Larson

C H A P T E R 1
Limits and Their Properties

Section 1.1
A Preview of Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Section 1.2
Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically . . . . . . . . 27
Section 1.3
Evaluating Limits Analytically
Section 1.4
Continuity and One-Sided Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Section 1.5
Infinite Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Review Exercises
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Problem Solving
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
C H A P T E R 1
Section 1.1
A Preview of Calculus
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises

1. Precalculus: 20 ftsec15 seconds 300 feet
3. Calculus required: slope of tangent line at x 2 is rate of

change, and equals about 0.16.
5. Precalculus: Area 12 bh 12 53 15

2 sq. units
7. Precalculus: Volume 243 24 cubic units
9. (a)
(1, 3)
4
8
2
(b) The graphs of y2 are approximations to the tangent line to y1 at x 1.

(c) The slope is approximately 2. For a better approximation make the list numbers smaller:
0.2, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001

11. (a) D1 5 12 1 52 16 16 5.66
5
5
5
5
5
5
(b) D2 1 2 1 2 3 1 3 4 1 4 1
2
2.693 1.302 1.083 1.031 6.11

(c) Increase the number of line segments.
Section 1.2
1.
1.9
1.99
1.999
2.001
2.01
2.1
f x
0.3448
0.3344
0.3334
0.3332
0.3322
0.3226
lim
x2
3.
Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically
x2
0.3333
x2 x 2
0.1
x
f x
lim
x0
0.01
0.2911
0.001
0.2889
x 3 3
Actual limit is 13 .
0.2887
0.2887
0.001
0.01
0.1
0.2887
0.2884
0.2863
Actual limit is 1 23.
27
28
Chapter 1
5.
2.9
f x
0.0641
lim
x3
7.
2.999
3.001
3.01
3.1
0.0627
0.0625
0.0625
0.0623
0.0610
1x 1
14
0.0625
x3
0.1
2.99
f x
0.01
0.9983
lim
x0
0.001
0.99998
sin x
1.0000
x
Actual limit is 161 .
1.0000
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0000
0.99998
0.9983
(Actual limit is 1.) (Make sure you use radian mode.)
11. lim f x lim 4 x 2
9. lim 4 x 1
x2
x3
13. lim
x2
x 5 does not exist. For values of x to the left of 5, x 5 x 5 equals 1,
x5
whereas for values of x to the right of 5, x 5 x 5 equals 1.
x5
15. lim tan x does not exist since the function increases and
x 2
17. lim cos1x does not exist since the function oscillates
x0
between 1 and 1 as x approaches 0.
decreases without bound as x approaches 2.

19. Ct 0.75 0.50 t 1
(a)
(b)
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
C 1.75
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.25
2.5
2.9
3.1
3.5
1.75
1.75
1.75
2.25
2.25
2.25
lim Ct 2.25
t3.5
(c)
0
0
C 1.25
lim Ct does not exist. The values of C jump from 1.75 to 2.25 at t 3.
t3
21. You need to find such that 0 < x 1 < implies

1
f x 1 1 < 0.1. That is,
x
0.1 <
1
1 < 0.1
x
1 0.1 <
1
x
< 1 0.1
9
<
10
1
x
11
<
10
10
>
9
>
10
11
10
10
1 > x 1 >
1
9
11
1
1
> x 1 > .
9
11
So take
1
. Then 0 < x 1 < implies
11
1
1
< x1 <
11
11
1
1
< x1 < .
11
9
Using the first series of equivalent inequalities, you obtain
f x 1
1
1 < < 0.1.
x
Section 1.2
23. lim 3x 2 8 L
x2
3x 2 8
3x 6
3 x 2
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
0.0033
3
0.01
Hence, if 0 < x 2 <
, you have
3
0 < x2 <

3x 6 < 0.01
3x 2 8 < 0.01
f x L < 0.01
3 x 2 < 0.01
27. lim x 3 5
Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically
25. lim x2 3 1 L

x2
x2 3 1
x2 4
x 2x 2
x 2 x 2
< 0.01
< 0.01
If we assume 1 < x < 3, then 0.015 0.002.
Hence, if 0 < x 2 < 0.002, you have

