EE2022 Electrical Energy Systems

Panida Jirutitijaroen
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 1
Lecture 16: Per Unit Analysis Single Phase
19-03-2013
Detailed Syllabus
3/15/2013 EE2022: Three-phase circuit by P. Jirutitijaroen 2
31/01/2013 Three-phase power systems: Introduction to three-phase circuit. Balanced three-phase
systems. Delta-Wye connection. Relationship between phase and line quantities
05/02/2013 Three-phase power systems: Per-phase analysis. Three-phase power calculation. Examples.
07/02/2013 Generation: Simple generator concept. Equivalent circuit of synchronous generators
14/02/2013 Generation: Operating consideration of synchronous generators, i.e. excitation voltage
control, real power control, and loading capability
21/02/2013 Generation: Principle of asynchronous generators. Examples.
Transmission: Overhead VS Underground cable.
05/03/2013 Transmission: Four basic parameters of transmission lines.
07/03/2013 Transmission: Long transmission line model, Medium-length transmission line model, Short
transmission line model. Operating consideration of transmission lines i.e. voltage regulation,
line loadability, efficiency. Examples.
12/03/2013
Distribution: Principle of transformer. Ideal transformer.
14/03/2013 Distribution: Reflected load. Impedance matching. Practical transformer. Examples
19/03/2013 Per unit analysis: Single-phase per unit analysis.
21/03/2013 Per unit analysis: Three-phase transformer. Three-phase per unit analysis. Examples.
02/04/2013 2
nd
Mid-term test
Generators, transmission lines, and transformers (Tutorials 4-6)
Review of Electrical Energy Systems
G1 G2
Load
Transmission Line Transmission Line
Step-up Transformer Step-up Transformer
Step-down Transformer
A Single-line diagram
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IN THIS LECTURE
Learning outcomes
Outline
Reference
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 4
Learning Outcomes
Apply the concepts of per-phase analysis and
per-unit analysis to solve three-phase
balanced circuit problems in power
engineering.
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 5
References
Glover, Sarma, and Overbye, Power System Analysis and
Design.
Chapter 3
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 6
SINGLE PHASE PER UNIT ANALYSIS
Per Unit Quantity
Base Value
Change of Base
Steps of Calculation
3/15/2013 7 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen
Motivations
Transformer introduces various voltage levels.
So far we can only reflect the load from one side of the
transformer to another. Still we need to use turns ratio to
find voltage and current at each side of the transformer.
It is difficult to calculate voltage and current of the system
at various points.
It is even more difficult for system operators to observe
the current situation of the system.

EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 8 3/15/2013
30 kV good or bad?
30 kV good or bad?
15kV:150kV 150kV:30kV 30kV:300 V 300V:150 V
Generation Transmission Load Distribution
Per Unit System
Per unit system is when we normalize the voltage and
current at each location.
The normalization typically follows transformer ratings.
This usually makes the per unit value of both voltage
and current to be around 1.0 per unit.
Per unit system allows system operators to overlook
abnormalities in the system easily.
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 9
30 kV = 1.0 per unit
30 kV = 0.2 per unit
15kV:150kV 150kV:30kV 30kV:300 V 300V:150 V
Per Unit Quantity
The per unit quantity of voltage, current, power and
impedance is found from dividing the actual quantity
by a base value of that quantity.



Per unit value is denoted by p.u..
All base values are real numbers, denoted by subscript
B.
The base value is used only to normalize the quantity.
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 10
quantity of value base
quantity actual
quantity unit per =
Base Value for Voltage
Transformers separate overall circuit to
different zones with different voltage levels.
We typically set the base value quantity for
voltage following transformers voltage ratio.
Note that the per unit values of the voltage at
both sides of an ideal transformer are the
same . Why?

3/15/2013 11 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen
Example 1
Consider the following electrical energy system.
How many zones (with different voltage level) does
the system has?
Find the base value of the voltage at each zone.
15kV:150kV 150kV:30kV 30kV:300 V 300V:150 V





Zone 1
15kV





Zone 2
150kV





Zone 3
30kV





Zone 4
300V





Zone 5
150V
3/15/2013 12 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen
Example 2
Consider a single phase 480/120 V transformer.
Choose the base value of voltage on the primary side to be
480 and that of the secondary side to be 120.
If the voltage at primary is measured to be 432 V, which is
0.9 per unit, the voltage at secondary side is 108 V.
What is the per unit quantity on the secondary side?

