second stabilizer time constant Third stabilizer time constant Fourth stabilizer time constant Low pass time constant for output signal Connection status Unit int int
int
int
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
vsmax vsmin Kw Tw T1 T2 T3 T4 Tr u
p.u. p.u. p.u./p.u. s s s s s s {0, 1}
34
Table 3.41: Load Tap Changer Data Format (Ltc.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Variable k m Sn Vn fn kT H K mmax mmin m Vref (Qref ) xT rT r u Description Bus number (from) Bus number (to) Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Nominal tap ratio Integral deviation Inverse time constant Max tap ratio Min tap ratio Tap ratio step Reference voltage (power) Transformer reactance Transformer resistance Remote control bus number 1 Secondary voltage Vm Control 2 Reactive power Qm 3 Remote voltage Vr Connection status Unit int int MVA kV Hz kV/kV p.u. 1/s p.u./p.u. p.u./p.u. p.u./p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. int int {0, 1}
35
Table 3.42: Tap Changer with Embedded Load Data Format (Tap.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Variable Sn Vn h k mmin mmax vref Pn Qn u Description Bus number Power rating Voltage rating Deviation from integral behaviour Inverse of time constant Maximum tap ratio Minimum tap ratio Reference voltage Nominal active power Nominal reactive power Voltage exponent (active power) Voltage exponent (reactive power) Connection status Unit int MVA kV p.u. 1/s p.u./p.u. p.u./p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
Table 3.43: Phase Shifting Transformer Data Format (Phs.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Variable k m Sn Vn1 Vn2 fn Tm Kp Ki Pref rT xT max min m u Description Bus number (from) Bus number (to) Power rating Primary voltage rating Secondary voltage rating Frequency rating Measurement time constant Proportional gain Integral gain Reference power Transformer resistance Transformer reactance Maximum phase angle Minimum phase angle Transformer xed tap ratio Connection status Unit int int MVA kV kV Hz s p.u. p.u. p.u. rad rad p.u./p.u. {0, 1}
36
Table 3.44: SVC Type 1 Data Format (Svc.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 17 Variable Sn Vn fn 1 Tr Kr Vref bmax bmin u Description Bus number Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Model type Regulator time constant Regulator gain Reference Voltage Maximum susceptance Minimum susceptance Connection status Unit int MVA kV Hz int s p.u./p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
Table 3.45: SVC Type 2 Data Format (Svc.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Variable Sn Vn fn 2 T2 K Vref f max f min KD T1 KM TM xL xC u Description Bus number Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Model type Regulator time constant Regulator gain Reference Voltage Maximum ring angle Minimum ring angle Integral deviation Transient regulator time constant Measure gain Measure time delay Reactance (inductive) Reactance (capacitive) Connection status Unit int MVA kV Hz int s p.u./p.u. p.u. rad rad p.u. s p.u./p.u. s p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
37
Table 3.46: TCSC Data Format (Tcsc.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Variable i Sn Vn fn Cp Tr max xmax ) TCSC ( min xTCSC (min ) KP KI xL xC Kr u Description Line number Reactance xTCSC Firing angle 1 Constant xTCSC Operation mode 2 Constant Pkm 1 Constant Pkm Scheduling strategy 2 Constant km Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Percentage of series compensation Regulator time constant Maximum reactance (ring angle) Minimum reactance (ring angle) Proportional gain of PI controller Integral gain of PI controller Reactance (inductive) Reactance (capacitive) Gain of the stabilizing signal Connection status Model type 1 2 Unit int int int int MVA kV Hz % s rad rad p.u./p.u. p.u./p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u./p.u. {0, 1}
Table 3.47: STATCOM Data Format (Statcom.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Variable k Sn Vn fn Kr Tr Imax Imin u Description Bus number Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Regulator gain Regulator time constant Maximum current Minimum current Connection status Unit int MVA kV Hz p.u./p.u. s p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
38
Table 3.48: SSSC Data Format (Sssc.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Variable i Sn Vn fn Cp Tr max vs min vs KP KI u Description Line number 1 Constant voltage Operation mode 2 Constant reactance 3 Constant power Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Percentage of series compensation Regulator time constant Maximum series voltage vs Minimum series voltage vs 1 Constant Pkm Scheduling type 2 Constant km Proportional gain of PI controller Integral gain of PI controller Connection status Unit int int MVA kV Hz % s p.u. p.u. int p.u./p.u. p.u./p.u. {0, 1}
Table 3.49: UPFC Data Format (Upfc.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Variable i Sn Vn fn Cp Kr Tr max vp min vp max vq min vq max iq imin q u Description Line number Operation mode 1 2 Constant voltage Constant reactance Unit int int MVA kV Hz % p.u./p.u. s p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1} {0, 1} {0, 1} {0, 1}
Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Percentage of series compensation Regulator gain Regulator time constant Maximum vp Minimum vp Maximum vq Minimum vq Maximum iq Minimum iq Stabilizing vp signal Stabilizing vq signal Stabilizing iq signal Connection status
39
Table 3.50: HVDC Data Format (Hvdc.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Variable R I Sn n VR VIn fn n Vdc n Idc XtR XtI mR mI KI KP Rdc Ldc R max R min I max I min yR max yR min yI max yI min Iord Pord Vord u Description Bus number (rectier) Bus number (inverter) Power rate ac voltage rate at rectier side ac voltage rate at inverter side Frequency rate dc voltage rate dc current rate Transformer reactance (rectier) Transformer reactance (inverter) Tap ratio (rectier) Tap ratio (inverter) Integral gain Proportional gain Resistance of the dc connection Inductance of the dc connection Maximum ring angle Minimum ring angle Maximum extinction angle Minimum extinction angle Maximum reference current or voltage (rectier) Minimum reference current or voltage (rectier) Maximum reference current or voltage (inverter) Minimum reference current or voltage (inverter) Control type (1: current, 2: power, 3: voltage) dc current order dc active power order dc voltage order Connection status Unit int int MVA kV kV Hz kV kA p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. 1/s p.u./p.u. H deg deg deg deg p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. int. p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
40
Table 3.51: Wind Speed Data Format (Wind.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Variable vwN t c k tsr ter vwr tsg teg vwg h z0 f n Description 1 Measurement data Wind model 2 Weibull distribution 3 Composite model Nominal wind speed Air density Filter time constant Sample time for wind measurements Scale factor for Weibull distribution Shape factor for Weibull distribution Starting ramp time Ending ramp time Ramp speed magnitude Starting gust time Ending gust time Gust speed magnitude Height of the wind speed signal Roughness length Frequency step Number of harmonics Unit int m/s kg/m3 s s s s m/s s s m/s m m Hz int
Table 3.52: Constant Speed Wind Turbine Data Format (Cswt.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Variable Sn Vn fn rs xs rr xr x Ht Hm Ks R p nb GB u Description Bus number Wind speed number Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Stator resistance Stator reactance Rotor resistance Rotor reactance Magnetizing reactance Wind turbine inertia Rotor inertia Shaft stiness Rotor radius Number of poles Number of blades Gear box ratio Connection status Unit int int MVA kV Hz p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. kWs/kVA kWs/kVA p.u. m int int {0, 1}
41
Table 3.53: Doubly Fed Induction Generator Data Format (Dfig.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Variable Sn Vn fn rs xs rr xr x Hm Kp Tp KV T R p nb GB P max P min Qmax Qmin u Description Bus number Wind speed number Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Stator resistance Stator reactance Rotor resistance Rotor reactance Magnetizing reactance Rotor inertia Pitch control gain Pitch control time constant Voltage control gain Power control time constant Rotor radius Number of poles Number of blades Gear box ratio Maximum active power Minimum active power Maximum reactive power Minimum reactive power Connection status Unit int int MVA kV Hz p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. kWs/kVA s s m int int p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
42
Table 3.54: Direct Drive Synchronous Generator Data Format (Ddsg.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Variable Sn Vn fn rs xd xq p Hm Kp Tp KV TV Tp Tq R p nb GB P max P min Qmax Qmin u Description Bus number Wind speed number Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating Stator resistance d-axis reactance q -axis reactance Permanent eld ux Rotor inertia Pitch control gain Pitch control time constant Voltage control gain Voltage control time constant Active power control time constant Reactive power control time constant Rotor radius Number of poles Number of blades Gear box ratio Maximum active power Minimum active power Maximum reactive power Minimum reactive power Connection status Unit int int MVA kV Hz p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. kWs/kVA s s s s m int int p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
43
Table 3.55: Dynamic Shaft Data Format (Mass.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Variable MHP MIP MLP MEX DHP DIP DLP DEX D12 D23 D34 D45 KHP KIP KLP KEX u Description Synchronous machine number High pressure turbine inertia Intermediate pressure turbine inertia Low pressure turbine inertia Exciter inertia High pressure turbine damping Intermediate pressure turbine damping Low pressure turbine damping Exciter damping High-Interm. pressure turbine damping Interm.-low pressure turbine damping Low pressure turbine-rotor damping Rotor-exciter damping High pressure turbine angle coe. Intermed. pressure turbine angle coe. Low pressure turbine angle coe. Exciter angle coecient Connection status Unit int kWs/kVA kWs/kVA kWs/kVA kWs/kVA p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
44
Table 3.56: SSR Data Format (SSR.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Variable Sn Vn fn xd xq ra xad r xL xC rf xf MHP MIP MLP M MEX DHP DIP DLP D DEX KHP KIP KLP KEX u Description Bus number Power rating Voltage rating Frequency rating d-axis synchronous reactance q -axis synchronous reactance Armature resistance d-axis reactance Line resistance Line inductive reactance Line capacitive reactance Field resistance Field reactance High pressure turbine inertia Intermediate pressure turbine inertia Low pressure turbine inertia Rotor inertia Exciter inertia High pressure turbine damping Intermediate pressure turbine damping Low pressure turbine damping Rotor damping Exciter damping High pressure turbine angle coe. Intermed. pressure turbine angle coe. Low pressure turbine angle coe. Exciter angle coecient Connection status Unit int MVA kV Hz p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. kWs/kVA kWs/kVA kWs/kVA kWs/kVA kWs/kVA p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. {0, 1}
45
Table 3.57: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Data Format (Sofc.con) Column 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Variable Sn Vn Te H2 KH2 Kr H2 O KH2 O O2 KO2 rHO Tf Uopt Umax Umin r N0 E0 T Pref Vref PB VB xT Km Tm mmax mmin u Description Bus number Power rating Voltage rating Electrical response time Response time for hydrogen ow Valve molar constant for hydrogen Constant Response time for water ow Valve molar constant for water Response time for oxygen ow Valve molar constant for oxygen Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen Fuel processor response time Optimal fuel utilization Maximum fuel utilization Minimum fuel utilization Ohmic losses Number of cells in series in the stack Ideal standard potential Gas Absolute temperature Reference power Reference AC voltage Base power Base voltage Control mode (1) current, (0) power Transformer reactance Gain of the voltage control loop Time constant of the voltage control loop Maximum modulating amplitude Minimum modulating amplitude Connection status Unit int MW kV s s s s s p.u. V K p.u. p.u. MW kV int p.u. p.u. s p.u./p.u. p.u./p.u. {0, 1}
Note: elds marked with a are not set by the user.
46
Chapter 4
Data Format Conversion