1
x 2 x 2 < 0.01
x2 4 < 0.01
x2 3 1 < 0.01
f x L < 0.01
12 x 1 12 4 1 3
x 1 3 <
x 2 <
<
1
2
<
Hence, let .
1
2
1
2
Hence, if 0 < x 2 < , you have
x2 <
x 3 5 <
f x L <
x 4
x 4
<
< 2
Hence, let 2.
Hence, if 0 < x 4 < 2, you have
x 4 < 2
x 2
x 1 3
1
2
1
2
<
<
f x L <
31. lim 3 3
3
33. lim
x0
x6
x0
Given > 0:

x <
3 x 0 <
Given > 0:
33 <
3

0 <
< 3
Hence, any > 0 will work.
Hence, let 3.
Hence, for any > 0, you have
Hence for 0 < x 0 < 3, you have
x 2 < 0.002 50.01 < x 2 0.01
Given > 0:
x 3 5
x 2

< 0.01
0.01
x4
Given > 0:
< 0.01
x 2 < x 2
29. lim
x2

f x L <
33 <
29
x <
<
3
x 0 <
f x L <
3
3 x

30
Chapter 1
35. lim x 2 2 2 4

x2
37. lim x2 1 2

x1
Given > 0:
Given > 0:
x 2 4
x 2 4
x 2 x 2 x 2
x2 1 2
x2 1
x 1x 1
<
x 2 < 0
<
<
Hence, .

x 2 <
x 2 4 <
x 2 4 <
f x L <
If we assume 0 < x < 2, then 3.

Hence for 0 < x 1 < , you have
3
x2 1 <
x2 1 2 <
f x 2 <
x9
0.5
41. f x
x4
1
6
x 1 < 3 < x 1
(because x 20)
x 5 3
lim f x
<
x2 <
x4
<
x 1 < x 1
Hence for 0 < x 2 < , you have
39. f x
<
10
x 3
lim f x 6
x9
0.1667
10
0
The domain is 5, 4 4, .

1
The graphing utility does not show the hole at 4, 6 .
The domain is all x 0 except x 9. The graphing

utility does not show the hole at 9, 6.
43. lim f x 25 means that the values of f approach 25 as x gets closer and closer to 8.
x8
45. (i) The values of f approach different

numbers as x approaches c from
different sides of c:
(ii) The values of f increase without bound as x approaches c:
(iii) The values of f oscillate

between two fixed numbers as
x approaches c:
4
3
4 3 2 1
1
3 2 1
1
47. f x 1 x1x

lim 1 x1x e 2.71828
x0
y
7
(0, 2.7183)
2
1
3 2 1
1
x
1
4 3 2
x
2
f x
f x
0.1
2.867972
0.1
2.593742
0.01
2.731999
0.01
2.704814
0.001
2.719642
0.001
2.716942
0.0001
2.718418
0.0001
2.718146
0.00001
2.718295
0.00001
2.718268
0.000001
2.718283
0.000001
2.718280
Section 1.3
49. False; f x sin xx is
undefined when x 0.
From Exercise 7, we have
lim
x0
51. False; let

f x
sin x
1.
x
31
53. Answers will vary.
x10, 4x,
2
x4
.
x4
f 4 10
lim f x lim x2 4x 0 10
x4
x4
55. If lim f x L1 and lim f x L2, then for every > 0, there exists 1 > 0 and 2 > 0 such that x c < 1 f x L1 < and
xc
xc
x c < 2 f x L2 < . Let equal the smaller of 1 and 2. Then for x c
L1 L2 L1 f x f x L2 L1 f x f x L2 < .
Therefore, L1 L2 < 2. Since > 0 is arbitrary, it follows that L1 L2.
< , we have
57. lim f x L 0 means that for every > 0 there exists > 0 such that if
xc
0 < x c < ,
then
f x L 0
< .
This means the same as f x L < when

0 < x c < .
Thus, lim f x L.

xc
Section 1.3
1.

(a) lim hx 0
x5
3.
(b) lim hx 6
x0
x1
13
(a) lim f x 0
(b) lim f x 0.524
hx x2 5x
f x x cos x
7. lim 2x 1 20 1 1
5. lim x4 24 16
x2
x0
9. lim x2 3x 32 33 9 9 0

x3
11. lim 2x2 4x 1 232 43 1 18 12 1 7

x3
13. lim
x2
17. lim
x7
1 1

x
2
5x
x 2
15. lim
x1
57
7 2
35
9
35
3
x3
13
2
2

x2 4 12 4
5
5
19. lim x 1 3 1 2
x3
x 3
6
32
Chapter 1
21. lim x 32 4 32 1
23. (a) lim f x 5 1 4
x4
x1
(b) lim gx 43 64

