Tutorial 7 Sustainable Transport 1.

a) In full sun (defined as 1 kW/m2 of solar radiation), a 15 percent -efficient photovoltaic array can deliver 0.15 kW/m2 of DC power under standard test conditions. After accounting for dirt, temperature effects and conversion from DC to AC, about 75% of that will be delivered to the grid (or to the household). For, Melbourne, which receives, on average, about 4 hours of full sun a day over the course of a year, how many kWh per day could be generated by a 15 m2 PV array? Total kWh per day generated = 0.15 kW/m2 0.75 4 hours 15 m2 = 6.75 kWh 6.8 kWh b) If an electric car requires 0.15 kWh of electricity to travel 1 km, how many km could be driven in a year on the electricity derived from the 15 m2 array under the conditions described above? Total km driven = 6.75 kWh/ (0.15 kWh/ km) = 45 km c) How far could the same vehicle drive if it were powered by a solar array in Brisbane which receives, on average, 6 hours of full sun per day? Total kWh per day generated = 0.15 kW/m2 0.75 6 hours 15 m2 = 10.125 kWh Total km driven = 10.125 kWh/ (0.15 kWh/ km) = 67.5 km 68 km 2. a) Suppose a Petrol Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) can travel for 15 km/l while running on petrol that costs $1.50 per litre and it takes 0.15 kWh of electricity to drive 1 km. Compute the cost per kilometer of driving while running on petrol and while running on electricity (note: assume the cost of electricity is $0.32 per kWh). On petrol, Total cost per kilometer = ($1.50/ )/ (15 km/ ) = $0.1/ km On electricity, Total cost per kilometer = ($0.32/ kWh)/ (1 km/ 0.15 kWh) = $0.048/ km $0.05/ km b) Which is cheaper? Driving using electricity is cheaper. c) If the average price rise in Australia for petrol is 3.5% per year and the average price rise for electricity is 5% per year, what will the cost per km of petrol and electricity driving be in 10 years time? On petrol, Price of petrol after 10 years = ($1.50/ ) 135% = $2.025/ Total cost per kilometer = ($2.025/ )/ (15 km/ ) = $0.135/ km $0.14/ km On electricity, Price of electricity after 10 years = ($0.32/ kWh) 150% = $0.48/ kWh Total cost per kilometer = ($0.48/ kWh)/ (1 km/ 0.15 kWh) = $0.072/ km $0.07/ km

3. Table 1 presents data on the cost of owning and operating a motor vehicle in Australia. Use these data to answer the following questions. a) Based on the data in Table 1, approximate the average annual salary of the typical Australian. Average annual salary of typical Australian = $6067 0.148 + $7921 0.193 + $10139 0.247 + $10821 0.264 + $12885 0.314 = $11833.64 $11800 b) The average Australian works for 240 days per year. A daily public transport pass costs $7.00. What is the total cost of using public transport to get to work every work day day? Total cost using public transport = $7.00 240 days/ year = $1680 c) Using the daily fare of $7.00, if you used public transport every day of the year including weekends for travel to work, social activities, shopping etc., what would the total annual cost of using public transport be? Total annual cost using public transport = $7.00 365 days/ year = $2555 $2560 d) What percentage of an average Australians salary would be consumed by using public transport every day of the year? How does this compare to the cost of owning and operating a motor vehicle? Percentage of average Australians salary consumed = $2555/ $11833.64 = 0.22 = 22%. It is more costly to use public transport than owning a light or small type of vehicle but cheaper than owning medium, large or medium 4WD types of vehicle. e) Why do you think most Australians choose to own a car rather than take public transport? How could the city be redesigned to reduce our reliance on automobiles? It is more expedient to own a car. Furthermore, it is also more relaxed to sit in your own car than to be packed with unknown people while waiting for a public transport. Attracted and important places such as supermarket and school should be built near housing area. Thus, public transport such as buses should be on time with added frequency. 4. Figure 1 presents data on the primary modes of transport for several countries around the world. Use these data to answer the following questions. a) Which three countries have the lowest percentage of total travel via public transport (i.e., Train and Bus)? Three countries have the lowest percentage of total travel via public transport are USA, Canada and Australia. b) Which three countries have the highest percentage of total travel via public transport (i.e., Train and Bus)? Three countries have the highest percentage of total travel via public transport are Japan, France and Sweden.

c) Why do you think the USA, Canada and Australia all have a large proportion of their travel done by domestic air? It is because of the size of the country itself which is big and the city is far away from each other. d) Which country comes closest to achieving sustainable transport? To the best of your knowledge, has this nation had to make trade-offs in its standard of living to have the pattern of transport use illustrated in Figure 1? Japan, furthermore, they are using public transport and encourage the usage of bicycle to go to work. 5. In addition to public transport, cycling and walking also comprise part of a nations sustainable forms of transport. Some data on the total use of sustainable transport for different countries is presented in Figure 2. Use this figure to answer the following question. a) Which country has the lowest percentage of trips made using sustainable transport options? USA. b) Which country has the highest percentage of trips made using sustainable transport options? Netherlands. c) Which three nations have the highest percentage of trips made via cycling? Netherlands, Germany and Denmark d) Which three nations have the highest percentage of trips made via walking? Germany, Norway and UK e) Which three nations have the highest percentage of trips made via public transport? UK, Norway and Germany. 6. Data on transport use for journeys to work in Melbourne are summarised in Figure 3. Use this figure to answer the following questions. a) What percentage of Melbourne journeys to work are undertaken in cars? 92% b) What percentage of Melbourne journeys to work are undertaken on trains? 36% c) What percentage of Melbourne journeys to work are undertaken on trams? 2% d) What percentage of Melbourne journeys to work are undertaken on trains, trams, buses or combinations of these? 6% for (Train and Bus)+24%(Train and Tram)+0%(Bus and Tram) =30%