PSAT is able to recognize and convert a variety of data formats commonly in use in power system research.1 PSAT data les containing only static power ow data can be converted into the IEEE common data format and into the WECC and EPRI ETMSP format.2 PSAT data can be also converted into the ODM format. Filters are written mostly in Perl language. The only lters that are written in Matlab are those that convert Matlab scripts or functions (e.g. PST and Matpower formats). Observe that the conversions to and from PSAT may not be complete and may lead to unexpected results. In some cases, changes in the default PSAT settings are needed to reproduce results obtained by other power system software packages. The conversion can be done from the command line or through the GUI for data format conversion, which can be launched using the Tools/Data Format Conversion menu in the main window. Figure 4.1 depicts the this GUI. The following lters have been implemented so far:3 cepel2psat: conversion from CEPEL data format; chapman2psat: conversion from Chapmans data format [3]; cyme2psat: conversion from CYME power ow data format (CYMFLOW); digsilent2psat: conversion from DIgSILENT data exchange format; epri2psat: conversion from WSCC and EPRIs ETMSP data format; eurostag2psat: conversion from Eurostag data format; flowdemo2psat: conversion from FlowDemo.net data format;
of these lters have been kindly contributed by Juan Carlos Morataya R., Planicaci on y Control, EEGSA, Iberdrola, Guatemala. E-mail: JMorataya@eegsa.net. 2 Details on the IEEE Common Data Format can be nd in [17]. Furthermore, a description of the IEEE CDF and on the EPRI ETMSP formats can be found at www.power.uwaterloo.ca/ 3 All lters can be found in the folder psat/filters.
1 Most
47
48
4 Data Format Conversion
ge2psat: conversion from General Electric data format; ieee2psat: conversion from IEEE common data format; inptc12psat: conversion from CESI INPTC1 data format; ipss2psat: conversion from InterPSS XML data format; ipssdat2psat: conversion from InterPSS plain data format; matpower2psat.m: conversion from Matpower data format; neplan2psat: conversion from NEPLAN data format;4 odm2psat: conversion from ODM data format; pcflo2psat: conversion from PCFLO data format; psap2psat: conversion from PSAP data format;5 psat2ieee.m: conversion to IEEE common data format; psat2epri.m: conversion to EPRI/WSCC data format; psat2odm.m: conversion to ODM format; psse2psat: conversion from PSS/E data format (up to version 29);6 pst2psat.m: conversion from PST data format; pwrworld2psat: conversion from PowerWorld data format; simpow2psat: conversion from SIMPOW data format; sim2psat.m: conversion from PSAT-Simulink models; th2psat: conversion from Tsing Hua University data format; ucte2psat: conversion from UCTE data format; vst2psat: conversion from VST data format; webflow2psat: conversion from WebFlow data format. Perl-based lters can be used from a command shell, as any UNIX application. The general syntax for perl-based lters is as follows: $ <filter name> [-v] [-h] [-a add file] input file [output file]
lter supports both comma and tab separated data formats. description of the PSAP data format can be found at www.ee.washington.edu/research/pstca/ 6 The lter should support PSS/E data format from version 26 to 30. A description of an old version of the PSS/E data format is available at www.ee.washington.edu/research/pstca/
5A 4 This
49
Figure 4.1: GUI for data format conversion. where $ is the shell prompt. The only mandatory argument is input file. If no output file is specied, the output le name will be automatically generated by the lter. Options are as follows: -v : verbose conversion. For some lters, additional information is printed out during conversion. -h : print a brief help. -a : dene additional le. This option is only available for neplan2psat and inptc12psat lters, as follows: neplan2psat : the additional le is a .edt. If the -a option is not used, the lter will assume that the .edt le has the same name as the .ndt le. inptc12psat : the additional le is a colas add, typically with extension .dat. If the -a option is not used, the lter will assume there is no colas add le.
Chapter 5
Command Line Usage