x4
(c) lim g f x g f 1 g4 64

x1
25. (a) lim f x 4 1 3
27. lim sin x sin

x 2
x1
(b) lim gx 3 1 2

1
2
x3
(c) lim g f x g3 2

x1
29. lim cos

x2
33.
x
2
1
cos

3
3
2
lim sin x sin
x56
31. lim sec 2x sec 0 1

x0
5 1

6
2
35. lim tan

x3
37. (a) lim 5gx 5 lim gx 53 15

xc
xc
(b) lim f x gx lim f x lim gx 2 3 5

xc
xc
xc
(c) lim f xgx lim f x lim gx 23 6

xc
xc
xc
lim f x
f x
2
xc
(d) lim

xc gx
lim gx 3
39. (a) lim f x3 lim f x3 43 64

xc
xc
(b) lim f x lim f x 4 2

xc
xc
(c) lim 3 f x 3 lim f x 34 12

xc
xc
(d) lim f x32 lim f x32 432 8

xc
xc
41. f x 2x 1 and gx

x 0.
4x
tan 34 1
2x2 x
agree except at
x
xc
43. f x xx 1 and gx
x3 x
agree except at x 1.
x1
(a) lim gx lim f x 1
(a) lim gx lim f x 2
(b) lim gx lim f x 3
(b) lim gx lim f x 0
x0
x1
45. f x
x1
x0
x1
x1
x2 1
and gx x 1 agree except at x 1.
x1
lim f x lim gx 2
x1
x1
47. f x
x 2.
x1
x1
x3 8
and gx x2 2x 4 agree except at
x2
lim f x lim gx 12
x2
x2
12
3
9
0
49. lim
x5
x5
x5
lim
x2 25 x5 x 5x 5
lim
x5
1
1

x 5 10
51. lim
x3
x2 x 6
x 3x 2
lim
x3 x 3x 3
x2 9
lim
x3
x 2 5 5

x 3 6 6
Section 1.3
53. lim
x 5 5
lim
x0
lim
x0
55. lim
x 5 3
x4
x4
x 5 5
lim
x4
x 5 5
x 5 5
5
x 5 5
1
1
lim

xx 5 5 x0 x 5 5 25
10
x 5 3
x4
x4
lim
x0
x 5 3
x 5 3
1
x 5 9
1
1

lim

x 4x 5 3 x4 x 5 3 9 3 6
1
1
2 2 x

1
1
2x 2
22 x
57. lim
lim
lim

x0
x0
x0 22 x
x
x
4
59. lim
x0
2x
x 2x
2x 2
x 2x
lim
lim 2 2
x0
x0
x
x2 2x
x 1 x2 2x 1
x2 2x
x
x2 2x 2
x 1 x2 2x 1
lim
x0
x0
61. lim
lim 2x
x 2 2x 2
x0
63. lim
x 2 2
x0
0.1
f x
0.354
0.01
0.358
0.001
0.001
0.01
0.1
0.345
0.354
0.353
0.349
0.354
Analytically, lim
x 2 2
x0
lim
x 2 2
x0
lim
x0
x 2 2
x 2 2
x22
x x 2 2
lim
x0
1
x 2 2
1
22
1
1

2x 2
1
65. lim

x0
x
4
0.354
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.001
f x
0.263
0.251
0.250
0.250
1
1

2x 2
2 2 x
Analytically, lim
lim
x0
x0
x
22 x
0.01
0.1
0.249
0.238
x
1
lim
.
x x0
lim
22 x x x0 22 x
4
33
34
Chapter 1
67. lim
x0
sin x
lim
x0
5x
sin x
x
15
1 15
51
69. lim
x0
1
sin x1 cos x
lim
x0 2
2x2
sin x
x
1 cos x
x
1
10 0
2
1 cos h2
1 cos h
1 cos h
lim
h0
h0
h
h
sin2 x
sin x
lim
sin x 1 sin 0 0
x0
x0
x
x
71. lim
73. lim
00 0
75. lim
x 2
cos x
lim sin x 1
x 2
cot x
79. f t
f t
t0
sin 3t
sin 3t
lim
t0
2t
3t
0.01
2.96
0.001
2.9996
0.001
0.01
0.1
2.9996
2.96
2
2
1
The limit appear to equal 3.
sin 3t
sin 3t
lim 3
31 3.
t0
t0
t
3t
Analytically, lim
81. f x
32
1 32
23
sin 3t
t
0.1
77. lim
sin x2
x
2
0.1
0.01 0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1
f x
0.099998 0.01 0.001 ? 0.001 0.01 0.099998
2
sin x2
sin x2
lim x
01 0.
x0
x0
x
x2
Analytically, lim
83. lim
h0
f x h f x
2x h 3 2x 3
2x 2h 3 2x 3
2h
lim
lim
lim
2
h0
h0
h0 h
h
h
h
4
4