e) What percentage of Melbourne journeys to work are undertaken via walking or cycling only? 5% (Work From Home) +3% (Bicycle) = 8% f) Would you consider Melbournes transportation profile to be sustainable? Yes we can consider Melbournes transportation profile to be sustainable. g) Do you use public transport, walking or cycling to get to school or work? If so, why? If not, why not? No, Because of my place is far from the city. Furthermore, our public transport is the worst available in Malaysia. 7. Figure 4 presents data on the CO2 emissions of different forms of transport. Note that for all forms of transport, emissions are per passenger. Use these data to answer the following questions. a) What are the two most polluting forms of transport? Two most polluting forms of transport are Air and Passenger Car. b) According to Figure 1, which are the two most common forms of transport used in Australia? Passenger Car and Air. c) What percentage of passenger car emissions could be saved if a person where to use a city bus instead? (124.5-66.8)/124.5*100% = 46.34% ~ 46.3% d) What percentage of passenger car emissions could be saved if a person where to use a motorcycle instead? (124.5-83.0)/124.5*100%=33.33% ~ 33.3% e) What percentage of passenger car emissions could be saved if a person where to use a train instead? (124.5-45.6)/124.5*100%=63.37% ~ 63.4% 8. Figure 5 presents data on CO2 emissions for the fleets of major automobile manufacturers in Australia and Europe. Use these data to answer the following questions. a) Why do you think the same manufacturers emit more CO2 from their vehicles in Australia than they do in Europe? It depend on the type of gas (oil) their use which having different type of CO2 percentage of burning which give different type of CO2 amount of release. Furthermore, the rule and regulations in Australia also becoming part of the problem which ease the automobile company to question itself. b) Is the argument, often made by car companies, that they are unable to improve their performance beyond Australian levels supported by the data?

It can be the argument, but it depending on both agreement and cooperation to work together to improve their performance in CO2 emissions c) Which brand does the best in terms of matching its fleet performance in Australia to that of its European division? Where does this brand originate from? Fiat, it originated from Italy. d) Which three brands do the worst in terms of matching their fleet performance in Australia to that of their European division? Where do these brands originate from? Ford (USA), GM (USA) and Toyota (Japan). 9. Most countries have their own independent regulations on the allowable fuel economy of the fleets for automobile manufacturers. Data on these regulations and their past and future changes are presented in Figure 6. Use these data to answer the following questions. Note: for any country whose data stops, assume standards remain the same into the future. a) How do the 2002 standards of the European Union and Japan compare to the highest standards proposed by any of the other countries considered? The European Union and Japan have the highest standards proposed compare to other country. b) How do the 2016 standards of the European Union and Japan compare to the highest standards proposed by any of the other countries considered? (No data given so assumption to be made) The European Union and Japan have the highest standards proposed compare to other country. c) If vehicle manufacturers have been able to attain the standards set by them in Japan and Europe, why do you think other countries have not set similar standards? It depends on the country size, law, education and etc. which can be the factor that influence the standards. d) Cars built in which countries (or regions) will have the greatest chance of being sold in 2014 to a wide international market based on their ability to meet the standards of the widest range of nations? Japan and European Union e) Cars built in which countries (or regions) will have the least chance of being sold in 2014 to a wide international market based on their ability to meet the standards of the widest range of nations? China and United States 10. To deal with increasing congestion, most governments rely on road building to reduce travel times. The concept is that bigger roads can handle more traffic thereby reducing travel times. Figure 7 presents data on the total miles of roads in several US cities and the travel times experienced per driver in the rush hour commute. Use the data to answer the following questions.

a) Is there evidence to suggest that road building reduces congestion (i.e., are the cities with the largest # of freeway miles experiencing the shortest delays)? If so, do you think the theory proposed above is the reason why? If not, why do you think the theory does not work? No, the reason is that some of the cities were pack with the congestion itself although the building of road was created. The theory above does not work, because when it comes to seasonal, event, and also contribution of congestion from other place (traveller) also becoming contribution that must be considered. b) Given the evidence above, how might you address the long delays that currently exist on Melbournes highways during rush hour? The public transportation services should be improved to encourage more people to use them to go to work or to school. c) The current Victorian Government lists its transport infrastructure priorities listed from most to least important as: 1) East West Link - freeway connecting the Eastern Freeway to CityLink, Port of Melbourne and the Ring Road; 2) Melbourne Metro 9 km underground rail tunnel between South Kensington and South Yarra; 3) Dandenong Rail Capacity Program - upgrades to the existing rail line; and 4) M80 Upgrade - Upgrades to the Ring Road between Laverton North and Greensborough. Evaluate these priorities in terms of the data presented above and what you have learned about sustainable transport. Based on the data presented above, it is obvious that like most other governments, the Victorian Government had the same thinking in managing traffic congestion that is by building more freeways while improving public transportation service comes in second. Sustainable transport is about improving the effectiveness and efficiency of transportation system as well as managing the environmental impact of the system. 11. Figure 8 presents data on the CO2 emissions per 1000 trips for Melbournes suburbs. Use this figure to answer the following questions. a) The lowest CO2 emissions per 1000 trips occur in what part of Melbourne? Centre Middle of Melbourne (Central City). b) Why do you think this is the case? The reason is that a lot of people using public transport which is almost free emission like Tram instead of using car and etc which produce a lot of CO2 emissions. c) What is the relationship between tram lines and railways and CO2 emissions per 1000 trips? The further the trams lines and railways, the highest the CO2 emissions per 1000 trips.

d) Is there evidence to suggest that Melbournians will use sustainable transport options preferentially when they are provided to them? Yes, the evidence is in the central city itself especially in crowded, traffic jams area.