A set of functions and script les for command line usage of PSAT have been added since PSAT version 1.3.0. These functions get rid of PSAT GUIs, which could be undesired when running PSAT on a remote server/host or when launching PSAT from within user dened routines. The command line usage of PSAT also speeds up operations.
5.1
Basics
Firstly, one needs to set up PSAT environment. Launching the script le initpsat, as follows: >> initpsat will initialize PSAT and display on the Matlab workspace: < P S A T > Copyright (C) 2002-2004 Federico Milano Version 1.3.2 November 2, 2004 PSAT comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; type gnuwarranty for details. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type gnulicense for details. Host: Session: Usage: Path: Matlab 7.0.0.19901 (R14) 02-Nov-2004 17:30:23 Command Line /home/fmilano/psatd
Existing workspace variables are not cleared during the initialization, as it happens when launching the PSAT GUI. Clearing the workspace could not be the desired 51
52
5 Command Line Usage
behavior as the command line version of PSAT can be used from within user dened routines. However, observe that all user variables which have same names as a PSAT global variables will be overwritten. Refer to Chapter A for the complete list of PSAT global variables. The scope of PSAT global variables will be the scope of the current workspace from where initpsat is called. If initpsat is called from within a user dened function, the scope will be the function workspace and the PSAT global variables will not be available in the Matlab workspace. To set PSAT global variables in the common Matlab workspace, initpsat must be launched form the Matlab command line of from within a script le.1 Initializing the PSAT variables is required only once for each workspace. Following steps are setting up the data le and launching a PSAT routine. These operations can be done sequentially or at the same time by means of the function runpsat, as follows: >> runpsat(datafile ,data) >> runpsat(routine ) or >> runpsat(datafile ,routine ) where datafile is a string containing the data le name, and routine is a string containing the conventional name of the routine to be executed. The data le can be both a PSAT script le or a PSAT Simulink model. In the latter case the extension .mdl is mandatory. The dierence between the two methods is that when calling only the routine the data le name will not be overwritten. The rst method can be used if the data le under study does not change, while the user wants to perform several dierent analysis, as follows: >> >> >> >> runpsat(datafile ,data) runpsat(routine1 ) runpsat(routine2 ) runpsat(routine3 )
The second method can be used if there are several data les under study: >> runpsat(datafile1 ,routine ) >> runpsat(datafile2 ,routine ) >> runpsat(datafile3 ,routine ) In the previous commands it is assumed that the data le is in the current directory (i.e. the one which is returned by the function pwd). To force PSAT to use a directory other than the current one, commands changes as follows: >> runpsat(datafile ,datapath ,data) >> runpsat(routine )
1 The
latter should not have been launched from within a function.
5.1 Basics
53
Table 5.1: String pf cpf snb lib cpfatc sensatc n1cont opf sssa td pmu gams uw
Routine Conventional Names for Command Line Usage. Associated routine power ow analysis continuation power ow analysis direct method for saddle-node bifurcations direct method for limit-induced bifurcations evaluate ATC using CPF analysis evaluate ATC using sensitivity analysis N -1 contingency analysis optimal power ow analysis small signal stability analysis time domain simulation PMU placement OPF analysis through the PSAT-GAMS interface CPF analysis through the PSAT-UWPFLOW interface
or >> runpsat(datafile ,datapath ,routine ) where datapath is the absolute path of the data le. The perturbation le can be set in a similar way as the data le. At this aim, the following commands are equivalent: >> runpsat(pertfile ,pert) >> runpsat(pertfile ,pertpath ,pert) >> runpsat(datafile ,datapath ,pertfile ,pertpath ,routine ) Observe that if setting both the data and the perturbation les, it is necessary to specify as well the absolute paths for both les. The routine names are depicted in Table 5.1. Observe that if runpsat is launched with only one argument, say option, the following notations are equivalent: >> runpsat(option) >> runpsat option Other command line options for runpsat are depicted in Table 5.2. The syntax for the opensys option is the same as the one for data and pert options. If the PSAT variables are not needed anymore, the workspace can be cleared using the command: >> closepsat which will clear only PSAT global structures.
54
Table 5.2: General Options for Command Line Usage. String Associated routine data set data le pert set perturbation le opensys open solved case savesys save current system log write log le of the current session pfrep write current power ow solution write eigenvalue report le eigrep pmurep write PMU placement report le
input MASTER output SLAVE
Figure 5.1: Master-slave architecture.
5.2
Advanced Usage
The standard usage of PSAT through GUIs monopolizes the Matlab environment and makes dicult to include PSAT routine in other Matlab programs and/or including new features to PSAT. These issues will be briey commented in this section. When using PSAT GUIs, PSAT runs as a master program and the user can initialize and launch each internal routine from the main window. Thus each routine is a slave program (see Figure 5.1). Using this architecture, the only way to include a new routine in PSAT is writing a function which interacts with the PSAT GUIs, shares some of the PSAT global structures and properly exchanges information with PSAT. However, users who want to run PSAT routines within their own algorithms generally need to get rid of GUIs. Thus, the best solution would be to use the user dened program as the master and launching PSAT only when needed, as a slave application. In this way the user only needs to know how to pass and get data to and from PSAT. The latter can be easily solved by using PSAT global structures such as DAE, which mostly contains all variables of the current static solution (power ow, last CPF point, OPF), SSSA which contains the last small signal stability analysis solution, and Varout which contains the time domain simulation output, the continu-
5.3 Command Line Options
55
Table 5.3: Structures to be modied to change default behavior. Routine Associated structure Power Flow Settings Continuation Power Flow CPF SNB direct method SNB LIB LIB direct method Optimal Power Flow OPF Small Signal Stability Analysis SSSA Settings Time Domain Simulation PMU placement PMU PSAT-GAMS interface GAMS PSAT-UWPFLOW interface UWPFLOW
ation curves or the Pareto set. The structure DAE also contains the current system Jacobian matrices. Refer to Appendix A for details. Passing data and options to PSAT is quite simple if the default behavior is convenient for the current application. Otherwise, one needs to edit the PSAT global structures and set the desired options. Observe that, when using the standard version of PSAT, global structures are edited through the GUIs. Editing global structures from the command line can be a lengthy process, especially if one needs repeating often the same settings. In this case it could be convenient to write a script le where these settings are listed altogether and then launching the script le. Table 5.3 depicts PSAT routines and the associated global structures which dene routine options. A full description of these structures is presented in Appendix A.
5.3
Command Line Options
The default behavior of command line usage of PSAT can be adjusted by means of the structure clpsat, which contains a few options, as follows:2 init command line initialization status. It is 1 if PSAT is running with the standard GUI support, 0 otherwise. The value of this eld should not be changed by the user and is initialized when launching PSAT. mesg status of PSAT messages. If the value is 0, no message will be displayed on the Matlab workspace. Default value is 1. Disabling message display will result in a little bit faster operations. refresh if true (default), forces to repeat power ow before running further analysis independently on the power ow status. This implies that the base case solution is used as the initial solution for all routines.
2 In
the following the word true means the value of the variable is 1 and false means 0.
56
refreshsim if true, forces to reload Simulink model before running power ow independently on the Simulink model status. Default is false since in the command line usage it is assumed that the user does not want to or cannot use the Simulink graphical interface. readfile if true, forces to read data le before running power ow. If the value is false (default), the data le is not reloaded (unless it has been modied), and slack generator, PV generator and PQ load data are reinitialized using their elds store. These data need to be reloaded since they might be modied during PSAT computations. showopf if true, forces to display OPF result on the standard output. Default is false. pq2z if true (default), forces to switch PQ loads to constant impedances before running time domain simulations. viewrep if true, forces to display report les when created. Default is false, i.e. the report le is created silently. For the sake of completeness, a summary of the elds of the clpsat structure is also depicted in Appendix A.
5.4
Example
The following script le gives a simple example of command line usage of PSAT. % initialize PSAT initpsat % do not reload data file clpsat.readfile = 0; % set data file runpsat(d 006 mdl,data) % solve base case power flow runpsat(pf) voltages = DAE.y(1+Bus.n:2*Bus.n); % increase base loading by 50% for i = 1:10 PQ.store(:,[4,5]) = (1+i/20)*[0.9, 0.6; 1, 0.7; 0.9, 0.6]; PV.store(:,4) = (1+i/20)*[0.9; 0.6]; runpsat(pf) voltages = [voltages, DAE.y(1+Bus.n:2*Bus.n)]; end
5.4 Example
57
% clear PSAT global variables closepsat disp(voltages) Firstly, PSAT is initialized and the readfile option is set to false. Then the le d 006 mdl is loaded (assuming that the le is in the current directory). Following instructions explain how to solve the base case power ow and a series of power ows with increased loads by means of an embedding algorithm. Finally the PSAT variables are cleared and the bus voltages printed on the workspace, as follows: voltages = Columns 1 through 6 1.0500 1.0500 1.0500 0.9859 0.9685 0.9912 1.0500 1.0500 1.0500 0.9820 0.9633 0.9876 1.0500 1.0500 1.0500 0.9781 0.9579 0.9840 1.0500 1.0500 1.0500 0.9741 0.9525 0.9803 1.0500 1.0500 1.0500 0.9700 0.9469 0.9765 1.0500 1.0500 1.0500 0.9660 0.9413 0.9728
Columns 7 through 11 1.0500 1.0500 1.0500 0.9618 0.9356 0.9689 1.0500 1.0500 1.0500 0.9576 0.9298 0.9650 1.0500 1.0500 1.0500 0.9533 0.9239 0.9611 1.0500 1.0500 1.0500 0.9490 0.9179 0.9571 1.0500 1.0500 1.0500 0.9446 0.9118 0.9531
Observe the usage of the store elds of the PV and PQ components. This allows changing the values of the system loading prole without reloading the data le.
Chapter 6
Running PSAT on GNU Octave