4
4
f x h f x
4x 4x h
xh
x
85. lim
lim
lim
lim
2
h0 x hx
h0
h0
h0
h
h
x hxh
x
87. lim 4 x2 lim f x lim 4 x2
x0
x0
x0
89. f x x cos x

4
4 lim f x 4
x0
Therefore, lim f x 4.

x0
3
2
3
2
lim x cos x 0
x0
Section 1.3

91. f x x sin x
93. f x x sin
2
1
x
0.5
0.5
0.5

lim x sin x 0
lim x sin
x0
95. We say that two functions f and g agree at all but one
point (on an open interval) if f x gx for all x in the
interval except for x c, where c is in the interval.
1
0
x
97. An indeterminant form is obtained when evaluating a limit

using direct substitution produces a meaningless fractional
expression such as 00. That is,
lim
xc
f x
gx
for which lim f x lim gx 0

xc
99. f x x, gx sin x, hx
When you are close to 0 the magnitude of f is

approximately equal to the magnitude of g.
Thus, g f 1 when x is close to 0.
f
h
xc
sin x
x

101. st 16t2 1000

lim
t5
s5 st
600 16t2 1000
16t 5t 5
lim
lim
lim 16t 5 160 ftsec.
t5
t5
t5
5t
5t
t 5
Speed 160 ftsec

103. st 4.9t2 150
s3 st
4.932 150 4.9t2 150
4.99 t2
lim
lim
t3
t3
t3
3t
3t
3t
lim
lim
x3
4.93 t3 t
lim 4.93 t 29.4 msec
x3
3t
105. Let f x 1x and gx 1x. lim f x and lim gx do not exist.
x0
x0

lim 0 0
1
1

lim f x gx lim
x0
x0 x
x
x0
107. Given f x b, show that for every > 0 there exists a > 0 such that f x b < whenever x c < . Since
f x b b b 0 < for any > 0, then any value of > 0 will work.
35
0.5
2
x0

109. If b 0, then the property is true because both sides are equal to 0. If b 0, let > 0 be given. Since lim f x L,

xc
there exists > 0 such that f x L < b whenever 0 < x c < . Hence, wherever 0 < x c < ,
we have
b f x L
<
or
bf x bL
which implies that lim bf x bL.

xc
<
36
Chapter 1
M f x f xgx M f x
111.
113. False. As x approaches 0 from the left,
lim M f x lim f xgx lim M f x
xc
xc
xc
x 1.
x
M0 lim f xgx M0

xc
0 lim f xgx 0
xc
Therefore, lim f xgx 0.
x c
115. True.
117. False. The limit does not exist.

4
119. Let
f x
4,4,

if x 0
if x < 0
lim f x lim 4 4.
x0
x0
lim f x does not exist since for x < 0, f x 4 and for x 0, f x 4.
x0
rational
0,1, ifif xx isis irrational
0, if x is rational
g x
x, if x is irrational
121. f x
lim f x does not exist.
x0
No matter how close to 0 x is, there are still an infinite number of rational and irrational numbers so that lim f x does not
x0
exist.
lim gx 0.
x0
When x is close to 0, both parts of the function are close to 0.
123. (a) lim
x0
1 cos x
1 cos x
lim
x0
x2
x2
lim
x0
1 cos2 x
x 1 cos x
2
sin2 x
x0
x2
lim
1
1 cos x
1 cos x
1 cos x
12
21
(b) Thus,
1 cos x 1
1
1 cos x x2
x2
2
2
1
cos x 1 x2 for x 0.
2
1
(c) cos0.1 1 0.12 0.995
2
(d) cos0.1 0.9950, which agrees with part (c).
Section 1.4
Section 1.4
3. (a) lim f x 0
(b) lim f x 1
(b) lim f x 0
x3
x4
x3
The function is continuous at

x 3.
x0
x4
(c) lim f x does not exist
(c) lim f x 0
x3
lim
x0
9.
does not exist because
x
x2 9
grows
x
lim
x x0

xx x x
x0
x3
x
x2 9
x
1.
x
lim
x3
lim
x3
without bound as x 3 .
1
1

x x x
x x
x
lim
13. lim
x0
x0
x
xx x
15. lim f x lim
The function is NOT continuous

at x 4.
The function is NOT continuous at

x 3.
x5
1
1
lim

x2 25 x5 x 5 10
x
lim f x 2
x4
(b) lim f x 2
x3
(c) lim f x 1
11. lim
5. (a)
x3
x3
x5
37
Continuity and One-Sided Limits
1. (a) lim f x 1
7. lim
1
xx x
1
1
2
xx 0
x
x2 5