3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 13
480:120
9 . 0
120
108
quantity unit per = =
Example 3
Consider the following electrical energy
system.
Find the base value of the voltage at each zone.
15kV:150kV 150kV:30kV 30kV:300 V 320V:150 V





Zone 1
15kV





Zone 2
150kV





Zone 3
30kV





Zone 4
300V




Zone 5


V 625 . 140
300
320
150
=
=
3/15/2013 14 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen
Base Value for Complex Power
First, choose voltage base values following
transformer voltage ratings.
Select only single base complex power in
the system.
The base value of power is used to normalize the
quantity. Thus, the base values of real power,
reactive power, and complex power are all the
same real number.


3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 15
u u u
= =
1 1 1
B B B
S Q P
u 1
B
S
Base Value for Current and Impedance
Current base values are calculated from the
base power and base voltage.


Impedance base values (same value for
impedance, resistance, or reactance) are
calculated from voltage and current.

B
B
B
V
S
I
u
=
1
( )
u
= =
1
2
B
B
B
B
B
S
V
I
V
Z
B B B
Z X R = =
3/15/2013 16 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen
KVL, KCL, Complex Power Calculation
We can still apply KVL, KCL, complex power
calculation to the per unit value.
The actual quantity is simply found from
multiplying the per unit quantity (normalized
quantity) with the base value.
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 17
B B B
I Z V =
B B B
I V S =
p.u. p.u. p.u.
I Z V =
*
p.u. p.u. p.u.
I V S =



Think of Base value
as Normalization.
Example 4: Per Unit Value
A single-phase 20kVA, 480/120 V, 60 Hz transformer has an
equivalent leakage impedance referred to 120-volt winding of
. Using the transformer rating as base
values, find per-unit leakage impedance.
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 18
Z = 13 . 78 0525 . 0
eq2
Z
V 480
1
=
B
V
kVA 20 =
B
S
V 120
2
=
B
V
( )
O = =
u
52 . 11
1
2
1
1
B
B
B
S
V
Z
( )
O = =
u
72 . 0
1
2
2
2
B
B
B
S
V
Z
p.u. 13 . 78 0729 . 0
72 . 0
13 . 78 0525 . 0
2
2
p.u.
Z =
Z
= =
B
eq
Z
Z
Z
eq2
Z
Example 4: Per Unit Circuit
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 19
V 480
1
=
B
V
kVA 20 =
B
S
V 120
2
=
B
V
O = 52 . 11
1 B
Z O = 72 . 0
2 B
Z
p.u. 13 . 78 0729 . 0
p.u.
Z = Z
There is no transformer in the per unit equivalent circuit.
Per unit equivalent circuit
eq2
Z
4:1 p.u.
Z
P.U. Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer
Ideal transformer model




Practical transformer model
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 20
a:1
V(p.u.) V(p.u.)
i (p.u.) i(p.u.)
+ +
- -
Zeq (p.u.)
Y (p.u.)
V(p.u.) V(p.u.)
i (p.u.) i(p.u.)
+ +
- -
a:1
Zeq
Y
Change of Base Value
Manufacturers usually specify equipment impedances in per
unit values together with voltage ratings (V) and apparent
power rating (VA).
The impedance base values can be found from the ratings of
the equipment.
Different equipment has different ratings.
We may need to calculate per unit values on the new basis.
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 21
new
B
new
p.u.
old
B
old
p.u. actual
Z Z Z Z Z = =
new
B
old
B
old
p.u. new
p.u.
Z
Z Z
Z =
You need to practice this in tutorial problems.
Steps of Per Unit Analysis
1. Choose for the system.
2. Select for different zones (usually follows
transformer voltage ratings).
3. Calculate for different zones.
4. Express all quantities in p.u.
5. Draw impedance diagram and solve for p.u.
quantities.
6. Convert back to actual quantities if needed.

EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 22
u 1
B
S
B
V
B
Z
3/15/2013
Example 5: 1, Per Unit Analysis
Three zones of a single-phase circuit are shown
below. Use base value of 30 kVA and 240 V in zone 1,
draw per unit circuit and find per unit value of source
voltage and all impedances.
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 23
V 0 220 Z =
s
V
T1: 30 kVA
240/480 V
Xeq = 0.1 p.u.
T2: 20 kVA
460/115 V
Xeq = 0.1 p.u.
O = 2 j Z
line
O + = 2 . 0 9 . 0 j Z
load
Example 5: Base Values of Each Zone
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 24
V 240
1
=
B
V
kVA 30 =
B
S
V 480 240
240
480
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
B
V
( )
O = = 48 . 0
2
3
3
B
B
B
S
V
Z
T1: 30 kVA
240/480 V
Xeq = 0.1 p.u.
T2: 20 kVA
460/115 V
Xeq = 0.1 p.u.
V 120 480
460
115
3
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
B
V
( )
O = = 68 . 7
2
2
2
B
B
B
S
V
Z
p.u. 0.26042
2
2
. . ,
j
Z
j
Z
B
u p line
= =
p.u. 4167 . 0 875 . 1
2 . 0 9 . 0
2
. . ,
j
Z
j
Z
B
u p load
+ =
+
=
V 0 0.9167
240
0 220
. . ,
Z =
Z
=
u p s
V
Example 5: P.U. Transformer Reactance
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 25
T1: 30 kVA
240/480 V
Xeq = 0.1 p.u.
T2: 20 kVA
460/115 V
Xeq = 0.1 p.u.
V 240
1
=
B
V
kVA 30 =
B
S
V 480
2
=
B
V
V 120
3
=
B
V
p.u. 1378 . 0
48 . 0
20000
115
1 . 0
2
new
B
old
B
old
p.u. new
p.u. T2,
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
X
X X
X
O = 68 . 7
2 B
Z O = 48 . 0
3 B
Z
For T1, S base and and V base
are the same as of the circuit.
In this case, we dont need to
change the base. The per unit
value of reactance is the same
= 0.1 p.u.
p.u. 1378 . 0
68 . 7
20000
460
1 . 0
2
new
B
old
B
old
p.u. new
p.u. T2,
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
X
X X
X
Example 5: Per Unit Circuit
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 26
~
V 240
1
=
B
V V 480
2
=
B
V V 120
3
=
B
V
p.u. 1378 . 0
new
p.u. T2,
j Z = p.u. 1 . 0
p.u. T1,
j Z =
p.u. 0.26042
. . ,
j Z
u p line
=
p.u. 4167 . 0 875 . 1
. . ,
j Z
u p load
+ =
V 0 0.9167
. . ,
Z =
u p s
V
A 125
240
30000
1
= =
B
I A 62.5
480
30000
2
= =
B
I A 250
120
30000
2
= =
B
I
p.u. 01 . 26 0.4395
4167 . 0 875 . 1 1378 . 0 26042 . 0 1 . 0
0 0.9167
. .
Z =
+ + + +
Z
=
j j j j
I
u p
We can find current at any part of the circuit by simply multiplying the per
unit value with the base value.
Advantages of Per Unit Analysis
Simplify calculation by
eliminating transformers.
Helps to spot errors in the
data
p.u. is more uniform
compare to actual
impedance value of
different sizes of
equipments.
Helps to detect
abnormality in the system
Operator at control center
can spot over/under
voltage/current rating
easily.


3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 27
Inside nationalgrid, UK
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 28
Source:
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=vX0G9F42puY&feature=rel
ated
March 2012.

The National Grid is a high-
voltage electric power
transmission network,
connecting power stations and
340+ substations ensuring
supply and demand is in the
balance. Nigel Williams speaks
to Robert Llewellyn about how
the National Grid works in
Great Britain, and what
challenges it faces with the
rapidly changing world.

Fully Charged is an online show
hosted by Robert Llewellyn
(Red Dwarf, Scrapheap
Challenge, Carpool), sponsored
by British Gas: Looking After
Your World.
Summary
Per unit system helps to eliminate transformers in the
circuit analysis.
Per unit value is found by normalize the actual value by
base value.
We can divide circuits into zones according to
transformer voltage ratings.
Choose only single base power. Voltage, current, and
impedance base value is calculated for each zone.
Actual value is found from multiplying the per unit
value to its corresponding base value in its zone.
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 29
Next Lecture
Three-phase transformers
Three-phase per unit analysis
3/15/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 30