GNU Octave1 is a high-level language, primarily intended for numerical computations. It provides a convenient command line interface for solving linear and nonlinear problems numerically, and for performing other numerical experiments using a language that is mostly compatible with Matlab . Octave is also freely redistributable software. You may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) as published by the Free Software Foundation. Since version 2.1, PSAT can be adapted to run on GNU Octave. PSAT has been tested on Octave version 3.0.0 and 3.0.1 2 for Linux and Mac OS X. The extra packages provided by the Octave-forge community are not currently needed for running PSAT.3 The following restrictions apply: 1. Only the command line usage of PSAT is allowed. 2. There is no support for Simulink models. 3. Only a rudimental plotting utility is available.
6.1
Setting up PSAT for Running on GNU Octave
PSAT functions have to be adapted before being able to use PSAT on GNU Octave. The Perl lter psat2octave does the job automatically. The steps are as follows: 1. Decompress the PSAT tarball as described in Section 2.3.
1 Octave 2 Ealier
is available at www.octave.org. versions of Octave have not been tested. 3 Octave-forge is available at http://octave.sourgeforge.net/.
59
60
6 Running PSAT on GNU Octave
2. Be sure that the folder filters within the main SPAT folder is in the search path or copy the le psat2octave to a folder that is in your search path. 3. Make sure that the le psat2octave is executable. 4. Open a terminal and move to the PST folder. 5. Launch psat2octave. To launch the le, keep in mind that psat2octave is a Perl script. Thus, on Unix-like systems is sucient to call the script right away, while on Windows, it may be necessary to use the command perl psat2octave. The script psat2octave takes a while for completing all necessary changes. It is possible to display some messages during the process by using the verbose options: >> psat2octave -v or the really verbose option, as follows: >> psat2octave -w If everything goes well and there are no error messages, PSAT is ready to run on GNU Octave. One can revert the conversion and come back to the original PSAT distribution using the command: >> psat2octave -r Other options of the psat2octave can be found printing out the help, as follows: >> psat2octave -h
6.1.1
How does the conversion works?
PSAT deeply exploits Matlab classes. Unfortunately, Octave does not currently support the denition of custom data types such as classes. The basic idea that is behind the script psat2octave is to downgrade all PSAT classes to a structure and a group of functions. The major problem is to solve the issue of function overloading that is a basic property of classes but cannot work on GNU Octave. Thus, the script psat2octave basically modies PSAT functions and class methods so that all methods become function with a unique name. A minor issue is the not full compatibility of Octave function with the correspondent Matlab functions. The small dierences between the two environments are taken into account through embedded code in the PSAT functions.
6.2
Basic Commands
All commands provided by the command line usage (see Chapter 5) work well on GNU Octave. However observe that, on GNU Octave, the syntax >> runpsat command
6.3 Plot Variables
61
is not allowed and one of the following functional forms >> runpsat(command) >> runpsat("command") must be used. Furthermore, on GNU Octave, both initpsat and psat launch the command line version of PSAT, which will result in the following message: < P S A T > Copyright (C) 2002-2008 Federico Milano Version 2.1.0 May 1, 2008 PSAT comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; type gnuwarranty for details. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type gnulicense for details. Host: Session: Usage: Path: Octave 3.0.0 04-May-2008 12:19:59 Command Line /home/fmilano/temp/psat2
6.3
Plot Variables
The runpsat function admits the additional option plot on GNU Octave. The routine will print a menu and wait for the user answer, as follows: octave:100> runpsat(plot) Plot variables: [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 1] 2] 3] 4] 5] 6] 7] States Voltage Magnitudes Voltage Angles Active Powers Reactive Powers Generator speeds Generator angles
pick a number, any number: Figure 6.1 depicts an example of plot obtained using Octave and gplot. The graphs refers to the generator speeds of the WSCC 9-bus example.
1.045 1.04 1.035 1.03 1.025 1.02 1.015 1.01 1.005 1 0.995 0 1 2 3 time (s) 4 5
omegaSyn 1 omegaSyn 2 omegaSyn 3
Figure 6.1: Example of graph obtained using Octave and gplot.
62
Appendix A
Global Structures & Classes