2
2
17. lim f x lim x 1 2

x1
x1
lim f x lim x3 1 2
x1
x1
lim f x 2
x1
21. lim 3x 5 33 5 4
19. lim cot x does not exist since

x
x4
x 3 for 3 < x < 4
lim cot x and lim cot x do not exist.
x
x
23. lim 2 x does not exist

x3
because
lim2 x 2 3 5
x3
and
25. f x
1
x2 4
27. f x
has discontinuities at x 2 and

x 2 since f 2 and f 2 are not
defined.
x
x
2
has discontinuities at each integer

k since lim f x lim f x.
xk
xk
lim 2 x 2 4 6.
x3
29. gx 25 x2 is continuous

on 5, 5 .
31. lim f x 3 lim f x.

x0
x0
f is continuous on 1, 4 .
33. f x x2 2x 1 is continuous

for all real x.
38
Chapter 1
35. f x 3x cos x is continuous for all real x.
37. f x
x
is not continuous at x 0, 1. Since
x2 x
x
1
for x 0, x 0 is a removable

x2 x x 1
discontinuity, whereas x 1 is a nonremovable
discontinuity.
39. f x
x
is continuous for all real x.
x2 1
41. f x
x2
x 2x 5
has a nonremovable discontinuity at x 5 since lim f x

x5
does not exist, and has a removable discontinuity at
x 2 since
lim f x lim
x2
43. f x
x 2 has a nonremovable discontinuity at x 2 since
45. f x
x,x ,
x2
x2
1
1
.
x5
7
x2
x 1
x > 1
has a possible discontinuity at x 1.

1. f 1 1
2.
lim f x lim x 1
x1
x1
x1
x1
lim f x 1
lim f x lim x2 1
x1
3. f 1 lim f x

x1
f is continuous at x 1, therefore, f is continuous for all real x.

x
1,
47. f x 2
3 x,
x 2
1. f 2
x > 2
2
12
2
lim f x lim
x2
2.
has a possible discontinuity at x 2.
x2
2x 1 2
lim f x lim 3 x 1
x2
x2
x2
Therefore, f has a nonremovable discontinuity at x 2.
49. f x
x
tan 4 ,
x,
x
x
1. f 1 1
2. lim f x 1
x1
3. f 1 lim f x

x1
x
< 1
tan 4 ,

1
x,
1 < x < 1
has possible discontinuities at x 1, x 1.
x 1 or x 1
f 1 1
lim f x 1
x1
f 1 lim f x

x1
f is continuous at x 1, therefore, f is continuous for all real x.
Section 1.4
39
51. f x csc 2x has nonremovable discontinuities at integer

multiples of 2.
53. f x x 1 has nonremovable discontinuities at each

integer k.
55. lim f x 0
57. f 2 8
50
x0
lim f x 0
Find a so that lim ax2 8 a
x0
x2
f is not continuous at x 2.
8
2.
22
8
10
59. Find a and b such that lim ax b a b 2 and lim ax b 3a b 2.
x1
x3
a b 2
3a b 2
4
4a
a 1
b
2,
f x x 1,
2,
x 1
1 < x < 3
x 3
2 1 1
61. f gx x 12
63. f gx
Continuous for all real x.
Nonremovable discontinuities at x 1
67. f x
65. y x x
Nonremovable discontinuity at each integer
0.5
1
1

x2 5 6 x2 1
2xx 2x,4,
2
x 3
x > 3
Nonremovable discontinuity at x 3
5
1.5
5
69. f x
x
x2 1
71. f x sec
Continuous on ,
73. f x
sin x
x
Continuous on:
. . . , 6, 2, 2, 2, 2, 6, 6, 10, . . .
1
75. f x 16x4 x3 3 is continuous on 1, 2 .
f 1 33
16 and f 2 4. By the Intermediate Value
Theorem, f c 0 for at least one value of c between
1 and 2.
x
4
The graph appears to be continuous on the interval

4, 4 . Since f 0 is not defined, we know that f has
a discontinuity at x 0. This discontinuity is removable
so it does not show up on the graph.
40
Chapter 1
77. f x x2 2 cos x is continuous on 0, .