This appendix lists all global structures used in PSAT and provides a detailed description of their elds. If the structures and the associated elds are described elsewhere, only the section number is reported.
A.1
General Settings
General settings and parameters for power ow computations and time domain simulations are stored in the structure Settings, whose elds are as follows: absvalues use of absolute/per unit values when writing the report le of the current case solution on use absolute values off use per unit values beep beep control 0 1 disabled enabled
chunk initial dimension of output arrays color default GUI colors conv system base conversion and checks 0 1 disabled enabled
date release date of the current PSAT version deltat time step for time domain integrations [s] 63
64
A Global Structures & Classes
deltatmax maximum time step [s] deltatmin minimum time step [s] distrsw set distributed slack bus model 0 1 disabled enabled
dynmit maximum number of iteration for dynamic analyses dyntol error tolerance for dynamic analyses fixt set xed time step 0 1 disabled enabled
format Data le format number (default 1) freq system frequency rating [Hz] hostver Matlab or Octave version of the current session init power ow status 1 0 1 2 power ow not converged power ow not solved yet power ow completed time domain simulation completed
iter number of iterations of the last power ow computation lftol error tolerance for static analyses lfmit maximum number of iteration for static analyses lftime elapsed time for power ow computations local denes the folder where to write the function fm call.m. Use 0 only if the main PSAT folder is writable. 0 1 use folder Path.psat use folder Path.local (default)
locksnap initialization of the Snapshot structure after power ow computation 0 1 disabled enabled
A.1 General Settings
65
matlab true if the current PSAT session is running on Matlab 0 1 PSAT is not running on Matlab PSAT is running on Matlab
method integration method 1 2 mv mva forward Euler method trapezoidal method
model version of the currently loaded Simulink model system power rating [MVA]
noarrows denes if the arrows have to be removed when exporting PSAT-Simulink model to eps les. 0 1 leaves arrows there removes arrows (default)
nseries number of series components dened in the current system. It is the sum of the number fo lines, load tap changers, phase shifters and HVDC lines. octave treu if the current PSAT session is running on Octave 0 1 ok PSAT is not running on Octave PSAT is running on Octave
output of the fm choice dialog box 0 1 yes no
pfsolver select power ow solver 1 2 3 Newton-Raphson method XB variation of fast decoupled power ow BX variation of fast decoupled power ow
platform computer architecture or platform: UNIX, MAC, or PC. plot plot during time domain simulations 0 1 disabled enabled
plottype select variable to be plot during time domain simulations
66
1 2 3 4 5
state variables bus voltage magnitudes bus voltage phases real powers injected at buses reactive powers injected at buses
pq2z convert PQ load to constant impedances 0 1 disabled enabled
pv2pq generator reactive power limit control during power ow computation 0 1 disabled enabled
report style of the power ow report 0 1 bus report and line report are separated (default) the line ows are embedded in the bus report
resetangles after clearing a fault, reset bus angles to the pre-fault values. This can in some cases improve the convergence of the post-fault point during time domain simulations. 0 1 disabled (default) enabled
show display iteration status and messages 0 1 disabled enabled
showlf display report GUI after power ow solution 0 1 disabled enabled
shuntvalues include shunt power absorptions in transmission line balances when writing the report le of the current case solution on include shunts in transmission lines off do not include shunts in transmission lines simtd display and update voltages in Simulink models during time domain simulations.
A.1 General Settings
67
0 1
do not display/update (default) display/update
static discard dynamic component data 0 1 disabled enabled
status display convergence error of the current iteration on the main window 0 1 disabled enabled
switch2nr in power ow analysis, switch a robust power ow method to the standard NR method if the tolerance error is smaller than 102 . 0 1 t0 tf disabled (default) enabled
initial simulation time [s] nal simulation time [s]
tstep xed time step value [s] tviewer current text viewer version current PSAT version violations enforce limit violation checks when writing the report le of the current case solution on disabled off enabled xlabel label for plotting variables zoom zoom plotting variables 0 1 disabled enabled
68
A.2
Other Settings
Fig: handles of the GUI windows. The handle value is 0 if the associated window is not open. The handle names are as follows: about author clock comp cpf cset dir eigen gams hist laprint lib license line main make matrx opf plot plotsel pmu pset simset setting snap snb sset stat theme threed tviewer update uwpflow xset warranty PSAT information GUI authors pic analogical watch window user dened component browser continuation power ow GUI mask for user dened component properties le browser and data format conversion GUI small signal stability analysis GUI GUI for the PSAT-GAMS interface command history GUI A GUI for the L TEXsettings GUI for limit-induced bifurcations GUI that displays the program licence GUI for editing the plotted line properties PSAT main window GUI for building user dened components GUI for Jacobian matrix visualization optimal power ow GUI GUI for plotting variables GUI for selecting output variables for TDs PMU placement GUI mask for parameter properties GUI for setting Simulink model properties general setting GUI GUI for setting snapshots direct method for SNB GUI mask for auxiliary variable properties (not used) power ow report GUI theme browser 3D system visualization GUI for selecting the text viewer GUI for installing and uninstalling user dened components GUI for the PSAT-UWPFLOW interface mask for state variable properties GUI that displays the warranty conditions
File: data and disturbance le names, as follows: data pert current data le name current disturbance le name
Path: path strings of the most commonly used folders, as follows:
A.2 Other Settings
69
local data pert psat images build themes filters
current workspace path current data le path current disturbance le path PSAT path absolute path of the secondary absolute path of the secondary absolute path of the secondary absolute path of the secondary
folder folder folder folder
images build themes filters
Hdl: handles of the most used graphic objects. hist text status frame bar axes command history listbox in the command history GUI message static text in the main window axis for convergence status in the main window frame of message text in the main window axis for the progress bar in the main window PSAT logo axis in the main window
Snapshot: snapshot data. name time y x Ybus Pg Qg Pl Ql Fx Fy Gx Gy Ploss Qloss cell array of snapshot names array of times associated to the dened snapshots vector of algebraic variables vector of state variables network admittance matrix vector of generator real powers injected at buses vector of generator reactive powers injected at buses vector of load real powers absorbed from buses vector of load reactive powers absorbed from buses; Jacobian matrix of dierential equations Fx = x f Jacobian matrix of dierential equations Fy = y f Jacobian matrix of algebraic equations Gx = x g Jacobian matrix of algebraic equations Gy = y g total real losses of the current power ow solution total reactive losses of the current power ow solution
History: command history text and settings. text string index workspace Max FontName FontSize FontAngle cell array of the last n = Max commands string for text search within the command history number of the last row where string was found enable displaying messages on the Matlab workspace maximum number of rows of the text cell array name of the font of the command history GUI size of the font of the command history GUI angle of the font of the command history GUI
70
FontWeight weight of the font of the command history GUI BackgroundColor background color of the command history GUI ForegroundColor foreground color of the command history GUI Theme: properties and settings for the appearance of the GUIs. color01 color02 color03 color04 color05 color06 color07 color08 color09 color10 color11 font01 hdl background color 1 background color 2 list box color 1 (used also for special buttons) list box color 2 text color 1 text color 2 text color 3 progress bar color text color for special buttons text color for special list boxes axis color font name for edit texts, list boxes and axes handles of graphical objects in the theme manager GUI
Source: cell arrays containing the current data le and the current disturbance le. This structure is used for saving outputs on disk. The elds are as follows: data data le cell array pert disturbance le cell array description case description (not used)
A.3
System Properties and Settings
DAE dierential and algebraic equations, functions and Jacobians matrices. Fields are as follows: y kg x n m npf f g Fx Fy Gx Gy Gl algebraic variables y variable for distributing losses among generators state variables x number of state variables n number of algebraic variables m dynamic order during power ow nP F dierential equations f algebraic equations g Jacobian matrix of dierential equations Fx = x f Jacobian matrix of dierential equations Fy = y f Jacobian matrix of algebraic equations Gx = x g Jacobian matrix of algebraic equations Gy = y g Jacobian matrix of algebraic equations G = g
A.3 System Properties and Settings
71
Gk Ac tn t
Jacobian matrix of algebraic equations Gk = k g complete DAE Jacobian matrix vector of DAE for time domain simulations current simulation time (-1 for static analysis)
SSSA Settings for small signal stability analysis. matrix matrix type 1 2 3 4 reduced dynamic power ow Jacobian JLF Dr reduced complete power ow Jacobian JLF Vr reduced standard power ow Jacobian JLFr state matrix AS
map map type 1 2 3 S -map participation factor map Z -map
method eigenvalue computation method 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 all eigenvalues largest magnitude smallest magnitude largest real part smallest real part largest imaginary part smallest imaginary part
report structure containing the small signal stability analysis report neig number of eigenvalues to be computed (applies only if method = 1) eigs vector of eigenvalues pf matrix of participation factors
SNB Settings for saddle-node bifurcation analysis (direct method). slack enable distributed slack bus 0 1 single slack bus distributed slack bus
lambda loading parameter value dpdl sensitivity coecient P/ values bus generation and load direction buses
LIB Settings for limit-induced bifurcation (direct method). type LIB type
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1 2 3 4
Vmax Vmin Qmax Qmin
selbus bus number where applying the limit slack enable distributed slack bus 0 1 single slack bus distributed slack bus
lambda loading parameter value dpdl sensitivity coecient P/ values bus generation and load direction buses
CPF Continuation power ow settings. method method for corrector step 1 2 perpendicular intersection local parametrization
flow select transmission line ow 1 2 3 current Iij active power Pij apparent power Sij
type select end criterion for the the continuation power ow. If complete nose curve is set, the routine stops either if the maximum number of points is reached or if = 0. 1 2 3 complete nose curve stop when a bifurcation is encountered stop when the rst enforced limit is encountered
sbus slack bus model 0 1 distributed slack bus single slack bus
vlim check voltage limits 0 1 disabled enabled
ilim check transmission line ow limits 0 1 disabled enabled
qlim check generator reactive power limits
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0 1
disabled enabled
init solution status of continuation power ow 0 1 2 3 4 to be solved yet solved continuation power ow solved ATC analysis solved (N-1) contingency analysis solved continuation OPF (PSAT-GAMS interface)
tolc corrector step tolerance tolf error tolerance for transmission line ows tolv error tolerance for bus voltages step step size control nump maximum number of points to be computed show show iteration status on main window 0 1 disabled enabled
linit initial value of the loading parameter lambda loading parameter kg distributed slack bus variable pmax maximum power ow limits. This eld is lled up by the function fm n1cont as a result of the (N-1) contingency criterion. hopf check for change of sign of pair of complex conjugate eigenvalues (Hopf bifurcation points) 0 1 disabled (default) enabled
stepcut step size control 0 1 disabled enabled (default)
negload include negative active power loads in CPF analysis 0 1 disabled (default) enabled
onlynegload use only negative active power loads in CPF analysis 0 1 disabled (default) enabled
OPF Optimal power ow settings and outputs. method method used for computing the variable directions and increments
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1 2
Newton directions Merhotra Predictor/Corrector
flow type of ows used for the ow constraints in the transmission lines 1 2 3 Currents Iij Active power ows Pij Apparent power ows Sij (not tested) Single OPF (if is a vector, the rst value is used) Pareto set (one solution for each value of the vector ) Daily forecast (not implemented yet) ATC by CPF (development status) ATC by sensitivity analysis (development status)
type type of OPF problem to be solved 1 2 3 4 5
deltat time step in minutes ofr the daily forecast (not used) lmin minimum value of the loading parameter c lmax maximum value of the loading parameter c sigma centering parameter gamma safety factor eps mu error tolerance of the barrier parameter s eps1 error tolerance of the power ow equations eps2 error tolerance of the objective function omega weighting factor (can be a vector) flatstart set initial guess of system variables 1 2 Flat start (V = 1 and = 0) Actual power ow solution
conv OPF method convergence status 0 1 OPF routine did not converge OPF routine converged
guess vector of values for initializing the OPF routine report cell array of the OPF solution show display the convergence error of the OPF routine 0 1 disabled enabled
init OPF solution status 0 1 2 3 to be solved yet standard OPF has been solved multiobjective OPF has been solved Pareto set OPF has been solved
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w atc
actual value of the weighting factor maximum loading condition for the current OPF solution
line number of the line to be deleted for N-1 contingency evaluations in the maximum loading condition system tiebreak tiebreak term in the objective function 0 1 disabled enabled
basepg include base case generation powers 0 1 disabled enabled
basepl include base case load powers 0 1 disabled enabled
enflow enforce ow limit inequalities 0 1 disabled enabled
envolt enforce voltage limit inequalities 0 1 disabled enabled
enreac enforce generator reactive power inequalities 0 1 disabled enabled
vmin minimum voltage limit for zero-injection buses, i.e. buses at which there is no generator or load connected (default 0.8 p.u.) vmax maximum voltage limit for zero-injection buses, i.e. buses at which there is no generator or load connected (default 1.2 p.u.) obj value of the objective function ms dy dF dG barrier parameter algebraic variable mismatch equalitiy constraint mismatch objective function mismatch
LMP Locational Marginal Prices of the current solution NCP Nodal Congestion Prices of the current solution iter number of iterations to obtain the current solution gpc active power injections for the critical loading condition gqc reactive power injections for the critical loading condition
76
PMU Settings for PMU placement algorithms method method type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Depth rst Graphic theoretic procedure Annealing-bisecting search method Recursive security N algorithm Single-shot security N algorithm Recursive security N -1 algorithm Single-shot security N -1 algorithm
number current number of PMU measv number of measured voltages measc number of measured currents pseudo number of pseudo-measured currents noobs cureent number of non-observable buses voltage cell array of estimated voltages angle cell array of estimated angles location cell array of PMU placement
A.4
Outputs and Variable Names
Varout: output of time domain simulations. Fields are as follows: t vars idx surf hdl zlevel movie alpha caxis xb yb time vector output variables indexes of currently stored output variables handle of the surface plot object handles of the network scheme in the 3D plots high of network scheme in 3D visualization 3D movie of the simulation transparency level for 3D visualization set voltage limits for 3D visualization x-axis grid data for 3D visualization y -axis grid data for 3D visualization
Varname: system variable TEX and plain names. Formatted TEX names are used for creating legends in the plotting variable GUI. Fields are as follows: compx fnamex, unamex compy fnamey, unamey names names names names of of of of components with state variables all state variables components with algebraic variables all algebraic variables
A.5 User Dened Models
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fvars uvars nvars idx custom fixed x y P Q Pij Qij Iij Sij pos areas regions
formatted names of output variables unformatted names of output variables total number of output variables indexes of selected plot variables 1 if custom selection of plot variables 1 if xed selection of plot variables 1 if selecting all state variables 1 if selecting all algebraic voltages 1 if selecting all active power bus injections 1 if selecting all reactive power bus injections 1 if selecting all active power ows 1 if selecting all reactive power ows 1 if selecting all current power ows 1 if selecting all apparent power ows vector of positions of plotted variables indexes of the selected areas indexes of the selected regions
A.5
User Dened Models
Comp: component general settings funct number prop n init descr name shunt cell array of all component functions cell array of all component .n elds component properties total number of installed components enable initialization {0, 1} current component description current component name shunt component {0, 1}
Buses Bus connection variables name n cell array of bus names number of buses
Algeb Algebraic equations and variables name n idx eq eqidx neq cell array of algebraic variables number of algebraic variables indexes of algebraic variables cell array of algebraic equations indexes of algebraic equations number of algebraic equations
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State Dierential equations and state variables name n eq eqidx neq init limit fn un time offset nodyn cell array of state variables number of state variables cell array of dierential equations indexes of dierential equations number of dierential equations state variable initialization enable anti-windup limiters TEX name of the state variable Matlab name of the state variable time constant name oset value allow time constant being T = 0
Servc Service equations and variables (not used...) name n eq eqidx neq init limit fn un type offset oldidx cell array of service variables number of service variables cell array of service equations indexes of service equations number of service equations service variable initialization enable anti-windup limiters TEX name of the service variable Matlab name of the service variable service variable type oset value cell array of current external service variable
Param Parameter variables name n descr type unit cell array of parameter names number of parameters parameter description parameter type parameter unit
Initl Variables for initialization name n idx cell array of initial variables number of initial variables indexes of initial variables
A.6 Models
79
A.6
Bus Line Lines Twt SW PV PQ PQgen Shunt Areas
Models
Bus numbers and voltage ratings Transmission line and transformer Alternative transmission line Three-winding transformer Slack bus PV generator Constant power load Constant power generator Shunt admittance Interchange area Table 3.1 Tables 3.2-3.3 Table 3.4 Table 3.5 Table 3.6 Table 3.7 Table 3.8 Table 3.9 Table 3.10 Table 3.11
Power Flow Data
CPF and OPF Data Supply Rsrv Rmpg Demand Ypdp Rmpl Vltn Power supply Generator power reserve Generator ramping Power demand Demand prole Power demand ramping Violation parameters Table 3.12 Table 3.13 Table 3.14 Table 3.16 Table 3.17 Table 3.15 not used. . .
Faults & Breakers Fault Breaker Transmission line fault Transmission line breaker Table 3.18 Table 3.19
Measurements Busfreq Pmu Loads Mn Fl Pl Exload Thload Jimma Mixload Voltage dependent load Frequency dependent load ZIP (polynomial) load Exponential recovery load Thermostatically controlled load Jimmas load Mixed load Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 3.22 3.24 3.23 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 Bus frequency measurement Phasor measurement units Table 3.20 Table 3.21
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Machines Syn COI Mot Controls Tg Exc Pss Oxl CAC Cluster Pod Turbine Governor Automatic Voltage Regulator Power System Stabilizer Overexcitation Limiter Central Area Controller Cluster Controller Power Oscillation Damper Table 3.31-3.32 Tables 3.33-3.35 Table 3.37 Table 3.36 Table 3.38 Table 3.39 Table 3.40 Synchronous machine Center of inertia Induction motor Table 3.29 Table 3.29 Table 3.30
Regulating Transformers Ltc Tap Phs FACTS Svc Tcsc Statcom Sssc Upfc Hvdc Static Var Compensator Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Static Var Compensator Static Synchronous Source Series Compensator Unied Power Flow Controller High Voltage DC transmission system Tables 3.44-3.45 Table 3.46 Table 3.47 Table 3.48 Table 3.49 Table 3.50 Load tap changer Tap changer with embedded load Phase shifting transformer Table 3.41 Table 3.42 Table 3.43
Wind Turbines Wind Cswt Dfig Ddsg Wind models Constant speed wind turbine Doubly fed induction generator Direct drive synchronous generator Table Table Table Table 3.51 3.52 3.53 3.54
Other Models Mass SSR Sofc Synchronous machine dynamic shaft Subsynchronous resonance model Solid Oxyde Fuel Cell Table 3.55 Table 3.56 Table 3.57
A.7 Command Line Usage
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A.7
Command Line Usage
clpsat structure for command line usage of PSAT (defaults refers to the the command line standard behavior): init command line initialization status 0 1 PSAT is running with the standard GUIs command line PSAT is active (default)
mesg status of PSAT messages 0 1 no message messages will be displayed in the current output (default)
refresh if true, force to repeat power ow before running further analysis independently on the power ow status 0 1 false true (default)
refreshsim if true, force to reload Simulink model before running power ow independently on the Simulink model status 0 1 false (default) true
readfile if true, force to read data le before running power ow 0 1 false true (default)
showopf if true, force to display OPF result on the standard output running power ow 0 1 false (default) true
pq2z if true, force to switch PQ loads to constant impedances before running time domain simulations 0 1 false true (default)
viewrep if true, force to visualize report les when created 0 1 false (default) true
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A.8
Interfaces
method select OPF method 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 1 2 simple auction market clearing mechanism standard OPF VSC-OPF maximum loading condition continuation OPF single period auction multiperiod auction pareto set auction unit commitment auction none currents active powers apparent powers use at start as initial guess (V = 1 and = 0) use current power ow solution as initial guess
GAMS parameters and settings for the PSAT-GAMS interface:
type solution type
flow ow type in transmission lines
flatstart set initial guess of system variables
lmin minimum value of (oat) lmin s minimum value of (string) omega weighting factor values (oat) omega s weighting factor values (string) lmax maximum value of (oat) ldir command line options for GAMS calls libinclude use command line options 0 1 0 1 0 1 disabled enabled disabled enabled disabled enabled (default)
loaddir use load direction when solving maximum loading condition OPF
basepl use base load powers in OPF
A.9 Classes
83
basepg use base generator powers in OPF 0 1 disabled enabled (default)
line number of line to be taken out in N-1 contingency analysis show display results and logs 0 1 disabled enabled
UWPFLOW parameters, option and settings for the PSAT-UWPFLOW interface:. opt list of UWPFLOW options. Refer to UWPFLOW documentation for details [2]. method loading parameter value 1 2 3 4 power ow continuation power ow direct method parametrized continuation method
file name of output les (default psatuw) command generation and load direction buses status generation and load direction buses
A.9
Classes
Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for Area components Exc components Busfreq components Breaker components Bus components Cac components COI components Cluster components Cswt components Ddsg components Dfig components Demand components Mass components Exload components Sofc components Fl components Fault components Hvdc components Mot components
@ARclass @AVclass @BFclass @BKclass @BUclass @CCclass @CIclass @CLclass @CSclass @DDclass @DFclass @DMclass @DSclass @ELclass @FCclass @FLclass @FTclass @HVclass @IMclass
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@JIclass @LNclass @LSclass @LTclass @MNclass @MXclass @OXclass @PHclass @PLclass @PMclass @POclass @PQclass @PSclass @PVclass @RGclass @RLclass @RSclass @SHclass @SRclass @SSclass @STclass @SUclass @SVclass @SWclass @SYclass @TCclass @TGclass @THclass @TPclass @TWclass @UPclass @VLclass @WNclass @YPclass
Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class Class
for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for for
Jimma components Line components Lines components Ltc components Mn components Mixload components Oxl components Phs components Pl components Pmu components Pod components PQ components Pss components PV components Rmpg components Rmpl components Rsrv components Shunt components Ssr components Sssc components Statcom components Supply components Svc components SW components Syn components Tcsc components Tg components Thload components Tap components Twt components Upfc components Vltn components Wind components Ypdp components
Appendix B
Matlab Functions
This appendix lists the Matlab script les and functions of the PSAT folder. The list is also available on-line (Contents.m) by typing >> help psat General Functions and GUIs psat fm set fm var fm main Power Flow fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm spf nrlf flows dynlf dynidx xfirst ncomp inilf stat base report restore standard power ow routine power ow with xed state variables network current/power ows and connectivity indexes of state variables (before power ow) indexes of state variables (after power ow) initial guess of state variables indexes of components reset variables for power ow computations GUI for displaying power ow results report of component quantities on system bases writes power ow report les reset all components data using the store matrices start the program general settings and utilities denition of global variables main GUI
Direct Methods fm fm fm fm snb snbfig limit snbfig Saddle-node bifurcation routine GUI for saddle-node bifurcations Limit-induced bifurcation routine GUI for limit-indeuced bifurcations 85
86
B Matlab Functions
Continuation Power Flow (CPF) fm cpf fm n1cont fm cpffig continuation power ow N-1 contingency computations GUI for continuation power ow
Optimal Power Flow (OPF) fm fm fm fm fm fm opfm opfsdr pareto atc opffig opfrep optimal power ow VS constrained optimal power ow Pareto set computations Available transfer capability computations GUI for optimal power ow writes optimal power ow report les
Small Signal Stability Analysis fm eigen fm eigfig eigenvalue computations GUI for eigenvalue computations
Time Domain Simulation fm fm fm fm int tstep out snap time domain simulation denition of time step for transient computations time domain simulation output GUI for snapshot settings
User Dened Model Construction fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm build comp open save new add del install uninstall component make update cset xset sset pset compile user dened components general settings and utilities for component denition open user dened models save user dened models reset user dened component variables add user dened model variable delete user dened model variable install user dened component uninstall user dened component GUI for user dened models GUI for user dened component denition GUI for displaying user dened model installation results GUI for component settings GUI for state variable settings GUI for service variable settings GUI for parameter variable settings
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Utilities Functions autorun fm idx fm iidx fm errv fm filenum fm getxy fm laprint fm qlim fm rmgen fm setgy fm status fm strjoin fm vlim fm windup fvar pgrep psatdomain psed settings sizefig secure routine launch denition of variable names nd bus interconnetcions check component voltage rating enumeration of output les get x and y indexes within a network zone A export graphics to eps and L TEX les get static generator reactive power limits nd and remove static generators connected to a bus delete row and columns in power ow Jacobian Gy display convergence error status on main GUI platform independent clone of the strcat function get bus voltage limits set windup hard limits convert variables in strings search .m les for string dummy function for the PMC Simulink library substitute string in .m les dene customized settings (optional) determine gure size
Simulink Library and Functions fm fm fm fm fm fm fm lib simrep simset simsave block inout draw Simulink library power ow report for Simulink models GUI for Simulink model settings save a Simulink 5, 4.1 or 4 model as a Simulink 3 model set Simulink block parameters create and delete Simulink block input/output ports draw Simulink block icons
Data File Conversion fm dir fm dirset filters/cepel2psat filters/chapman2psat filters/cloneblock filters/cyme2psat filters/digsilent2psat filters/epri2psat filters/eurostag2psat filters/flowdemo2psat filters/ge2psat filters/ieee2psat browser for data conversion utilities for data conversion CEPEL to PSAT lter (perl le) Chapman to PSAT lter (perl le) Update obsolete PSAT-Simulink blocks CYMFLOW to PSAT lter (perl le) DIgSILENT to PSAT lter (perl le) EPRI to PSAT lter (perl le) Eurostag to PSAT lter (perl le) FlowDemo.net to PSAT lter (perl le) GE to PSAT lter (perl le) IEEE CDF to PSAT lter (perl le)
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B Matlab Functions
filters/inptc12psat filters/ipss2psat filters/ipssdat2psat filters/matpower2psat filters/neplan2psat filters/odm2psat filters/pcflo2psat filters/psap2psat filters/psat2epri filters/psat2ieee filters/psat2octave filters/psat2odm filters/psse2psat filters/pst2psat filters/pwrworld2psat filters/sim2psat filters/simpow2psat filters/th2psat filters/ucte2psat filters/vst2psat filters/webflow2psat Plotting Utilities fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm plot plotfig axesdlg linedlg linelist view matrx bar
CESI INPTC1 to PSAT lter (perl le) InterPSS to PSAT lter (perl le) InterPSS plain text to PSAT lter (perl le) Matpower to PSAT lter (m-le) NEPLAN to PSAT lter (perl le) ODM to PSAT lter (perl le) PCFLO to PSAT lter (perl le) PSAP to PSAT lter (perl le) PSAT to EPRI lter (m-le) PSAT to IEEE lter (m-le) adapt PSAT for Octave (perl le) PSAT to ODM lter (m-le) PSS/E to PSAT lter (perl le) PST to PSAT lter (m-le) PowerWorld to PSAT lter (perl le) Simulink to PSAT lter (m-le) SIMPOW to PSAT lter (perl le) Tsinghua Univ. to PSAT lter (perl le) UCTE to PSAT lter (perl le) VST to PSAT lter (perl le) WebFlow to PSAT lter (perl le)
general function for plotting results GUI for plotting results GUI for axes properties settings GUI for line properties settings GUI for line list browser general function for sparse matrix visualization GUI for sparse matrix visualization plots status bar on main window
Command History fm text fm hist fm disp fval Output fm fm fm fm fm write writexls writetex writetxt writexls call function for writing output results write output results in HTML format A write output results in L TEX format write output results in plain text write output results in Excel format command history general functions and utilities GUI for command history visualization command, message and error display message line for variable manipulation
89
Themes fm theme fm themefig fm mat theme manager GUI of theme manager background for GUI images
Other GUI Utilities fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm setting enter tviewer about iview author clock choice GUI for general settings welcome GUI GUI for text viewer selection about PSAT image viewer authors pic analogic watch dialog box
GNU License Functions gnulicense fm license gnuwarranty fm warranty type GUI type GUI the GNU-GPL for the GNU-GPL the no warranty conditions for the no warranty conditions
PMU Placement Functions fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm fm pmuloc pmun1 pmurec pmurep pmutry lssest spantree mintree annealing pmufig PMU placement manager PMU placement for device outages recursive method for PMU placement write PMU placement report lter for zero-injection buses linear static state estimation spanning tree of existing PMUs minimum tree search annealing method for PMU placement GUI for PMU placement
Command Line Usage initpsat closepsat runpsat initialize PSAT global variables clear all PSAT global variables from workspace launch PSAT routine
Interface Functions fm gams fm gamsfig fm uwpflow GAMS interface for single-period OPF GUI of the GAMS interface UWPFLOW interface
90
B Matlab Functions
fm uwfig
GUI of the UWPFLOW interface
Linear Analysis Functions fm abcd compute input/output matrices A, B , C , D
Numerical Dierentiation Functions checkjac numjacs compare numeric and analytic Jacobian matrices evaluate numeric Jacobian matrices Fx , Fy , Gx and Gx
Network Equivalents fm busfig fm equiv fm equivfig GUI for selecting bus zones compute simple static and dynamic network equivalents GUI of the network equivalent procedure
Appendix C
Other Files and Folders