f 0 3 and f 2 1 > 0. By the Intermediate
Value Theorem, f c 0 for the least one value of c
between 0 and .
81. gt 2 cos t 3t
79. f x x3 x 1
f x is continuous on 0, 1 .
f 0 1 and f 1 1
By the Intermediate Value Theorem, f x 0 for at least
one value of c between 0 and 1. Using a graphing utility,
we find that x 0.6823.
83. f x x2 x 1
g is continuous on 0, 1 .
g0 2 > 0 and g1 1.9 < 0.
f 0 1 and f 5 29
By the Intermediate Value Theorem, gt 0 for at least

one value c between 0 and 1. Using a graphing utility, we
find that t 0.5636.
1 < 11 < 29
The Intermediate Value Theorem applies.
x2 x 1 11
x2 x 12 0
x 4x 3 0
x 4 or x 3
c 3 (x 4 is not in the interval.)
Thus, f 3 11.
85. f x x3 x2 x 2
87. (a) The limit does not exist at x c.
(b) The function is not defined at x c.
f 0 2 and f 3 19
(c) The limit exists at x c, but it is not equal to the

value of the function at x c.
2 < 4 < 19
The Intermediate Value Theorem applies.
(d) The limit does not exist at x c.
x3 x2 x 2 4
x3 x2 x 6 0
x 2x2 x 3 0
x2
(x2
x 3 has no real solution.)

c2
Thus, f 2 4.
89.
91. The functions agree for integer values of x:
y
5
4
3
2
1
2 1
gx 3 x 3 x 3 x

f x 3 x 3 x
x
1
3 4 5 6 7
2
3
However, for non-integer values of x, the functions

differ by 1.
f x 3 x gx 1 2 x.
The function is not continuous at x 3 because

lim f x 1 0 lim f x.
x3
for x an integer
x3
1
1
For example, f 2 3 0 3, g2 3 1 4.
Section 1.4
t 2 2 t
93. Nt 25 2
t
1.8
3.8
Nt
50
25
50
25
Number of units
50
40
30
20
10
t
2
Discontinuous at every positive even integer.The

company replenishes its inventory every two months.
10 12
Time (in months)
95. Let V 43 r 3 be the volume of a sphere of radius r.

V1 43 4.19
V5 3 53 523.6
4
Since 4.19 < 275 < 523.6, the Intermediate Value Theorem implies that there is at least one value r between 1 and 5 such
that Vr 275. (In fact, r 4.0341.)
97. Let c be any real number. Then lim f x does not exist since there are both rational and
xc
irrational numbers arbitrarily close to c. Therefore, f is not continuous at c.

y
1, if x < 0
0, if x 0
99. sgnx
1, if x > 0
4
3
2
1
(a) lim sgnx 1
4 3 2 1
x0
x
1
(b) lim sgnx 1
x0
(c) lim sgnx does not exist.

x0
101. True; if f x gx, x c, then lim f x lim gx and
xc
xc
103. False; f 1 is not defined and lim f x does not exist.
x1
at least one of these limits (if they exist) does not equal
the corresponding function at x c.
105. (a) f x
0 x < b
b < x 2b
(b) gx
2b
x
2
0 x b
b
x
2
b < x 2b
2b
x
b
2b
NOT continuous at x b.
x
b
2b
Continuous on 0, 2b .
41
42
Chapter 1
107. f x
x c2 c
, c > 0
Domain: x c2 0 x c2 and x 0, c2, 0 0,

x c2 c
lim
x0
lim
x c2 c
x0
x c2 c
x c2 c
x c2 c2
1
1
lim

x0 xx c2 c
x0 x c2 c
2c
lim
Define f 0 12c to make f continuous at x 0.

109. hx xx
15
h has nonremovable discontinuities at

x 1, 2, 3, . . . .
3
3
3
Section 1.5
1.
Infinite Limits
lim 2
x

x2 4
lim 2
x

x2 4
x2
x2
3.
lim tan
x

4
lim tan
x

4
x2
x2
5. f x
1
x2 9
3.5
3.1
3.01
3.001
2.999
2.99
2.9
2.5
f x
0.308
1.639
16.64
166.6
166.7
16.69
1.695
0.364
lim f x
x3
lim f x
x3
7. f x
x2
x2 9
3.5
3.1
3.01
3.001
2.999
2.99
2.9
2.5
f x
3.769
15.75
150.8
1501
1499
149.3
14.25
2.273
lim f x
x3
lim f x
x3
Section 1.5
9. lim
x0
1
1

lim
x2 x0 x2
Therefore, x 0 is a vertical asymptote.
Infinite Limits
43
x2 2

x 2x 1
11. lim
x2
x2 2

x 2x 1
lim
x2

lim
x2 2

x 2x 1
lim
x2 2

x 2x 1
x1
x1
13.
lim
x2
x2
x2
x2
and lim 2

x2 x 4
4
15. No vertical asymptote since the denominator is never zero.