This appendix lists the les other than Matlab functions and scripts which are contained in the PSAT folder and the auxiliary folders needed by PSAT to work properly. The names and the positions of these folders can be changed only if the path dened in the psat script le is accordingly changed. In the distribution tarball these folders are placed within the PSAT main folder. .ini Files comp denition of component functions, associated structures and a number of boolean variables for dening the calls of the functions. The format is as follows: function name structure name call algebraic equations call algebraic Jacobians call dierential equations call state Jacobians call hard limits call during power ow call initialization call if computing shunt powers call if computing series ows cols. 1-23 cols. 25-44 col. 46 col. 48 col. 50 col. 52 col. 54 col. 56 col. 58 col. 60 col. 62
history settings for the command history. The le is updated each time the command history settings are saved.
A namevarx denition of state variables names, formatted names in a L TEX synthax and associated component structure names. The variable names are also elds for the correspondent structures. The format is as follows:
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C Other Files and Folders
variable name variable formatted name component structure name
cols. 1-19 cols. 21-29 cols. 41-. . .
A namevary denition of algebraic variables names, formatted names in a L TEX synthax and associated component structure names. The variable names are also elds for the correspondent structures. The format is the same as for the le namevarx.ini.
service contains a list of variables that are common to dierent components, such as the generator eld voltage or the reference voltage of the excitation systems. .mat Files finger matrix dening a custom mouse pointer. .gms Files fm gams.gms single-period OPF routines. fm gams2.gms multi-period OPF routines. gams/matout.gms Matlab-GAMS interface library. gams/psatout.gms PSAT-GAMS interface library. psatdata.gms input data for the PSAT-GAMS interface. psatglobs.gms global variables for the PSAT-GAMS interface. psatout.m output data for the PSAT-GAMS interface (m-le). Perl Filters filters/cepel2psat lter for the CEPEL data format. filters/chapman2psat lter for the Chapmans data format. filters/cyme2psat lter for the CYMFLOW data format. filters/digsilent2psat lter for the DIgSILENT data format. filters/epri2psat lter for the EPRI data format. filters/eurostag2psat lter for the Eurostag data format. filters/flowdemo2psat lter for the FlowDemo.net data format. filters/ieee2psat lter for the IEEE CDF data format. filters/inptc12psat lter for the CESI INPTC1 data format.
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filters/odm2psat lter for the ODM data format. filters/pcflo2psat lter for the PCFLOH data format. filters/pcflo2psat lter for the PCFLOH data format. filters/psap2psat lter for the PECO-PSAP data format. filters/psse2psat lter for the PSS/E 29 data format. filters/pwrworld2psat lter for the PowerWorld auxiliary le format. filters/simpow2psat lter for the SIMPOW le format. filters/th2psat lter for the TH data format. filters/ucte2psat lter for the UCTE data format. filters/vst2psat lter for the VST data format. filters/webflow2psat lter for the WebFlow data format. GNU General Public License gnulicense.txt Original plain text of the GNU-GPL. Secondary Folders images contains the image les used by the graphical user interfaces. build contains the Matlab script les dening the user dened components. themes contains the themes for customizing the appearance of the graphical user interface. filters contains the Perl lters for data format conversions. gams contains the PSAT-GAMS interface functions and libraries.
Appendix D
PSAT Forum
A PSAT Forum (see Fig. D.1) is currently available at: tech.groups.yahoo.com/groups/psatforum Main functions are as follows: Function Subscribe Post message Unsubscribe List owner e-mail psatforum-subscribe@yahoogroups.com psatforum@yahoogroups.com psatforum-unsubscribe@yahoogroups.com psatforum-owner@yahoogroups.com
To post a message directly to me, use one of the following e-mails: 1. Federico.Milano@uclm.es 2. fmilano@thunderbox.uwaterloo.ca 3. psatforum@yahoo.com The latest PSAT distribution archive, as well as latest patches and, when available, data les will be posted on the Forum le repository. However, the web site www.uclm.es/area/gsee/Web/Federico/psat.htm will remain the main source for downloading PSAT and related les. Forum user statistics are depicted in Fig. D.2.
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psatforum : PSAT Forum
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Join This Group! Activity within 7 days: Description Web forum for users of the Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT). PSAT is a Matlab toolbox for electric power system analysis and control. The command line version of PSAT is also GNU Octave compatible. PSAT includes power flow, continuation power flow, optimal power flow, small signal stability analysis and time domain simulation. All operations can be assessed by means of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and a Simulink-based library provides an user-friendly tool for network design. Message History
Jan 2008 2007 2006 52 Feb Mar Apr May Jun 99 115 101 188 178 202 251 60 63 104 76 43 87 200 111 66 48 93 139 116 98 131 67 46 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
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Members: 1519 Category: Software Founded: Aug 16, 2003 Language: English 163 156 119 168 80 46 83 31
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Figure D.1: PSAT Forum main page. Data refer to June 16, 2008.
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Figure D.2: PSAT Forum statistics. Data refer to June 16, 2008.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bibliography
[1] A. Brooke, D. Kendrick, A. Meeraus, R. Raman, and R. E. Rosenthal, GAMS, a Users Guide, GAMS Development Corporation, 1217 Potomac Street, NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA, Dec. 1998, available at www.gams.com. [2] C. A. Ca nizares and F. L. Alvarado, UWPFLOW Program, 2000, university of Waterloo, available at http://www.power.uwaterloo.ca. [3] S. J. Chapman, Electric Machinery and Power System Fundamentals. York: McGraw Hill, 2002. New
[4] A. H. L. Chen, C. O. Nwankpa, H. G. Kawatny, and X. ming Yu, Voltage Stability Toolbox: An Introduction and Implementation, in Proc. NAPS96, MIT, Nov. 1996. [5] J. Chow, Power System Toolbox Version 2.0: Dynamic Tutorial and Functions, Cherry Tree Scientic Software, RR-5 Colborne, Ontario K0K 1S0, 1991-1997. [6] , Power System Toolbox Version 2.0: Load Flow Tutorial and Functions, Cherry Tree Scientic Software, RR-5 Colborne, Ontario K0K 1S0, 1991-1999. [7] J. H. Chow and K. W. Cheung, A Toolbox for Power System Dynamics and Control Engineering Education and Research, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 15591564, Nov. 1992. [8] D. J. Hill, Nonlinear Dynamic Load Models with Recovery for Voltage Stability Studies, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 166176, Feb. 1993. [9] P. Hirsch, Extended Transient-Midterm Stability Program (ETMSP) Ver. 3.1: Users Manual, EPRI, TR-102004-V2R1, May 1994. [10] K. Jimma, A. Tomac, C. C. Liu, and K. T. Vu, A Study of Dynamic Load Models for Voltage Collapse Analysis, in Proc. Bulk Power Syst. Voltage Phenomena II - Voltage Stability and Security, Aug. 1991, pp. 423429. [11] D. Karlsson and D. J. Hill, Modelling and Identication of Nonlinear Dynamic Loads in Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 157166, Feb. 1994. [12] J. Mahseredjian and F. Alvarado, Creating an Electromagnetic Transient Program in Matlab: MatEMTP, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 380388, Jan. 1997. [13] C. Nwankpa, Voltage Stability Toolbox, version 2, Center for Electric Power Engineering, Drexel University, 2002, available at power.ece.drexel.edu/research/VST/vst.htm.
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[14] K. Schoder, A. Feliachi, and A. Hasanovi c, PAT: A Power Analysis Toolbox for Matlab/Simulink, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 4247, Feb. 2003. [15] G. Sybille, SimPowerSystems Users Guide, Version 4, published under sublicense from Hydro-Qu ebec, and The MathWorks, Inc., Oct. 2004, available at http://www.mathworks.com. [16] C. D. Vournas, E. G. Potamianakis, C. Moors, and T. V. Cutsem, An Educational Simulation Tool for Power System Control and Stability, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 4855, Feb. 2004. [17] Working Group on a Common Format for Exchange of Solved Load Flow Data, Common Format for the Exchange of Solved Load Flow Data, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 92, no. 6, pp. 19161925, Nov./Dec. 1973. [18] R. D. Zimmerman and D. Gan, Matpower, Documentation for version 2, Power System Engineering Research Center, Cornell University, 1997, available at http://www.pserc.cornell.edu/matpower/matpower.html.

Matlab Toolbox PSAT

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Matlab Toolbox PSAT

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PSAT

Copyright c 2003 - 2008 Federico Milano

Other Data Format Saved Results Data Files

Simulink Model Conversion

Power Flow & State Variable Initialization

User Dened Models

Figure 1.1: PSAT at a glance.

PSAT vs. Other Matlab Toolboxes

Outlines of the Full PSAT Documentation

1.4 Outlines of the Quick Reference Manual

Outlines of the Quick Reference Manual

Figure 1.2: PSAT around the world.

PSAT can be downloaded at:

or: >> addpath c:\Document and Settings\username\psat

2.4 Launching PSAT

Figure 2.1: Main graphical user interface of PSAT.

Busfreq CPF Cac Cluster Comp Cswt DAE Ddsg

Fig File Fl GAMS Hdl History Hvdc Initl

Mass Mixed Mn Mot NLA OPF Oxl PMU

Phs Pl Pmu Pod Pss Rmpg Rmpl Rsrv

SSSA SW Servc Settings Shunt Snapshot Sofc Source

Syn Tap Tcsc Tg Theme Thload Twt UWPFLOW

Ypdp ans clpsat filemode jay

2.5 Loading Data

Running the Program

2.10 Network Design

PSAT Data Fomat

II, II, II, II,

p.u. p.u. p.u./p.u. s s s s s s {0, 1}

Note: elds marked with a are not set by the user.

Data Format Conversion

4 Data Format Conversion

Command Line Usage

5 Command Line Usage

latter should not have been launched from within a function.

5 Command Line Usage

input MASTER output SLAVE

Figure 5.1: Master-slave architecture.

5.3 Command Line Options

Command Line Options

5 Command Line Usage

Running PSAT on GNU Octave

Setting up PSAT for Running on GNU Octave

6 Running PSAT on GNU Octave

How does the conversion works?

6.3 Plot Variables

omegaSyn 1 omegaSyn 2 omegaSyn 3

Figure 6.1: Example of graph obtained using Octave and gplot.

Global Structures & Classes

A Global Structures & Classes

A.1 General Settings

method integration method 1 2 mv mva forward Euler method trapezoidal method

output of the fm choice dialog box 0 1 yes no

plottype select variable to be plot during time domain simulations

A Global Structures & Classes

pq2z convert PQ load to constant impedances 0 1 disabled enabled

show display iteration status and messages 0 1 disabled enabled

showlf display report GUI after power ow solution 0 1 disabled enabled

A.1 General Settings

do not display/update (default) display/update

static discard dynamic component data 0 1 disabled enabled

initial simulation time [s] nal simulation time [s]