lim
x2
x2
x2
and lim 2

x2 x 4
x2 4
17. f x tan 2x

x
21.
lim
x2
lim
x2
sin 2x
has vertical asymptotes at
cos 2x
2n 1 n

, n any integer.
4
4
2
x
x 2x 1

x

x 2x 1

lim
x

x 2x 1
lim
x

x 2x 1
x1
x1
19. lim 1
t0
4
4
lim 1 2
t0
t2
t
Therefore, t 0 is a vertical asymptote.
x3 1 x 1x2 x 1

x1
x1
23. f x
has no vertical asymptote since

lim f x lim x2 x 1 3
x1
x1
25. f x
x 5x 3
x3

,x5
x 5x2 1 x2 1
No vertical asymptotes. The graph has a hole at x 5.
27. st
t
has vertical asymptotes at t n, n
sin t
a nonzero integer. There is no vertical asymptote at

t 0 since
lim
t0
t
1.
sin t
44
Chapter 1
x2 1
lim x 1 2
x1 x 1
x1
29. lim
31.
lim
x2 1

x1
lim
x2 1

x1
x1
x1
Vertical asymptote at
x 1
Removable discontinuity at x 1
33. lim
x2
37.
x3

x2
lim
x3
45. lim
x
x3
x2 2x 3
x1 4
lim

x3 x 2
x2 x 6
5
41. lim 1
x0
35. lim
1

x
x2 x
x
1
lim 2

x1 x 1x 1
x1 x 1
2
39. lim
43. lim
x0
x
lim x sin x 0
csc x x
x2

x 3x 3
47.
2

sin x
lim
x 12
x sec x and
lim
x 12
x sec x .
Therefore, lim x sec x does not exist.

x 12
49. f x
x2 x 1
x3 1
lim f x lim
x1
x1
51. f x
1

x1
1
x2 25
lim f x
x5
0.3
0.3
53. A limit in which f x increases or decreases without

bound as x approaches c is called an infinite limit. is
not a number. Rather, the symbol
55. One answer is f x
x3
x3

.
x 6x 2 x2 4x 12
lim f x
xc
says how the limit fails to exist.

57.
k
, 0 < r < 1. Assume k 0.
1r
k
lim S lim
(or if k < 0)
r1
r1 1 r
59. S
y
3
2
1
2
1
1
2
Section 1.5
61. C
528x
, 0 x < 100
100 x
63. (a) r
(a) C25 $176 million
(b) r
(b) C50 $528 million

(c) C75 $1584 million
x25
f x
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.1585
0.0411
0.0067
0.0017
0.5
lim
x0
1.5
x sin x
0
x
1.5
0.25
(b)
x
f x
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.1585
0.0823
0.0333
0.0167
0.0017
0.001
0.0001
0.1667 0.1667
0.1667
0.25
1.5
lim
1.5
x0
x sin x
0
x2
0.25
(c)
x
f x
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1585
0.1646
0.1663
0.1666
0.01
0.25
1.5
lim
1.5
x0
x sin x
0.1167 16
x3
0.25
(d)
x
f x
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1585
0.3292
0.8317
1.6658
0.01
0.001
0.0001
16.67
166.7
1667.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
For n 3, lim
x0
x sin x
.
xn
lim
x0
x sin x

x4
7
ftsec
12
215
3
ftsec
2
625 225
(c) lim
528
Thus, it is not possible.
(d) lim
x100 100 x
65. (a)
27
625 49
2x
625 x2

Infinite Limits
45
46
Chapter 1

(b) The direction of rotation is reversed.
67. (a) Because the circumference of the motor is

half that of the saw arbor, the saw makes
17002 850 revolutions per minute.
(d)
(c) 220 cot 210 cot : straight sections.

The angle subtended in each circle is

2 2

2
(e)
2 .
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
306.2
217.9
195.9
189.6
188.5
450
Thus, the length of the belt around the pulleys is

20 2 10 2 30 2 .
Total length 60 cot 30 2
(f)
0, 2
Domain:

2
lim
2
L 60 188.5
(All the belts are around pulleys.)

(g) lim L
0
71. False; let
69. False; for instance, let

f x
1,
f x x
3,
x2 1
or
x1
x0
x 0.
The graph of f has a vertical asymptote at x 0, but

f 0 3.
x
gx 2
.
x 1
73. Given lim f x and lim gx L:
xc
xc
(2) Product:
If L > 0, then for

L2 > 0 there exists 1 > 0 such that gx L < L2 whenever 0 < x c < 1. Thus,
L2 < gx < 3L2. Since lim f x then for M > 0, there exists 2 > 0 such that f x > M2L whenever
x c
xc
< 2. Let be the smaller of 1 and 2. Then for 0 < x c < , we have f xgx > M2LL2 M.
Therefore lim f xgx . The proof is similar for L < 0.

xc
(3) Quotient: Let

> 0 be given.
There exists 1 > 0 such that f x > 3L2

whenever 0 < x c < 1 and there exists 2 > 0 such that gx L <
L2 whenever 0 < x c < 2. This inequality gives us L2 < gx < 3L2. Let be the smaller of 1 and 2. Then
for 0 <
x c
gx
f x
<
3L2

.
3L2
Therefore, lim
xc
75. Given lim
xc
< , we have
gx
0.
f x
1
0.
f x
Suppose lim f x exists and equals L. Then,

xc
lim 1
1
1
xc
0.
xc f x
lim f x L
lim
xc
This is not possible. Thus, lim f x does not exist.

xc

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C H A P T E R 1

Limits and Their Properties

Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically . . . . . . . . 27

Evaluating Limits Analytically

Continuity and One-Sided Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises

3. Calculus required: slope of tangent line at x 2 is rate of

5. Precalculus: Area 12 bh 12 53 15

7. Precalculus: Volume 243 24 cubic units

(b) The graphs of y2 are approximations to the tangent line to y1 at x 1.

0.2, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001

 2.693 1.302 1.083 1.031  6.11

Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically

Actual limit is 1 23.

Limits and Their Properties

Actual limit is 161 .

(Actual limit is 1.) (Make sure you use radian mode.)

11. lim f x lim 4 x 2

between 1 and 1 as x approaches 0.

decreases without bound as x approaches 2.

lim Ct 2.25

21. You need to find  such that 0 < x 1 <  implies

Using the first series of equivalent inequalities, you obtain

0 < x2 <

Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically

25. lim x2 3 1 L

If we assume 1 < x < 3, then  0.015 0.002.

Hence, if 0 < x 2 <  0.002, you have

Hence, if 0 < x 2 <  , you have

Hence, let  2.

Hence, if 0 < x 4 <  2, you have

Hence, any  > 0 will work.

Hence, let  3.

Hence, for any  > 0, you have

Hence for 0 < x 0 <  3, you have

x 2 < 0.002 50.01 < x 2 0.01

Limits and Their Properties

35. lim x 2 2 2 4

37. lim x2 1 2

If we assume 0 < x < 2, then  3.

Hence for 0 < x 2 <  , you have

The domain is 5, 4 4, .

The domain is all x 0 except x 9. The graphing

45. (i) The values of f approach different

(ii) The values of f increase without bound as x approaches c:

(iii) The values of f oscillate

47. f x 1 x1x

51. False; let

Evaluating Limits Analytically

53. Answers will vary.

This means the same as f x L <  when

Thus, lim f x L.

Evaluating Limits Analytically

(b) lim hx 6

(a) lim f x 0

(b) lim f x 0.524

9. lim x2  3x 32  33 9 9 0

11. lim 2x2  4x  1 232  43  1 18 12  1 7

Limits and Their Properties

21. lim x  32 4  32 1

23. (a) lim f x 5 1 4

(b) lim gx 43 64

(c) lim g f x g f 1 g4 64

0.2, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001

2.693 1.302 1.083 1.031 6.11

Actual limit is 1 23.

decreases without bound as x approaches 2.

21. You need to find such that 0 < x 1 < implies

If we assume 1 < x < 3, then 0.015 0.002.

Hence, if 0 < x 2 < 0.002, you have

Hence, if 0 < x 2 < , you have

Hence, let 2.

Hence, if 0 < x 4 < 2, you have

Hence, any > 0 will work.

Hence, let 3.

Hence, for any > 0, you have

Hence for 0 < x 0 < 3, you have

If we assume 0 < x < 2, then 3.

Hence for 0 < x 2 < , you have

The domain is 5, 4 4, .

This means the same as f x L < when

9. lim x2 3x 32 33 9 9 0

11. lim 2x2 4x 1 232 43 1 18 12 1 7

21. lim x 32 4 32 1

(b) lim gx 3 1 2

37. (a) lim 5gx 5 lim gx 53 15

(b) lim f x gx lim f x lim gx 2 3 5

(c) lim f xgx lim f x lim gx 23 6

39. (a) lim f x3 lim f x3 43 64

(c) lim 3 f x 3 lim f x 34 12

(d) lim f x32 lim f x32 432 8

41. f x 2x 1 and gx

43. f x xx 1 and gx

101. st 16t2 1000

bf x bL

which implies that lim bf x bL.

21. lim 3x 5 33 5 4